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THESE BOUKLI HACENE Samira.Pdf Ministère de l‘Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique UNIVERSITE DE TLEMCEN Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre et de l‘Univers Département d‘Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire de recherche Valorisation des actions de l‘homme pour la protection de l‘environnement et application en santé publique Thèse présentée par Mme BOUKLI HACENE Samira En vue de l‘obtention du Diplôme de Doctorat en Ecologie animale Bioécologie des Coléoptères (Arthropodes- Insectes) du marais salé de l‘embouchure de la Tafna (Tlemcen). Soutenue devant le jury composé de : Président Mr KHELIL Mohamed Anouar Professeur Université de Tlemcen Directeur de thèse Mme ABDELLAOUI Karima Professeur Université de Tlemcen Examinateurs Mr LOUNACI Abdelkader Professeur Université de Tizi Ouzou Mr PONEL Philippe Professeur Université d‘Aix Marseille Mr RAMDANI Mohamed Professeur Université Med V Agdal -Rabat Mr BENMANSOUR Djamel M.C.A Université de Tlemcen Année universitaire : 2011- 2012 Chapitre I : Aperçu sur les Coléoptères et l’aire d’étude 1. Aperçu sur la biologie des Coléoptères………………………………………………………………….4 1.1. Systématique………………………………………………………………………………….....4 1.2. Morphologie externe des Coléoptères…………………………………………………………..5 1.3. Le développement des Coléoptères……………………………………………………………..8 1.4. Principales familles des Coléoptères…………………………………………………………..10 2. Présentation de l‘aire d‘étude ……………………………………….……………………...........13 2.1. Les zones humides……………...…………………………………………………...………....13 2.2. Situation géographique……………………………………………………………...………....15 2.3. Géomorphologie……………………………………………...………………………………...15 2.4. Géologie……………………………...……………………………………………..................16 2.5. Etude bioclimatique……………………………………………………...…..………………...17 2.5.1. Analyse des paramètres climatiques………………………………………………………....19 2.5.1.1. Les Précipitations………………………………………..……………...…………............19 2.5.1.2. Les températures…………………………………………………………………………...20 2.5.2. Synthèse bioclimatique…………………………………………………….…………...........22 2.6. Principales menaces sur l‘aire d‘étude…………… ..………………………………….……...26 Chapitre II : Matériel et méthodes 1. Hydrologie de surface et détermination de la période de submersion…………………………....28 2. Analyses des paramètres édaphiques……………………………………………………………..28 3. Analyse du cortège floristique……………………………………………………………………29 4. Etude de la faune………………………………………………………………………………....29 4.1. Méthode de prélèvements sur le terrain………………………………………………………..29 4.2. Techniques de récolte…………………………………………………………………...….......29 4.3. Méthode d‘étude au laboratoire………………………………………………………………..32 4.3.1. Préparation du matériel biologique…………………………………………………….……32 4.3.2. Détermination des spécimens………………………………………………………………..32 5. Méthodes d‘établissement des cartes biogéographiques…………………………………............33 6. Méthodes d‘analyse de la structure des peuplements………………………………………….....34 6.1. Etude indicielle et représentations graphiques…………………………………………………34 6.2. Traitements statistiques des données………………………………………………………...40 6.2.1 Tests statistiques simples : corrélation de Pearson………………………………………....40 6.2.2. Méthodes statistiques multivariées………………………………………………...............40 Chapitre III : Résultats et discussions 1. L‘hydrologie de surface…………………………………………………………………………..43 2. Analyse des paramètres édaphiques……………………………………………………………...45 3. Analyse de la végétation………………………………………………………………………….49 4. Les peuplements de Coléoptères……………………………………………………………........57 4.1. Composition et biogéographie...........................................................................................….....57 4.1.1. Composition taxonomique de la faune récoltée……………………………………..............57 4.1.1.1. Liste des espèces…………………………………………………………………………...57 4.1.1.2. Analyse de la composition taxonomique…………………………………………..............60 4.1.2. Biogéographie des Coléoptères et établissement des cartes…………………………............64 4.1.2.1.Geotypologie…………………………………………………………………………..........644.1 .2.2. Cartographie des aires biogéographiques…………………………………………………..70 4.1.2.3. Composition biogéographique du peuplement …………………………………………...89 4.1.3. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………....94 4.2. Evolution spatiale et temporelle des Coléoptères dans le marais……………………………...96 4.2.1. Evolution spatiale des Coléoptères dans le marais…………………………………………..96 4.2.1.1. Comparaison des peuplements de Coléoptères dans les faciès de végétation………......96 4.2.1.2. Etude indicielle de la diversité spécifique…………………………………………………98 4.2.1.3. Corrélation entre les indices et les facteurs du milieu………………………………......104 4.2.1.4. Diagrammes rang-fréquence………………………………………………………..........105 4.2.1.5. Fréquence d‘occurrence ou constance des espèces...…………………………….……....108 4.2.1.6. Indices de similitude de Jaccard……………………………………………………........109 4.2.1.7. Test hiérarchique et détermination des unités coenotiques………………………………110 4.2.2.. Evolution temporelle des Coléoptères………………………………………………….....112 4.2.2.1. Comparaison des peuplements de Coléoptères récoltés par saison dans les cinq faciès...112 4.2.2.2. Etude indicielle de la diversité spécifique…………………………………………..........117 4.2.2.3. Traitement statistique des données…………………………….......................................121 4.2.2.3.1. Le test hiérarchique et détermination des unités coenotiques dans le temps…………...121 4.2.2.3.2. Analyse de la matrice de répartition temporelle des abondances……………………….123 4.2.3. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………..124 4.3. Analyse des groupes trophiques des peuplements……………………….………………….127 4.3.1. Groupes trophiques en fonction de l‘abondance et de la richesse spécifique……………..127 4.3.2. Répartition spatiale des groupes trophiques en fonction de l‘abondance…………………...128 4.3.3 Répartition spatiale des groupes trophiques en fonction de la richesse spécifique totale…...130 4.3.4. Les tests hiérarchiques et détermination des entités coenotiques des groupes trophiques dans les faciès de végétations…………………………………………………………………………...132 4.3.5. Analyse de la matrice de répartition spatiale des abondances des groupes trophiques dans le marais……………………………………………………………………………………………...1334.3 .6. Discussion………………………………………………………………………………......136 Conclusion générale……………………………………………………………………………...138 Bibliographie ……………………………………………………………………………………...142 Annexes…………………………………………………………………………………………....156 Tableau 1 : Données géographiques de la station météorologique de Béni-Saf………………..17 Tableau 2 : Moyennes mensuelles et annuelles des précipitations et des températures pour la période (1990-2006) et l‘année d‘étude (octobre 2009- septembre 2010) de la station de Béni- Saf………………………………………………………………………………………………….19 Tableau 3 : Les températures moyennes, les maxima (M), les minima (m) et l‘amplitude thermique de la station de Beni-Saf…………………………………………………………………….............21 Tableau 4 : Classification de LE HOUEROU et al (1977)…………………………………………22 Tableau 5 : Calcul du quotient pluviothermique de la station de Beni-Saf ……...............................25 Tableau 6 : Résultats des paramètres édaphiques…………………………………………………...46 Tableau 7 : Liste des espèces de coléoptères récoltées …………………………………………….58 Tableau 8: Fréquences d‘occurrences des espèces à très large répartition………………………….65 Tableau 9: Fréquences d‘occurrences des espèces à large répartition……………………………....67 Tableau 10: Fréquences d‘occurrences des espèces à répartition limitée ………………………….68 Tableau 11 : Liste des espèces endémiques………………………………………………………...93 Tableau 12 : Indices de similitude de Jaccard et nombre d‘espèces de Coléoptères en commun dans les cinq faciès végétaux individualisés…………………………………………………………….109 Tableau 13 : Les sept premières espèces de chaque assemblage………………………………….111 Tableau 14: Abondance et richesse spécifique des groupes trophiques de Coléoptère dans le marais……………………………………………………………………………………………...127 Tableau 15 : Répartition spatiale des groupes trophiques des Coléoptères dans le marais en fonction de l‘abondance……………………………………………………………………………………..128 Figure 1 : Morphologie externe d‘un Coléoptère…………………………………………………….5 Figure 2 : Morphologie externe de la tête d‘un coléoptère phytophage……………………………...6 Figure 3 : Divers types d'antennes……………………………………………………………………6 Figure 4: Elytres et Aile membraneuse d‘un coléoptère…………………………………………….7 Figure 5: Patte d‘un carabidé………………………………………………………………………...8 Figure 6 : Coccinelle à sept points et ses œufs……………………………………………………….8 Figure 7 : Larve de la Coccinelle à sept points……………………………………………………...9 Figure 8 : Nymphe de la Coccinelle à sept points…………………………………………………....9 Figure 9: Accouplement de la Coccinelle à sept points……………………………………………10 Figure 10 : Calosoma inquisitor…………………………………………………………………….10 Figure 11 : Hydroporus planus……………………………………………………………………...11 Figure 12 : Labidostomis taxicornis………………………………………………………………...11 Figure 13 : Perapion violaceum…………………………………………………………………….12 Figure 14: Aethiessa floralis………………………………………………………………………...12 Figure 15 : Pimelia. Sp……………………………………………………………………………...12 Figure 16 : Localisation géographique de l‘aire d‘étude sur photo satellite (Google Earth, 2011)..15 Figure 17 : Carte orohydrographique de l‘Oranie nord occidental…………………………………16 Figure 18 : Carte géologique de la zone de Béni-Saf (GUARDIA, 1975)………………………….17 Figure 19 : Rythme saisonnier des précipitations dans la station de Beni-Saf…………………….19 Figure 20 : Variation des moyennes mensuelles des précipitations exprimées en mm…………….20 Figure 21 : Variation des moyennes mensuelles des températures exprimées en °C……………….21 Figure 22 : Abaque d‘indice
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