m from tri ct i n th e Uni ted Ki gdo , A el ts i n almost every Town an d Di s n g i Wh ere n o ' ’ ri e di e t. noni SAN KEY S POTS can b e p ur ch ased at sam e p c s as r c t re ui red u n ti ty. l'ent w e uote Carri ag e Free on recei p of q q a , q " TTIN GHA M. w zu. P OTTE RIE S N O A DDRE S S s g n xn v s , a ,

B H or ti cultur al B ui ld er s , l y a s r n s a e e u b c i l n n r u i i c p i y d r e t r e t o t n a c u r H e e r o d f o e c o e s m s g h d t t n a n i f i d o e k l t l i l r y l u a t s A B p No s. 5 7 and 6 - 0. ME LON AND CUCUMBER FRA REDUCED CASH PRICES . Car ri a e P a g i d on 0 rd¢r s 40 valu / e.

ft. 6 t 4 by f .

8 i t. by 6 ft .

1 2 . ft by 6 ft.

1 6 . ft by 6 ft . Y by

1 2 . ft by 4 . ' ft 1 6 ft . by 4 ft.

No ’ s. 55 and 5 — 6 . AMATE URS SPAN- ROOF CA RRIA GE P A ID ON ORDE RS 408 . VA L UE . RED UCED CASH PRICES by . £1 12 6 1 2 . ft by . 3ft 3 5 0 by 2 5 b 0 y 2 10 b 0 y 3 5 0 1 0 . b ft . y 4 ft 315 0 1 2 . ft by 4 ft . by 4 5 0 4 0 0 1 2 — ft. b 6 f y t. 5 15 1 0 6 ft. b 6 ft y . 7 5 o A llPai n ted three coats , and Glazed w i th 21 oz . E n li sh G g lass.

No — . 62 . PORT ABLE HA - NDLlGHT - S(Span roofPatte

P r i c e ,

P er S e t of Si

£ 1 1 2s. 6 d .

N EW ILLUSTRA TED C G d ATA LOGUE of ar en Fr me Con servatori es a s , Pout A , Greenho l ry p p li an ces Do an d all G d , g Kennels Pot b ar en Re ni s i to , r a le Iron Bui ld

QIafionaf Carnation ant) (pi cofee

Soci ety.

THE RN SE TI (S OU C ON . )

33atrnns

HE BA R E B RDE TT- T ON SS U COUTTS. D LVE RTO LA E ST MI T LA O . . SS FN E Y W N DY W U LL . R H TB RN I U . MI E B M . O SS B S W . W

VISCO N TE SS CHE TO . LORD ROTHSCHIL U W N D . HI E BA R LE OPOL DE ROTHSC L S . O SCHR D E R O . D D , Q N

fi resi hent

T R SMITH E S MA R I . N . , Q

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H . P R . E A S E O . DR. HOGG. S J N , Q A TE R H SO MORRIS E R M S . S . D . S U N , Q T HA RR V T TD E E L BA R Y . E I H E IR . LL C S S . . . J W Y N , J , Q

A R E S . H. SE LFE LE ON D , Q

Anhi tnrs

M. BA B K E S . GIB W COC . SON E S . , Q J , Q

Glutamate

’ ' H H D OMBRA IN /za RE V . . C zrm . , an . MR H . . H R H CA N E LL. E A D M . . LA . N W N D . MR H . RR MR R D E A N . A Y T RN E R . . U . MR HI L . C PH R E . L I P M . LLI . . S . A RE MR M R. T. S. . R M . . W OWA N . PH LA K I MR A R R. E . TH R M OS . VE IT H J N U C .

\V. L MR. . WALKE R.

150 11. filreazurzr

T E HEN D Auri u MR. . . WOO c Vi lla Hami lton Road Re d i n . , la , , a g

‘ fiwn g i . a ra ri an; ME MR. A S D O GLA S B rki n Si de I f rd o . J U , a g , l , E

CO N TE N TS .

CA RNATION SEE D A N D SEE DLIN GS

PROPA GA TION OF THE CA RN A TION

B ORDE R CA RN A TION S

THE CA RN ATION IN THE FLOWE R- GA RD EN

THE CULTURE OF GA RDEN CARN ATION S

CA LEN DAR F P I IN ON E CTION WITH BORDER CA R O O ERATON S C N

N A TION S

THE CA RNA TION A A WN FL WE R s TO O

CARN A TION CULTURE FOR E XHIBITION IN A SMA LL GARDE N

THE CA RN A TION IN THE MIDLA N D S

DRESSIN G A N D STA GIN G THE CA RN ATION A N D P ICOTEE FOR E XHIBITION

CA LEN DA R OF OPE RA TION S FOR E XHIBITION CA RN A TION S A N D

PICOTEE S GROWN IN POTS

THE CA RN A TION IN SCOTLA N D

THE CA RN A TION IN SCOTLAN D

THE CA RN A TION IN IRELA N D

THE YE LLOWCA RN A TION A N D P ICOTE E

TREE OR WIN TER-FLOWE RIN G CA RNA TION

THE CULTURE OF WIN TER- FLOWERIN G CA RN ATION S

FL WE RIN G CA LEN DA R OF OPERATION S FORTRE E OR P E RPETUA L O CA RN A TION S

THE CA RNA TION A N D PICOTEE

DISEASES A ND PE STS

DISEA SE S A ND FOES

SELECTION OF VA RIETIES

IN DE X

P R E F A C E .

THE Committee of the N ational Carnation an d Picotee Society (Southern Section) feel that no apology is needed for the issue of this little

‘ a a the a the a a M nu l upon cultiv tion of C rn tion , the improvement an d development Of which is

e e a the sole purpos of th ir incorpor tion . They are aware that other works Of much authority an d literary value have been published

the a e e e e e e a on s m subj ct, but th y b li v th t in none has the general information required by the amateur been presented in so simple an d usef ul a

e form as in the pres nt work . In it will be found papers from some of the most successful growers

Of the da e a in the e e y, d t il g m thods pursu d by them from the first impregn ation of the seed - pod to the final staging of the flowers upon the

Xh i i on a E ib t t bles . The Committee trust that the information given will go far to remove the impression now generally held that the cultivation Of the Car

a a difficulti es w n tion presents unusu l . It ill be

ee a the a e an d ha a e s n th t this is not c s , t t tt ntion A P RE F CE A . to c ertain simple rules an d m ethods is alon e

e e requisite to ensur succ ss . It m ay be that occ asional divergencies of Opinion m ay b e found in the papers now submitted to the an d the ee e e b e public , Committ d sir it to understood that although as Editors of this Manual they hold themselves responsible for the general

the a e a e e utility of inform tion giv n in its p g s , th y have not in terfered with the free expression of

d a e e e e e in ividu l opinions , wh r th s do not t nd to introduc e erroneous views upon the main prin ci les e p of cultur . The great increase of notic e an d popularity which has been of late years bestowed upon these flowers encourages the Committee to anticipat e a

a e e e the ea a e an d r pid d v lopm nt of b uty , v ri ty ,

a e a an d en d e h rdin ss of its m ny forms , to this th y are extremely anxious to encourage the raising of

ee l la s d ing p nts . Th ey have received from some of th eir sup

e e of s ee . e port rs promis s surplu s d , which th y propose distributing among such of their members

e 10s an d a ill (subscrib rs of . upw rds) who w under

a e a e a the t k to r is pl nts from it . If numb er of a a eXcess the ee at e a pplic nts is in of s d th ir dispos l, the l b e a e a distribution wi l m d by b llot . The attention Of the Society was for m any

ea a e a a n 187 6 an y rs , ft r its in ugur tio in , m i ly directed towards the im provem ent an d encourage P RE FA CE .

“ ’ ’ e Of a a e ee e e fiori sts f wer m nt wh t h v b n t rm d lo s , but an ever - increasing interest has lately b een shown in the cultivation of border varieties of the.

a an d the ee are e e e b e pl nt , Committ th r for glad to “ able to announ c e that the prizes for border

a e e Offe e a e e the S e v ri ti s , r d by M mb r of oci ty for the fi e a e be e rst tim l st summ r , will continu d for

e ea e som y rs to com . This Manual will be sent free to allMembers

th S a 1 8 u of e ociety subscribing annu lly 0 . or p wards an d will b e sold to Members subscribing

a a s at al h a w b e nnu lly 5 . h f t e price t which it ill

fe e the a of r d to gener l public . The privileges Of Membership will also in clude

ee e the E Of the S e an d fr ntry to xhibitions oci ty, free transferabl e passes in proportion to the

a the mount of subscription .

A I M TH RT B . S I M N , P i res den t.

J A MES DO GLA S U ,

Hon Secretar . y.

xi v INTRODUCTION

e e be e e the e e e her h rs lf, or sugg stiv of nt rpris of h e t e e Of her a a e . own r, or prow ss c pt in and his cr w Frequently it was the idolatrous image Of some

sea- e mythological god or godd ss , or of nothing more exalted in marine rank and title than a

e - T e common m rmaid, or a low born riton, prof ssing to play soul - stirring music out of a sea- shell that

d a e n e coul not possibly h v ma y not s in it, nor

e few ee thos sw t . How I did delight in those wooden figure heads, that went to sea with on e set smile for am a da c l and storm ; th t through y and night, for

ee an d e a e w ks months, would b ckon cross wid wastes of waters to som ething that they never

e m a e a e e e at a fe e e sight d, or k w r g stur s th y never m etI

was e e e a fi ure It v ry int r sting, too, to find g head come home that I knew had gone to sea

e war- a had e . a n wly got up , or in fr sh p int It

a e - a e - sea- a tr v l worn, w sh d out , sick look bout it that app ealed powerfully to the feelings of a sym pathetic boy 1 “ Wh en figureheads were di smissed the Ser ” e e e e e e e e vic , or w r r tir d as b ing no long r abl

' ed had a at sea— e bodi , or lost limb for som of them were above having a sham wooden leg or arm — they used to app ear in the suburban allot

e a e a sea- a a an d e e e m nt g rd ns of sm ll c pt ins , th r sp nd their declining years at the foot of mimic masts TO XV INTRODUC I N .

“ e e the a e at the e st pp d in g rd n ground , or corn rs a as castawa s on e e of sm ll rustic cabins , or y sugg stiv rockwork : but still ever beckoning to the friend

e e e a a t s that n v r hov in sight , or br ndishing cu las at he e e t nemy that n ver came. In whatsoever guise our readers m ay regard m e

e e a fi urehead und r this figur of g , my own opinion

’ a as the e at the is th t , ffigy ship s prow is not of

a e the a a the e e much imp ort nc in n vig tion of v ss l, so neither shall I add much here to the saili ng powers

the — I e of ship m an book . “ sa e a If I y I hop it will c tch on, I do not

a Of - me n on rocks iron bound criticism . If I ” express the wish that it m ay go down with the “ ea the all public I do not m n to bottom , with a a had a a h nds th t sh re in it .

H e e e a a a a e ow v r, in b ing pr ctic lly cqu int d with the culture of the Carn ation an d Picotee in their

— e t e e - m fi ure high s that is, in th ir florist typ s y g

ea far a e a as an old h d position has so fitn ss th t ,

e e e e m a e the n e grow r of th s flow rs, I y symbolis i t nt an d e e e Of the nt rp ris book .

SO would - I raise a beckoning hand to those

e e m a e e see an d lov rs of flow rs whom I y n v r , who ” ee e are e et w e to this fair , sw t flow r strang rs y ; hil

e e e e ea to hostil critics , whom I hop n v r to h r of, I would hold the challenge ready to go and do the

e e can em e work mor thoroughly if th y th s lves .

To e a e florist sp ci lists I think this book, b yond I TROD CTIO xvi N U N .

e the e e its titl and nam s that vouch for its cont nts , scarce needs an introduction from m e ; and so my ee e e e words may s m to th m but a m r , though I

e hop not a cold, formality. For the manner of florists is to read eagerly

h e The anything t at conc rns a favourite flower. e a be n ew n e matt r may not alw ys , but ov lty is not essential to truth To some it may come as a

e Old Old et e e the v ry , story, y loving int r st in plant gives touch and bloom Of freshness to all that a be . e e e can s id about it I dar say that , in oth r lin s “ ” an d e e few e walks of lov , it is giv n to but lov rs to

e e e a e the e e e ris much, if v r, bov st r otyp d and a ’ e e e e e e . commonpl c , xc pt in ach oth r s stimation

a a e a e a e a M ny lov t l tr nspar ntly f ils to do so , and yetwe have read such tales with an interest which “ e e e e a we e a the th y n v r xh ust, though kn w wh t ” n Pe e on e d would be. rchance we hav told e such

a e e e e e e t l ours lv s , volv d out of our own inn r con

’ sci ousn ess as the e e e e as the , if subj ct w r fr sh day s

e e e e e had e e ros bud , and no xp rt but ours lv s v r demonstrated it b efore !

’ If I know a flori sts love for his flowers— an d I

e — I ee S e a e think I do, passionat ly f l ur th t this littl “ ” work will be read with interest by Old hands ; and I trust many a beginner will be successfully

u an g ided d encouraged by it . ! e e e e e It is , alas too much to xp ct that v ry novic “ ” ill e e e e e on. S e w mak an xp rt, or v n go om will TO INTRODUC I N . xvii

damp Off as being constitutionally weak of pur “ ” e Of a a pos , short pplic tion . Infant mortality among n ew - born enthusiasts is a feature in the

e all e e an d e e r cords of our florist soci ti s , our tr asur rs ar he e a ea e t r gistrars of these e rly d ths .

the e e e as In r trosp ct of a long florist lif , such

e has e - tobe can see a min w ll nigh grown , I , mid

e e a Of a a e e a the gr y m mori ls m ny v t r n florist, tiny

ne as e e Of e t e a footsto s , it w r , thos who, hough p rh ps “ m en a e etas e e still living , h v y florists di d in th ir ” a N ot s e e a we e . a inf ncy lying h r , sh ll count thos whose love for favourite flowers has outlived their

e e e the e pow rs to t nd th m ; or who , in chanc s and

e e a e e e e e chang s of lif , h v no long r ith r tim or

e a e We m en ik e gard n space avail bl . look on l these as with us yet; and times come round with

e s e ee e e flow r , and old fri nds m t ov r old favourit s ,

we ee we ar and f l e not parted . Of e the i e l e e e cours , in rout n of cu tur h r laid

w on e i e e e ec do n no w ll xp ct to find, with r sp t to a

e e u n ew flow r long known and succ ssf lly grown , a e e a s e sch m of short cuts and roy l road to succ ss .

The e - e wa l be o e w ll trodd n y wil p int d out, and there will be the experiences of m en who have great difficulties an d disadvantages of locality to

e e e e cont nd with, and who hav prov d that lov , if s s can e all the e only it la t , conqu r but impossibl , and a great deal of that whi ch at first and at a s e eeme no e di tanc s d l ss . I xviii INTRODUCTON .

’ The history of the Carnation s origin an d

e e e e e SO as d v lopm nt to its pr s nt many forms, far

“ can be e e e the a e i n this trac d, tog th r with l t st

e e the e formation from thos conv rsant with flow r, “ ’ ” e e as a flori sts fl e e wh th r ow r, or bord r plant, or ” e e a - floweri n Tee a a as e as p rp tu l g r C rn tion, w ll

the e e roducm e b st m thods of p g, prot cting, and

e a ea e a xhibiting its blooms , so th t ch flow r sh ll d a e ea at a a e the ispl y its whol b uty gl nc , which by

e a e a e a e on e v ry h bit of its p t ls it will not do, b c us m ay easily and Often conceal several that are Underneath i t— all these matters are so many points of interest an d importance which it is sought

a e e to g ther tog ther in this volum .

’ e are e e e a Florists flow rs lik ours lv s in this , th t while we shall ever see in them som e quality that

— ll e ea e e . a e ta wi grow strong r, cl r r, tru r by pr ctic , by cultivation — sothere is always room lik ewise for

' i mprovement in the quality of our knowledge on

' th am rin ci le e s e p p .

Th e m an i n an e e who, y pursuit, cont nts hims lf

- the d e ee e e he has with gr of knowl dg which , is, in “ flori cultural e an a e an d t rms, old v ri ty man, is

takin g the nearest road to defeat . ” Ge a e — a i nius, that l rg , bright word th t nborn varied gift an d power to b e great— we almost a e b ee e e cert inly have not . But g nius has n cl v rly defined as the capacity for taki n g infinite pains

— a definition warranted from thew examples Of I O TO NTR DUC I N .

those who by dint of that capacity have becom e

e as - great without g nius a birth gift. w a a e as It is surprising h t sp rks, n arly bright as

e be the a fli n t- g nius, may struck out by pl in and

ee e e e n ea e e : an d st l of p rs v ri g, unw ri d ffort I think that all the contributors to this book will have written thus carefully an d minutely in their re s ecti ve e a en the e a e w p d p rtm ts , in hop th t th ir ork m ay meet with many students in whom they could wish for no more hopeful sign than this The

a a a e a c p city for t king infinit p ins .

B urton -tu- Lon sdale 1892 , .

CA R A IO MA AL 2 THE N T N NU . which he has himself fertilised an d harvested ; but as many p ersons m ay be unable to save their

ee — e e own s d for s curing which, in this climat , “ ” glass m ay be considered a necessity— i t is a matter of much importance that seed be purchased

e e has a a e a from a d al r who good n m to sust in , or from a nurseryman who cultivates only the

a e b est v rieti s . There are many classes of Carnations and

P ee as a e a e a e e e icot s , but, I t k for gr nt d th t v ryon who contemplates the raising of seedlings has

e a e hi a e an d has giv n tt ntion to t s p rt of his subj ct, thoroughly made up his min d in which class he

ll ee n ew a e e i e wi s k for v ri ti s, I w ll not m ntion a them in det il .

he has e i i m If not mad up his m nd, it is most portant that he should do so b efore commencing

e a e e e e op r tions, for succ ss is not lik ly to follow m r

indiscriminate crossing .

Ta be ea e e h t I may cl rly und rstood, I will giv the method that I should pursu e if I desired to “ raise a n ew an d improved variety Of the scarlet

e e bizarre class . I should s l ct two of the very best “ ” at e e c sa A a pr s nt in ultivation, y, dmir l Curzon

E e - ea e an d the ee - e ( asom) for a poll n b r r , for s d par nt “ R e Houl rave a ob rt g (B rlow), and should put

a few e a ea a e in a flow ring pl nts of ch v ri ty cool ,

a ee e e e the a a e iry gr nhous , wh r pl nts would h v full

e he e a d n h n . T ul but su s i s pl nts I sho d not disbu , MA A L 3 THE CA RNA TION NU . leave them to bear as many flo wers as they liked . the a e wa a a e n ew In s m y, did I w nt to r is

e e the e a e a vari ti s of purpl fl k , I should prob bly “ ” “ select J ames Douglas to cross wi th Florence ” “ N a e e a e e a e ighting l , b c us , though both purpl fl k s ,

r the shades a e distinct . Or in the Picotee class I might try Brunette “ ” K a J S ea - e e ( irtl nd) with ohn mith, both h vy dg d

e . r ds, but of distinct tints This method should b e pursued all through

a The e t b e the various cl sses . s lf colours migh greatly improved by selecting some Of the b est

e e e an d e — e ros or scarl t shad s , crossing th m not ros

a e e e a e with sc rl t, but ros with ros , and sc rl t with scarlet— bearing in mind that the seed - bearer should always b e a plant Of vigorous habit an d compact growth .

e a a e a e a Flow rs th t h v too m ny p t ls, and which

e e e e a e e be e e e th r for burst th ir c lyx , should n v r s l ct d

Ha e n as parents . v nothi g to do with flowers with

- a e e a e a short, stumpy c lyc s crowd d with sm ll p t ls ; by mere force of expansion the calyx bursts from top

an d the e a a a e to bottom , p t ls f ll out, forming wo ful spectacle to the lover of symmetrically formed

flowers .

e a e e a e a Choos r th r flow rs which h v long, firm

a e should b e a e e an d c lyx th y of l rg siz good form .

The p etals should be firm an d solid in texture— not B 2 THE A A TIO MA A L 4 C RN N NU .

s — a an d e reflexed flim y bro d slightly cupp d , for a a p etals r rely form good flower. It would b e well that the b eginner should con

fin e a e on e a e ea his tt ntion to or two cl sses ach y r. I am of opinion that he will then gain a more solid e e e e an d a e e e xp ri nc prob bly b tt r r sults .

So e much for sel ction . Some gr owers insist on the necessity of covering

the a a e a a e ff a pl nts with g uz , or n iling g uz or stu of similar nature over the ventilators an d window

e the e ee the ee an d op nings of hous to k p b s out, to prevent the plants from b ecoming fertili sed by

i e he e them w th poll n brought from t outsid . I c an understand the grounds upon which this

e a a e am sa a the pr c ution is t k n, but bound to y th t success which I have been fortunate enough to obtain do es not lead m e to attach much importanc e

m a e e be e e a to it . It y, how v r, a us ful pr c ution to adopt where there are other Carnations in the a immedi te vicinity. A few words m ay here b e useful to b eginners upon the organs Of the plant used for the produc a tion an d fertilis tion of seed .

’ The pistils are in the form of two or some “ ” e ee - a e e e alle e tim s thr horn sh p d proc ss s , c d styl s , which spring from the ap ex of the seed - pod— that

the e e e Of the flower— an d a is, from v ry c ntr r pidly

as the e a d e ea grow bloom xp n s , until, wh n r dy for e a e e be un s me hat impr gn tion , th ir nds will fo d o w THE CA R A TIO MA L N N NUA . 5

e an d e a e h u a e curl d, th ir surf c slig tly ro gh with v ry

delicate down . Until these pistils are what gardeners would

a e e are he le c ll w ll up th y not ready for t pol n .

T e the a e his poll n is found in nth rs , which

are a - a e a a e e tiny ov l sh p d cups, slightly tt ch d to v ry

e a e a e the a e an d be e d lic t fil m nts, st m ns , must look d

the e a h for among p t ls of t e bloom .

The e e a we poll n is found on, or p rh ps should sa i n e e a e the a fin e y , th s nth rs , in form of dust, which can readily be removed from them on the

’ a a - a point of c mel s h ir brush .

S e e an d e a e e lle om tim s , with som v ri ti s , this po n

a — the a e are e e is difficult to obt in nth rs th r , but a a a e e e . O wholly d stitut of poll n cc sion lly, lso, e e a a a ea e i n a sp ci lly in d rk, d mp w th r, it is found

a a e cl mmy, lumpy st t , in which condition it is of no h a use to t e op er tor.

The a e ea - da fin e uspicious mom nt is n r mid y in ,

e e e the e be bright w ath r, wh n poll n should found in the e vi z a an e ee n prop r condition, , th t of xc di gly fi n e . , light dust

Of i a The proc ess fertil s tion is very simple.

’ The e a the a e - a op r tor, with point of a c m l s h ir

e es a a the e an d brush , r mov sm ll portion of poll n, touches with it the points an d upper ends of the h pistils Of the bloom e wishes to fertilise. A n incredibly small quantity is needed ; it is e e a uali t uan ti t a e e ss nti lly q y not q y th t is r quir d . 6 THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU .

A s as e e e e are a soon this is don , it is w ll, if th r m ny

a e e the e a a a a e the v ri ti s in hous , to tt ch l b l to

e e a a the e bloom f rtilis d, st ting from what pl nt poll n was a t ken . A s fertilisation does not by an y means always e e e e a a the e a nsu , it is n c ss ry th t op r tor should

a e an d e e e e e ea d ily visit his flow rs , wh r r quir d r p t the e The the e proc ss . condition of bloom its lf

a has will show whether it is necess ry or not . If it

ee e e e the e da b n succ ssfully f rtilis d on pr vious y, it will already have begun to shrink an d droop its

e a ea the e a p t ls , but if still in full b uty op r tion should be rep eated . When the flowers are completely dead after

e a an d the e a e e an d impr gn tion , p t ls shriv ll d dry, they should be pulled out of the calyx to admit

- a ai r to the seed pod . C re must be taken not

e the as we to pull away with th m pistils, which ,

a e e the a e th - e e ee . h v s n , spring from p x of s d pod T a hese should b e left int ct . I need hardly say that the earlier in the season the e are e a e the e e as t e et flow rs impr gn t d b tt r, h y g the a a a e the a an d a e dv nt g of long, bright d ys , h v e e a e e a e v ry ch nc of prop rly m turing th ir seed .

Te a e a e the a e e ea h y lso sc p d ng r, which is v ry r l in

a e a the ee - a Off at the l t utumn , of s d pods d mping

a e T e e e a e b s . his t nd ncy, which is much mor m rk d

e a e e a e m a be a all m et in som v ri ti s th n oth rs , y p rti y

the a ee a e by splitting down c lyx in two or thr pl c s , THE CA R ATIO MA AL 7 N N NU . thus allowing the ai r to get to the base of the seed h a e O m a . t e e e pod If c lyx di s, as it ft n do s, it y

a a a e be a a ea the ee with dv nt g cut w y, thus l ving s d

h ai r pod completely exposed to t e .

the a be an d a an d the a If utumn cold d mp , pl nts appear unequal to the prop er ripening of their

“ ee e m a be e e e e a s d , th y y rous d to r n w d ctivity by putting them into a warmer atmosphere than that

a a - of the C rn tion house. The seed m ay be expected to ripen about the en d Se e e e e e Of the a e e of pt mb r, vid nc f ct b ing giv n by the seed - pods assuming a brownish tint an d l at th a openin g s ightly e pex .

The ee s e e are s d , wh n thoroughly rip , usually

a e e the e e bl ck in colour , but som tim s ntir pod of

ee ll be ea e e e are as s ds wi of a cr my whit , and th s th a good as e bl ck ones .

e a e e the ee - be ea Wh n g th r d, s d pods should spr d out in an airy place on sheets of clean paper to

an d e the thoroughly dry, wh n in this condition

a ea e a h seed m y be r dily s par ted from t e pods . Great care should be taken to label every batch

h a h a The of seed with t e n mes of t e p rents . memory alone must under no circumstances be

reli ed on .

e all e the a But, wh n is don , cultiv tor must not

e a he m a a e a e e suppos that, lthough y h v t k n infinit

a a e ee the e e e he p ins to r is his s d from b st vari ti s,

e e a e e fin e e will n c ss rily r ap a rich harv st of flow rs, 8 THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU . or that any large prop ortion of the s eedling plants wi be as as e a e e e e e ll good th ir p r nts, or r s mbl th m

an a a The e e e e all the in y m rked m nner. xp ri nc of best growers of s eedlings proves that an y such a a exp ect tion is doomed to dis ppointm ent .

’ e e e e e e My own xp ri nc , found d upon many y ars

e a e m e e i e the obs rv tion , giv s som thing l k following

a a e ver g s .

100 a a e the e In pl nts , r is d from b st strains , I

a e should exp ect bout 12 to 15 p er cent . to b

e an d singl worthless .

Se e e er e t e a e v nty or ighty p c n , or p rh ps mor , would probably give m e double flowers of on e sort

a e e e e e a n e e or noth r, som littl b tt r th n si gl s, oth rs

a a a a - a e e a with m ss of sm ll, b dly sh p d p t ls, but none of them showing any marked sup eriority over existing varieties ; an d I should be well

e r cont nt if I got 5 or 6 p e cent . worth growing

a a e nl e a e as an d g in, to t st not o y th ir v lu good dis

a e e a e e e are tinct v ri ti s , but lso wh th r th y vigorous

e h e nough to grow freely in t e op en border. If th y

ai a e e e e e are f l in this l tt r r quir m nt, th y not worth

e e n pr s rvi g.

Perhaps some would - be raisers m ay be a little

ea e e e e dish rt ned by this chronicl of my xp rience. But the exquisite beauty an d variety of colour of the great proportion of the seedlings are alone a

a m a b n e e . Te e ew a e e suffici nt r w rd h y y not v ri ti s ,

’ n or be e e flori sts e e p rf ct flow rs , but th y will furnish

10 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

e can be e a e an d e which th y r gul t d , sugg st no

e e e can b e affe e proc ss s by which th y ct d , I must leave amateurs to gain their own exp erience in

’ e a a a this fi ld of Flor s f ir dom in . N ature an d art combined will provide for the patient worker an inexhaustible series of wonders

e en e e b yond my poor p to d scrib .

e e ea a e e e B for l ving this p rt of my subj ct, how v r, I must give a few details Of my experi ence with th ” e pure yellow ground Picotees . The Yellow Carnation and Picotee are doubt less accidental productions from the white ground

a e a a e a e el Car v rieties . (See s p r t Ch pt r on Y low

a an d P n tion icotees . ) Seedlings raised from them revert back to the

e we e e et e whit ground, but n v r g y llow ground

a e e e ee . S v ri ti s from our whit ground s dlings uch ,

at ea e e e e— e e n ow e l st, is my xp ri nc xt nding ov r a a m ny ye rs .

a e a e e on e From bout six hundr d pl nts, flow r d in

ea the e e P ee was y r from b st y llow ground icot s , I greatly surprised to find a large number with

e a ee e red a whit grounds ; m ny d p ros , rosy , m roon

an d scarlet selfs — two of them are now in cul “ “ ” a i on as K S a e an d R ti v t ing of c rl ts uby . I was also told by a friend the other day that last year he saw a large b ed of seedlin gs entirely “ raised from the yellow variety Pride of Pens

an d e e e e e a e hurst , it pr s nt d v ry sh d of colour but THE CAR A TI MA A L 11 N ON NU .

Out e ee e a e e yellow . of som thr hundr d pl nts th r was on e e e an d a was but with y llow flow rs, th t worthless ! Sow i n g the Seed — This should be done about the en d a ea A of M rch or rly in pril . For this

e e a e flower- a Of fin e purpos pr p r pots or p ns soil, having a hotb ed prepared in good condition to

e e e e The a be e r c iv th m . pots or p ns should plung d

a a e - ea e in r th r brisk bottom h t, up to th ir rims ; the ee are sewn i n a e am i an d s ds r th r d p so l, in

ea l e e a e a e Te m a b e good h t wil v g t t in we k . h y y

e e - ea e e a e the burn d up by ov r h ting. I n v r w t r

ee - a Th a an d s d p ns . e tmosphere moist soil is e the a as e are e nough for young pl nts, th y prick d out into boxes as soon as the s eed - leaves have

the ee grown to their full size. If young s dlings are watered in the atmosphere of a hot - b ed they are a t at the e a a p to rot off n ck . I llow bout three inches between each plant when pricking them out ; an d the boxes should remain in the frames until the young plants are estab li shed a e m e ai r a . , gr du lly inuring th m to or In three weeks after they have been pricked out in the boxes they will be strong enough to be placed

a e an d the ee Ma in cold fr m s ; by first w k in y, if the ea e fin e the a e- m a b e w th r is , fr m lights y

e e e e an d the en d a be r mov d ntir ly, by of th t month

e ar e e an planted out where th y e to flow r. I choos

e e e the has ee e e op n position, wh r ground b n tr nch d 12 THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU .

the e a e ee e an d to d pth of bout ight n inch s , culti vated e ea the a for som y rs , so that mould is in a A f a e e . e O fri bl , op n condition good dr ssing f rm yard m anure should be added to it ; but the manure ought not to be plac ed in immediate

a h he a the cont ct with t e roots . If t soil t top is a ea a the a a e dl h vy, sticky cl y, pl nts will not t k kin y

e the l e a are a e : to it , unl ss fol owing pr c utions t k n

Ta e a ee ea - k of good fibrous lo m thr parts, l f mould on e a e a e a e on e a on e p rt, d c y d m nur p rt, and part

a e a the e e e e co rs s nd ; mix whol w ll up tog th r, and place a handful or so around the roots of each

a a the a pl nt to give them a st rt . If young pl nts are taken carefully out of the boxes with all the

an d la a e e a a a ee roots soi tt ch d, th y will st rt w y fr ly

an e an d e e a e without y ch ck, , of cours , th y must h v b een gradually inured to the Op en ai r b efore being

a G e an d h e . t e pl nt d out iv n good soil to grow in ,

a the e pl nts in good condition, ground stirr d up by the D hoe l ee e ll a e a e utch to ki l w ds, th y wi m k l rg

e i e the en d the ea an d e sp c m ns by of s son, produc such asup erabundance of flowers the year following

e a e e u as to b e almost beyond b eli f. I h v count d p wards of two hundred flowers on on e Of these s eed

a It a a ea e at e n e ling pl nts . is d ily pl sur flow ri g tim ,

J an d A the a a e in uly ugust, for m t ur to visit his bed eedli a a a the e e of s ng C rn tions, w tching d v lop

e the e an d a e e m nt of flow rs , c r fully noting thos that will have to b e propagated for flowering next THE CAR ATIO MA A L 13 N N NU .

a a e a e a : on e se son . I h v l yered th m in two w ys is

a e the a A a e to t k up pl nts in ugust, pl nt th m in

flower- an d a e e the the pots, l y r th m into pots ;

e an d a the e e wa a e e oth r, I f ncy b tt r, y is to l y r th m where they flower : in that case the ground will not be available for an y other purpose until after the a are e e e the young pl nts r mov d in Octob r. If

a e A e e the a e ground is w nt d in ugust, or b for l y rs

a e e b e e e a the h v form d roots , it will n c ss ry to pot

a e e a e pl nts up b for l y ring. P PA AT N OF THE ARNAT N RO G IO C IO .

DE A N . B y R.

THE propagation of the Carnation is secured by

e : ea two m thods by m ns of pipings or cuttings, an a e See a b e e e e d by l y rs . d c nnot d p nd d upon to reproduce exactly the particular variety which yields the seed grains . By P ip i n gs or Cutti n gs — These can be made as as the a has n e sa soon gr ss grow long nough, y

J e a e the a in uly, or wh n l y ring ; sm ll shoots which are too high up on the plant to layer in the

a wa can b e as ordin ry y struck cuttings , or such shoots as snap off in the act of p egging them down h a e into t e soil when l yering th m . Sod — The best compost for cuttings is a good

e am e e ea - an d y llow lo , thoroughly d compos d l f soil,

e a e a a e a e silv r s nd, in qu l qu ntiti s , but p ss d through a fin e sieve b efore using.

Str i ki n g — The quickest an d most ready mode of strikin g cuttings is by placing the pots on a

e e - ea as a e g ntl bottom h t, such th t produc d by an

a - d O a a - ordin ry dung be . rdin ry h nd lights should be a e e a Of a a e - a pl c d ov r group pots , or sm ll b ll gl ss over each pot ; this is an important condi tion in

e e a an d s curing root d pl nts quickly thoroughly. 1 THE CA RNATION MA NUA L. 5

Cool Tr eatm en t— Those who cannot avail themselves of bottom - heat must strike under cool

e e The e wa ee e a e tr atm nt. b st y to proc d is to pr p r

e fin e as e e e a e an d a e som soil, r comm nd d bov , m k a bed a e e a of it on a sh dy bord r, if possibl on

a a - Put spot r ised bove the ordinary ground level . the cuttings in this bed when it is made thoroughly

e e a ea a firm , giv th m good sprinkling by m ns of

e a e - a e a a - a e e ros w t ring pot , pl c h nd gl ss ov r th m , leaving it on until the cuttings show signs of

O a a he growth . cc sion l sprinklings of t cuttings will be necessary according to the dryness of the weather ; an d some shade over the hand - glass will be e h r quisite when t e sun shines brightly.

It m ay be asked— Do rooted cuttings make such good flowering plants as layers ? an d will they bloom so early ? To these questions the reply is — Strong pipings or cuttings make fin e

a e are e e a a e e pl nts, but th y g n r lly l t r in flow ring a a a th n plants obt ined from l yers . Layeri n g — August is the month in which to

a e a a the a e e e l y r C rn tions ; shoots h v b com firm , an d can be manipulated without danger of

a of Th i the sn pping f. e first process is to tr m

a e a a Of a a a l y rs , using p ir sh rp scissors, cutting w y the leaves close to the stem up to about the fourth

h Te ea t e . or fifth joint from point h n, by m ns of a e a e a e the e point d st k , t k out from pot two inch s or so of the Old an d e a e i t h n ew soil, r pl c wit , 1 T AR A TIO MA A 6 HE C N N NU L. something after the nature of that recomm ended

n S the a the b e for cutti gs . hould soil bout roots dr e a a a e an d a y, giv good so king of w t r, llow it to drain away b efore filling the pot with fresh

The n ew be a e soil . compost should r is d up

the e e the e e e a to l v l of rim, but pr ss d som wh t

a h Of Pe are firmly s t e work filling proceeds . gs necessary to fasten the layers securely down into the T e a e e are a e e soil . hos m d of f rn usu lly mploy d it is also possible to Obtain p egs made of flexible

e : an d e e e e a e are wir th s , b ing much mor dur bl ,

a e he en d Te th la r r a h e t . e e e t e ch p st in h n y , t king trimmed shoot firmly b etween the thumb an d

e e Of e a e the for fing r his l ft h nd , thrusts his knif ,

a e b e a a an d bl d of which should sm ll, n rrow,

e e e the sharp n d on both sid s, through third or

n the a ea fourth joint, bri ging it out at b ck by m ns of a clean an d rapid cut ; the tongu e Of the layer

e e e e e e e e is short n d, if n c ssary , it is th n pr ss d g ntly

the e an d e e ea down into fr sh soil, s cur d by m ns of

e the e the a ar a p eg. Wh n whol of l yers e laid down— an d they generally are mad e to form a frin ge round the inner rim Of the p ot— the surface soil should be levelled Off and the surface made neat . Some shoots are too high up on the plant to b e able to bend them low enough to layer in the

a a “ A z di w . ee e or n ry y inc rim, two or thr inch s i n de can be fitted the lled i pth, to pots, fi with so l,

ORDER ARNATONS B C I .

B MA RTN M T I S I H. y B .

Selecti on of Vari eti es — This is the first matter

’ e a e the a e a e he which must ng g am t ur s tt ntion , for will meet with much disappointment if he endea vours to grow allvarieties in discriminately in the “ e e e a e e a all a op n bord r . It is oft n ss rt d th t Carn

are a if ea e tions h rdy, and by this is m nt that th y

all a a e a Of will st nd c rt in amount frost, snow, and

the e e cutting wind, no doubt ass rtion is tru ; but

a a a a a all e e it is lso a f ct th t, lthough lmost vari ti s

e ea e ea e will struggl through gr t vicissitud s of w th r , there are only a certain number that will really thrive an d flower freely in spite of such untoward

the ell a e e conditions . Many of y ow ground v ri ti s ,

a e a a a e the e for inst nc , do not show to dv nt g in op n

At ea e e e at Ha e e . e bord r l st , such is my xp ri nc y s , in Kent . “ Pe a e ta a on e rh ps s lfs, , Carn tions of colour, m a a a be e e the e a y, as cl ss , consid r d fitt st occup nts

e A s a e e are e a an d of the bord r . rul th y v ry h rdy

ee the a Of e e e e fr , and m ss colour th y pr s nt wh n in ff full flower is m ost e ective .

N O e a a e e be a e lov r of C rn tions , how v r, will s tisfi d

on e a a e e e e e an d to grow cl ss lon of th s lov ly flow rs, , THE C R ATIO MA A L 9 A N N NU . 1

ee e e ea he ind d, th r is no r son why should do so .

Te e are a e e e e a — e z e h r v ri ti s in v ry cl ss s lfs, bi arr s ,

a e e an d ee — e fl k s, fanci s , picot s which will do w ll out

Te e are e e e i b e of doors . h r , how v r, c rtain po nts to

e e e e consid red in th ir s l ction .

The an d e a on e Of the first, c rt inly most impor ta a a a a nt, is th t no pl nt which h bitu lly bursts its

a at all the e c lyx is worth growing in op n border .

e e b e e e e e a ea It must , how v r, r m mb r d th t n rly

all a a a e e e an d ll at e C rn tions h v this t nd ncy, wi tim s

e e a a an d produc untidy flow rs with burst c lyx , in some seasons this habit is much more observable

a e ell e e e e e th n in oth rs . It is w to r m mb r, how v r , that plants which display this fault in the op en

m a e e e e e e border ylos it to som xt nt und r pot cultur .

N ee e e e be a o promising s dling, th r for , should fin lly discarded until it has been proved under both

conditions .

The a the e e uni e a form tion of buds, how v r, f r sh s rule by which Carnations m ay be roughly di vided

r a a — e an d N on - into two g e t cl ss es Burst rs burste rs . “ ” The e e l a a a e confirm d burst r wi l lw ys h v short ,

' — ea e lan ts n ever e round, blunt h d d buds ; such p giv

a a e the e an d e s tisf ctory r sults in bord r, will s ldom produc e a flower which is worth the trouble of

The - te the e a di s picking. non burs r , on oth r h nd,

a a a ee e a e e pl ys long bud of bout thr tim s its di m t r, an d these alone des erve to be classed as Border a a ” C rn tions . MA A L 20 THE CA RNATION NU .

Another point of importance is to give the preference to those varieties which exp erience has proved to b e suitable to the soil an d climate of the district ; the advic e of local growers will cer tai n ly be of much assistance in this respect . It “ a a n S an d a a is common s yi g, uch such pl nt is a e a e but i t does n ot do w i th m e lov ly v ri ty, an d though it m ay be well that all an d every variety of Carnation (which does not burst its

a be e the e e the c lyx) should tri d in op n bord r, grower must not be disappointed if he finds that

e all a E e e e th y will not thrive in hi s g rden . xp ri nc b a alone must e his guide in this m tter.

A a he e e e a a g in , should s l ct som wh t dw rf varieties ; they are altogether n eater and more “ ” ff all a a Tee e ective than t str ggling pl nts . r or

e e a e a a p rp tu l flow ring C rn tions will, most of

e e e the e e th m , do w ll nough in bord r, but th y are a e e e an d the e e out of pl c th r , summ r flow r

a e e an a e a e ing v ri ti s, with v r g growth of from

e e ill be tw nty to thirty inch s, w found much

e a e mor suit bl . He should also look to it that they be of ” a a a e vigorous h bit, th t is , th t th y should throw

e a a e the up pl nty of strong gr ss . It is, unfortun t ly, case that many of the most beautiful varieties fall

a e e e an d be s dly short of this r quir m nt, such should

e e a e the ee a a r l g t d to gr nhouse. It is uns tisf ctory work attempting to grow in the open border plants THE CA R A TIO MA AL 2] N N NU . which have earned for them selves the reputation Of e ea b ing w kly growers .

e the a e e e e e b e Furth r, v ri ti s s l ct d should of

e e a a e e e b e r ct h bit, th t is , th ir flow r st ms should strong enough to carry the blooms without droop

e ea T an m a ing th ir h ds . his is i port nt requirem ent

a e a a the a in bord r C rn tion, for if nothing but b ck

the e e e e of flow r is visibl , not only is th r much loss

e fe an Of a e of f ct , but to form opinion colour , sh p , an d petal it becom es necessary to stoop and turn

e e up v ry bloom .

a he be ee e a Fin lly, t y should fr flow ring, th t is ,

e e e a e e that th y should throw up s v r l flow r st ms , an d cover them well with buds . The Bor den — The next point to b e considered

h an Of he is t e selection d formation t border.

a a e e a e an d e ai r C rn tions r quir sp c , light , fr sh , an d should have the border practically to them selves ; they cannot thrive i n the interstices of an

a a e e a e a e ordin ry g rd n bord r, h lf full of h rb c ous

a a e e e e an d a . e pl nts nnu ls If, how v r, th r is no oth r

a e e a e be a e e e pl c for th m , c r must t k n to secur th m from encroachment as the other plants begin to

e e e e e an d e grow, for th y r s nt b ing crowd d ov r a sh dowed . They will c ertainly do far better in a border of

e Se e t e a n the th ir own . l c it , if possibl , f ci g towards a e a e . south, for th yc nnot h v too much sun If protection by shrubs can be given to the north an d 22 THE A R ATIO MA AL C N N NU . east so much the better ; but the shrubs mus t b e

e a the a an d e e b e w ll b ck from pl nts, th r must no

e e e e a th e a s ns of confin m nt bout e bord r. Wh t is

a e a e e e e ll a be c ll d sh lt r d , snug corn r wi prob bly a the a e a b e e bout worst pl c th t could e sel ct d . Snugn ess is the very thing that is n ot T a T e . e e e want d h y c nnot hav too much air. h y a a m ay very e sily h ve too little. It will be found convenient that the border

a a a all he be i e. t should n rrow , . , of such width th t

a can b e ea an d the e a pl nts in it sily got at , op r tions

a a e &c of st king and tying, disbudding, l y ring, . , con

e e e ducted without b ing oblig d to st p upon it . It

S a be a e a a e e e hould lso r is d , for dr in g purpos s , ight

e a e the i inch s or so bov surround ng level . A s a preliminary it must be well an d deeply

e trench d .

— a a e The SOi l. C rn tions will grow and flow r

e e an an d e e e can mor or l ss in y v ry soil, but th y only be s een i n their full beauty when atten tion has b een gi ven to the composition of the border . Incomparably the soil they love b est is a fairly

oa e an d ee e strong virgin l m, op n fr from stickin ss . Tothis should be added a liberal dressing of well

e a e m an e a e a rott d m nur fro old hotb d , littl mort r

an d e a - a i a e rubbish , som ro d scr p ngs if procur bl . These are b etter omitted if the roads in the district are e a e a m t ll d with gr nite. A L 23 THE CAE NATION M NUA .

A light addition of bone - dust m ay be us ed

afel an d e fe y with f ct . The heavier the loam used the more liberal must be the additions of the other constituents of the border to keep it w ellop en . On no account should rank fresh manure b e

e the a a ea a a a us d ; pl nts pp r un ble to ssimil te it .

e e the a e e an d Wh n us d foli g is apt to turn y llow, the plant to deteriorate distinctly under its i n

fluen c N a e. othing c n beat thoroughly rotted old a hotbed m nure. It is also a point of great importance that the border should b e trenched an d thoroughly remade

a n a ar a e e e e e ew e e e . T s v ry y r b for l y rs pl nt d hi is ,

’ the e O the on e ee in writ r s pinion, thing most n d f ul an d o a e the on e , , unf rtun t ly, thing also which is most frequently neglected on the ground of

e e e a T e e. e e troubl , xp ns , or w nt of tim h r is no more certain method of securing vigorous growth an d e u a the a e the pl ntif l bloom th n ddition , wh n

e e a e a e a e bord r is r m d , of lib r l supply of fr sh

a the e e at an e lo m , if not to whol bord r, y rat immediately round the plants It is true that Carnations are year after year successf ully exhibited by growers who have no such

e n ew at e a e suppli s of soil th ir dispos l, but th y achieve their success by the use of a skill an d ex p eri en ce which is less attainable by the majority of

a a e a e a C rn tion grow rs th n fr sh lo m . 24 THE CAR ATIO MA A L N N NU .

N O a Of an d e mount digging turning ov r, no

e a e a a a e can be suppli s of m nur , f rmy rd or p t nt , relied upon to produce such satisfactory results as “ ” e — - m a b fr sh virgin soil top spit . It y e obj ected that fresh soil brings large additions of that most “ ” e e the e- an d e p rnicious p st , wir worm , so it do s ; but no on e who loves his flowers will dig in the n w a e e a a e soil without c r ful x min tion of it . Fortu n atel the e- eas ee an d the ea e y wir worm is ily s n, gr t r part of them should b e destroyed ; as regards the

a a e the a a a e e e the n ew b l nc , dv nt g conf rr d by soil wi ll amply comp ensate for occasional losses by

- wire worm .

The e e ni e be e an d bord r , wh n fi sh d, should w ll

e e e the firmly trodd n down , and is th n r ady for a pl nts . “ P ts — Te e b e e a lan h s should w ll rooted l yers . Small compact plants that have not flowered during the summer m ay b e left undisturbed in the a e e an d m a e a e g rd n bord r , y produc pl ntiful f th O e e e . supply flow r following summ r But , in

a e a a a b ed ll e a m king a sp ci l C rn tion , it wi c rt inly be e i e a e e can wis r to fill it w th fr sh l y rs , for th y be better dep ended upon to withstand the rigours

th e e the e of wint r ; and blooms produc d , though

e m a b e e be ea th y y l ss in quantity, will gr tly

e ai sup rior in qu l ty . The following exp eriment was tried last year

the r S a e e by w iter . ome forty or fifty pl nts w r

MA A L 26 THE CA RN A TION NU .

an d a be e . ee c nnot too strongly insist d on Ind d ,

e a the e e giv n th t soil is in prop r working ord r , m the plants cannot b e put into it tOO fir ly . They must b e watched carefully at first for

a e the e- an d a tr c s of work of wir worm m ggot , but as the precautions against these p ests have b een

a e the e a e a a e a e be m d subj ct of s p r t p p r , it will

a The a unnecessary to det il them here. utumn work

e e an d the a m a b e e e is now compl t , pl nts y l ft pra tically to take care Of themselves during the

as a a e e an d win ter . But no good m n g m nt no skill

e e a e a e e a e Of e will pr v nt c rt in p rc nt g loss s , it is well to keep a reserve of layers (say to the extent

6 8 er e t b e e of or p c n ), which should pott d , an d stood on planks or ashes in some convenient

Te w a a e at an far corner . h y ill n tur lly mov y tim e

e e a th e e b tt r from pots th n from e op n bord r . This reserve of pott ed layers should during the

Wi r ' rh e b e e rotected ove ead nt months , if possibl , p

e a an d a a from dr nching r ins snow, but must lw ys

a a a an ai r The e e h ve bund nce of light d . b st tim to fill the vacancies caused in the borders by death

ea e the n e the o ortu or dis s during wi t r, is first p p

‘ n i ty afforded by Op en weather after the middle

Of e a b e ea e e . , e F bru ry ! It will sily und rstood th r

e a i f e e e e e a e ee e for , th t th s r s rv s h v not b n k pt thoroughly hardy an d exposed to everythi ng but e e e wet an d e il e a e xc ssiv snow, th y w l in vit bly com to

e e e a e e e the e e gri fon th ir sudd n tr nsf r nc to op n bord r . THE CAR A TIO MA A L 27 N N NU .

e fi l the a a e e e alla Wh n l ing up v c nci s , r mov iling or crippled plants ; they will do no good in the en si i i n e e di e e e g summ r , if th y do not outright b for the ea blooming s son .

e a a e th a It is n cess ry ft r frost to examine e pl nts . It will often be found that the frost has loosened an d e e an d a a e e lift d th m , th t consid rabl proportion will require firmly setting down again into their

a e pl c s . Sp r i n g Tr eatm en t— Beyond keeping the sur

e Of the e ea an d e e e e fac bord r cl n op n, th r is littl to b e the a e a e e don until pl nts b gin to m k their growth . The staking and tying should then be at once a e e as an m a tt nd d to , hour or two of rough wind y

a a a a a e e do irrep r ble d m ge . C r should b taken in

n a the a a e e the e tyi g th t b ss is not f st n d to stak , but left loose so that it m ay slip up with the

the e e m a ee growth of flow r st m , which y (ind d will) be permanently crippled by a neglect Of this p re

I a the e caution . tis well to p int flow r stakes some

a e e e e an d e e the d rk colour ; it pr s rv s th m , pr v nts unsightly app earance presented by a forest of white sticks . In tyin g it is not necessary to include the grass

h e a e ee T a t e flower st ms lon n d support . o le ve the foliage in its natural position makes it much ea e a e a e si r to l y r l t r on . Towards the en d of May it will be found a a e e e a li dvis bl , sp ci lly on ght hot soils, to mulch 28 THE CARNA TION MANUA L

the e o e - e a e an d b ds with th roughly w ll rott d m nur , if the weather b e hot an d dry great attention must b a a T a e a e e p id to w tering . his m tt r of w t ring is

e m a the a are e a e v ry i port nt , for if pl nts onc llow d to get too dry at the roots allhope of fin e bloom

at an en d the a a is for ye r . It is tru e th t in our rainy climate a deficiency of water is not Often

be ea e a a the e to f r d , but c ution upon subj ct is

e e a n c ss ry . Plentiful syringing in dry weather in May an d J une will b e found Of great assistance to the plants ; it encourages healthy growth an d helps

a e a ee ee - fl m t ri lly to k p down gr n y, thrip , cuckoo

& The a b e a e c . e e spittl , pl nts must c r fully watch d

the e e e e during summ r for th s p sts , which must

P a h a an b e e . e t e e t dilig ntly got rid of rh ps b st, y

a e the ea a e e e ee - fl r t most sily ppli d , r m dy for gr n y,

he a a is dusting t pl nts with tob cco powder .

- e be e e an d Cuckoo spittl must r mov d by hand , is easily kept down ; but thrip is a very " trouble

Te a a some enemy to get rid of. h y do not ppe r to

e the a a e e e the injur pl nt m t rially, but th y d stroy b eauty of the bloom even while yet in the bud :

’ h a e e a e Te writer s pl nts w re inf sted by it l st summ r .

ea a a e a be the e e e W k tob cco w t r is s id to b st r m dy,

e e but prov d of little servic .

Di s — T e has ee buddi n g . her b n much discussion

a b e e e a the on this subj ect . It c nnot d ni d th t beauty of the plant is greatly enhanced by its THE CA R A TIO MA A L 2 N N NU . 9

e e e e as a e e e e e buds n v rth l ss , most v ri ti s produc th s

e a a a the ea e a m a in sup r bund nt qu ntity, gr t r p rt y b e removed with advantage to those which are left; an d withoutdetriment to the beauty of the

a Th he pl nt . e buds which often cluster round t

an e crown blooms should cert i ly be remov d .

A an d ea a e e m a vigorous h lthy pl nt , how v r, y safely be left with a liberal supply of buds without an y perceptible depreciation of the size or quality

Th a b e e of its flowers . e m tter must e d cid d by a a a individu l exp erience n d t ste . Under no circumstances should a plant once a a est blished in its flowering qu rters be moved . If disturbed in the spring it will produce but a few

e a a ea sickly flow rs , or small mount of w k , poor grass .

The e be a e e toare points , th n , to tt nd d

a e e a e e be First, judicious s l ction of v ri ti s to grown : “ Se an a a e a the a a condly, nnu l r m king of C rn

e a e a a r esh loam . tion bord r, with lib r l ddition of f

T the e a li e Of the hirdly, thorough st b shm nt plants in their flowering quarters before the bad

ea e e w th r s ts in .

e a an d a e at Fourthly, v ry firm pl nting , c r ful

e h a a e t ntion to t e pl nts ft r frost .

ifthl a a e e a e F y, th t pl nts onc st blish d should

e e b n v r e disturb ed . THE CARNATION IN THE FLOWER GARDEN .

B IN O E ROB S N . . W. L S. y ,

A FTE R taking great pleasure in the Carnation as

all e a e grown by florists, with its d lic t colouring

an d a was led a e the ch rm , I by v rious r asons to conclusion that a n ew departure was n ecessary

the a a a a a - fl T a with C rn tion s g rden ower. his m y “ ’ ” take place without detriment to the flori sts interesting way of looking at an d growing the

ur flow r- a e a a flower. O e g rd ns have to gre t

e e e ea f e an d a xt nt be n void of b uti ul flow rs pl nts . Flowers ! A cres of mean little sub - tropical weeds

a a e e a e ea — e th t h p p n to poss ss colour d l f Col us,

A e a e a Pe lla &c — m the lt rn nth r , ri , . occupy uch of

be e e - a e ground which ought to tru flow r g rd ns,

e set e a e an d but which is too oft n out in til p tt rns,

a a a e ea with pl nts without fr gr nc , b uty of form, or a a a even the ch rm of ssoci tion .

Vi e a the e a e My w is th t flow rs of our own l titud s,

w e e are ea are e e the h n th y b utiful, ntitl d to first

a e a e A e e fl we a e pl c in our g rd ns . mong th s o rs, ft r

' the Rose should e the a a all , com C rn tion, in its

ea an d a w e e the an d e b uty brilli ncy, h r soil climat THE CAR ATIO MA AL 1 N N NU . 3

are e the e e e a e fitt d for it, as is cas ov r a larg r a of

a- our se girt land .

e the e e an d It is not nough that lac d, flak d, e ea th oth r b utiful groups of e varieties of D. Caryop hyllus should be grown in frames or otherwise ; we should show the flower i n all its

e flower- a e an d forc of colour in our g rd ns , this is an entirely distinct question from the growth

’ ” “ “ e as flori sts A of kinds hith rto known flowers .

ea a e e m a a e the the gr t m ny p opl who y not h v skill,

e the e e e a the Of tim , or m ans n c ss ry for growth

’ the e flori sts e et the fin st flow rs, would y find “ strong an d brilliant self Carnations delight

e a e e an d a ful in th ir g rd ns in summ r utumn , an d e e e the a a e e v n in wint r, for C rn tion, wh r it

e e fin e - a e Of a e do s w ll, has a colour v lu foli g in

e a e e all e wint r, which m k s it most us ful to who car a T for beautiful colour in their g rdens . here is nothing more welcome as colour than strong groups or tufts Of early autumn - planted Carnations

e a Tea R e a the a e group d mong os s, dorning g rd n

the e an d an d throughout wint r spring, full of

an a promise for the summer d utumn . What Carnati ons are the b est for the op en ai r ? The kinds of Carnations popular up to the present day are well known by what is seen at the Carnation

’ an d the flori sts e a e the Flor al shows, in p riodic ls, lik

’ Ma azi n e Harri son s Cabi n et an d ee g , , , ind d, all

a e a da e e a simil r p riodic ls up to our own y, wh n I b g n 2 A A TIO MA AL 3 THE C RN N NU . to insist that allflowers should b e dr awn as they

' are The a e b e i n fliIen ced an . rtist should n ver by y “ ” “ ” e ea a e e b e a e rul s or id ls wh t v r , but llow d to

aw a he ee T all e a dr wh t s s . his consci ntious rtists e e an d h a e we ee t e e . xp ct, it is b r st justic If succ d

e e n ew a e a we e e e in d v lop ing r c s, or wh t consid r p rf ct

e let the a see e as e are an d flow rs, rtist th m th y ,

a e as he ee e the u dr w th m s s th m , without conf sion of drawing impossible hybrids b etween what he sees an a d wh t he is told is p erfection in a flower. It was the a e sa want of this rtistic hon sty, so to y, which has left us so worthless a record in illustrated

a Of the e e the a a journ ls past, wh r rtist was lways ’ “ ” told to keep to the flori sts ideal as to what the

e be He e the e e flow r should . nc numb r of plat s of e a all w the flow rs of m ny kinds, dra n with compass an d quite worthless as a record There are so many di fficulties i n the wayofrep ro duci n g a faithful drawi ng when we get i t— I m ean in sufficient numb ers for popular use— that it is all the more necessary to abolish the fatal source of e e e e G as a ea i rror h r point d out . row m ny b ut ful

’ e as can e the a flow rs you , but commit th m to rtist s

a e a Of e an d a c r without word comm nt , so bolish for ever the ridiculous painted lies which abound in

the a a e l e a e the a an d pictori l g rd ning it r tur of p st ,

which have indeed existed up till quite recently .

The e e e a as e as e syst m l nt its lf to fr ud w ll uglin ss ,

i a e the e a a n ew as, for nst nc , in cas of manuf cturing

A IO MA A L 34 THE CA RN T N NU .

the a e H e these flowers can give in op en g rd n . ith r to the effect of the Carnation in masses has been

e mostly judged of from the Clove Carnation . Fin

an d e as as pr cious this is, it is , I think , not so good

a a e e a a e are e e m ny v ri ti s now obt in bl , which b tt r, Th e e e an d are e . e strong r, flow r long r, fin r in form following are the best kinds tried by m e without “ ” “ e a atan e : prot ction ofgl ss y tim Murillo , Carolus ” “ ” D a e de e b e a La ur n, Comt M l ourn , Fr ncois ” “ ” “ a e e a a a e R a . Ch rm , V ronic , M d m ol nd, M

” ’ ” dr l Ber en di Pa d Am en s A n eo . y, M g , ix i , “ ” “ ” “ a d Da e l R e J u e e e. e e M rq is mpi rr , Md l ous ll , nny “ L an d . ind, Mrs . Wood These repres ent the Carnation of our own day

e as far as - e e a in its fin st form , I know p rf ctly h rdy , i f a e e i n the e an d ea a an d l y r d summ r rly utumn ,

a e ea R n e e e e ea pl nt d rly . ooti g w ll b for wint r in sy

an d e aff e e fe bold groups, th y ord pr tty f cts of colour

a e e an d e e e e a from foli g alon , v n in wint r tim dorn

the e gard n . A good garden Carnation should be a vigorous

e a ee e e e grow r, fr bloom r, with strong flow r spik s

an d a A a e e e e . oe st lks, that c rry th ir flow rs r ct b v all b a T things it should not urst its c lyx . here are many Carnations that will have to be discarded

' becaus of hi The e e the e e t s defect . xt nt of vil is not so apparent to those who grow a few plants

n T a a d e e e a . e only, th s , p rh ps, in pots h y put b nds upon the calyx or ti e it round to keep the flower A L THE CARNATION MANU . 35

a we f w e e an d e. e e tog th r in sh p But, if hav a a a a the e a e thous nd c rn tions in flow r g rd n , it is out

the e a e e of qu stion to think of t king such m asur s ,

et the e a we all and y on oth r h nd , if do nothing at ,

the e a e a ea e e a e r sult is that, ft r h vy show r or mod r t

the e e e - e e wind , flow rs of th s calyx bursting vari ti s a are a sh peless mass of ragged petals . Those who raise n ew kinds must give this

e a a matter consid r tion . C lyx bursting is only

e a e w e e a as p culi r to som kinds, but must r g rd it

a e e an d e n e d f ct , th y must insist upon ki ds whos flowers Op en properly and keep their p erfect form

a T ar e e . e e e a ea an d whil th y l st h r such kinds lr dy,

ea e e m e it is easy to incr s th ir nu b rs .

S e a e e are e om v ri ti s v ry continuous in bloom ,

e the e Pa an d e e e lik Count ss of ris, th s I hop will

as e b e added to time go s on . Over a very large area of the United Kingdom

a a - e be e e C rn tion cultur may carri d out with succ ss . I have always noticed it most successful near

s a The e e the the e . g ntl r warmth of shore in

an a some way influences this . In y c se the best results I have seen from out - door culture have been

a e i e S E A e ea the in pl c s l k carborough , dinburgh, ngl s ,

s e D Ba an d sea- e a e hor s of ublin y, in shor g rd ns

e e a e e the ai g n r lly wh r soil is not ag nst it . It is simply wonderful what on e m ay do in such places

as a e e sa in the ea comp r d with what is possibl , y, W ld Of Kent ! A t Scarborough we m ay see Carnations

D 2 36 THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU . taking the form of a bush ; near Edinburgh I have s een a tuft of the Clove Carnation five feet in

a e e e ea i n S e Ke w e e di m t r , wh r s uss x and nt hav to

a a a a e e an a Of ex pl nt nnu lly . I h v incurr d mount

e e an d a a a S e p ns l bour with C rn tions in uss x which ,

e e e a sea- e i favoii rable if xp nd d in shor district , w th

a m a a a Of a a s e e e e . soil , would h v giv n p r dis C rn tion

‘ In our island the area for shore gardens b eing very

a e on e m a see a the l rg , y from it how import nt

e a e sea- e m a b e flow r in g rd ns in shor districts y , valuable as it is in an y place where it happens

do e S e a an d a l e a to w ll . om s ndy w rm soi s, lik th t

Of the a a e a e are a B gshot s nds for x mpl , singul rly a e e the a a e e e e dv rs to C rn tion ; th s soils , how v r , do a a a a th not cover l rge re of e country . In advocating an extension Of ways of growing e e m a e a be e e this nobl flow r, I y p rh ps p rmitt d to state the results Obtained in my own garden

S e an d e a a e in uss x , in a v ry import nt g rd n in

S f e ffe e as e a uf olk, two districts wid ly di r nt r g rds soil

a e a e e e allthe an d clim t . In my own g rd n I coll ct d

a a the e on e a kinds of C rn tions of s lf, or colour, th t

b e e E a an d e e could got in Franc or ngl nd , gr w th m both in lines in a very exposed an d quite un

e e a a five u e ee a e prot ct d situ tion, bout h ndr d f t bov the sea : an d also in groups an d masses in the

flow er- a e e e a e a an d g rd n , g n r lly with v ry h ppy distinct results both as to colour an d beauty of a a the ai e e e . bloom , f lur s b ing mostly from l t pl nting L 37 THE CA RNATION MA NUA .

SO far as a e e e we had h rdin ss is conc rn d , no trouble in proving the absolute hardiness of the

a a e e — the a e the e the C rn tions m ntion d h rd r wint r,

a he e A n e a ea e e e t . h ppi r flow rs op n, ch ng bl wint r

m e a a e e is uch mor g inst th m , by xciting growth ,

a a a Te e e a e a e th n h rd winter . h y w r pl nt d in l rg and

m e flower- e ea the e e ee si pl b ds n r hous , b tw n groups

tea- e a a the e e of ros s, occ sion lly running into mor op n

e e as e w e e groups . In mix d b ds such I mploy, h r there are many tufted pansies an d other hardy and

a - a e ea et a e h lf h rdy flow rs, it is sy to g pl c s for groups

Of a a e e a . C rn tions in early autumn . It is ss nti l to get enough of each kind after first determining i a what k nds n d colours are desired . I mostly a pl nted in informal groups Of from twenty to fifty. On the margins of mixed borders the same

a a m a b e e e e e e fe C rn tions y us d with xc ll nt f ct , especially for those who frequ ent their gardens late

h e an d a ea effe in t e summ r utumn . B utiful cts of colour m ay occasionally be had in such borders by associating with the Carnations other grey - hu ed

a as La e e an d R e a a pl nts , such v nd r os m ry, lso

a a The pl nted in some qu ntities . soil of my own

a e was ee a the a a g rd n a d p unctuous lo m, r inf ll of the district being rather higher than that of the

T e u the ex surrounding country . hough succ ssf l, p erim en t could not be said to have been mad e

e the e und r b st conditions .

The e e e e was at S a Pa n xt xp rim nt hrubl nd rk , 8 THE ATIO MA AL 3 CARN N NU .

S ff l e - fe e in u o k, und r conditions totally dif r nt, where Lord De Saumarez entrusted m e with the

e e a e r mod lling of this g rd n , which was for long p erhaps the most famous bedding - out garden in

E a had e h er ngl nd . I to consid r t e qu estion of its p

e e e e e a e man nt mb llishm nt with b autiful h rdy flow rs , the a e e n e e a e an d c rp t and b ddi g syst ms, whit gr v l

e e a ee e . brok n colour d brick, h ving b n giv n up

The i Of the a e a a a e so l pl c is light w rm fri bl loam , delightful for gardening ; and SO I determined

a a ea e e the a a to pl nt to gr t xt nt, with C rn tion ,

Tea R e T e Pa La e e R e a os , uft d nsy, v nd r, os m ry,

all a a a e and the beautiful and hardy pl nts obt in bl .

Ve a the e a a e e e ry m ny of fin st C rn tions w r us d, and

e e f The e e e e with most xc llent ef ect . b ds w r simpl an d an d we had a e a e bold , l rg m ss s, in groups, of

th a a n e finest self C rn tions k own .

The i e e a the e e e cl mat , lik th t of ast rn counti s

e e a e a a Of S e e g n r lly, is cold r th n th t uss x in wint r,

e a e e an d e e but p rh ps bright r in summ r, a b tt r result was Obtained than in my own garden ; so that between these two very different districts we have evidenc e that the Carnation can be used

e e the e a e a e (not m r ly Clov s, but m ny oth r h ndsom forms ranging through the finest colours) with the most artistic an d in every way satisfactory effect in

- the flower garden .

The e e e e flow r is c rtainly n xt to , and, in som

— in e e e the . R e e points, v n sup rior to os d cision of THE CAR ATIO MA AL N N NU . 39

an d a a e e we a e colour, in fr gr nc sur ly may pl c it next ee e the e e It is n dl ss to go into qu stion of cultur ,

e a e a a He b c us th t is de lt with by Mr. rrington in

He was m atGravet e e we this book . with e y wh n

a e e e e e a a He m d xt nsiv xp eriments with C rn tions .

a e the flower- a e at S a Pa an d pl nt d g rd n hrubl nd rk, having gone into it with hearty interest an d i n

telli en ce all the e e a g , knows conditions ss nti l to success . The hardiness of the flower is proved by the a a a a the a n tur l h bit ts of pl nt, which is found

e a e E e in rocky r gions in m ny countri s of urop ,

an d m a b e ee R e e a e an d at y s n on och st r C stl ,

aea a a N a e e G . e e Ch t u ill rd , in orm ndy In my xp ri nc

e e e l a e a it n v r suff rs from co d , though lt rn tions of mild an d hard weather will Often affect it on cold

e e a e e ea a a soils, sp ci lly wh r rly utumn pl nting is All a N the e . a a e e e not rul C rn tions pl nt d in ov mb r , sa are e e ffe a e a e y, mor lik ly to su r th n thos pl nt d in

Se e e pt mb r .

Ra an d Ha e are e a the bbits r s , p rh ps, most to be feared of the enemies of the Carnation in a a e e e a country pl ces . It is bsolut ly n c ss ry to wire out all rabbits and hares where Carnations are a the e grown to a l rge extent in op n air. The first year we lost every on e of s everal

a a all a e e the thous nd pl nts, ofwhich dis pp ar d during

a e was a e A e a h rd frost, wh n food sc rc ft rw rds , by 40 THE CA RNATION MA NUAL. thoroughly fencing about seven acres around the

e w e had e e a e ea hous , no furth r troubl . In l rg h lthy groups in the garden Carnations offer a tempting

ea e e all e a ea e tr t , sp ci y in long continu d h rd w th r, when little other food can be got owing to the

ea a e an d a can snow . In such w ther h r s r bbits ea i a e an d ea Of s ly cross w t r, wr ths snow will

e e a e e a all re som tim s g th r round f ncing, so th t p a be a c utions must t ken .

42 A MA A L THE C RNATION NU . as a e can e e an d a a e a nyon d sir , , as m tt r of f ct , my nursery where stock is raised is a border in the kitchen - garden which has b een cultivated many

a l a a are ye rs . Upon very light soi s C rn tions

a a but e e e Of not s tisf ctory, th y thriv in thos an

e e e e e e an d a e opposit xtr m which b com hard, c k d , an d a n cr ck duri g drought . TO ensure a good display year after year fresh

a a b e a a a a pl nt tions should e mad nnu lly. C rn tions that are closely massed for floral effect are rarely

e a e e a e e e n an d Old us ful ft r th y h v don flow ri g ,

a ar a a pl nts e subj ect to risks th t youn g ones esc p e.

IVi th a e e e e a an d e e g th y b com str ggling , th ir st ms

et an d e e are i n a e g woody gouty . Wh n th y this st t all a a e e e e . wint r g n r y d stroys m ny It is not f ir,

e e e a e Old a are e an d e e how v r, b c us pl nts injur d v n

le sa a a a a e re e e . ki l d in wint r, to y th t C rn tions t nd r In practice it has been proved agai n an d agai n that

a e e e e ea e young pl nts surviv xtr m s of w th r, which

l e a the a e a e Te e wi l kill old r pl nts of s m v ri ty. h r are a few gardens where Carnations spread into

ea a m a e e a h lthy , comp ct tufts , which y stand for s v r l

ea the a e a be e e a y rs , but pr ctic th t must g n r lly a e an d a a a e a dopt d , which I lw ys follow, is to r is a T f fresh stock each year by l yering. his is by ar the e ea a a best m thod of incr sing outdoor C rn tions .

e e a e be e e as the Mor ov r , l yring must r gard d most

a e al e a e a e e a e import nt d t i , b c us it lon n bl s us to

e a ea a provid vigorous, h lthy stock of young pl nts A L 4 THE CARNATION MA NU . 3 such as will live through the winter an d grow an d a h a ea flower s tisfactorily t e following ye r. Its gr t

‘ advantage is the small amount Of risk involved in the a pr ctice. Many things m ay happ en to destroy a cutting

e e a e the a e a a a e wh n d t ch d from p r nt pl nt, but l y r

e e an d e all is not d tach d , , if prop rly put down , is

e a an d a a but c rt in to succeed m ke plant . I endeavour to have this op eration completed e e h n a A u T ith r by t e e d of J uly or e rly in ug st . his means that we have to be layeri ng the shoots in the e the e ea e h ight of flow ring s son . But it is und sirable when our groups are in full b eauty that we ’ be a e a e the shoots should working mong th m l y ring , as e a few e r e , b yond outsid g owths, it is not possibl

to do much without doing harm . Y et it is a matter of first importance to layer ea e e e a ea a rly, in ord r to s cur pl nts for rly pl nting, an d ee the e e e the a e the a , to m t n c ssiti s of c s , pl n I am now adopting is to have a nursery stock grown

A e h on purpose for layering. sunny bord r in t e vegetable- garden is made up into beds about four a W e e e a feet wide with lleys between . s l ct pl nts

Of e e a e m dium str ngth , and pl nt th m in rows about

a a Te are a e a fifteen inches p rt . h y pl nt d r ther

the e e e e a a thickly in rows , b caus th r is bund nt

a e the the a e e room to l y r shoots in sp c s b tween .

T e a e e ee a e can his simplifi s m tt rs xc dingly, as l y ring

be e e as as the are e p rform d soon shoots r ady, and 4 THE CAR ATIO MA AL 4 N N NU .

n e The flower- e e it ca be don speedily . st ms b ing cut at the same time tends to throw allthe plants e e e the e e a e w e wa n rgi s into d sir d ch nn l, and al ys attain better results than ever could follow layer

h a - a Of ing t e flowerin g pl nts in the flower g rden .

e a e e cours , this pl n is only possibl wh n good kinds are in a we e e e e grown qu ntity . If only s l ct d tw nty

five a the e we are e Of O a pl nts for nurs ry, sur btaining

e a e er a hundr d good l y rs , and four p pl nt is a low average for those grown expressly for the purpose.

. a a e Our ei afri able It is inv ri bly xceeded . soil b ng of

e a a a e the ea e e e e . natur , l y ring is th r by f cilit t d If w th r

the l e e as the ee is dry, soi is moist n d work proc ds , the a e e e an d e l ea surf c is loos n d , it r adi y br ks up into

fin Th a the e e . e a e e particl s shoot , ft r r mov l of

e ea e an d a the low r l v s, cutting h lf through joint

the e - e e e on und r sid , is p gg d down firmly upon the a e an d e e fin e surf c , slightly cov r d with soil pro vi d h de for t e purpose. I believe strongly in this

a a e Te e ee e sh llow l y ring. h r is no n d to cov r the

a e e e e fin e l y r d shoots with two inch s or mor of soil,

- a e e e e e a e . which , unl ss fr qu ntly wat r d, is dust h p the ea e e the a e e If w th r is v ry hot and dry, l y r d shoots receive a little water for the first week or ten days but even beneath a bright sun they soon

e e a ai e a e e are al a e fr sh n up g n, b c us th y h f att ch d to the e a an d are e e e ai e par nt pl nt , th r for still sust n d, even whilst they are preparing themselves for a

e a a e e i e ee s p r t x st nce. In from six w ks to two THE AR ATIO MA A L 4 C N N NU . 5

months these layers are fit to detach an d trans

a t T e are ea the a pl n . hus th y r dy for most f vour

a e ea the e Of bl planting s son, which is from middl T Se e e the e O e . pt mb r to middl of ctob r his is ,

e e e a a a e the a a th r for , lw ys busy tim with C rn tion

e e a a an a e . e e d grow r Fin w ath r usu lly pr v ils, pl nt

a The e ea n ew ing is a ple sure. sit or soil for ch

be e a e d ee group should pr p r d by igging it d ply,

e . We e manuring it if need d th n have simply to sever the con nection between the layer an d the old

a the a e ea a e a pl nt, lift l y r by m ns of trow l or h nd

an d a a n ew N o a . t fork , tr nspl nt it to its position

e - the a a a mom nt is lost , but pl nt st rts rooting in

few a an d e ea a e a d ys , nd vours to t k so firm hold of

’ the soil that frost s upheaving action m ay not move i t I would advise everyone to try early autumn planting b efore they adopt the more ex

e e e e a e of the p nsiv , troubl som pr ctic potting up

a e e a e- e i e l y rs , giving th m fr m prot ction dur ng wint r,

an a n e a a Dr d pl nti g th m out g in in spring. y

ea e as a e e a e a w th r, rul , soon s ts in ft r pl nting in

an d a a a e spring, C rn tions do not root r pidly lik

S e a e e e are a e f A a e . t ll om pl nts , th r for li bl to suf r

e a - i s e e a an d the a tim s firm root run ss nti l, pl nts

be e e at lan ti n - e e e should firmly pr ss d p g tim , or v n

e e a ea ea trodd n in light r soils th t will b r tr ding.

We a the a e do not pl nt s m ground with Car

a ea a e ea a the a a e e n tions y r ft r y r , but v ry rr ng m nts

a Of e e - floweri n by h ving groups choic summ r g, A R ATIO MA A L 46 THE C N N NU .

a S Z n hardy pl nts, or such things as tocks, i nias , a P T A e Ve e &c . e e e e st rs , rb n s , hlox , h s , if pr par d for e e are the e an d arly flow ring, on wan by autumn , it

ea e e the re— e is sy to d stroy th m , dig ground, nrich

e e a e a e it , if n c ss ry , with thoroughly rott n m nur , an d then all is ready for plantin g our layers from

a e a w a e the nursery. Wh t a gr at g in e h v here Allthe beds need not be bare an d dreary for the

e an d e the e ea e a wint r months , wh n n xt y r com s

Of h a e a e A a n great part t e g rd n is pl nt d . fter pl nti g

ea the a O a the thus rly, pl nts bt in firm roothold of

d an d the e be an d e e e groun , though wint r long s v r

be a e the a e we need not nxious . Wh n th w com s it

he a The has is well to look t pl nts over . frost

ea e e e an d if a e e uph ving t nd nci s, it should h v lift d

e e an the e be up or loos n d y of plants, th y should a a All a pressed b ck in their pl ces . th t now re

a ee e ee ee an d as m ins is to k p th m fr from w ds,

ea e a a e i e a a warm, dry w th r ppro ch s , fort fy th m g inst

e a e ea drought with a mulching of rott n m nur , l f

e e e l - e mould , or v n fr sh soi with soot or wood ash s

A th flow er- e e . s e e e e mix d with it st ms app ar, th r is nothing neater and less conspicuous than a

az - af the e e a N ow h el stick to f ord n c ss ry support .

a all a a e a e a th t is told , it is pp r nt wh t littl l bour

e a nl at e e can is involv d, and th t o y a tim wh n it b e e ea e e p rform d with pl sur . A s many flower- gardens have ext ensive grounds a a e e m a be e a e a a e tt ch d to th m, it y w ll to st t th t g m THE CAR ATIO MA A L 47 N N NU .

an e e e a a e a an d of y d scription, sp ci lly h r s, r bbits ,

ea a are the e eme a a ph s nts, worst n i s of C rn tions , an d ought to be excluded from all gardens where

a are be k a Carn tions to grown . I did not thin th t pheasants were capable of doing so much mischief

a e N till this l st wint r . ow, convincing proof is forth

the e e a coming, in absolut d struction of group of

ee a e e promising s dlings , m ny of which w r strong

e a e a a a tuft d pl nts mor th n foot cross . CALENDAR OF OPERATION S IN CON NEC TON TH ORDE N I WI B R CARN ATIO S.

B MA RTIN R MITH y . S .

IThardly seems nec essary to state that the Car

a e all e e be e ee n tion, lik oth r flow rs, must k pt fr

m ee an d be e e far as e fro w ds, prot ct d , as possibl , against the attacks of insect p ests of every d escription .

b e e e e e add It would sup rfluous , th r for , to to

’ every month s op erations reminders of these simple

e w e owe a duti s to our pl nts .

Let b e ffi e a e e all a it su ci nt to st t , onc for , th t green - fly an d cuckoo - spittle must b e watched for an d at once removed ; they are both terribly

e a the e fa e the a pr judici l to w l r of pl nts . My own plants are in som e seasons infested

an d e a e a e an with thrip , hith rto I h v f il d to find y

a a e Of e e Te s tisf ctory m thod g tting rid of th m . h y

a a e the a ea a fe d m g blooms , but do not pp r to f ct a a h a h m teri lly t e he lth of t e plants .

A A RY J NU . Taking for granted that the plants were put

e e e ea a an d into th ir flow ring quart rs in rly utumn,

50 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

the e e e ill e mi e e If r s rv s w p r t of it, do not h sitat

e a e ea a e a to r pl c sickly or w k pl nts, for it is c rt in

a e e . i th t th y will produc no blooms worth hav ng , if

ee e di e a ind d th y do not outright l ter on .

A h O bout t e middle f thi s month sow seed . It

u b e hi l e sho ld sown in pans t n y, and k pt in a mild

° ° hotbed— say of temp erature 85 to 90 — until it e a e e hi the a u be at on ce g rmin t s, aft r w ch p ns sho ld

e e e e a e r mov d to an int rm di te hous .

RIL A P .

In ordinary seasons the plants in the borders

ll be e e the wi now showing signs of activ lif , and D n utch hoe should b e kept goi g . Durin g the early part Of the month prepare boxes an d compost required for the prickin g Off of

h l i a Te t e seed ings sown dur ng M rch . h se will probably b e ready for removal from the seed - pans a the dle Of the e e a e bout mid month , wh n th y h v a formed their first rough le f.

P ee e a a an d e a e the rick off thr inch s p rt, r pl c in

ee - e e aile i see the gr n hous . (For d t d nstructions body of this work . ) Take care that the s eedlin gs are accurately lab elled with the names of the parents . The beds for the rec eption Of these seedlings m a b e e are y pr p d this month .

MAY .

alea e e a e at e the e If not r dy don , pr p r onc bord rs AL 51 THE CARNATION MANU . decided on as the floweri n g- quarters of the seed

i T the en d the e e l ngs . owards of month th s should

a Let the b ed be sufficiently advanced to pl nt out . be e e e e w ll pr ss d down , plant firmly and rath r

e de p . A s it will be found very useful to have a reserve of seedlings from which to fill ugly gaps

a m a be the eedl - bed th t y found in s ing in spring, place such number as is required in 2% to 3- inch

e ea e ee e a pots (insid m sur ), and k p clos in cold

a e ten a e e be fr m for d ys , aft r which th y may

e an d a e e c e turn d out, st nd in any conv ni nt orn r a e e e e a upon pl nks or ash s, wh r th y will practic lly

a e a e e e e the e t k c r of th ms lv s during summ r. Towards the middle of the month it will be well to gi ve to every plant in the border its

- a Te e a floweri n g st ke. h s should h ve been prepared an d painted at convenient times during the winter

an d e a the months, from this tim forw rd, until

a a e a e e the n pl nts h v ttain d th ir full growth, tyi g of the floweri n - e e e a e g st ms will r quir continu l att ntion . It is not a task that can be finished off at once and

a a e l id sid .

the llbe e e If soil is hot or dry, it wi w ll to giv the flowering stock a good mulching of thor oughly w - a a ellrotted e. e m nur It is littl untidy, but on

e e a som soils is n cess ry . It will be better this month to settraps for that

e e e — the ea N 0 most d structiv of p sts rwig. device

E 2 5 2 THE CAR ATIO MA A N N NU L.

e e a Of ll - filled is b tt r th n that sma pots, half with

ha ni e ten e dry y or moss, upon sticks n or inch s

i a e a the a Te are h gh, pl c d mong pl nts. h y not

are e a e e fe e Te sightly, but c rt inly v ry f ctiv . h y

e b e e e e should, of cours , visit d v ry morning , and the a - fl a b occup nts destroyed . Green y is p t to e very troublesome this month ; when it app ears it m ustb e at e the ll fe onc got rid of, or plants wi suf r

a e m t rially.

JUNE . h Unremitting attention. must be given to t e tying of the flowering stems . Comm ence disbudding so soon as the young a l buds can be conveniently h nd ed .

the ea e an d an d the If w th r is dry hot, soil light,

a e e e a e i f the a it is bsolut ly n c ssary to w t r, for pl nts once get over- dry at the roots all hope Of fin e

a an en d bloom is t . Plentiful syrin gi ng will help an d encourage the

a an ee ee - fl &c d e . pl nts, t nd to k p down gr n y, thrip, A little very weak liquid - manure m ay b e used with

e a e e an d e the e som v ri ti s on som soils, but if bord r has ee e a e be e ui e b n prop rly m d it should not r q sit , esp ecially if the mulchin g with well - rotted manure has been carried out . If the seedli ngs were not planted out atthe en d

e b e the of last month , no tim should lost at com m en cem en t of this in getting them into their

flowering quarters. AR AT MA AL 53 THE C N ION NU .

LY JU .

e e the n Of flower- e Continu att ntion to tyi g st ms , and disbud as required . Ti e buds inclined to burst their calyx with

affia use l i - e a r . matting, or sma l ndia rubb r b nds Water freely if the weath er is p ersistently dry an d

T a the en d the e i a e hot . ow rds of month b g n l y r “ ing such plants as have their grass sufficiently matured ; this is to some extent evidenced by the

h A s the waning of t e flowers . plant go es out Of

be e e ea a e bloom , it may consid r d r dy to l y r. If spare time can be found towards the en d Of the be e a the month, it will w ll to put in h nd

e e e the n ew Of a e border which is to r c iv stock l y rs . e e see the (For d tail d instructions , body of this work . )

’ During this month the previous year s seedlings

Te e l an will have been in full bloom . h r wi l cert i ly “ be e e e e e an d a p rc ntag of singl s among th m, these should be ruthlessly pulled out of the beds as

s e n are e e soon a th ir shortcomi gs discov r d . There will be a further large percentage of

e e e the doubl vari ti s , too rough or too thin, or with

e the e short , round buds , which prov that flow rs w ll e nl a e e e e a i c rtai y h v a t nd ncy to burst th ir c lyx .

Te e be ea e the e h s , too, should all cl r d out of bord r, giving air — spac e and room to the more deserving

are e or promising plants that l ft. 4 THE A ATIO MA A L 5 C RN N NU .

A G ST U U .

’ The e e be e cultivator s whol att ntion must giv n,

the e Of the a e during arly part this month , to l y ring

the e e be of stock, and soon r this op ration can com p leted the b etter will be the chances of success

n h a the e e duri g t e following se son . If w ath r is hot

e e be a e the a e and dry, gr at car must t k n that l y rs do not flag for want of water— an almost daily attention may have to b e given to this re

ui rem en t q .

The e e e e the n ew e bord r to r c iv lay rs, if not

e be a an d don last month , should put in h nd

e e the e as finish d off as arly in month as possibl , so

e a See to giv it time to settle down somewh t . (

e ale d t i d instructions . )

MBER SE PTE .

Continu e careful attention to the watering of

the e lay rs . a e Prepare pots and compost for reserve of l y rs . Towards the en d of the month the earlier layers

i be e e m a b e a e w ll suffici ntly root d, and y t k n from the parent plant and placed at once in their

floweri n - a e s be ea re g qu rt rs , which hould r dy to cei v P a e e e . th m . l nt v ry firm

It will be found advisable top ot a certain pro.

e a e e e portion of surplus lay rs as r s rv from which ,

the the e u e di ea e in spring, to fill vacanci s ca s d by s s h or death in t e borders . THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU . 5 5

ot e e e 60- an d ee P such r s rv s firmly in pots, k p

a e e ten a e comp rativ ly clos for d ys in a cold fram ,

a e e a e e until root ction has comm nc d, ft r which th y m ay be put for the wi nter wherever room can be

e e e e e e found for th m, th ir only r quir m nts b ing

e Of an d ai r an d e ea pl nty light , prot ction from h vy

a an d N e r ins snow. o cold will hurt th m so long as e are e a e e e th y k pt dry. W t r only wh n absolut ly

e r e ee the a e r qui d, k ping foli g dry. They m ay be covered overhead with mats if

i r ve e e e m ust alw a s have a . frost is ry s v r , but y

e a u Wa th n ew a e Comm nce a c ref l tch among e l y rs an d the seedli n gs for signs of the Carnation a T the e m ggot . his will require for n xt two or three months incessant watchfulness an d care ; it

the e e the a a an d if is worst n my of C rn tion , a a e not attended to m ay cause i rreparable d m g . (See remarks on this subj ect in the body of the

book . )

T BE R OC O .

a T Complete the taking up of the l yers . his

b e e the e the should finish d by middl of month ,

at a e or l test by the en d Of the third we k .

OVE MBE R N . During this and the followi ng month there is but little to be done to Carnations in the op en e bord r . THE AR ATI MA A L 5 6 C N ON NU .

E the a e are e e a arly frosts, if l y rs not w ll st b li shed are e a t e a e be , v ry p to lift th m , and c r must taken that they are firmly pressed down into their

a e a a pl c s g in . Keep the reserves of layers an d seedlings ex posed completely i n dry weather ; b e very sparing

Of a e — e e e a w t r b tt r non th n too much .

MBE R DE CE .

h a Of N Continu e t e op er tions ovember .

5 8 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

e e the ill e smok circl , Carnation w put on its b st for

e h a a e The us ven in t e sm llest of town g rd ns . great manufacturing towns of the Midlands an d of Lancashire an d Yorkshire have all their knots Of e a an h nthusi stic d successful cultivators Of t e flower .

At S e e on e the m a e . h ffi ld , in of worst of cli t s , Mr Sim on i te has raised some of the finest varieties of Carnations an d Picotees that we possess ; an d all D ’ h i . e e ee t e e Mr odw ll s fin st s dlings, up to t m of his

e a O a few ea e e a e r mov l to xford y rs ago, w r r is d

’ within ten minutes ride Of Victoria Station My own e are the a e a flow rs grown in s m loc lity, and,

ee the the e the ea ind d, bulk of xhibitors at gr t

e a an d a are a e m tropolit n provinci l shows mat urs ,

a e a e a e with town g rd ns, cultiv ting th ir pl nts und r

’ allthe e e a e bad a e citiz n s wont d dis biliti s of clim t ,

a e e an d a e e n a e cr mp d spac , sc nt l isur s tch d from a busy vocations of every sort .

The a e all the e fact th t , in spit of , town grow r is at practically no disadvantage when competing

’ - e e the a with country grown flow rs , b st shows pl nt s

a e e a e a e- a e a e e p ti nt ndur nc of smok l d n tmosph r , an d well entitles it to be regarded as in every sense

’ a e a e tru townsm n s flow r .

the e e the a a e m a be For b ginn r, C rn tion y ar y taken as commencing with the latter part of

Se e e e nni O e e the a e pt mb r or b gi ng of ctob r, wh n l y rs are ea a e the Old a an d e r dy to t k off pl nts, th y s e b O ai the e hould th n e bt ned from nurs ryman . THE AR ATIO MA A L C N N NU . 5 9

e - e a e m a be e If w ll root d pl nts , th y y at onc

a e e e e are e pl nt d out wh r th y to flow r, which should be as an d ar e the in sunny i y a position as possibl , ground having b een previously prepared by trench

th an d a a the ing to e depth of about a foot h lf. If

an d e be e e soil is light poor , som of it should r mov d, an d a compost consisting Of good loam (two - thirds) and old rotted manure (on e- third) worked in to

e a e the a ee e e r pl c it, loam h ving b n first w ll turn d

a - th e e e e . e ov r and x min d for wir worm If, on

e a the e ea e oth r h nd, soil is v ry h vy, a mixtur with

e a e i a a has ee e it of som of its own m t r l th t b n burn d ,

the ash a a e - fir e or the a or from g rd n , ddition of

me e- i ll e an d so lim rubbish, w do much to improv it, the raising of the beds some six inches or so above

the i e e a e a surround ng l v l is, in such circumst nc s,

e e e the a the a i w lcom conc ssion to h bit of pl nt, wh ch

di e a a e slik s st gn nt moistur .

a n e the a e a wi In pl nti g, som of t ll r pl nts ll ,

e e a e l b e a e sp ci lly if high winds pr vai , much id d by

e e ea e a a sticks plac d crosswis to st dy th m, for pl nt is hindered in gettin g established if disturbed by

e n a i e a e a e a b ing blow bout mm di t ly ft r pl nting . During the win ter the plants will want lookin g

e e e eedi aft r wh n, in p riods of thaw succ ng long

e m a e ee e e an d ea e frost, th y y hav b n loos n d h v d up

the an d a e ul e be a e from ground, c r sho d th n t k n to h a a setthem firmly in t e soil g in.

P - e a e e e ei e be oorly root d l y rs, wh n r c v d, should THE A ATIO MA AL 60 C RN N NU .

e U l pott d p in sma l pots in light fibrous loam , to which m ay b e added about a fifth part Of good

- a a Te b e ee e e. sw t l af mould, if obt in bl h y should

a e at the e the e a e pl c d sid s of pot, with som co rs silver sand at the base of the layer to en courage ' Two be a the e . e mission of roots may pl c d in a pot . They should be sprinkled an d placed in a cold

a e a e e e fr m , sh d d from bright sun, and k pt clos d

ee ee e ea down for thr or four w ks, until th y app r to

a Te m a be e h be est blished . h y y plant d out t e

w e a follo ing F bruary or M rch . In localities where the soil is wet or badly

a e e e — i n a e e a — dr in d, it is b tt r f ct, n c ss ry to pot up the a an d in e the a a stock in sm ll pots , w t r pl nts in

a e ll the e a e cold fr m , fo owing d t il in this matt r which

lb e ea - wil e presently giv n in d ling with pot culture. They should be planted out where they are to

e a the en d e a e e flow r, bout of F bru ry or som tim in

i the e t e m a e a March , accord ng as w a h r y prov f vour abl ~ for h e t e operation .

To e a - a e e the r turn to our utumn pl nt d lay rs . By en d A i e Of Ma a n the of pr l or b ginning y, ccordi g to

ea the a ll e the i s son , pl nts wi b gin to throw up ma n ” e e as lle ll st m or to spindl , it is ca d, and wi soon

e a a a n e aft rw rds w nt st king and tyi g as th y grow on . Green fly and spittle fly must be watched for and promptly destroyed .

- Early in . J une a surface dressing of rotted manure will be found serviceable in promotin g THE AR ATIO MA AL 1 C N N NU . 6

the a e ou vigorous growth in pl nts. From this tim

ward to the p eri od of floweri ng— about the 20th Of

J uly in an ordinary season here in the south— they will want little further attention b eyond the tying an d the watching for the attacks of green fly and

the a a e e e e ordin ry g rd n n mi s .

T the a e en d J as the owards l tt r of uly, or plants

are Of e e be ea a e going out flow r , th y will r dy to l y r.

On e e ee the e e e oft n s s grow r urg d to do this arly , an d good advice it is as a rule ; but regard must a be had he ea lso to t s son . Free rooting depends on the proper ripening of the a the e a as the ea gr ss , tim of which will v ry s son m a b a e a a a e a an e e . d e y l t or rly In w rm , g ni l , arly

ea we had 1885 a e be s son , such as in , l y ring might

e a h the e don soon fter t e middle of J uly . In v ry

a e on e 1888 e the a ea l t of , or in thos of l st two y rs , the second week in August was early enough to

A a e N e begin it . l rg orth rn grower wrote to m e in 1890 that his failures were nearly all with the first

a e — the e e e ee a e a l y rs s cond , don som w ks l t r , h ving

ee a b n more successful . I h ve always taken the

e as e e the e e the e tim b st indicat d by d clin of flow r, and have never had any considerable p ercentage of failures even in such seasons as those above

e e e a e e m ntion d, wh n compl ints w r common . The b est compost for layering is on e consisting

e ea - an d e a of fr sh turfy loam , l f mould, coars , sh rp s e a a h l ilv r sand in equ l p rts . Some of t e O d soil 2 T E CAR ATIO MA A L 6 H N N NU . should b e removed from about the plants to the depth of an inch or so an d replaced with the com

The a e e be e e n post . l y rs should th n p gg d dow ,

e e e e the suffici ntly w ll cov r d with soil, but not set too deep so as to b e b eyond the genial action of the Te e be e a sun . h y should th n sprinkl d with

e e - an d be e e e as O e ros wat r pot, this should r p at d ft n as the ea e a they b ecome dry . If w th r is very w rm atthe time they m ay need spri nkling three ti mes a da e e e a a e y for a whil , as it is ss nti l th t th y should

b l fla A s the not e al owed to g. sun declines in

e -the n i illbe e e e ee e pow r, spri kl ng w l ss fr qu ntly n d d , an d by the latter en d Of Septemb er or the b e ginning of October they wi ll be ready to take off a and pl nt out . ' SO far we have dealt with the Carnation simply as a garden flower ; an d here it m ay b e well to remark that the foregoing recommendations as to culture are to b e taken as referring not merely to

the e - e e a e e as e are s lf colour d or bord r v ri ti s, th y

O e e e e all the a e a e an d ft n t rm d, but qu y to biz rr s , fl k s

ee — the e as we are a picot s xhibition sorts, ccus

tom ed a e e e e a to c ll th m , though in th s lat r d ys h a they have no monopoly Of t e exhibition t ble.

ee e e a as e e It s ms n c ss ry to point this out, th r is

a e e a e e the a r th r pr v l nt impr ssion, not only with

e e a e e e g n r l public, but found xisting v n among

a e e an d a e e a the e e g rd n rs g rd ning writ rs , th t r fin d

e an d a e an d ee e e e e bizarr s fl k s picot s, b caus r fin d in THE CAR ATIO MA A L 63 N N NU .

a e e e a be e e ch ract r, must n c ss rily d licat in consti

uti on Of e e a e a a ex t . cours , thos who h v pr ctic l p eri en ce in the culture of these beautiful fl owers Te dl kn ow this to be an entire error. h re is har y an r e e e e e y g ow r of th m, v n among thos following

e b e the e ot- e for xhi ition purpos s syst m of p cultur ,

e e a the e who do s not grow th m lso in op n ground .

a the N orthumberlan d an d ea the In f ct, gr t part of Lancashire growers of the exhibition or florist

a a e e the e C rn tions grow th m sol ly in op n ground, an d certainly no severer or more conclusive t est of the soundn ess an d hardiness of the florist varieties than is shown in the practice of these N orthern growers under the trying cli matic condi

tions of their districts could be devised . For the production of flowers for exhibition the plants in the South at least are usually grown in

pots . The system of pot - culture for exhibition flowers

on e a e e e e e the e is m inly of conv ni nc , wh r by xhibitor m ay have hi s plants more completely under control than they could b e in the beds or borders— this

e e e all the e Of i J mor sp ci y at tim bloom ng, in uly,

e the ea be an d e a wh n, if s son hot dry, or prov

e e an d ai as we p riod of viol nt storms of wind r n ,

a e the a ea the e a e h v known it l st four y rs , flow rs h v equal need of shade or shelter to preser ve them in

e e a e a e xhibition form . I would therefor dvis nyon

e e e e a the a e a e d siring to xhibit, sp ci lly in l rg r cl ss s , A R ATI MA 64 THE C N ON NUAL. to grow the plants he intends for such purpose in pots . The soil suitable for potting up the layers in the a a a a utumn is light lo m , with bout fifth part of

ee ea - an d a e a e i e good , sw t l f mould, littl co rs s lv r a h s nd . Te plants should b e potted singly in Q i or

3- a e ze a inch pots , ccording to th ir si , or two sm ll

e m a a Te m a be on s y be pl ced together . h y y

e a e a a e an d the stood upon ash s or pl nt d in fr m , lights should be closed down on them for five or si x a e re are e e d ys whil f sh roots b ing form d , shading

The e ea e ee be . th m m ntim , if n d , from strong sun

a m a e e e e a a e an d ai r be pl nts y th n r c iv w t ring,

e a e are e a e an d giv n gradu lly until th y st blish d, in about three weeks the lights m ay be removed

a fin altogether when the we ther is e.

O e e e a e the nc prop rly st blish d, plants should have plenty of ai r day an d night through the

i a i he e . e e t w nt r If v ry h rsh winds pr va l, lights can be tilted so as to admit ai r from the leeward Th hi h a side. e c ef cultural attention t e pl nts need

be the i e e a e will look ng aft r th m for w t r , which they will require occasionally if the weather b e

e be e i n the ni op n. It should giv n mor ng, and

h a e The a be without wetting t e foli g . y must lso

e ee an d an Of a watch d for g r n fly for y sign m ggot, e a i a e be e e and d c y ng foli g should r mov d . By February the little pots will b e full Of roots in the case of the more vigorous varieties ; and i f

6 6 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

a an d an ee e e the a e squ lly r i y, k p th m clos in fr m s for a week or ten days while they are establishing e e e an d e e e a e as e th ms lv s , r mov th m in b tch s th y

e ee e the a e hav b n don to st g . Up to the en d of May the plants will need only the e a e as a n an d sam tt ntion to st king, and tyi g ,

- h e e as e i n t e e . watching for ins ct p sts , thos bord rs

G ee - fl ee be e a a e an d r n y will n d to sp ci lly w tch d for , m - the ay b e removed with a camel hair brush . If

be e e be e e a plants should much inf st d, it will n c ss ry

e a - e be to dust th m with tob cco powd r, which must

Off a The be e syringed ag in . soil should stirr d

a a as m a a e a e e ee occ sion lly, it y h v got h rd n d or gr n

a n e the e through r i or wat ring , opportunity b ing e has e e A chosen for this wh n it b com dry. top

e e a ea - an d dr ssing of qu l parts of loam, l f mould ,

e nl e at e manur is commo y giv n this tim , but I do

e e a as e e e a a e an d not mys lf r g rd it a v ry ss nti l m tt r, as it takes time to go through the whole collection I have never practised it exc ept in a very partial wa y. Only the mai n stem of each plant is allowed to

the a e a floweri n - S e go up for bloom, l t r l g hoots b ing stopp ed Disbuddi ng should be commenced as soon as the buds can be taken between the finger

an d U a are e h thumb . su lly only two l ft on t e

a the e e e pl nt , but in cas of som v ry vigorous

a T ar the a e e ee. e e e v ri ti s thr h s crown or m in bud ,

e an d he an h t d t e . of cours , third fourth from top M A L 6 7 THE CA RNATION A NU .

Many of the buds when they have grown their full size will need tying with a thin strip of matting or raffia to prevent their bursting. In hot weather syringin g up to the tim e the buds are showi ng colour is very beneficial . in

ee a the a an d k ping down thrips, invigor ting pl nts ,

a a e e e the inducing gr du l and p rf ct op ning of buds .

the e ee J a i By first or s cond w k in uly, ccord ng

the ea the e e e be n to s son, gr at r numb r will showi g

an d be e e colour, must prot ct d from injury by sun or rain .

' e e the a e Or e e Wh r stock is not l rg , wh r stock an d a e are e a - e a g rd n both larg , a gl ss hous ffords ,

the e e e without doubt, most conv ni nt quart rs for floweri n g— a free circulation of ai r and shadi ng a e e e. e e from hot sun b ing m tt rs of cours Wh r ,

e e a e the how v r, as in my own c s , stock is com

arati vel a e an d the a e e a e a p y l rg g rd n r l tiv ly sm ll, the erection of a glass - house large enough to take all the plants would be too great a sacrifice of

a e a a g rd n Sp ce. By putting up light but suffi ci en tl e the a e a y strong woodwork ov r st g , with

e Of e a e e cov ring v ry good c lico, stout nough to r sist

ea e a m ee a a h vy rain, whil d itting light fr ly, gl ss m a house y be disp ensed with . Such a simple structure I found sufficient to resist the heavy rain - storms of the last four seasons h The t e . e e e without injury to blooms flow rs , v n in

e e e e e e e e e th s cold summ rs , d v lop d p rf ctly und r this

F 2 ATI MA AL 68 THE CA RN ON NU .

O or protection both as to colour and form . pp tun i ty should be taken in the early morni ng before

the e an d a the e e as sun com s on, gain in v ning soon

has e Off the aw as e as it gon , to lift ning so to giv

a an d the e e Of the ai r both pl nts bloom full b n fit ,

an d a e e e e ee Off in w rm , s ttl d w ath r I k p it at night a ltogether.

CLA SSIFICA TIO OF THE FLO E RS N W .

Under this head we m ay consider briefly the

a e the e Of th char ct ristics of various s ctions e flowers .

The za e e r e Bi rr s hav two colou s , dispos d longi

tudi n all a e an d are - e y on whit ground , sub divid d ,

a the a S e ccording to domin nt colours , into carl t,

m a d - an d- P za n P e e . Cri son , ink urpl Bi rr s The Flakes have on e colour also laid length

e on a e an d are a e n wis whit ground , cl ss d i to a a d P S e R e n e. c rl t, os , urpl The Picotees have the colour placed upon the

e e an d are a e as Red P e R e an d dg , , cl ss d , urpl , os ,

S a e e e an d - e a i the c rl t dg s , sub divid d ccord ng to

e the e e ea e an d d pth of dg into h vy, m dium , light

edges Of these colours . The above disposes of the flowers with di s

tin cti ve a i e e e are m rk ngs on whit grounds , and th s “ commonly termed among florists the class

flowers . A wide section is embraced by the term ” a e a e all the we F nci s , which t k s in flo rs with 69 THE CA RNA TION MA NUA L.

a e an d a e m rkings on colour d grounds , lso thos too indistinctively or indefinitely marked on white grounds to entitle them to a plac e among the class

e flow rs .

a are the Se the e Most f miliar of all lfs, flow rs of on e a a e e e e . colour, mbr cing lmost v ry tint but blu It will probably be somewhat of a puzzle to the novice when he happens to see for the first time two very different looking flowers— the on e a more

e a e e a e e e Of the or l ss spl sh d flow r, r th r sugg stiv

a e a e a the e e the Biz rr or Fl k C rnation, oth r b ing edged flower described above— each going under the title of Picotee.

’ The e P i cotee ea e Fr nch word , m ning prick d , ” “ e e e e the a e spritt d, or spott d, d scrib s origin l typ

e a e a e of flow r from which first our Biz rr s and Fl k s, an d a e — i n a e much l t r f ct, within living m mory our present all but faultless Picotees have been

a e The a a e e obt in d . ctu l proc ss of volution by which our Bizarre an d Flake Carnations an d our e e P ee a e ee e e ee dg d icot s h v b n got , by s l ct s ding

the e e fl e a i as from prick d and spott d ow r, ccord ng the tendency has been Shown to longitudinal or

a a a i the a e Of m rgin l m rking, is now go ng on in c s the e - e a e n e y llow ground flow rs, which, till l t ly g lected a e e be e by r is rs, will doubtl ss mad in time out of the same spritted an d spotted forms to yield

a e an d a e an d e e P ee as has us Biz rr s Fl k s dg d icot s , a ea ee e the e the e lr dy b n don in cas of whit grounds . 7 THE CA R A TION MA A L 0 N NU .

The Yellow - Ground Flowers are like a race a the e The a e part from all r st . ir richly v ri d and picturesque character makes them general favour ites: but the difficulty experienced in maintaining healthy growth in so many of them in ungeni al

ea — e e a a e wet s sons sp ci lly during succ ssion of cold, summ ers such as we have had for the last four years— is a great hindrance to their general culti

a Dr i e e a ea v tion . y cold in w nt r do s not pp r much,

at all ffe e e the a are ea or , to a ct th m wh n pl nts h lthy a an d sound to st rt with . A i e e as we 1887 long w nt r, follow d had it in by a e e e e an d e long, dry summ r, suits th m p rf ctly, th y

in a e the ea e th grow such c s with gr t st vigour . In e exceptionally long an d severe winter of 1890- 91 a

e l - G a a Of ee lot of Y l ow round C rn tions , his own s d d D a e e e . e e e lings , r c iv from Mr odw ll, tog th r, lso , with

a e e m D a e e e e e . som of his n w r v ri ti s s nt by Mr ougl s ,

e e e e a a e ai r a a w r wint r d in cold fr m with lw ys on , an d e e ze a all a e w r fro n h rd through th t long wint r, yet not on e succumb ed or failed to flower last ” e a a on e e e e e summ r , though m ny w nt und r b for

a was A a the e . th t s ason out g in, during past long

e a e - G wint r , mong Y llow rounds of my own stock,

e e e e a e all Of and thos r c iv d from v rious sourc s, which have b een grown with the general stock

the e a e e e has without slight st f vour shown th m, th r not been a plant that has not come through in

far sound health so . MA A L 7 1 THE CA RN ATION NU .

“ e e the a e It is wh n summ r, in words of Ch rl s

’ La Old e e a e e mb s j st , s ts in with its usu l s v rity of which w e have had but too much experienc e

during the last four years - “ that trouble begins

the e e e e e a e for us . It is ch ck th n r c iv d, ft r

has ee e a a e e growth b n w ll dv nc d, through sudd n change from comparatively high temperature

an d a a a the to frost cold h rsh winds , th t l ys

a the e an d e found tion of mischi f, wh n this is fol

- lowedfl esp eci ally as in 1888 an d 1890 by long

e a a e an d a the continu d cold r ins, dise s loss mong

a are n e a e pl nts i vit bl . In this susceptibility to injury from check a a an d e e re e ha e rising from const nt oft n xt m c ng s ,

the e a a Is a e e a e an d Y llow C rn tion not ltog th r lon ,

e e we e a the H e e b for b w il it in words of ogg, utt r d

e e e ea a o and e~ e e e e ov r s v nty y rs g , r cho d oft ntim s ” e as a e e e we m a e e e a sinc , t nd r xotic, y r m mb r th t

a a an e e a e a e m ny pl t, v n mong thos h iling from v ry

a e a a wa the cold l titud s, succumbs in simil r y to a treacherous nature of our clim te.

The Y ellow ~ Groun d Carnation stands in much the same relation to the others as do the Tea Roses

Ta e are he to the rest of their tribe. h t th y for t most p art more tender than their congeners m ay

be a a e ea a not g ins id, but th ir b uty is such th t no on e who loves either Roses or Carnations would willingly be without the Teas or the Yellow

Grounds merely on that account . H R A IO MA AL 7 2 T E CA N T N NU .

They should b e planted only on soil thoroughly

e d a e an d a e e a w ll r in d, m d light r th n ordinary by the addition of leaf- mould and sharp sand or lime

a e e are e a e e rubbish . M nur th y p rh ps b tt r without , except it be by way of a surface dressing in dry

ea s sons .

the a be In potting, compost should simil rly

a e e a a the a r th r light r th n usu l, and in potting pl nts on into the larger pots in the spring only very vigorous plants should be potted in pairs i n the

- The ea e a e ar eight inch pots . w ker x mpl s e best

e 4 5 - a di pott d on singly into i or inch pots , ccor ng

e e an d - e e e an d e e to th ir siz root d v lopm nt , wh n th y have begun to fillthese they m ay be potted on into

6 - i n e are 5 . or inch pots , which th y to bloom They will i n this way have a b etter chance of

a ea an d e e m king st dy firm growth, with cons qu ntly

an d ea e less liability to check dis s . Happily signs are not wantin g that along with

e e e e t i n the e a e are high r d v lopm n flow rs, r is rs gettin g plants with more robust constitution an d greater adaptability to varying an d adverse seasonal influ ences .

A FEWOR S ON DRE SSI G A N D E XHIBITI G W D N N . The dr essing of blooms intended for comp etition at exhibitions is often taken exception to in strong t erms by some of our critics in the gardening press ;

the O e e - e e are but bj ctions, w ll int ntion d, no doubt,

7 4 THE CA RATIO MA A L N N NU .

h h e the e e a e let e t e other . W il in n ophyt st g th m

e e e a i re m a be r m mb r th t, though sk lful d ssing y in

wa a fin e e the its y thing , cultur is thing ; for it is

e ea the e an d a e O e a cultur , which m ns clos p ti nt bs rv tion of the needs of the plant an d attention to

e an d e e e th m , not dr ssing , which produc s xhibition blooms .

A ai e e the a e a g n , it is oft n urg d by s m cl ss of critics who Obj ect to dressing that our mode Of

the e a a e a - a showing flow rs, rr ng d on show bo rd wi a e a e e the a e thout foli g , is in rtistic ; but h r s m remark as to their want of acquaintance with the

the a a e obj ect sought by displ y ppli s .

’ Our good friends preconception of a flower

S a a a Of a a azaa a a how is lw ys th t flor l b r or f ncy f ir, where decorative an d picturesqu e effect is every

i an d the a e the e th ng, individu l typ s of flow rs a all hardly anything t . It is not pretended that our mode of exhibiting the flowers in the show - boxes is a p erfectly artistic on e ea s on e e e e , though it is by no m n wh r scop for a a as e rtistic skill is wholly w nting, som of our critics would find if they had to stage a twelve or twenty - four in comp etition with those who had learned their lesson in this matter from past masters

i m on i Ha dl a like Dodwell or S te . r y prettier “ ” exercise i n Ch evreul on Colour can be found than in the skilful arrangement of astand of twelve

e - a a P ee e e or tw nty four C rn tions or icot s , wh th r of THE CA R ATIO MA A L 7 5 N N NU .

“ the a e the e a e e cl ss flow rs , or no l ss ttractiv s lf a an d f ncy kinds . The prim e obj ect sought by our mode of ex hi bi ti n a a the g is strict comp rison, by which individual merits of the flowers can be thoroughly

e e an d e e e e has can b e e t st d, this, xp ri nc shown , don

a a the e n e E in no surer w y th n by xisti g syst m . ven the white paper collar which comes in for so much Objurgation has its practical value in isolating each bloom an d so aiding the judges in their decision on the e ea e as a e e e e m rits of ch flow r it p ss s und r r vi w,

e e i as e a e e the whil stimat ng, th y h v to do , thos of

e as a e coll ction whol .

A n e - e e e e xhibition of highly d v lop d flow rs, such as a a e e e on e Of C rn tions or oth r florist flow rs, lik

- e a a be a e e e the highly br d nim ls, must pr s ntm nt of

e Th a m a b a e e . e e s e e e b st typ s hors s, y, y m d pictur squ with trappings an d caparisons an d gaily - attired

e e e are the rid rs , but th s not conditions which painter or sculptor would primarily select for the

e e the a a a e e prop r judgm nt or study of nim ls , wh t v r the way in which he might eventually represent

e So e e set th m . with our flow rs wh n up in com

e N O the e e — the ea — exhi bi p tition . doubt p rf ct id l tion would be on e that dealt adequately with the

e all e a e an d all e flow rs in th ir sp cts , with th ir

e an on e the e e possibiliti s ; but for such , for pr s nt , in

e a a at ea w e u conn ction with our C rn tions, l st , m st b e e a cont nt to w it . 7 6 THE A TIO MA A L CA RN N NU .

F A A T RUNNING O C RN IONS. ” The as e e the sporting or running , it is t rm d , of

za e an d a e the e e e Bi rr s Fl k s , by which flow rs b com either self- coloured or retain the markin g in deep er hu es upon ground that has b ecome wholly suff used

a e e e the a with colour, is fr qu nt troubl to cultiv tor Wh a a ? f e 2 O thes e flow rs . y do C rn tions run is a conundrum to which no on e has hitherto found the

a e e b e a true nsw r . It us d to thought th t too highly manured soil was the most frequent cause of

e e e a e e e Of it, but xp rim nts m d with v ry kind soil ,

e a e a e a e e from pur loam to m nur lon , h v giv n much the a e e an d the e e e s m r sults, soil th ory is now g n r a ally disc rded .

A a i thas ee wet g in, b n thought that cold , sum

e are a a e a e the e m rs m inly nsw r bl for troubl . But for my own part I have never had so many run

e as the e 1887 flow rs in long dry summ r of , nor so f w as the e an d weton e 1888 H e . in v ry cold of ogg, w 1819 ea the e a e a e e riting in , sp ks of univ rs l pr v l nc of run - flowers in the exceptionally hot summer of the e ea an d the e e pr vious y r, it is only pi c of positive evidence he had to offer on the subj ect ; an d a e e e a allwe a e simil r vid nc is bout h v now.

The e e e a the run flow rs, wh th r t king form of Selfs or of Fancies (coloured ground with m arkings as a ea e e are e e a e an d lr dy d scrib d), oft n v ry h ndsom ,

‘ on e is frequently tempted to layer the stock of

CARN A TION CULTURE FOR EXHIBITION IN A S L GARDEN MAL .

’

K E E N . B J . J y .

To the the e the a e florist, subj ct of p rticular flow r he loves to cultivate is at alltimes an engrossing an d e e e e e e nticing th m ; so much so that, wh n v r I

‘ ee e Of n the m t my broth r florists this tow , con versation is rarely of anything else but our mutual

the a hobby Carn tion . It is upon this subj ect I have been desired by the Committee of the N ational Carnation an d “ P ee S e e e e e e as a icot oci ty to writ my xp ri nc , a ” a o e the a . sm ll gr w r, for publication in M nu l I would like it to be understood by the reader “ ” that I am a small grower from two causes

first the a a e e e , w nt of sp r tim from my busin ss , which necessitates my absence from home early

an d a e an d e the a a e l t ; s condly, w nt of sp c in my garden wherewith to grow more than a c ertain “ ” e Of am a e numb r plants . I not a sm ll grow r

a had e a e at from inclin tion, for , I tim and sp c my a a e . dispos l , I should grow l rg ly I am a grower of the Carnation simply an d

e e e sol ly for xhibition ; xhibiting is , in my opinion , MA L 7 THE CARNATION NUA . 9 the acme of pleasure in the growth and cultivation

the a a an e e e e of C rn tion , or y oth r flow r, for th r by the ai m — e a e e a be is high high r, in f ct, th r c nnot , for the flowers have to pass the severest of iz h a t e e . v . criticisms, , th t of judg s In the following remarks on the routine of culture required to bring the Carnation to p er fecti on e m a be at a a e , it is possibl I y v ri nc with

e e i n e as som of my broth r florists my m thods but, “ ” the value of the Manual consists in the variety

e e e e e a e e e a of xp ri nc s r l t d th r in , I trust th t , if I am

e e a e a a ll be e consid r d littl r dic l, it wi born in mind

a a e a e ee a th t , for young grow r, I h v b n f irly suc ful cess .

Having assumed that the would - be florist has “ a e the a a l t k n for his hobby C rn tion , I wi l try an d e a a be e Of e e xpl in wh t should his mod proc dur .

He has ee e on e the e b n, p rhaps, to of xhibitions , an d taken his notes from the leading prize- stands

e e he e of the lists of vari ti s int nds to grow . Early in August he should send his orders for

a e e a e e a pl nts to som r li bl florist or nurs rym n, who h a a a a i makes t e C rn tion sp eci lity. By send ng

e ea e e a e e a e ord rs thus rly, th r is b tt r ch nc of

a a e a i e e an d e the a obt ining sc rc v r ti s, of g tting pl nts home early : having prepared the soil for their

e r a e i n a the wint r g owth , which I m k up bout fol lowing proportions (such proportions Of course depending on the staple of the compost) : on e 8 A T MA A L 0 THE CA RN ION NU .

a a ee- e ea h lf good, brown , turfy lo m ; thr ighths l f mould and sandy road - sweepings ; an d on e - eighth a h ai e . e t e e e e brown , fibrous p t I consid r m n l m nt

e a the a i an d as in wint r cultiv tion is m k ng of roots, ,

b e ee the the use will s n by composition of soil I , root - making material forms an important i n

r di n g e e t.

The a a a e S be pl nts , h ving duly rriv d, hould

a use Of a ee potted without del y . I pots bout thr

e d a e e e e a e a on e a inch s i m t r, n v r pl cing mor th n pl nt

’ a c t as have foun d a e e are a e in p , I th t, wh r two pl c d

e e a ea a e the a e a e tog th r, gr t disturb nc of roots t k s pl c

the e are e a a e e a in spring, if th y s p r t d wh n tr ns

- e e e . e e e f rr d to th ir blooming pots Wh n pott d, th y

be a a e an d e e a ee should put in fr m , k pt clos for w k, an d very little water given unti l they are fairly

a e The e the e a e a st rt d . qu stion of wint r sp ct th t

a a a e i s n an e on e C rn tions should h v , , I thi k, op n , an d depends entirely upon the convenience at the

a the a U a a a . e e dispos l of cultiv tor p till l st y r, I h v a a e e e was lw ys giv n th m a north rn position, which I given to understand was the correct thing ; but I was not at all pleased with their app earance in that a e an d a ill e a m e sp ct, wh t was st mor import nt to , in a e a e e was the e a e the , mon t ry , s ns loss s I sust in d by

a a n off a e e e e the pl nts d mpi g . I h v , th r for , during

e e n e e e a e a e pr s nt wi t r giv n th m south rn sp ct, with the e e Of Sun as we et the e b n fit such g in wint r, an d the e e e the e u has far , up to pr s nt tim , r s lt

82 THE CA R A TIO MA AL N N NU .

a N the l t e . e e e e e th y d mp off v r, during wint r, th m

etwet e ea as e e e e a e g ov rh d , th r is v ry littl ch nc of

the a e e an d a con se drying gr ss for som tim , , as

u n c a e a ea a Th e e e. e e n e q , spot m k s its pp r nc b gin r,

e e e hi t the a e th r for , should try and h ppy m dium ,

an d he a e ea e e a he w l , if t k s a r l int r st in his pl nts, i l

ea a are e ffe e e r e soon l rn wh t th ir di r nt r qui ments . Severe frost I guard against in the earlier winter months by covering the frames with mats ; but by the time the pots are full of roots I do not find it do es much harm ; but even th en I thin k “ i a an d a ta e e eas er e c . pr v ntion th n cur , ccordingly

the De e e e e a the 26th In month of c mb r (g n r lly ), I get together the potting compost in a dry

e an d a e vi z ee- sh d ; m k it up as follows, , thr fourths

a an d on e- e - a good brown lo m , fourth l af mould, ro d

an d - a a grit cow m nure in equ l proportions . I do

use a e e not much m nur , and do not advocat it “ e a e e a the be e b c us I consid r th t if loam maid n, it is quite strong enough ; an d what feeding is

e e e as b e e e r quir d I do lat r on, will pr s ntly

La a e i n l described . st ye r I us d my soi some thing like two barrow - loads of fr esh broken

e - e an d e had a e e a oyst r sh lls, consid r it such b n fici l effect on the bloom s that I am using it again this

ea The e e e y r . compost is turn d ov r at int rvals until each ingredient is thoroughly incorporated on e with the other .

On the 1st ebruar the e er i s F y, if w ath not TH CA R ATIO MA A L 8 3 E N N NU . f an d the la en e e rosty p nts not froz , I comm nc to transfer them to their blooming — pots ; but here letm e say that I should not do this if I had not

a e an d e e e e a fr m s hous s wh r in to put th m , lthough I am convinced Of the good effect that early potting has .

use 8 an d - i n a e the 7 . e 6 9 . I pots of , , , di m t r If pots are n ew they are thoroughly soaked to get the e e : the are dryn ss out of th m if old , pots

an d a u ea a e a thoroughly c ref lly cl ned . I pl c bout two or three inches of crocks (not too small) at a the an d e e e e e . bottom , cov r th m ov r with dry l v s I then fill the pots about three parts full with the - t ea c t blooming compost, put ing into ch p , as a ee a a e e a . I proc d , h ndful of fin ly brok n ch rco l

The a are e a e the pl nts g ntly t pp d out of small pots,

a e the an d the a e e ee the and pl c d on soil , sp c s b tw n

a a an the e pl nts , and to within h lf inch of rim , fill d

e an d the e in with mor soil, whol thoroughly

a e an d e e e e a e sh k n down pr ss d firm . I n v r pl c

ffe e e e the a e e e are di r nt vari ti s in s m pot, for th r

a e but few sorts that require the same tre tm nt .

a a ee a a a I inv ri bly put thr pl nts in pot , ccording “ e an d a e a to siz growth ; for inst nc , Willi m ” ki rvi n P P B — m a S . . . e e g, with v ry vigorous “ — - D a i n J . e e a n 8 . grow r thre pl nts in . pot ; ” Hextall B a ll a ee , C . . , n tura y sm ll in growth , thr “ a - i n H P Pi c ee a 7 . . . 6 e . in pot ; Muri l , , thr in

- i n M or an t e a or 6 % . pot ; these small but p t d t ils G 2 84 H A N A TI MA A L T E C R ON NU .

a the tyro will learn by experience. I f vour much

- an d e e a ea : e e tight potting , for s v r l r sons first , b caus I think plants whose roots are confin ed give better results than those that never reach the sides of the an d e e a e a ea e e pots ; , s condly, b c us gr t r numb r

a can b e a e a e an d of pl nts grown in giv n sp c ; this,

a all- a a a a e n . to sm ll grow r, is import nt f ctor

A s e e a e the a e ach pot is finish d, I pl c on surf c on e a e - e e e e or two sm ll oyst r sh lls , wh r on is pour d the a e the Of the a e - can t w t r from spout w t ring , hus preventing those unsightly holes in the soilwhich would be caused if the shells were not used ; the pots are th en plac ed in the cold frames an d treated

the a e wa as e e e e a in s m y b for , with this xc ption , th t the a e are a a e fr m s now turned to northern sp ct .

A s the A e the a are month of pril go s out, pl nts

a e the e u e e an d pl c d in op n , with f ll xposur to sun

as the flower- . e e light In May, st ms b gin to

e e the - are a e the l ngth n, blooming sticks pl c d to

a an d J e the flower- e be pl nts , in un st ms must a D neatly tied s they rise. uring these two months I p ay great regard to cleanliness : in keeping down the ee - fl ee the gr n y, in w ding soil, in cutting off “ ” the ea an d a a off the e d d grass, lso t king sid

as a a To - e a buds they pp e r . p dr ssing I consider

a an a e e e d . w st of tim , do not pr ctis it I only grow on e a a an d the e bloom on pl nt, about b ginning of

J ea e the a on e e uly, or rli r, this bud ( m in ) b gins to

’ etan ab e the e ate g sorbing obj ct for grow r s t ntion ,

8 THE A R A TIO MA UA L 6 C N N N .

N ever attempt to dress a half- op en flower— i tis

e am ee a e impossibl . If I in n d of such flow r, I

a e m e an d Of e e e the t k it with , t n b for judging com

e a a e A s the m nees I h ve b een ble to utilis it . to ” e e e i a am n c ssity of dr ss ng Carn tions, I not going

i sa a the t e e. to discuss h r I will only y this , th t beautiful markings Of the Carnation cannot b e

e e e e e an d disc rn d till you comm nc to dr ss it, the b eauty of the Carnation is not seen till it is

e dr ssed .

A s the a e be pl nts go out of bloom, th y should at e a e the e an d the onc pl c d in op n, , if young

are e e h at e a e ed growths rip noug , onc l y r ; if not

e a e e be a e a suffici ntly m tur d , th y should pl c d in wa e e e e are e rm corn r, wh r th y lik ly to grow

e a a an ee . e e d e mor fr ly I l y r rly, lik to finish by the A s econd week in ugust .

a e i use a - an d e e For l y r ng, I h ir pins, b nd th m up in the form of a hook ; th ey answer the purpose

an ar a well d e che p .

Ha e a e m a e — ving pr p r d yl y ring soil, which consists

a an d ea e a a e of s nd p t in qu l proportions, I t k out an Of the an d e a e th n inch old soil r pl c it with e ew.

e e a e an d a a e the n eces I s l ct rip joint, h ving m d

a e the a e the e O e s ry cut, b nd l y r until joint is w ll p n,

n h ’ Th e t e e . e pr ss it dow in soil, and p g firmly

a e e a e e l y r is propp d, with crock or pi c of brick,

a e e a an d e a e e into p rp ndicul r position, th n w t r d

th a - with e rose of the w tering pot . T 8 THE CARNA ION MA NUA L. 7

When the layers are well rooted I take them

ff an O d ee c t e e e e . , proc d to p as b for d scrib d

the e e a a e e e In for going r m rks, I h v don my b st to give a clear an d succinct account of my method th a a of growing e C rn tion for exhibition . It must be borne in mind thatI am living in the most

e E an d the a south rn town in ngland, f ct that our

ea are e e e e a e s sons , of n c ssity, arli r th n in mor northern districts will account for my being more forward in my processes of culture than is usually

be an d e supposed to right prop r. The number of each variety that I grow varies

e a an d e e a the e a consid r bly, d p nds m inly upon r g rd

a e e m a sa a I h v for th m ; but I y y, roughly, th t I grow from twenty to thirty plants of the leadin g

an d the a the e e e sorts , dur tion of bloom is l ngth n d to such an extent by careful attention to the situation of the p e ts that I generally manage to get enough blooms to exhibit at the principal shows . THE CARNATION IN THE MIDLA N DS.

Y HA M. By R. S D E N

HAVING b een askedto con tribute tothisManual som e

e e e e e as a a e not s of my xp ri nc C rnation grow r, I sub mit the following with a hope that it m ay encourage some to take up the cultivation of the Carnation an d Picotee who think they will grow only in pure

i r ll b e a a country a . It wi found th t with ordin ry care they will succeed as well in the neighbour

Of a e as the u as hood l rg towns in co ntry, is shown by so many fin e flowers coming from the neigh bourhood a a a e e of Cl ph m, M nch st r, Bradford,

S e e a &c a e h ffi ld, Birmingh m , . , grown in g rd ns a a pr ctically surrounded by houses or m nufactories .

At the a e e ell a s m tim , it is w to point out th t suc

’ c ess on the exhi bition table is not acquired without

an d e e a a . work , lov and nthusi sm for th t work My enthusiasm for these flowers b egan from

ee fin e lle an d the ea s ing two co ctions , admiring gr t attention the owners b estowed Upon them ; an d my ambition was aroused to possess such a collee

a a a e the tion . I found th t the b est w y to cquir necessary in formation was to visit all noted trade

an d a a m teur growers when opportunity offered .

L 90 THE CA RN ATION MA NUA . plants in a pot of the weaker - growing varieties

a ree an e - an d I pl nt two or th in ight inch pot,

e n e fir m as e e e e cond m v ry potting, xp ri nc con

e m e e e a e a e vinc s it is not n c ss ry or d sir bl ; but, of

u e i wi e e e a e e co rs , th s ll d p nd, to a c rt in xt nt, upon the a e the an d at e e see n tur of soil, pr s nt I cannot an di ffe e e a e ll e y r nc in using l rg pots or sma on s, except that I think the plants in small pots often

ea e a e a e e the bloom rli r th n thos in l rg on s, but a pl nts i n the larger pots make stronger growth .

e e e e e the an d the Mor , how v r, d p nds upon soil

a e a h The w t ring th n t e size of the pots . compo

use a ea e a sitiou I now is rich , h vy, y llow, lo my

- h f K T t e e O e e . o turf soil, from n ighbourhood tt ring

a i add on e a ea - four p rts of th s p rt of old l f mould, on e part of sea- sand (I fancy the salt in this

a e e e a on e a Old e - e s nd v ry b n fici l), p rt of , w ll rott d

a e - a e an d a - a- a a a ed st bl m nur , h lf p rt of mort r obt in

Old i an d e e can be had from bu ldings, , wh r it from

hi m e - a a e the old c n y st cks, with littl soot, so much

e e Th a a . e e e e e b tt r mort r rubbish, I b li v , giv s purer ground - colour to the flowers ; the soot imparts a a the a e an d e d rk rich colour to foli g , driv s a a an d e e Ti w y worms oth r p sts . h s compound I

a e a e ee e e a e usu lly pr p r two or thr months b for w nt d, an d have it turned over frequ ently to get it well

e an d i e a a e at h ee . t e mix d sw t I l k good dr in g , but same time provide a c ertain amount of food amongst the drainage by using a few crushed L 91 THE CA RN ATION MA NUA .

a al e a few Old a an d e . bon s, bits of mort r, som ch rco

Bon es I e e e e the e fe ari chbri ht , b li v , hav f ct ofgiving g

h a e all ness or denseness to t e colours . I dvis to shift their plants into their floweri n g- pots as early in the

as e e a the e spring possibl , b ginning bout middl or

en d e a as ea e e as c e of F bru ry, w th r p rmits, it h cks the plants very much to disturb them when in

a e e the a a e ctiv growth, or wh n sm ll pots h v got too

a e the a e a da full of roots . W t r pl nts w ll y or two

e e re - an d a e the e b for this potting, h v fr sh soil just damp enough to hold together if taken in th a an d e e The a e re e e . h nd squ z d pl nts , wh n

e be e e an d ee pott d , should k pt clos fr from frost

ten a a an d a e b e for d ys or fortnight, w t r should a sparingly applied until they becom e est blished .

Of all be a e Of e - a e as things, c r ful ov r w t ring, more plants are lost from over - watering than

e - a S the e a und r w tering. I poilt b st p rt of my collection on on e occasion from over - watering

a th ea The a a e e e e . rly in s son pl nts , ft r r potting,

Ma The will want but little attention until y.

a e the e be e ea surf c of soil must, of cours , k pt cl n

e e e ee ee ea by stirring onc v ry two or thr w ks, d d

a e be e ed an d ee - fl a foli g must r mov , gr n y, m ggot, or

‘ - The ee - fl wire worm carefully watched for . gr n y can easily be brushed off with a small camel

a a e et e e h ir brush, or, if llow d to g v ry num rous ,

a e a the e e an d e I dvis l ying pots on th ir sid s , w ll

the a e x syringing pl nts with hot wat r , mi ing with 92 THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU .

a l e - a Th e a e be ea e it ittl soft so p . w t r should h t d

a 100 e e The e e e the to bout d gre s . pr s nc of maggot m ay with a little experienc e be easily

e e e an d b e e e an d d t ct d , it must dilig ntly hunt d Th a a e ed. e the e d stroy pl nts , during rly spring,

be e e as e must prot ct d from cutting winds, th y do more harm to Carnations an d Picotees than an a a y mount of frost . I usu lly protect mine

the e- the e by putting up sid lights of hous s, or

a a fin e a a a S a e by using r ther sh ding m teri l . t k the a as ea as e e e p l nts rly th y r quir it, using

ee - a e e e e e e e gr n p int d sticks in pr f r nc to whit on s , as e e P a e on e ti e ea b ing l ss unsightly. l c good n r the bottom to hold the stems steady ; they will

a on e e e can be only w nt or two mor ti s, which made so as to slip up the sticks as the stem

fin a . e e e e e re e grows Wh r xhibition flow rs want d , take off all the buds except two or three on a e an d an the on e a st m, cut out y but m in stem to each plant ; an d in varieties that have a

e e S e a ti e ea w t nd ncy to plit th ir c lyx , ch bud ith

fin raffia a a a a e e . , or put sm ll l stic b nd round it Preparing for exhibition willbe the next interest

i e E e e . e e e ing, if not xcit ng, v nt to think of xp ri nc

e e s ee e a at e an d is r quir d to wh n bloom is its b st, care must be taken to select the flowers that have the e an d the ea e a whit st grounds cl r st m rkings . Flake an d Bizarre Carnations should have the

e as e e e an d as as strip s w ll d fin d long possible.

4 THE CA R ATIO MA AL 9 N N NU .

Te are ea a e e e a a h y sily t k n off, th r by s ving m ny plants from being broken when ready to be re

e an d a as e can be e mov d ; , in smuch th y us d for two

ee ea e ea e as ea as an or thr y rs, if k pt cl n , com ch p y

i DO e a e an a ea th ng. not troubl to l y r y sm ll or w kly

e a n ew a e e as e growth, unl ss of or sc rc vari ty, th y

e a e ea a as so oft n go off, or m k such w kly pl nts not

A e a i th be . e e to worth saving ft r l y r ng, young

a be e a b a pl nts should k pt f irly moist, y spr ying them with a fin e - rose water - pot once or twice a da a the a e the ea e as e y, ccording to st t of w th r, th y . should never b e allowed to droop from want of

Ta e Off the a e ea O e e water . k l y rs rly in ctob r wh n

S e e e ea a i n well rooted . om pr f r potting ch l yer

e a e a a a a i n a 3. s p rat pots, but I usu llypl nt p ir 1 or

' 4- an d ee e a fi am e inch pot, k p th m in cold with

e l all e an d the e e e pl nty of ight round th m, fram s op n d

a e e e e a e e on all d ys xc pt v ry frosty on s . W t r v ry

a the e e has sp ringly during wint r, as too much wat r

a e e e e on e Of the t nd ncy to d v lop spot, worst

a a are e di seases C rn tions subj ct to . I strongly advise everyone to getthe plants they

a e e e lle the a w nt to compl t th ir co ctions in utumn,

h Te et in stead of t e spring. h y g better accli m ati sed e n ew e a e e &c . e e to th ir hom , tmosph r , ; f w r

are an d e e plants lost, th y bloom much strong r th than when shifted in e spring. Raising n ew varieties from seed is a very in te

e an d a c n a G a r sting f s i ting pursuit . re t care should THE CA E TIO MA L 95 NA N NUA .

be taken to save seeds only from the best - marked

e an d e a ee a e flow rs strong st pl nts, k ping r cord of the parents of each pod of seed ; I strongly advise

e e e e a e an d e are e thos , how v r, whos sp c tim limit d to content themselves with getting plants Of the

n ew a e e as e e the a e v ri ti s th y com into m rk t, for it requires considerable experience an d care to pro

e e e a e duc flow rs which would qu l, much mor

a a a a e e . surp ss, st nd rd v ri ti s

A s the e a e e e e to b st v ri ti s to grow, I r comm nd all a e as a e as e an d to tt nd m ny xhibitions possibl , there note those that are shown best an d most

e e e e be a a ask a e fr qu ntly, and n v r fr id to dvic of anyone who can give in formation ; for Carnation

e as a e are a e a a m en grow rs , rul , most g ni l cl ss of , always ready to give any information in their

e e a e im e pow r ; but for thos who h v not t for this, I

e e e the e a a r f r th m to lists giv n in this M nu l,

are the e e Of the r e which s l ctions principal g ow rs , arranged in their order of merit . DRESSIN G A ND STA GIN G THE CARN ATION AN D P OTEE FOR EXH TON IC IBI I .

B IM e eld N TE h . B E J . S ON I S y , fi

THE succ ess of the Exhibitor largely depen ds upon the care an d thought b estowed on dressing an d a st ging his flowers . It is useless to deny that honest an d proper dressing is a fair an d lawful advantage to the

’ flori sts a a an d P C rn tion icotee .

e e e e e a e a e In th s v ry p t l is of not , and pictur in e an d e e e b e di a e to e its lf, is th r for to spl y d b st a a a e the e a e dv nt g , judg s h ving no tim to hunt

i e a N e e e for h dd n be uties . either do th y xp ct that d a i e a be ea e ea isqu lify ng p t ls should conc l d , inst d

e e of b ing pull d out . Very little Observation is enough to Show that the Carnation an d Picotee will Often so lay several petals on e over another that none but the on e happening to be upp ermost can di splay its mark

e e e ea can e e ings , whil thos und rn th produc littl effect beyond maki ng the flower look lumpy . N o on e finds fault with the beautifully di s

a e e a of the e hi e a e a pl y d p t ls old doubl w t C m lli ,

’ or those in a well - formed bloom of the flori sts

Da a T al a e e hli . hese f l natur lly into th ir b st

MA AL 98 THE CARNATION NU .

a a c h e E e the ch ngeful in his f n y for t e flow r . v n novice m ay do much (he can hardly help doing

e e e an d e e som thing) to improv his flow rs , pr s nt them on the exhibition table in b etter form than a when cut from the pl nt .

the e the e are By tim flow rs coming into bloom , an d the da Of the e d a ea the y xhibition is r wing n r ,

a d e e be ea an d a st n s r quir d should got r dy, two p irs

b a a On e a a Of ee e e t . e of tw z rs h nd p ir , m d ivory, will be needed for dressing ; an d on e pair of steel ones is wanted for turning back the segments Of the “ ” a w a e a i a a e c lyx or pod ( hich is t chnic l, but n ccur t

a e e e e a e an d . t rm), lso for pulling out d f ctiv p t ls Defective petals are those in the centre of the

e are e a e an d flow r which v ry n rrow, curl d , “ ” a e e e e e an d str ppy, oft n oth rwis d form d short

So a ar all of colouring character . lso e s elf or on e- e e a a a e a a a a e colour d p t ls in Fl k C rn tion , or fl k

a a N O e a a p etal in aBizarre C rn tion . p t l is dmissible

: e th that is devoid of white . Wh re e essential whi te or - a the e a ground colour is w nting , p t l or ” h e e e e a e a t e whol flow r is t rm d run p t l or flower . ” P ee a e a a bar e ee e In icot s p t l with or strip , d p r into the petal than can b e allowed by the character ” e e a ea e the ea e of its dg colour , is w kn ss gr t r in its proportion accordi ng as it strikes out of bounds “ h a Run e a a a down t e p et l . p t ls th t occur occ si on all P ee an d e e e a a y in icot s , mor fr qu ntly in C rn b e e e e . tions , must of cours r mov d MA A L THE CARNATION NU . 99

For exhibition purposes there will also be re

qui red cards of two sizes - the larger size to place under the flower to arrange the p etals upon ; the smaller cards to place under the larger ones to hold

them in position . The larger cards must have a round hole

e the e e f e a e punch d in c ntr , su fici ntly l rg not to

the a e i e the ee e touch c lyx or pod, oth rw s fr mov

e Of the e a be e e e an d the m nt p t ls will int rf r d with ,

a the a ea a e e flower h ve pp r nc of b ing throttled . The smaller cards must be cut with a star

a e a e in the e e the the a sh p d p tt rn c ntr , points of st r,

as the flower- a e e st lk is pass d through, will b nd out

a an d an d e the w rds downwards, bind g ntly on

a e the a e a a e c lyx sid s, and thus hold l rg r c rd bov in

its position .

All e ea e the lle e b ing in r din ss, look co ction ov r,

an d a a e e the if for st nd of tw lv blooms, cut two of

e e ea the a e e b st flow rs in ch of six cl ss s, and b gin to

dress them .

Ta e a e a an d the ee k flow r in h nd, with st l tweezers turn outwards the top of the calyx ; this allows room for the petals to move easily from side “ ” Te all e to side. h n pull out run or d formed

e a a e a a the a e e e the p t ls, pl c c rd of l rg r siz und r

e an d the eeze a a e the flow r, with ivory tw rs rr ng “ ” e a e a the a at low r row , or gu rd p t ls , upon c rd ;

the a e e a e e s m tim dr wing th m g ntly, but not too

a a the e e Of the far outw rds , tow rds dg card . H 2 100 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

T e ze the an d his giv s si to blooms, allows room

e e a e a e for oth r p t ls to show th ir qu liti s . The second row of p etals should be laid over the e e the e ea as e dg s of two und rn th , so to cov r their divisions— the third row over them in like

a e the e e the e ea e m nn r, till c ntr of flow r is r ch d .

T m a a ea e a a e his y pp r v ry form l work on p p r, but it

the e e - a e a an d is not so with v r v rying grac , and pl y ,

a e the e a a e Off the ff f v ri ty of p t ls to t k sti ness . O

e a e m a b e e a an d e cours , flow r y pull d bout ov r

e e as a e a a a a e e dr ss d, by str ining p t ls to g in pp r nt siz , but by simply arranging the petals so that none are

Of e e e N a e lost sight , no viol nc is don to tur . Where masses of colour li e much more heavily

on e e the e a the e e on sid of flow r th n oth r, som

e a m a b e a e a e an d the p t ls y c r fully tr nspos d, colours

e e fe e e e the e thus mor f ctiv ly distribut d ov r flow r. The last delicate touch is to arrange three or four good petals to li e wi th easy grace over the

e c entre of the flow r.

T e a e e a ce an d e his r quires c r and som pr cti , , lik all e a e an d ea e things don with gr c s , looks much

’ D e a a easier to do than it really is . on with m ster s

an d e e has the e a ea a e touch y , it not slight st pp r nc

n artifici ali t Te e ee of force a d y. h s thr or so top p etals will seem to have gently an d grac efully laid themselves in natural repose i n the position - left for

e an d e a u e an d th m , no doubt giv th t f ln ss smooth

e the e an a p erf ction to flow r, which it c not displ y

CALENDAR OF OPERATION S FOR EXHIBITION CARN ATION S A ND PICOTEES N IN P TS GROW O .

utham ton . B J . J K E E N o So y . , f p

N 0 hard an d fixed rule can be laid down for the

e the a as e e cultur of C rnation, so much d p nds on the e e the e an d e e e a incid nc of s asons, , th r for , for th t

ea a a e a e a m be a e r son, c l nd r of op r tions ust not t k n

e a an d due a a e be a e too lit r lly, llow nc must m d for differences of s eason an d clim ate in the N orth an d

S E A a e a a - a outh of ngland . c l nd r is as sign post to

a a e a a e a an d e e w yf r r in str ng l nd, is not int nd d for a a e e h a tr v ll r who knows t e ro d .

A A RY J NU .

J a at i i In nuary growth is a m n mum , and but

e atten tlon 1S ee e ea e an d a e n littl n d d , cl nlin ss w t ri g

e the e A s the e b ing chi f points . to d sirability of protecting the plants in frosty weather a difference

O e He e a a e be a of pinion xists . r , g in , no rul can l id

th th ets a . e e down If soil in p is dry, no mount of frost willdo an y damage but if the grower should

a e ee e e a e lllS a e h v b n t mpt d to w t r pl nts, th n it is imp erative that the frost — as far as possible a should b e kept away by coverings of m ts . THE CA R ATIO MA A L 103 N N NU .

Generally when plants suffer from frost or damp

the e e a e Of e e e in wint r, it is b c us th ir imp rf ct

e e e a e a the rooting, which r nd rs th m un bl to st nd e e e ar e L e are e xtr m s they e subj ect d to . oss s sur to

a e a e the e e e an d t k pl c in b st cultivat d coll ctions, the young grower must not lose heart if he sees

a a a a e m a some of his pl nts f ding w y . Many caus s y

ea e e e a n ew has ee l d to such loss s, sp ci lly if stock b n

a e — ffe e e e e fe e cquir d di r nc in m thods ofcultur , dif r nt

a e e bad an d ea e a e clim tic influ nc s , w kly grow rs , l t

an d a a a . n potting , so on It is si gul r thing th t

a a ed the N E a are pl nts obt in from orth of ngl nd , for the ea a a e n an d first y r, invari bly l t r in bloomi g

On growth than those procured nearer home. e would naturally expect them to make an earlier

e the l e e a a e a e growth , und r inf u nc of w rm r clim t , an d I can only account for it by supposing that

a a e they need time to get cclim tis d . Complete the preparation of soil for the bloom

- ee a a - e- ing pots , k ping sh rp look out for wir worm ,

etc. e e . , wh n turning it ov r

F A E BRU RY .

P e a e the e e r p r pots for blooming, and comm nc S to get everything in readiness for potting. till go

e the a a ee e ea an d ov r pl nts const ntly , k ping th m cl n

“ a Re a e all e attending to their w nts . pl c loss s by

e a e ea an d e e e e d sp tching ord rs rly , , wh n v r possibl , stipulate that they be delivered in their winter 104 THE CAR ATIO MA A L N N NU .

h a a . t e e e e e a pots If w ath r is f vour bl and g ni l ,

be e potting should finish d this month . Much ,

e e e e the e e the how v r, d p nds upon w ath r, and con ven i en ces the cultivator has for placin g plants . his e e ar e a wh n th y e potted . If comp lled to pl ce in the e at e a be e e e e . op n onc , it will b tt r if l ft till l t r

MA RCH .

e- b he R potting should e finished this month . If t

e a e be soil us d for blooming is moist , no w t r will

e f w e S e the a a e r quired for a e w eks . hi ld pl nts c r fully from cold an d biting winds till they getfairly

‘ established ; keep the rain from them for some

e e tim long r.

RIL A P .

Ti e the early an d tall growers to the sticks as

e a a e e as the a are e th y dv nc in h ight , pl nts v ry

a Kee the a e e sily broken off by high winds . p foli g

ee - fl e e e a ea e an d e e from gr n y, r mov d c ying l v s ; wh r plants have b een protected in frames they should now b e placed out in the open to the full exposure

ai r of sun an d . M AY .

The a be a an d the pl nts will growing r pidly now , flow eri n g- stems must b e carefully tied as they a a Do ti e the te are e. dv nc not too tight, or s ms

a e a Off Di sbii d as as the li bl to sn p . soon young buds are a e e a e a the ea e a e l rg nough to h ndl . W tch w th r c r

l an d - a ea e e e . ful y , ifdull do not ov r w t r W kly grow rs

10 THE A ATO MA AL 6 C RN I N NU .

LY JU . This and the early part of next month is the

’ flori sts a a e The a be a e p r dis . pl nts should pl c d

e e e a a e u und r cov r without d l y . Watch c r f lly for

ee - fl an d all a be ee gr n y, brush off th t can s n on the bud Many a fin e bloom has been spoilt by these p ests getting under the points of the

a ar e e e e e e . c lyx , wh r th y v ry difficult to dislodg

e e ee a the a e are e e Wh r it is s n th t l y rs rip nough ,

e be as e e e th y should promptly put down, th y b com

e a e The a be v ry h rd if l ft too long. pl nts will

a a ea ea a e t king gr t d l of w t r now , but still it must

be e e not ov rdon . A G ST U U . A s the plants go out of bloom they should b e

a e e a e e pl c d out of doors . It is not w ll to l y r dir ctly

- after removin g them from their . bloomi ng quarters

un der lass as the a has e e g , gr ss b com soft, and

’ requires a few days exposure to the ai r before it is

' e All a e b e i e the don . l y ring should fin sh d by third

La the a week if possible. yering is most import nt

O e a the e ea an d e e a p r tion of whol y r, it is n c ss ry it should b e done early for the production of fin e

’ a e a e plants for next year s growth . C r ful w t ring

b e ee e e the a are a e e an d will n d d wh n pl nts l y r d,

e b e a e e e - th y should not llow d to b com dust dry, or The the emission of roots will be impossible.

a e a the be a e e an d l tt r p rt of month will qui t tim , opportunity should b e taken to put away the THE CA ATIO MA AL 10 RN N NU . 7

n - a for a etc. e bloomi g sticks , c rds , pins , blinds , , noth r

’ ea use Ge e all e a h y r s . n r y pr p re t e soil and pots in

the b which young stock is to e wintered .

SE PTE MBE R.

Supposing the reader to be a n ew aspirant for

e he e ea e xhibition honours, should nd vour to procur the stock he intends to grow the latter en d of this

the ea ea on e he month, which, if s son is an rly ,

a e n should h v no difficulty in doi g. In choosing

a e e a a e d be e the his v ri ti s, c r ful stu y should mad of names of the flowers app earing in the Exhibition

e the a e a a r ports, or in v rious lists giv n by pr ctic l “ ” e i a an d can be had writ rs in th s Manu l , which

“ from some of the florists an d nurserymen who

a e the a a a a S e Of the m k C rn tion speci lity. om

a e e he m a be a e a as e are v ri ti s y un bl to obt in, th y

ea e an d e m a b e difficult to incr s , own rs y , in con H e e e a e . e s qu nc , loth to p rt with th ir stock should

e e be a e as a a can not, how v r, discour g d, good st rt b a e m de without them .

“ Ha e e e e be ving r c iv d his plants, th y should

e e a an d e e a a e pott d without d l y , k pt clos in fr m in

" a shady plac e for a week until the roots catch hold

th To e e a e e ea e . of soil thos grow rs who l y r d rly,

the the a b e e potting of pl nts should finish d , if

e m . possibl , this onth

CTOBE R O .

Those who have not yet finished potting the : 108 THE CARNATION MA NUA L

' a e a S e an d in cle l y rs should see to it t once. ever

e e e e e e an d m nt w ath r som tim s s ts in this month , it ffi is di cult to get the plants fairly established . If

the a e the e e e such is c s , young grow r must compl t the purchase of his stock by the second or third week ; an d as the plants already potted are getting

Of the da da as ai r be hold soil y by y, much should

e e Off ea an d e a e giv n as possibl . Cut d d d c y d

e e Off the r ee - fl an d ee as ea l av s, brush g n y, k p cl n as e. Wa a e e e possibl t r sp ringly, and do not xpos

the a th a e e he pl nts to e r in . Wh r t stock on old plants and scarce varieties was too small to be

a e e a e the Old r the - l y r d, t k root f om blooming pot an d h h had plant in t e op en . I ave many strong plants the following season from such a mode of e proc dure. OVE MBE R N .

The work Of the cultivator will be at its

a the ea e minimum this month, lthough for rn st

e e e a a . b e a e grow r th r is lw ys plenty to e don . W t r the a as e e e e e e pl nts th y r quir it, but clos ly obs rv the a tmospheric condi tion of the weather. If

a an d a e llbe e e the d mp foggy , no w t r wi r quir d , and plants in such weather will go a long time without

the n ee e a e it ; if wind is dryi g and k n , mor w t r will be ee e an d e a e as e a n d d, th y should h v it, it is qu lly detrimental to the health of the plants to b e kept

as tOO G all th ai r e a e wet. e e too dry iv possibl , c r

ee e Kee the a fully scr ning from bitt r winds. p pl nts

N . D THE CAR ATION IN SCOTLAN .

M CA MP B E LL A ac n r h B lan t re. B . hi ai t y , , y

THE history of horticulture In Scotland affords no more strik ing example of the power which certain plants possess in reaching the public taste than

the a a is found in C rn tion .

e a e e e a By its symm try, comp ctn ss , d licacy of p t l, an d ea a e e gr t v ri ty of colours , its utility for bouqu ts

a the a a has a e etc . and filling gl ss s , , C rn tion l id hold of the public to an extent never before known in f the history O horticulture.

a e e an d Its popul rity is unqu stion d, is still on

a A few ea a o a a a the e e. s incr s y rs g C rn tions , shown

' at the a e S a e e horticultur l xhibitions in cotl nd , w r

e a e e e poor, mis r bl things, scarc ly worthy of th ir

a N ow e e a V a e n me. th r is not ill g show in this district (Lanarkshir e) an d m any others where the prizes Offered for them are not comp eted for strongly; and for quality the staged blooms would

the e e an S the do grow rs cr dit in y how in kingdom . An d w e confidently look forward to the time when e e e e ama e e a l v ry florist , wh th r t ur or prof ssion l, wi l consider his garden incomplete without a bed or e e ea u e two of th s b utif l flow rs . T E A R ATIO MA A L 111 H C N N NU .

The obj ect of this manual is to further develop the love of these flowers by placing before the public the methods of cultivation practised by the

e an larg st d most successful growers in this country . With these prefatory remarks I shall now pro ceed to give a detailed account of the mode of

e a a A n d as cultur gener lly pursued in Scotl nd .

e e e e e S a e th r is v ry littl don in cotl nd in pot cultur , my remarks will almost entirely apply to their

a th O cultiv tion in e pen ground .

SOIL .

A e a e the e good m dium lo m I consid r b st,

a e A s as r th r inclining to heavy than light . soon the ea e the a let be ground is cl r d in utumn, it turned over two spades deep an d thrown up as

as b e a the a Of the rough possi l , so th t ction frost m a e the e e a y pulv rise it . In b ginning of F bru ry take a favourable opportuni ty of giving the beds a

re e Old e e e e e d ssing of manur ( hotb d for pr f r nc , or

e has ee e e di e moss litt r which b n us d for b d ng hors s ,

e A e the wa will do v ry well) . void ev rything in y of ' n ew a a e a e a e Of or r nk m nur . If dding turf, b w r

e- a few e e e et wir worm, for if of th s p sts g into the a a a th a beds they will work s d h voc mongst e pl nts .

e be e e e an d I us d to v ry much troubl d with th m,

e e e use A s attempts to trap them prov d of v ry littl .

e e e e a e e a pr v ntion is b tt r th n cur , it is wis to dopt h measures to exclude them from t e beds . With 112 THE CAR ATIO MA A L N N NU .

en d V e a e the a five e this in i w I h v , during p st y ars , a e the a e dopt d following pl n, which has prov d most

ff a All e a a e e . b e ctu l turf to us d for C rn tions , e e e e e ea ith r for pots or b ds , is xpos d to as much h t as will kill everything in it in the shap e Of in sect

e T can e ea be lif . his quit sily done without burn

the e Of the The e e a ing fibr out turf. mod of op r tion here is to place a barrow - load of turf in the hottest h a a part of t e flue in house used for forcing rhub rb .

Put the a e li e l on in morning, it is llow d to ti l mid da e i t a e an d a e y, wh n is t k n off noth r put on, which is ready to be replaced with another atnight ; an d so the proc ess go es on until w e have as much as

i a e a e e a all the requ red . I h v found th t it w ll r p ys

e a e xtr troubl . Fork over the b eds at the first favourable a opportunity fter the manure has been put on . It

m a e b e e a e y th n l ft till pl nting tim , which should

be as ea A as e e the rly in pril possibl , wh n ground

a e a e e an d the should h v noth r slight fork ov r, if grower can command a sprinkling of wood ashes or

a a an d i e e be e ch rco l a l ttl lim rubbish to fork d in , it

ll the a A e wi benefit pl nts Very much . gr at point in the cultivation of the Carnation is to have the soil sweet by frequ ent turnings - over and exposure

the a Of the a e e to ction tmosph r . In sour or pasty

e e soil th y will not thriv . Having now the b ed all r eady an d in good

e et the a as ea A as e ord r, g pl nts in rly in pril possibl ,

A L 114 THE CA RNA TION MA NU .

m e i e the e a be covered with it . Im diately g v b ds good watering with waterin g- pot an d rose to clean the foliage ; the water will carry some of the soot

the an d a e the a Te down to roots stimul t pl nts . h y

a a a e will assum e d rker green colour ft r it . A ttention will now be requir ed to stakin g an d

r- A ee a a tying as the flowe stems run up . lso k p sh rp

- ee as e are e e a e look out for gr n fly, th y g n r lly v ry A a troublesome about this time. dusting of tob cco

e a a e a an d a e powd r, or w t ring with soft so p w t r, will

e all a e g ner y get rid of them . My own pr ctic is to

a - e an d a da dust with tob cco powd r, in y or two to water them overhead with the following mixture ° on e pound of soft soap an d half a pound of sulphur

ee a a e a e an d to sixt n g llons of w t r, put into boil r

e e e A n d m a a boil d for two or thre minut s . I y lso here state that should they b e attacked with fly

the a e ea i as e e O e in fr m s in rly spr ng, th y v ry ft n . are the a i n are e e ea , if pl nts pots dipp d ov rh d in ° at 12 Fah f a ea e 0 . e e this mixtur , it will f ctu lly cl r them of green - fly without the slightest injury to the a pl nts .

A s as the are far e u a a e soon buds no gh dv nc d,

e i b a e the disbudding will r qu re to e ttend d to . If

are a e e e blooms w nt d for comp tition purpos s , from on e to four will b e sufli ci en t to leave on a stem ; if

e e e a e e e m r ly for d cor tiv purpos s, th n from four to a e m a be e a the e doz n buds y l ft, ccording to str ngth

the a of pl nt . L 11 THE CA RNATION MA NUA . 5

G LA Y E RIN .

About the b eginning of August the grass will b e e e a e an d O e a g tting rip for l y ring, if this p r tion is delayed the stems get hard an d do not

The e a e e an d e ee . strik fr ly op r tion is v ry simpl , anyone with a little care m ay soon b ecome exp ert

a a e ea a a the a e at it . With sh rp knif cl r w y foli g from the under part of the layer up to the third or

the e the fourth joint , counting from top . Ins rt

e e the n a - wa the knif und r joint , cutti g h lf y through

e the e the e a a an st m, running knif up st m bout h lf

inch ; bend up the layer till the joint - cut is quite

e e e e the e can op n, th n pr ss g ntly into soil, wh n it either be secured with a p eg or kept in place by m putting some more soil about it . I ay say here that I never use a p eg when layering in the op en

a a e e e a ground . I occ sion lly find th m n c ss ry when

a e as the e s a e on e a l y ring in pots, in limit d p c c nnot get Sufficient soil about the layers to keep them in

a a e e e can be position . G lv nis d wir p gs got which

h e W are made for t e purpos . illow twigs do very

e e e the e the w ll , or , b tt r still, st ms of Common i Th Bracken (P ter i s aqui ln a). e compost used here for layering is on e barrow - load of river sand an d

on e a- e ee a e of coco nut fibr to thr of light g rd n soil,

a a - i a allpassed through h lf nch riddle . After l yer

has ee e e e a e a fin e e ing b n compl t d , giv w t r with ros , to thoroughly soak the soil about the layers ; an d

the ea e e e e e should w th r continu dry, th y will r quir

I 2 11 THE CAR ATIO M A L 6 N N ANU .

a a e a e e e e an d const nt tt ntion with w t r, for if n gl ct d allowed to remain dry they will make no progress h wa in t e y of rooting.

P T I TH LA YE RS O TNG E .

O e the e a an d ctob r is month for this op r tion, if they have been properly laid an d attended to they should now be in fin e condition for putting

a Te an e be into their winter qu rters . h y c ither

e 2 ee- an d e pott d singly in aor thr inch pots, plung d

a- e a Of a e in coco nut fibr , on bottom sh s in cold a h a Th a a e e t e e . e e e fr m s , or pl nt d out in fr m s g n r l practic e in this district is to pot the finer varieties an d plant out the commoner sorts . I find that plants of the same variety turned out of pots bloom a few days earlier than those that have been planted out in the frames : which shows that the less the roots are disturb ed i n the spring the

Af e a e an d h a e e . ee t e e b tt r t r potting, w t r, k p fr m s

a few a Te ai r e . e e clos d for d ys h n giv pl nty of ,

the a e all a a e a pulling s sh s off on f vour bl occ sions .

N e e ea e e ai r allthe e e v r l v th m without wint r, unl ss

the e e e e ea e e the a e m a in v ry s v r st w th r, wh n s sh s y be e an d e ee e e clos d, th y will n d no oth r prot ction , as they will stand the severest frost if protected

n Ve e a from cold cutti g winds . ry littl w ter will be

a e the e ea w nt d through wint r s son , but should it

b e e e a e a a a e da an d a e n c ss ry, choos f vour bl y w t r

the e ai r a e a in morning, giving pl nty of ft rw rds to

118 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

SE E LI GS D N . In all probability the branch of his calling which most engrosses the attention an d arouses the most lively interest Of the tru e florist is the

a i ee A s the ea r is ng of s dlings . buds br k into

the ea e affec colour, rly morning finds him b nding ti on atel e a a e y ov r bloom which , in his s nguin m e he a a e be om nts , nticip t s will turn out to

e a et e V are sup rior to nything y produc d . isitors requ ested to look over the beds an d opinions an d sp eculations are freely indulged in as to the re s ecti ve e the e P e e e p m rits of flow rs . oints of diff r nc

a ar an d e eed an d e e e e e . r s mbl nc not d discuss d Ind , the consuming in terest c entred in a b ed of seed lings can only be equalled by the care which

be e e e a should x rcis d in their r ising . The method followed here in the raising of seedli n s i s the ee ea e a g to sow s d rly in F bru ry ,

a e e a e e ea an d as as e pl c th m in g ntl h t, soon th y are forward enough to handle they are pricked out into boxes an d placed on the shelves of a green

e ea the a e ee e hous n r gl ss for six or ight w ks , wh n

a A the they are removed to a cold fr me. bout be J e e are e d a ginning of un th y nic stur y pl nts , an d are then planted out in beds in the open

an a All the a e e e r e ground d w tered . c r th y r qui

h a a a ee ee for t e se son fter th t is to k p down w ds . By the en d Of the autumn they will have gr own into nic e bushy plants from six to ten inches THE CAR A TIO MA A L 119 N N NU .

a an d afew e a a e cross , of th m will prob bly h v thrown

a flow er- e an d a e e m a be up st m ; , if w nt d, th y y ca e e an d e an d a e a ee r fully lift d pott d, pl c d in gr n

e e e e the a e hous , wh r th y will bloom through l t

a an d The a he ee - e utumn winter. pl nts in t s d b ds will stand the severest wm ter without the slightest

e e a are a e prot ction , unl ss r bbits bout ; if so , th y

b e e e - e e cer must k pt out with wir n tting, or th y will

tai nl e wa the a a n e y find th ir y to C rn tio b ds . The following summer the plants will send up

an a e a e e e e e on v r g from six to tw lv flow ring st ms , when they will require attention in the way of

a an d A s be an e st king tying. it would normous

a ti e ea e the a a l bour to ch st m singly, pl n I dopt is to stick in small piec es of branches through the

e a an d a a ee the b ds , bout two h lf f t high , with

e an d a raffi a a n twigs on th m , run str nds of m tti g

e e A the e Of loos ly round th m . bout b ginning August the raiser will begin to have his reward

a few a e the e a l not str ggling flow rs , but b ds so id

a Of a e e a e m ss bloom in lmost v ry sh d of colour, “ ” where you m ay cut an d come again without making an y apparent difference in the app earance

the e the ee has ee e e the of b ds . If s d b n g nuin , grower m ay reasonably exp ect something really good amongst them ; but if he has had only the

a ea ee a a the ordin ry ch p s d th t is usu lly sold , “ a e he a e g m is not worth t c ndl . TH A AT N IN TLAN D E C RN IO SCO .

RT P B R H R N B E OT E STO . By RO .

WITHIN the last few years there has b een in Scotland a very decided increase in the cultivation h a a of t e C rn tion .

T a e ea e the a e a e his is lik notic bl in l rg r g rd ns , where Carnations have always b een more or less

as a the e e ea e grown , lso in v r incr sing numb r of a a sm ll private g rdens . A n annual flower show has long been in every fair - sized Village in the south of Scotland a

e a w standing institution . Fr nch M rigolds ith

a e e A e an d Pa e sh rply d fin d markings , st rs nsi s of

the e e an d e a e e e e the a n w st b st v ri ti s , w r princip l

e e e a e e e e a a flow rs xhibit d ; but l t ly, wh r v r C rn tions

a e ee all e a a e e e a h v b n ow d f ir fi ld, it is vid nt th t

e are a a a ea a th y g ining r pidly incr sing f vour . Si x or seven years ago anything almost would

e a a a a do to xhibit in C rn tion Cl ss, but now it is by no m eans an uncommon experience to find

e e a e e e e a e an d a s l ct v ri ti s w ll grown , w ll st g d , f irly “ e A s e e are a a well dress d . th s shows inv ri bly

e a the en d Of A an d Se e e h ld tow rds ugust in pt mb r,

‘ Carnations cut from p lan ts cultivated in the open i i n ll a bOrder are there fu b e uty,

122 THE A R A TIO MA A L C N N NU .

a e h d la a a e for v rieti s of t e Souvenir e M lm ison typ .

Te e e are a el h s , it is tru , l rg y grown in pots ; but

a an e a h rdly y oth r v riety . The very scarce Lady Middleton originated in

S a a ee e e ee ea a o as cotl nd bout sixt n or s v nt n y rs g , “ ” a the Old a e ee sport from blush form . I h v s n it stat ed that it is a sport from the d eep pink

a e a e the a e J v ri ty, but this is a mist k , l t ohn

e a e a a e e a e e Cow , most nthusi stic g rd n r, h ving s cur d the e a e e at L e H e Ea sport wh n g rd n r uffn ss ous , st L a othi n .

The ee e a a e d p pink form , known und r v ri ty of

a e a a be S e a n m s , is lso s id to of cotch xtr ction , having b een procured as a sport a few years later in a garden near Musselburgh ; but I imagine that

has e at e a e e e w it sport d oth r pl c s . Wh n w ll gro n “ the true pink an d the old blush Malmaison are

e fin e v ry . In this garden many more Carnations are

u a e e a a an d c ltiv t d und r gl ss th n out of doors , it will probably b e of more interest to detail the p articular m ethods of culture used here than to

e at a e writ more l rg . Carnations were with us for very many years

a ffi The a e a e w as a e di culty . c us of f ilur ttribut d

to wire - worms : I do not know on what basis the

a e w as a e e a a e m e ss rtion m d , but c rtinly I f il d ys lf

a a e e e n e . e to find y of th m V rious m thods w r tri d, but t e u e e e a ea a o I wi h littl s cc ss , until s v r l y rs g THE CAR ATIO MA A L 12 N N NU . 3

a e e a J an d a e e l y r d my pl nts in uly, pl nt d th m out ,

e e ea Se e e — an d thoroughly w ll root d , rly in pt mb r

e a e a e had e sinc th t tim I h v but littl difficulty,

an d the e has a a e r sult lw ys b en good .

A s we e e a e a e e Of a grow h r v ry l rg numb r pl nts , I have of late years cultivated them among other

a e e an d the a a e g rd n produc , I find pot to v ry good

A s th crop to precede Carnations . e soil is in very

use e a e ee good condition, I but littl m nur ; ind d, I am a e a e e at all a a r th r v rs to using it for C rn tions ,

an d e e a e ea - pr f r dr ssing of rough l f mould . The plants are put out in double rows a foot

a a a e e ee e e a e part, with sp c b tw n wid nough for l di s

a a a the a The to w lk without d m ging pl nts .

e e et ground is not dug, but lightly fork d ov r to g the e dr ssing well mixed with the soil . “ In April a good dressing of some fertilis er is hoed in ; water is given about three times during

the me e e detri sum r months , drought b ing v ry h a m ental to t e pl nts .

S a Of a a e e are at the tr nds stout g lv nis d wir ,

e e e a e ea a an d prop r tim , fix d bov ch row of pl nts , to

- W r du e e e these the flower stems a e in e tim ti d .

as disbud required . Show varieties as well as Picotees succ eed

e e a e e ee e a a p rf ctly, but I h v by d gr s don w y with

a e these in order to grow border v rieti s . The only two kinds I have not succeeded with out of doors are the differen t varieties of Malmaison 124 THE CAR ATIO MA AL N N NU .

an d Ge a a Th a ar h . e e e t e rm ni pl nts quit robust, but flowers of neither stand damp in the slightest

e ee d gr .

We h - a few t e e floweri n grow of wint r g sorts , but I have nothing sp ecial to say about th eir e cultur . Circumstances have led m e to adopt a system of glass culture which is different from anything

a a e ee e e e e m a th t I h v s n ls wh r , and of which it y b e e e a e h a int r sting to h v t e det ils .

a e as i a It origin t d follows . Find ng th t I lost many n ew vari eties which were sent to m e in

a e a a e e a l t utumn b dly root d , I b g n to grow on such plants in pots ; an d instead of planting them

a e e a an d e e out in spring, I g v th m shift flow r d

e th e th m in e gre nhouse.

P a ea e e a e e a e l nts thus tr t d, and k pt in t mp r tur

e e e e n Ma conduciv to growth, comm nc d flow ri g in y, an d finding the cut flowers atthis time very valuable

e a a e e e e e a e I b g n to cultiv t th m xt nsiv ly in this m nn r, with the result that I found myself with several hundreds of plants of valuable varieties for which

had e- Te e a e I no hous room . h s I pl nt d out,

a e O e e an d e e at placing s sh s v r th m , prot cting th m the sides with mats ; a four - inch pip e for heating was e an d the run round this impromptu structur , result w as so unexpectedly successful that the

ea has ee e e a a e a id b n mbodi d in perm n nt gl ss pit .

T e on e e ee e e e his is ov r hundr d f t in l ngth , by tw lv

E A 126 TH CARN TION MA NUAL .

use a a an d the to f ir quantity, to fork it into

a a e e a e a e soil, th n to pply it fr qu ntly in sm ll r qu ntiti s th a to e surf ce. The only insect I am ever troubled with is a A h sp ecies of aphis . tno s eason of the year are t e plantsfree from their attacks — th ey are most trouble

e i n e e the a a are luxuri som summ r, wh n C rn tions in

n The a a tgrowth . only remedy I employ is tob cco

e the a are e e powd r, with which pl nts dust d onc or, i f a a e a a e e e ee . n c ss ry , twic w k It is xtr ordin ry what an amount of mischief a colony of aphides a will do in short time i f left unchecked . The principal diseases I have to deal with are “ an d h forms of rust fungoid growth , w ich I attribute mainly to a cold an d damp condition of the a e e tmosph r . The only remedy I know is to remove every bit

Of a e e e e a as a ea an d ee the ff ct d v g t tion it pp rs , to k p

a a e a e dr a e e pl nts in mod r t ly y tmosph r , giving

i r plenty of a . Some varieties seem entirely free from these a a e ffe a Re tt cks oth rs su r very b dly Mrs . ynolds a th H e e e e . ol , p rh ps, is worst of th m HE ARNATON IN E A T C I IR L N D.

B RBID E M U G . A . E. L B F . W. S y , , . .

IRE LA ND cannot claim a solitary species of Dian thus as a real inhabitant of her mountains an d

E a the e a can a e . shor s ngl nd , on oth r h nd, bo st of

an d as . N five e e e e . . , v n, if not six sp ci s , , Mr F

a the m a e the Car o Willi ms , onogr ph r of y

‘ h llce e e e are e a p y , t lls us , th r not much l ss th n 250 species now known wild somewhere or other

Te e are a a five in both hemispheres . h r ctu lly or

D a in the Ta aa six species of i nthus found wild r nsv l .

la e a a e Mr. Wil i ms t lls us th t our cultiv t d or

garden forms of Dianthus— the genus to which the

Carnation belongs - have originated by culture an d

e e an d a a s l ction , possibly by hybridis tion lso , from

five e e are E ea sp ci s , four of which British or urop n ,

a a an d J a a an d on e . is from Indi , Chin , p n

— 1 D b r s he are . a bata t e Te e e e . h s sp ci s , Clust r

- D 2. deltoi des a a . e Pink or Sweet Willi m . M id n

Pink which is the probable origin - Of the Early

h P a a E e a e e t e e . D R d P an d . 3 e ink h s nt y v ri ti s . p lam ari as Common from which came

P e an d e 4. he n e e . D t . fri g d Whit inks , singl doubl

an d D . c r si n en si s Chinese Pink 5 . a yop hyllus 128 THE CA R ATIO MA L N N NUA . the a e an d a a wild origin l of our Clov s C rn tions, such as Se a e a e P ee a lfs, Fl k s, Biz rr s, icot s , and l stly, but

ea ea the e i e- e e by no m ns l st, d l ciously clov sc nt d ” Pa e La e int d di s . Those who are interested in the botany an d in the geographical distribution of the cultivated

S e e D a see a a e e e p ci s of i nthus , should p p r ntitl d

The a a as a Ga e e the a e C rn tion rd n Flow r, by bov “ a J a R a H a S e uthor, in ourn l oy l orticultur l oci ty of

a i ii xi i a a the p rt , vol . , which lso cont ins valuable literary results of the Carnation Con

e e e m e sa a h f r nc . It is here enough for to y th t t e Carnation was cultivated in England in the time of

E a an d a e e a e dw rd III . , th t it is m ntion d by Ch uc r “ ” 1386 e the a e Of e Gilofré ( ) und r n m Clov , to put ” H L ale e e b e a e. e e in , wh th r it moist or st l nry yt , who translated the Herbal of Rembrandt Dodoen s

15 78 the a e the e in , is first uthor who us s mod rn ” a a n m e C rnation . On the grey limestone wall— tops of the dear old

e e Ga e at D am e a Coll g rd ns ublin , I v ry th nkful to

sa the i a a a an d ea an d y w ld C rn tion is h ppy h lthy, all blossoms prof usely every year. It origin y

‘ reached us from the ruins of the old N orman

a e at R e e e the a Of a C stl och st r, s nt by h nd th t “ G J a La . e horticultur l dy Bountiful , Miss kyll, of

Mun stead has e the a e , who don so much for g rd n

a: uhor n thus b the sam e a t 1889. See also Di a , y ,

1 MA A L 30 THE CA RNATION NU .

e a i e e Vi z a a e am a r m rk ng h r , , th t in most g rd ns C tions are planted at a much lower level than the

e e an d are a e a e u as be ee y , st k d up c r f lly so to s n ;

as ee as a a e but s n wild, or n tur lis d on rocks or old

a the a O e ee e e a a e w lls , pl nt is ft n ind d g n r lly bov

’ e e e an d the a e a on s y s, m ss s of its blossoms h ng

a an d ffe downw rds, so do not su r from too much

a are e a e b e e the ear r in, nor th y so li bl to spoil d by

as are - wigs our border grown flowers .

a S e a an d e a Visitors to It ly, witz rl nd , som p rts of Franc e an d Brittany are q uite enthusiastic in their praises Of the Carnation as there grown in pots or window - boxes at the upp er windows in Villages an d

a - towns . I h ve seen a good many window boxes in

L e see a - e e ondon, but only onc did I box full of th s

’ s in - l Of a flowers . It wa on the upper w dow si l

n e S K e an d a sun y m ws in outh nsington, I sh ll

e e e the ee enh a e the n v r forg t sw t sight, which nc d delight w e feel after a shower on a fresh morning

J H as a e e was a . e e e in uly r , in n tur , th r no st king, an d as ee e the e e , s n from b low , flow rs look d down ’ a A into one s face in quite a friendly w y. s w - a th e P k an d a a are at indow box pl nts, in C rn tion all i e ean e an d e e a e e e e t m s cl , fr sh, pr s nt bl , v n wh n

Ma J e J an d not in bloom ; but during y, un , uly,

A e e a e — e m e the ugust, or v n l t r som ti s until

N ovemb er frosts — these flowers have no equals for

an d e e All the e e form, colour, p rfum . sp ci s of

Da are a as e e e as i nthus h ppy, ith r sown dir ct, or THE MA L 131 CARNATION NUA .

a e a S the pl nt d in utumn or in pring , on tops of

a an d an d e ea e e e old w lls ruins , I hop r d rs of th s

m a in a Te e e notes y try them this w y. h y r v l if old

e e - a sea- e e be lim rubbish, or sh ll s nd, or sid shingl , mixed with the loam in which they are grown .

A e e D a e a e fri nd of min in ublin, cl rgym n , onc complained that no flowers would thrive in his

a e as the e sea- a an d e at g rd n, soil was pur s nd , sw pt

e the a a the ba Tr Car tim s by s lt spr y from y. y

a a an d he an d has e n tions, I s id ; did so , now b ds an d e e e an d ea an d bord rs of th m fr sh h lthy, so floriferous that he confesses that he now has more flowers during their blooming season than he c an use e a a a a the e or giv w y, notwithst nding th t childr n of a neighbouring school are p ermitted to gather flowers for their church every Sunday during the a se son . Once I walked by accident up the high terrace at Da e ea D an d e n the ba lk y, n r ublin, ov rlooki g y, an d amid a plantation of N ew Z ealand Veronicas I suddenly came on a garden having a long bed of

a a the a e e the e e C rn tions on gr ss b sid littl driv . I never saw such a sight before ; an d wherever soil

an d li a e are a e the a a as a c m t suit bl C rn tion is,

a a a fin an d e a e e e . A h rdy pl nt, v ry njoy bl thing friend from England also by accident p eeped over the same low wall fringed by Veronicas a few days

a e had e an d the a e a ft r I don so , sight m d of him

e a a e an d - da he confirm d C rn tion grow r, to y is

J 2 THE CA R A TIO MA A L N N NU .

e a the e at ea on e the e p rh ps b st, or l st of b st culti a a a vators of the C rn tion in Engl nd . There are but few p eople in Ireland nowadays

the a a as a S e who grow C rn tion how flow r, but you see them in beds an d borders in every garden

as E a The ee just you do in southern ngl nd . sw t White- fringed an d Pheasant — eyed Pinks are also

e e a e a a e h r l rg ly grown for their fr gr nt flow rs .

A t R a a fin e e . osann , old country hous in Co

e e a e an d e Wicklow, surround d by spl ndid n tiv xotic

e e e a a e ee aw an d timb r, th r is l rg sw p of l n , two long borders extend down beside a broad walk from the

The e are Of ea front door. bord rs full rly bulbs of

all the an d a kinds, but long bro d rows of old fashioned White Pin ks are something to see an d

e e e e e e e are ea r m mb r wh n in flow r. B hind th m gr t

a e th e e e He a e Pe e m ss s of b st Fr nch or rb c ous oni s,

an d ll he el De a I sti rememb er t d ight of Mr. w r of

Kew e he an d e e e an d m wh n Mr . Fr d rick Moor y

e saw e all e r an d n a e e s lf th m in th i glory, i h l d th ir

e a a e on e e S a d licious fr gr nc d wy, sunny und y morn in a e e g of l st summ rtid . It is not easy to overplant a garden with these a sweetest an d shap eliest of flowers . Wh t we want are ee ea ea e f good , fr , h lthy sorts , cl r s l s of good

an d e as ee the dr e sound colours , th n , s n by hun d or the a e are a e e be e . thous nd , th y sight n v r to forgott n

A n a e ea e as e adl y v ri ty that bl ch s , som do b y, should

Wan . e e a h b a e c e t e effe e disc rded . n v r qu l ct these

A L 134 THE CA RNATION MA NU .

“ Another variety of Painted Lady came from the Pee e Pa at a e e an d a l rk M nch st r, is much

e e e an d e e ee a b tt r grow r , flow rs mor fr ly also, th n the a the last , lthough grass is not so robust

an d the e e e looking , flow rs v ry oft n sport into a darker form . The origin of some of the garden forms of Dianthus is possibly due to the ease with which

e e a a e a e e e hybrids occur v n in st t of n tur , and th r is every reason to believe that the very first garden hybrid ever recorded is that of a Mule or Hybrid ” P a e a H e e ink, r is d by F irchild , of oxton , som tim h a 1 T e P m prior to t e ye r 7 19. his Mul ink is en “ ti on ed He e A a i a eae by rb rt in his m ryll d c , pp .

35 5 an d 35 6 an d he was e , no doubt corr ct in a a e ee a e ee a P ssuming it to h v b n cross b tw n ink ,

a a an d a li a D car o S ee . or C rn tion, w t Wil m y

h llus x D a a A s an a e Of i m p y . b rb tus). inst nc

e e i n P a e prov m nt inks by crossing, or r th r D a a . c r o hybridising . plum rius with C y

h llus w e a e the an d e - e e a p y , h v robust s mi p rp tu l “ ” ” a e Mrs Sin ki n s Her a e an d r c of which . , M j sty,

’ e Al a i r m a a som of M . eg te e s seedlings y be n med “ ” as e a i n ki n s was a e h e . S t e x mpl s Mrs . r is d by

a e a e ea at S as a o l dy whos n m it b rs , lough , long g as 1868 T e . . e , though not s nt out by Mr C urn r

i e ten ea a e an d a a e unt l ight or y rs l t r, is s id to h v b een the result of crossing the Old white garden P a a ink with white Clove Carn tion . It is robust THE A R A TO MA L 135 C N I N NUA .

a an d ee e ee ee in h bit , s ds quit fr ly ; and its s dlings come p erfectly true. A success like this ought to lead lovers Of these aromatic flowers to cross all the garden forms of the a How sever l species whenever possible.

a an d e e e a e be a qu int xquisit , for x mpl , would double or semi - double rac e of the finely fringed D a e . e e sup rbus , or singl forms v rying from pur white to crimson .

e ask the e e e I should lik to qu stion , Is th r anyone alive to - day who c an suggest or tell us of the an d S e de la a a origin history of ouv nir M lm ison , the empress of all the Carnations whatever ?

The a e e e e e e an d n m is sugg stiv of Fr nch influ nc , perhaps some of our Continental friends who make a speciality of these flowers m ay kindly enlighten our insular ignorance as to the birth an d parentage of so beautiful a flower ? It an d its sports have

ee a a e a ea b n popul r in our g rd ns for m ny y rs , but w e know as little of its history as we know of that “ “ Of the a é a N e R e the e M r ch l i l os , or of Y llow ” “ ” “ ” a a the e P N e P U a C rn tions , Mul inks , lus ltr , “ ” Pea the dr e - an d- on e e first , or of hun d oth r

a e an d e e a e a a e cl ss flow rs , fruits v g t bl s th t h v slipped into existence no on e knows exactly when or how . J ust now there is a good deal of argument as to the size of exhibition boards for J apanese

a e am e Chrys nth mums , but I unorthodox nough 13 H A R A TIO MA A L 6 T E C N N NU . to wish that I m ay never see out blooms of an y b eautiful garden flower whatever so pilloried again ! The whole system of showboards for a a e m R e n d a a etc . Chrys nth mu s , os s , C rn tions , , is unnatural an d wrong from all important points of

V e N 0 a has e e et a e a a i w. rtist v r y p int d showbo rd

the e e a i n the e full of choic st flow rs , lthough b st

e the ea a - La Pa pictur shows of y r F utin tour, rsons ,

an d e a e e a a Moon, Muckl y, mongst oth rs , giv us n tur l v wreaths an d clusters of all these as outrationally

a e a an d ea e an d as with good l ngth of st lk l v s, a a e a e - e e a e and e e rr ng d in w t r v ss ls in simpl s nsibl ,

a a a wa Few a e an e e . c b c us n tur l , y h rdy flow rs

a the a a a e u e riv l C rn tion in its gr c f l curv s , or in

e a an d e e a e e as e its l sticity l g nc of st m , bunch s of

are e as out a its blooms ti d , just , long with a a a am few of their own shoots n d le ves . I not alone in thinking that a good handful Of

a a a a e - a ar C rn tions in w t r jug , or big gl ss j , would setpeople wondering how they could have endured the showboard system so long ; an d the same

e a R e a e L li e simpl pl n with os s , Chrys nth mums , i s , an d other bulbous flowers would work a revolution i n the e the u e an d ea e show t nts of f tur , l d to flow rs b eing more highly valued for artistic uses than is h a now unfortunately t e c se .

C I s d e add a In onclusion houl lik to th t, in stating as c learly as I c an my own thoughts on the a a i ts a a C rn tion , with hints on origin , h bit t ,

EE THE YELLOW CARN A TION AND PICOT .

B JA ME S D ULA S y O G .

THE taste for yellow or buH- coloured Carnations has become so widely extended during recent years that it becomes necessary in a Carnation Manual to devote a separate chapter to this s ection . Some p ersons have an idea that the Yellow Car nations and Picotees are n ew to English gardens ; others fancy they are tender plants requi ring much

a - e m a sa at e a nursing in gl ss hous s . I y y onc th t the ell n ew an d a e are y ow colour is not , th t th y not

e e a The e e l Car t nd r pl nts . first m ntion of a Y l ow

’ nation b ein g grown in England is in Gerrard s “ ” He a 1 2 A a ea 47 . t e 5 97 . rb l , publish d in , p th t rly p eriod the Carnation was usually designated a

Gilloflow er an d a e e a e , ft r d scribing v rious colour d

a e e Ge a ee a a Gilloflower v ri ti s rr rd proc ds, lso with

e e the a worshi full a a y llow flow rs, which p m rch nt in London— Master N icholas Lete— procured from

P a an d a e m e e e a e ol nd g v th r of for my g rd n, which before that time was never seene nor heard of in ” e e e Ea the e e ee e th s countri s . rly in s v nt nth c ntury

was e e e a e an d e had ee it xt nsiv ly cultiv t d, flow rs b n produced with various markings on this yellow 1 THE CA RNA TION MA NUA L. 39

’ as we Pa Paradi sus ground , know from rkinson s ,

e 1 2 B - an d- b the e w- publish d in 6 9. y y y llo ground

a e e e a e the e a a an d v ri ti s b c m mor popul r cl ss , this supremacy of the yellow - ground sections was main tai n ed the e e e At e until pr s nt c ntury . this p riod Yellow Carnations were grown very extensively in Germany ; an d if we m ay judge from drawings

a e ee a e the e which h v b n h nd d down to us, Y llow was a a a ea rich gold colour , not str w or cr my

e Te e e the a e y llow. h y w re grown und r n m of

P ee e a had i icot s , but th ir m rkings noth ng in P common with the flower w e now call a icotee. They would now probably be exhibited in that “ ” e a e e a e ee myst rious cl ss t rm d f nci s , which s ms to be a e u e a r f g for host of nondescripts .

The e a a a e e e e an d p t ls , in m ny inst nc s , w r fring d , “ ” marked— or pounced as they termed i t — with

i e a e an d the a e l n s , fl k s, spots , in most dmir d confusion .

A a a o e a e e . J bout sixty y rs g , or mor , Mr m s

H Pa n was an e a a ogg , of ddi gton, nthusi stic cultiv tor

the a a an d P ee He li e a of C rn tion icot . pub sh d

ea e e e e a e tr tis on th s flow rs , which cont in d much interesting information on the Yellow - Ground

a e e He a t e e e a e v ri ti s . s ys h y w r much sought ft r

the i e the a a e by nob lity, doubtl ss owing to p tron g

e e e R a an d e a a e th y r c eiv d from oy l Imp ri l person g s .

' Am on st others e e e the E e g , th y w r grown by mpr ss

J e e had an a i a e lle her os phin , who dm r bl co ction in 140 THE CA R A TIO MA A L N N NU .

a e at a a a e a e the g rd n M lm ison in Fr nc . Who r is d

ell a a a n an d first Y ow C rn tion is prob bly not know , the origin of Souvenir de la Malm aison— a most

— popular variety seems also to be lost in obscurity . I have suggested that it might probably have

’ origin ated at this residence of the First N apoleon s

eei a a e e a a e Consort, s ng C rn tions w r such f vourit

e e The ell a a an d P ee flower th r . Y ow C rn tions icot s were also at that tim e favourite flowers of Q u een

a e E a an d the P H Ch rlott of ngl nd rincesses . ogg informs his readers that they possessed a superb

lle at e an d e in e e co ction Frogmor , wh n flow r th y

e e h H w r t e deli ght of all who saw them . ogg ported a fin e collection himself from the South of

Ge a an d e e Of - si x a e rm ny, giv s d scriptions thirty n m d

a e e a e v ri ti s . M ny of us would like to poss ss such “ a e e T a e an d e . e e e e v ri ti s now h r w r Chocol t Y llow, ” ” P an d e S an d f ink Y llow, ulphur Crimson, Bu f, ” “ ” S a e an d G e e P e an d h e c rl t, r y , Y llow , urpl , W it , ” “ e an d a e el S a Y llow Crimson, Chocol t , Y low , l ty, “ an d G e an d - e S a e e r y , som with c rl t strip s upon ” L a H an he il c grounds . ogg compl i s of t difficulty in

ee e a e a e at Pa k ping th m liv in his g rd n ddington . A very succ essful att empt to raise Yellow

P ee wa a e a ee s . R. S icot s from s ds m d by Mr mith , at - He e O e in 185 5 5 6 . e e Witn y, xfordshir , xhibit d

‘ some of his b est flowers at a public exhibition in

185 8 an d z all the ea e . n , won l ding pri s Writi g in

18 58 S a e a he had ee i at , mith st t s th t b n work ng

2 THE CAR ATIO MA AL 14 N N NU .

of— a e e - e a e i n doors in bord r of w ll pr p r d ground, or flower- pots to b e plac ed under glass just before the

e T n m e a i e e flowers op n . his bri gs to po nt wh r it is desirable to expose a fallacy in the cultivation

e a e e ar flow r of thes e flowers . B c us th y e grown in e pots some p ersons have arrived at the conclusion

a e are ee e a an d b e th t th y g r nhous pl nts, must grown under glass b efore they can produce their

e T an e a thas ee the a e flow rs . his is rror th t b n c us

an d ea e e of much worry h rtburning , for som p rsons eager to grow their plants well have crowded them

a ee e a e a the into gr nhous mongst oth r pl nts , with i nevitable result of such treatment— spindli ng

an d e The a are e e growths poor flow rs . pl nts m r ly grown in pots so that they m ay be placed in a light airy greenhouse when in flower ; an d from

April to J uly are out - of- doors with no protection

a e e A e can e the Of wh t v r . nyon prov two systems

e P a e a a culture for th mselves . l c so m ny pl nts out of— A an d a la e i n a ee doors in pril, simi r numb r gr n

e an d the e Of the e - ai r e hous , sup riority op n cultur

ll b e ea e a e at e wi cl rly d monstr t d flow ring time. Another resultant evilof greenhouse culture is the miserably attenuated young growths from the base “ of the plants — t echnically term ed grass — an d th e difficulty of keeping such growths free from

ee - fl e a a - e gr n y, which crowd upon th m in gl ss hous . When the flowering p eriod is over we place the

a - Of- a a e e are pl nts out doors g in, xc pt such as T E A ATI MA AL 14 H C RN ON NU . 3

i e ee Te e be e requ red to produc s ds . h s must k pt

e a e e e wet e e a e m a und r gl ss, ls continu d w ath r l t r y

- rot the seed pods . We grow a considerable number of them in

an d as a e the e e an d pots , m ny mor in op n bord rs , we e a e e e e find that som m k strong r, b tt r growth in well - prepared soil in the op en garden than they do

a e e e a e a a in pots . I pl nt d out s v r l hundr d pl nts in

e e e e the an d ea long bord r, w ll xpos d to north st h N 18 1 w a e t e e e e 9 . inds, so l t as middl of ov mb r in The weather was very favourable an d but few

Te are a e e le losses occurred . h y m king xc l nt

an d a a e e . growth, c nnot f il to produc good flow rs The system of culture has b een fully explained by

e an d the — of- e the e oth rs , out door cultur of Y llow Carnation is the same as that required by other N a a a e e e e e . v ri ti s . ov mb r is too l t for pl nting out This should b e done as soon as the layers are rooted— say early in Octob er— an d in our heavy soil I find it is a good plan to use some compost of a lighter nature — say a mixture of two parts of

a on e Of e a e a e on e f e ea lo m , d c y d m nur , of si t d l f a a a h an d a e . t e e a e mould , littl s nd I lso p ss d c y d

- a T fi a e a e e e. n e st bl m nur through si v his , rich ,

e a e a the op n compost is pl c d in cont ct with roots ,

n ee e e e a e T a d they sp dily b com st blish d in it . hose intended for pot - culture are planted in small

flower- an d e e a e we pots , wint r d in cold fr m s ; but are careful to give plenty of ai r whenever weather 144 THE CAR A TIO MA A L N N NU .

e A s we a e e a all p rmits of it . c nnot xp ct th t our plants will pass safely through our changeable

e e a e a e an d a wint rs, with th ir lt rn t frosts th ws , which

e i e the a the som t m s throw pl nts out of ground , a few plants should b e grown in pots an d wintered in frames to form a reserve from which loss es may b e replaced for although the plants m ay be removed the a e e e in utumn with impunity , th y r s nt any

e a e the the an d s rious disturb nc of roots in spring , if moved at that season they should b e caref ully transferred from p ots to the op en ground without

the an d the e e e disturbing roots, soil pr ss d v ry firmly round them with the fingers: I need not say anything about seeds or seed - sowing— this has b een fully dealt with in another place ; but I can confidently assert that the Yellow- Ground varieties are as ea e an d e as sy of cultur , quit prolific, as any

e e e - of- the O e a e oth rs, ith r out doors or in p n g rd n .

146 THE CARNATION MA NUA L .

e e a a e ee ea e an d th s pl nts h v b n so gr tly improv d , many Of the fin e an d striking varieties seen in the present day ow e their origin to his indefatigable

a an d e l bour xp eriments . How should Winter - Flowering Carnations be treated It is the purpos e of this paper to give an answer to this important qu estion; A proper compost in which to grow the plants is indis

e a e e be e Of p ns bl to succ ss, and this should compos d

e l a e e - e a e a good y l ow lo m , pl nty of w ll rott d m nur ,

a an a a e e d e e . littl p t , som co rs s nd In potting the plants the roots should have

e as the e pl nty of pot room, p riod of bloom is much longer than in the cas e of summer - flow eri n g

a e e an d the an d are v ri ti s, . growth blossom both conducted under much more trying conditions ;

e e e a the e e - th r for , to llow roots to b com pot bound bad a during the time they flower is pr ctice.

e the ea at all a a e a Wh n s son is f vour bl , it is good plan to plant out in the open ai r at the en d

Ma an d an d re- the ee of y, lift pot first w k in

Se e e e e a e a e pt mb r, during which tim th y will h v m d

e e a the ea n fre growth . It is nec ss ry to stop l di g shoots about twice during the time they are in the

A e e e the a op en ground . ft r b ing pott d pl nts do best when stood in a cold frame or under a north

a an d be a e a ee ten a w ll, should sh d d for w k or d ys , i unt l well established . ese a t n o e It is obvious, as th C rna io s fl w r during THE CA R ATIO MA A L 147 N N NU . the a e an d e t the e d rk st dull s months of y ar, that

a a a A i r some rtifici l he t should be necessary .

e a e all a a e a an d a th y must h v on f vour bl occ sions , winter temperature of about This is needful

an d an d ai r to growth bloom , with judiciously a h a n e t e a e e . dmitt d , pl nts do not b com dr w a a a e W tering is lso a matter of the first import nc .

Te e e a Of e as h y r quir good proportion moistur ,

e a e ea a e a e th y h v a h vy t sk s t them . C r must b e taken that the soil is moist not merely upon th a h a e e e t e . e surf c , but to bottom Wh n w t r is a e a ak be e an d ppli d good so ing should giv n, its temperature should not be b elow that of the house

e e the a ar wh r pl nts e growing. Some helpful stimulant is of great service when

e i T n th y are com ng into flower. he safest a d most advantageous is liquid - manure applied once a week Fresh cow - dung an d soot are the best

al a - a e S be materi s . In pplying liquid m nur it hould

a ea e an d e a n in cl r stat , dilut d ccordi g to its

e str ngth .

the a e e e the e - a a e e In c s v n of b st m n g d coll ctions ,

ee - fl be e a an ea a e gr n y will c rt in to put in app r nc , an umi ati on d it is a very p ersistent p est . F g with

- e e a the e e e tobacco smok is p rh ps b st r m dy, but if necessary the plants should be dipp ed in a solution made of four ounces of soft - soap to on e gallon of

a e a - a- a - e w t r , to which h lf pint of tob cco juic should b a e he e e e et e e t . dd d, and whol mix d w ll tog h r K 2 148 THE A ATIO MA AL C RN N NU .

The propagation of the Winter - Flowering Carnation is effected by means of pipings or

can b e e u at an cuttings, which tak n and str ck y

The e e the time. b st p riod to do this is in months

a a e a an d e a E J . of nu ry, F bru ry, arly in M rch ight or ten pipi ngs can b e put into a four - inch pot ; a

ee be e a e a a light, fr soil should us d , l rg ly of s ndy

a a e b e e e a the ch r ct r, which should pr ss d firmly bout pipings they should then receive a sprinkle over

ea be a e ea a tem h d, and pl c d in a bottom h t of

° p erature of from 60 to In three or four

ee e b e e e b e w ks th y will root d, and should th n

n - e e potted off si gly into three inch pots . Wh n w ll e a e a a e e e e b e st blish d in w rm t mp ratur , th y should gradually hardened off an d shifted into larger pots

ee to k p them growing . Constitution an d habit of growth are also

a V It import nt points which should be kept in iew. seed is sown in J anuary in pots or pans and placed a a on brisk bottom heat it germin tes quickly.

The a as . a e e b e pl nts , soon as l rg nough, should

e Off all e ze prick d into sh ow box s , grown on into si

a e e a as as e are in g ntl w rmth, and soon th y strong enough they should be hardened off and planted out in a well - prepared bed in the open H . e e e ll a ee ground r th y wi put on fr growth, and if the forwardest plants be lifted an d potted early in the autumn they will bloom during the

e wint r.

THE CULTURE OF WIN TERFLOWERIN G ARNATON S C I .

B J J E N N I N G S y . .

IN giving my exp erience of the culture of the

e - F e Tee a a l Wint r low ring or r C rn tion , I wil first

a the b e e st rt with cuttings, which should quit

ea an d h lthy not too long. They should b e inserted in large 60 pots about the dle Of J a ar an d the e be mid nu y, soil us d should

a a an d a a e a e an d h lf lo m s nd, with littl coco nut fibr about a quarter of an inch of fin e sand on the top . Be careful to letthe cutting rest on the bottom of

Af e wa a e a e e e Of the hole. t r rds pl c in t mp ratur “ ” an d e e e - a e as if possibl und r b ll gl ss s, I find if they once droop they are much longer root

an d e e e are e e e e ing , v ry oft n th y dri d up b for th y

a e - a e are e the e . b gin to c llus If b ll gl ss s us d,

b e We the in e a moisture should ip d from sid occ sion a sa e e e e da the are lly ( y onc v ry oth r y), or cuttings

e the a e e ap t to damp . Wh n cuttings h v form d ro ots they should be left in the cutting - pots for a

’ few days before potting into 60 s.

The e be a an d ea - soil us d should lo m l f soil, with

a a a ee e . e e good d sh of s nd to k p it op n Wh n pott d , place in the same temperature until rooted through HE A R ATI MA A L 15 1 T C N ON NU .

a the ea the e the (th t is , until roots r ch sid of pot),

e a e e a e a e a e e a e th n t k th m to cool r fr m , of t mp r tur

° ° a a an 4 Te s y of 50 by d y d 5 by night . h y will

en a e a e the en d A th w nt littl tt ntion until of pril, except careful waterin g an d occasional fumigating

ee ee - fl — or e e to k p down gr n y , b tt r still, looking a e e a as c r fully ov r with a sm ll brush , I find fumi

ati on e e a e u e e g is som tim s d ng ro s to young, t nd r

a a e e a e the a are C rn tions , sp ci lly wh n pl nts in

a e e e a e the e the fr m s, wh r you c nnot judg str ngth of

e fum s .

A the en d A e 48 - ze bout of pril, shift th m into si

— Of e a a e a e ar a e e . pots cours , t king c r th t th y cl n

The e be al a a ea compost us d should h f lo m , h lf l f

a e ea m a be a e ea an d soil ( littl p t y dd d if h vy),

e Of a a i a al pl nty s nd, with good sprinkl ng of ch rco

Cow- a e e e an d e ( m nur , if l ft until quit dry th n

a fin e a a a e e e e e . rubb d through si v , is c pit l f rtilis r )

e e a e the a a a e e Wh n pott d, pl c pl nts in cold fr m clos

the a an d e e ai r an d da to gl ss , giv pl nty of night y, a a a e a e a e s C rn tions do not lik clos tmosph re. A fter this th ey should not be watered for

a a G ea a e be a e h sever l d ys . r t c r should t k n in t e

a e a e on e the m tt r of w t ring, which I think is of prin cipal secrets of success .

e the a are e e an d a five Wh n pl nts w ll root d, bout

e e e e . S e inch s high, th y will r quir stopping om of the a e- flow ri n a e e as Si r H al e . C l t g v ri ti s , such ” ” a ” “ P “ J oe etc. cr ft, Bright h bus, uno , , will only 15 2 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

e e e e e e e a r quir stopping onc , but oth r vari ti s p rh ps

e T - - b e twic . here is really no hard an d fast rule to a e e e e e the ea dopt d, for v rything d p nds on s son ; if the summer is hot they will be much earlier an d

e e e n a ll e r quir twic stoppi g ; but in du , cold summ r e the a ffi A the e b e e . lik l st, onc will su ci nt bout en d J e e e e e a of un th y will r quir th ir fin l shift , which should b e into pots of eight inches di ameter

e e e The a e be insid m asur . s m compost should

e as e e on e a Of e us d b for , only add p rt som

e e e Of A f rtilis r to every hundr d soil . good

“ a e e a e l as e sprinkling of co rs bon s is lso us fu , it h lps

ee the e e e ee the a to k p soil op n, b sid s f ding pl nt .

S a a e i e e an d a a oot is lso good f rt lis r for th m, I lw ys put a fair sprin kling over the crocks in the flower

- a e ing pots ; it lso helps to ke p out worms .

e e a e a e a ee Wh n pott d, pl c in cold fr m s for w k or

e i f a e are a a e so, if possibl ; but fr m s not av il bl it do es not much matter— the plants can be plac ed in

e e a e a e th ir summ r qu rt rs, th t is, on b ds of coal ashes or boards (to keep the worms from entering

the flower- Te ll e a a pots). h y wi th n w nt st king, h a using on e stake an d Iooping t e pl nt up to it . I

use ee- ee the Tee a a thr f t sticks for r C rn tions ,

an d - ee the e dwarfish a e e two f t for mor v ri ti s, such

as J Oli Miss ffe. A bout the m iddle of August the pots will be

e u an d be a a g tting f ll of roots, should occ sion lly

helped with some fertiliser.

1 T L 5 4W HE CA RNATION MA NUA . e a Tee a a grow bout r C rn tions , ” J oli ffes an d a a an d the Miss M lm isons, with border Carnations we geta plentiful supply of Car

a e allthe ea n tion flow rs y r round . The following is a list of some of the best sorts

a an d e a ll i e sati sfac th t I know, thos th t wi g v most tion “ Si r He al ra — La nry C c ft rge Red. E a e Ge e e R e. mpr ss of rm ny Whit , strip d os

a n e de R i e e R e B ro n othsch ld Y llow, strip d os .

Gu P e e y ur Whit .

Si r R a a e e e . iv rs Wilson Whit , v ry fr gr nt

P e e a — r sid nt C rnot Crimson .

L — a e ucifer Sc rl t .

e — a e Wint er Ch er Sc rl t .

A e de R R e lfr d othschild os .

— Bright Phoebus Bright Scarlet .

r L e e -R e Ms. l w lyn os .

— e e. Mrs . Moor Whit ‘ - Madame Ernest Bergman Fine Pink .

— J uno Rose.

— a an Loveliness Fl ked pink d white . CALENDAR OF OPERATION S FORTREE OR A N AT N S PERPETUAL FLOWERIN G C R IO .

B JA M UGLA S y E S DO .

A A RY J NU .

E I a e The S e e B G N this month to t k cuttings . l nd r side- growths which m ay b e Obtained from the main

e are the e e off the e st m b st ; slip th m with fing rs , an d plant them with little other preparation except

h ea P e the Of to remove t e lower l ves . lung pots

- ea a - e an d cuttings in bottom h t in forcing hous , to prevent the flagging Of the cuttings squares of glass m a be a e e e the e y l id ov r th m, r sting upon nds of the lab els which are used to distinguish the

a T e a e a a an d e e . e v ri ti s his pr v nts r pid v por tion , is suffi cient to keep the cuttings plump until roots

The e e a e the - e are formed . t mp r tur of forcing hous

° should b e about 5 5 Plant the cuttin gs firmly in sandy loam an d leaf- mould a thin layer of sand ought to be laid on the surface b efore putting in the The b e e e a e cuttings . soil should k pt mod r t ly

the m a an d if moist ; if too dry cuttings y dry up ,

a S e a e es too w et they m y rot . om v ri ti will form

ee ee e a e roots in thr w ks or so , oth rs will t k six weeks or more ; an d as this difference exists it is a a on a e . best to put not more th n. e v ri ty in pot 1 THE CA R ATIO MA AL 5 6 N N NU .

A s soon as it i s seen by the growth of the plants

a are e e e e the th t roots form d, r mov th m from bottom heat to a shelf near the glass in the same

e hous . FE B A RY RU .

S ill e a e e t continu to t k cuttings for succ ssion , treating them as advised for J anuary ; but as the s eason advances green - fly— atroublesome parasite

a ea the e in will pp r . If this is on cuttings , dip th m a solution made of three ounces of soft - soap dis

e i n a a Of a a — a e e e a solv d g llon w rm r in w t r, h at d to ° e e a e 100 Let the n a e e n t mp r tur of cutti gs , ft r b i g

e li e e are ea an d e a dipp d, until th y n rly dry, th n w sh

- a The e the in clean rai n w ter . root d cuttings on shelf should b e pott ed off singly in deep thumb

an d b e e a e a a the e at ea pots, r pl c d g in on sh lf, or l st a near the glass i n the s me house.

MARCH .

s m a b e an d Cutting y still put in, in this month

e m a b e a - bed as e as the th y y struck in hot , w ll in forcing— house ; but the method of treating them is the same— they are more liable to damp off in the

- e e e Wa an d e e All b ed . hot , r quir but v ry littl t r

lan ts as as are e m a b e re p , , soon roots form d , y still

e and e i ea a pott d, k pt grow ng st dily in light

P - b e e a e position . otting soil ought to pr p r d for

the a l b e ea re young p l nts, which wil r dy for

potting into large sixties or small forty - eights

15 8 THE CA R A TIO MA A L N N NU .

no stated p eriod set down for re- potting these

a as e e m a be ee e ee the pl nts, th r y thr months b tw n

A a e the . rooting of cuttings c r ful, good cultivator

a a a an d re- an a will w tch his pl nts d ily, pot y th t

ee e e e a a e e a n d it , for if th y b com wh t g rd n rs c ll pot

the a e are a a e b e e bound, ch nc s th t ch ck will giv n

e e eedi e to th m from which th y do not sp ly r cover . During this month it is a pleasure to see the full

e e e the ea e an d the are d v lopm nt of l v s , , if plants

ee a a e e a fr from p r sit s , th ir colour is a rich gl ucous

the en d the the m a green . By of month lights y b e e the a an d da Old e r mov d from pl nts night y. plants that m ay have been turned out of the

ee - e be a e a a e gr n hous should pl nt d g inst walls, w ll

e e the e e the xpos d to sun, to produc flow rs in

autumn . E JUN .

S ll e re- the the ti continu to pot plants , using potting - soil not so finely broken up for the larger

Be a e e e a a e the ones . c r ful to s cur good dr in g in flower- pots in which the plants are exp ected to

e a e e the a e e flow r, and pl c ov r dr inag som fibrous loam from which all the clay particles have been

a T e e a n ec s sh ken out . his or som such mat ri l is e sary to prevent the soil from mixing with the drainage ; if this happ ens the plants m ay not do

e P a e the a an e w ll . l c pl nts in op n position out

— a a a e Th a of doors on h rd bottom of sh s . e shes

e e e e e should b roll d or b at n down quit firmly. I 1 THE CARNATION MANUA L. 5 9

h do not recommend plunging t e pots . It is better that they should have some shelter from the an d ea a north st by w lls or buildings , if pos

e e a et e sibl but th y c nnot g too much sunshin , an d when they c an b e placed in a favourable position they make by far the best growth quite

he e in t op n . LY JU . T a a an d e e his is usu lly hot month, ins ct p sts ,

- fl m a b an d ee e e e. both thrip gr n y, y troubl som In

ea e e the a e e e e an d hot w th r syring pl nts v ry v ning, ,

the n as e T e an d . if v ry hot dry, in morni g w ll his will usually keep them clean if they were free from

e - f- Re in sects when they were turn d out o doors .

n the a l et b e e ee potti g pl nts wil not y finish d ; ind d , some of the later propagated stock m ay not yet be

- of- a e a the put out doors , for I do not dvis pl cing

he All small plants quite out in t open . through

h ea a e e e be e a e t e s son w t ring r quir s to don with c r . When the plants have filled the pots in which they are n e ull of a e m a b e growi g pr tty f roots, w t r y

e e e a a e re- administ r d lib r lly ; but just ft r potting, an d b efore the roots have well run i nto the n ew

ea a e e e a — the n ew a e a soil, gr t c r is n c ss ry m t ri l

e e a e e an d the a might b com w t rlogg d , pl nts would

a a e ea as f il to m k strong, h lthy growth such is

Of e needed for the production good flow rs .

A G ST U U . All the plants should be in their flow ering 1 0 THE A T M A L 6 C RNA ION A NU .

the en d an d these pots by of this month , pro

a a a fl - A s p g ted e rly will form their ower buds . soon as these are well develop ed they m ay b e

in he a - se e A t ea put t gl ss hou to op n . this s son it is necessary to fumigate to destroy thrip that m a b e a the flower- a e y bout buds . I h v known Carnation flowers quite destroyed by thrip in the

- a b e ee bud st te even b efore any colour could s n .

When out - Of- doors the thrip are kept under by

a u a n a . U e syringing nd r gl ss, f mig ti g with tob cco

e e T e e e flowers smok is b st . his quit d stroys som such as Pelargoniums— but Carnation an d Picotee blooms are not injured by it in any stage of their growth . MBER SE PTE .

The work of this month is much the same as

a A The a e th t of ugust . pl nts continu to form

flower - an d the en d the buds , by of month should b e e a an d ill b e a und r gl ss ; it w now found th t , owing to the propagati on b ei ng spread over three

e e b e e . months, th r will a good succ ssion of bloom Some of the later plants will not yet have formed

- flower e e l b e e . buds, whil oth rs wi l in full flow r

R OCTOBE .

During this month there will b e plenty of

e an d me a e e e flow rs, so v ri ti s op n kindly with but little assistance from artificial heat others do not .

Te es a i e ea h ir b t position is light, a ry structur n r

THE CAR A TIO MA A L 162 N N NU .

e all the ea an d ee e in flow r y r round, succ d d in

- fiv e doing so with twenty e plants . Wdid not

e e e da e e e e cut flow rs v ry y it is tru , but th y w r always there to look at! The same attention and

m a ea e as O e and N e e si il r tr tm nt in ctob r ov mb r,

e e e e e a a e e v r r m mb ring th t a d mp , cold atmosph r is

the floweri n - a an d a a worst for g pl nts, w rm, buoyant

a e e ai r e e e be e tmosph r , with wh n v r it can admitt d ,

e e be the e v n if it but a chink, is b st . THE ARN ATON A ND P OTEE C I IC .

A Retr s e op ct.

’ B E V H H D MB RA IN R . . . O y .

AMONG the advantages Of old age (an d there are

e a A som , lthough you , my young pollo , with your

e an d a a m a athl tic limbs mbrosi l locks , y not think so) is that of b eing able to compare the progress or

e a e e as the a e m a b e a e e d c d nc , c s y , of nything wh r in w e m a e e e e the y b int r st d . From mighty things of an e e the alle a e a can mpir , down to sm st m tt r th t e a e e a e e e e a wa ng g our consid r tion, th r is to on s lf l ys

a e e e an d e e e m a a e m tt r of int r st , I b li v in ny inst nc s

e a an d as ha e ee a e to oth rs lso ; so, I v b n sk d to

e e e e an d as contribut som thing to this littl brochur , “ ” I could do nothing on the subj ect of culture “ ” compared with those past masters in the art

e a e m a e a e e who contribut to its p g s , I y p rh ps int r st some Of its readers if I take a retrosp ect running a a b ck over some sixty ye rs . I shall endeavour to keep clear Of that which is

a be on e the a Old a e the s id to of f ilings of g ,

a the a at the e e e Of the e e pr ising of p st xp ns pr s nt, like the two old m en in P un ch cowering over the fire an d complaining that the coals do not give

L 2 164 THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU .

out the heat they us ed to do when they were boys ;

the e a al the O e nor, on oth r h nd, sh l I run into pposit

e e e an d a e e e e a e n ew xtr m pr is v rything b c us it is . My earliest recollecti ons of these flowers were

e e the D n e e conn ct d with City of ubli , wh r , sixty

ea a o e e was a e a e y rs g , th r littl b nd of florists, whos names have long sinc e faded from the memory of

e e e e as e e e most, although I r m mb r th m if th y w r

a e a an e e . e e d of y st rd y By som of th s , C rnations

P e e e a a e The a icot es w r ssiduously cultiv t d. c nons

a e e e e e D e of t st w r , with th s ublin florists, much mor rigid than with those who lived around the great

was metropolis of London . It on those lin es my

a e was e an d a e e own t st form d , my ss rtion of th m has often brought m e into Opposition with those who derided th em as priggish an d strait - laced ; but to thos e lin es the Dublin florists rigidly

A t a e the e e e adhered . th t tim flow rs w r mostly

e a a e e grown in b ds , and cultiv tor who gr w th m as they are mostly now grown — i n pots— was an exception . That there was a good deal of enthusiasm amongst them m ay be gathered from the fact that on e a a e e lle had a e at the m t ur, who I r co ct his g rd n

ea H a ea a a M th ospit l, paid two guin s for p ir of ’ “ ” Twi tch etts Don J was ea all the ohn , which to b t

a a ea world in crimson biz rres . Wh t rnest pil grimages there were to see it when it bloomed ! but som ehow or other it di d not come up to reputa

16 6 THE CA R ATIO MA A L N N NU .

For a number of years all the best collections

a e ee an d e e a h v b n grown in pots, bloom d und r gl ss .

The e a a S e e te M tropolit n Flor l oci ty, which xis d

e e ea a o e e e e som tw nty y rs g , during its bri f xist nc ,

re e a e e t i d to ncour g shows , but without succ ss . The establishment of the Southern Section of the N ational Carnation an d Picotee Society

a e the a e a few ch ng d f c of things . For years it

ee e as eff e e e s m d if its orts, lik thos of oth r

e e be a ai e a e soci ti s, would un v ling ; but th n c m an awakening of interest an d the numb er of e ea The e e an d a a xhibitors incr sed . n rgy pr ctic l

Of E D a e a a S. e e skill Mr . . odw ll dd d l rg

e fin e a e e the e e a numb r of v ri ti s to lists, sp ci lly in Carnations an d if anybody will look through such

’ a a a as a e e . e T S c t logu Mr Ch rl s urn r s, of lough , it will be seen how largely the modern cultivator

e e D e e is ind bt d to Mr . odw ll for som of his choicest gems ; while a Visit to the Drill Hall on the Exhibition day willShow how much the Car

a an a a n tion d Picotee have g ined in popul rity. It ought to be extensively grown in the neigh bourhood L on e Of e e of ondon , for it is thos flow rs

e a e as e the which flourish s in l rg towns , witn ss

Ben Si m on i te b eautiful collection grown by Mr . .

e S e e e e he has nl clos to smoky h ffi ld , wh r not o y

e i n e e has a e e grown th m p rf ction , but r is d v ry

fin ee i n e s dl gs .

m a be a e m e a ea the It y sk d of , Wh t is your id of THE A R T A L C N A ION MA N U . 167

e e an d the e has m a e flow r its lf, progr ss it d during the time youhave known it A difficult qu estion

e Te e are e in som points to answer . h r som flowers which were known in those days which still hold

e as a e A a th ir own, for inst nc , dmir l Curzon , “ ” a e an d L e A nn an d a F lconbridg , ov ly , I h rdly think that in th eir respective classes they have been

e e e ab e e a a e b at n ; but, unqu stion ly , th r is now l rg

e first- a e a e e an d e e a ea numb r of r t v ri ti s , , g n r lly sp k a e e i n the a . ing, gr t r vigour pl nts I think this is to be e e xp cted . I think that Picotees Show a greater improve

e a a a the n ew are m nt th n C rn tions ; sorts , to my “ ” d e ee a a the e e min , mor fr from b rs th n old r on s ;

' while the greatest progress has been made in what I think to be the most beautiful class — the rose an d- a e - e e e The e a e an d e sc rl t dg d s ction . d lic t lov ly e e Of e an d a e are a a e dg s ros sc rl t most ttr ctiv , and,

far e e e a e e e as as I r coll ct, in my young r d ys th y w r few an d had a e e e e e e not s ction to th ms lv s , but w r classed under red edges ; while now it has even been

e e a e e e a e propos d to s p rat th m still furth r, and m k “ ” on e class for rose an d another for scarlet edges .

The e P ee has e a e . Y llow icot , too , wond rfully adv nc d

e e e e e e e few an d a e I r m mb r wh n th y w r sm ll in siz ,

’ ” when Barrard s Euphemia (which would n ow not be tolerated) was the chief flower of the class ; but

the i n a D a T e ee e . . s dl gs r is d by Mr ougl s, Mr urn r, an d others have supplied us with several most 168 THE A C RNATION MA NUA L.

e i a a A e b aut ful flowers in a most be utiful cl ss . noth r

e e a e a e— we are improv m nt has , I think, t k n pl c

e e e a g tting mor flow rs with long pods. For m ny years there was a great controversy between N orth an d S The N e e ale outh on this point . orth rn rs c l d many of the Southern flowers— owing to their e e e e e the S e e xc ssiv fuln ss mops, whil outh rn rs retorted that the N orthern flowers were little better “ a i e A b th n s ngl s . compromise seems now to e e e e an d the a e e are e a e ff ct d, s m flow rs qually f vourit s

N an d in both orth South . “ ” e a a th e e Bord r C rn tions is now cry , and s lfs an d a e are e the f nci s very popular . I do not d cry

e a e e e are e e u an d bord r v ri ti s, for th y v ry b autif l

e ee e e the ea a e v ry sw t, but I only xpr ss f r th t th y m ay lead p eople to neglect or slight the more

’ e e an d e a e e flori sts a e e r fin d d lic t ly mark d v ri ti s, for they do not make such - a display Of bright

o h e c lours for t e mixed bord r. The act Oflooking back on these reminiscenc es of bygone days has an element of sadn ess in it but I cannot forget how many pleasurable days on e has e e e e a e e an d can njoy d amongst th s f vourit flow rs , I only hop e that the present effort may still further tend to extend the cultivation of a flower which has

e a a n so much to recommend it to all lov rs of g rde .

' 170 THE CA R ATIO MA AL N N NU .

e far the a t a a e gon , bring pl n gr du lly into sound r

an d ea a e m a b e O a e an d the growth h lthy l y rs y bt in d ,

a e the a e a stock s v d . In c s of older pl nts where the ea e has e e e e e the a e dis s b com d v lop d , l y rs

S be as ea as e an d hould put down rly possibl ,

e e e e a e e are be e s v r d imm di t ly th y found to root d , an d in bad cases the sound shoots can be taken

an d b a as a e a off e pl nted cuttings . I h v t present “ nothing so hard an d sound as Favourite (light

a e - e e P ee the a e sc rl t dg d icot ), pl nts of which wh n

e e ve a a o r c i d some ye rs g were decidedly gouty . Green - flywill not generally be troublesome where plenty of air has been given to the plants in the

a e the e e eas fr m s during wint r , but in som s ons it is

e e a e a e as the Ma mor pr v l nt th n in oth rs , in y of

1890 e the e a e e i , wh n in univ rs l ch ck r sult ng from cold frosty nights following the hot drying days of

a the e ee e e ee e e th t month, v ry tr s w r s n cov r d with

- a e e the e it . Soft wooded pl nts xpos d to sam con di ti on s m a be e at h e e y trust d , suc tim s , to com a e in for their full sh re of this p est . It must th n be dealt with by the application of a weak solution

a the a a of soft so p , or by dusting pl nts with tob cco

e e e Of be n e off powd r, ith r which should syri g d a a he a are afe e e e an d g in . If t pl nts only f ct d h r

e e the m a be e e a a e th r slightly , fly y r mov d by c m l

ar h i brush .

Spittle - fly must be watched for an d instantly removed or the plants will be crippled an d TH 17 1 E CARNATION MA NUA L.

le e a e alea all e spoi d for flow ring . I h v r dy ud d to the necessity of searching for wire— worm in the

e e a but far the soil b for pl nting or potting , by worst enemy with which we have to deal is

a am a e had m ggot . I p ersuaded th t this p st has

e the e e the a a mor to do with n gl ct of C rn tion, of w e O e ea a an e a e . which ft n h r, th n y oth r c us It

a a e a b e a the is sm ll whit grub , s id to th t of saw

fl an d e a e an d y, mostly pr v l nt in cold moist

ea The e i e s sons . fly deposits its eggs som t m s in the ea e a a - a e a l v s , r ising whity brown p tch lik

e a e the afe e a a e blist r . In such c s s f ct d p rts h v m erely to be cut Off an d destroyed ; but it also

a e the e an d the e e e l ys its ggs in st m , grub is d v lop d

e e e a n e th r without pr vious w rni g, oft n working its way into the heart of the plant b efore its presence

th e e e . e e e e e is susp ct d Wh n it is pr s nt , c ntr of the a a a a ea a e O e pl nt has p llid, sickly pp r nc , ft n thought to b e caused by the excessive moi sture

a wet ea an d e a e the ea the of s son , aft r tim h rt of

e plant is seen to drop complet ly out .

a e u O e a i the a C r f l bs rv tion w ll , in m jority of

a e e a e the e e e he c s s, n bl grow r to d t ct t sign of maggot in the plant in tim e to pick it out with a needle or si milar instrum ent before it gets far a at enough into the heart of the pl nt to e it out . In too many cases it eludes all vigilance till the mi e e e a a i the a schi f is don ; it do s not lw ys k ll pl nt , but a plant with the centre eaten out is spoiled for THE CA R ATIO MA AL 17 2 N N NU .

e an d a e a flow ring, so m im d th t it is only worth while in the case of a very scarce variety even to

n a at all a ee . O e e k p it for stock finds m ggot s sons ,

a the a an d e but princip lly in utumn wint r . It is

e a e e 1886 most pr v l nt in cold, moist s asons thus in

we e e e the e Of w r ov rrun with it , in long dry s ason

1887 was e e a a the wet it wholly abs nt, whil g in in

s eason of 1888 whole b eds were destroyed by it . In my exp erience— an d I have been told the same by other growersT— i t is far more prevalent among the plants in the borders than among those in

e e w e et e a a an d pots , wh r g it v ry p rti lly, it is con

e i n a a a e e a the fin d, f ct , to p rticul r sorts, lik c rt in of

R e a e e the P e a e an d P os Fl k s, som of urpl Fl k s, ink

a Skir i n a an d Purple Biz rres (Wm . v g esp eci lly

a the a e a e a e e mong l tt r), which h v t nd ncy to

succulent growth .

The afe e are the e worst f ct d common Clov ,

S e de la al an d alea a ouv nir M maison, , as r dy s id, some Of the Rose Flakes and Pin k an d Purple

a e ee a th e Biz rr s . From this it would s m th t e soft r

e e the e e be the or mor succul nt growth, wh th r such

a the a e the effe e h bit of v ri ty, or ct of gross cultur , the more likely it is to be selected by the fly for

the e e Our a . e e e d posit of its ggs m ns, wh th r of

e e e e are cur or pr v ntion of this p st, thus only

a a an d we c an a e as e p rti l, but pply th m such th y

ar e.

Earwigs are particularly troublesome when the

174 HE A R A TIO MA A L T C N N NU .

the a a wa an d is sp rrow who is l ys with us, who in

e an d e e the cold, dry wint rs springs lov s to nibbl

a as e e to A few pl nts th y b gin put forth growth . lines of thread run crosswise above th e plants will e fe a off e e the a a f ctu lly keep him . Wh r pl nts h ve

ee e the a a e ee b n so nibbl d, worst th t h pp ns s ms to be that they bloom rather later than they would

e e a e e e are e e oth rwis h v don , but th y sor ly disfigur d

the e an d ell an a e a the for tim , it is w , in y c s , th t ff enemy should be scared o . Suburban gardens are commonly the un disturbed an d happy hunting grounds of every

e a e en my to the flowers . Const nt xercise of clean li n ess an d the ea ea e an d all burning of d d l v s,

e ue an d e a e a e e e e r f s d c y d m tt r, th r by d stroying our

e ab ovo the wa the war b e a e fo s , is y must c rri d

a a e on g inst th m . D SEA E A ND OES I S S F .

In a manual upon the Cultivation of the Car nation i t is necessary to deal with the diseases to

i t e an d the fe es e a which is subj ct, to whos ttacks it

a a e is speci lly li bl .

e e e e a e em a It is w ll, how v r, to pr f c our r rks upon diseases by stating that it is the exp erienc e of most growers that there is nothing to be done with a Carnation badly diseased but to pull it up an d burn it .

e e a a a e a e a e If, how v r, v lu bl or sc rc v ri ty is only

a a affe e m a be e a e p rti lly ct d , it y possibl to t k off

ea an d e e as h lthy portions of it, strik th m cuttings,

awa the ea e an d at e or to cut y dis s d portions, onc layer the healthy shoots . Fortunately the diseases affecting Carnations w are fe in number. Two fungoid growths specially attack them

Helm i n thos or i um echi n ulatum an d Ur edo p ,

di an thi .

The Helm i n thos ori um echi n ulatum was first , p ,

e e e . S minut ly d scrib d by Mr Worthington G. mith in

’ the Gar den er s Chr on i cle A u 2lst 1886 for ug st , , an d we have been ki n dly permitted to make extracts from his letter an d to reproduc e for the T A R A L 17 6 HE C NATION MA NU . benefit of our readers the woodcut that aecom

n i He a p a ed it . s ys During the last few years a destructive brown

has ee e a a mould b n v ry common on C rn tions, in

ad a e e e a e ee d b c s s whol coll ctions h v b n destroye . The name Of the fungus which causes the m ischief

Helm i n thos or i um echi n ulatum an d ex is p , its

e a a ea a e a a e the t rn l pp r nc is shown, n tur l siz , on

e the a a n a upp r part of ccomp nyi g illustr tion .

(See Fig.

The was e e a a fungus first d scrib d , with sm ll

a the ev G e h R . . . e e t e illustr tion , by M B rk l y in

’ Gar den ers Chr on i cle a 19 1870 e for M rch th , , sinc which time the attacks of the parasite have greatly

ea e e e an d The incr s d both in fr qu ncy intensity.

e a a ea e the n u as sup rfici l pp ranc of fu g s , it grows on

e the ea e an d m a be both sid s of l f, is v ry distinct , y immediately recognised by its correspondence with h t e accompanying figure. As the fungus vegetates between the two m em

a e the ea a be e e an br n s of l f, it c nnot r ach d by y e e the ea e sulphuring proc ss without d stroying l v s . The only mode of action that can be taken there fore against the fungus is to carefully pick and ” e e ea destr oy every inf ct d l f.

We e e a i e e a do not think it n c ss ry to g v in d t il the e u as e ea e e d scription of this fung s, r v l d und r

an d e h e . G t e . microscop , giv n by Mr Worthington S the e an d l a e mith to sci ntific world , wil only tt mpt

1 THE CA R A TIO MA A L 7 8 N N NU .

e e ea a e the e e e an to d scrib its app r nc to y , or und r a a i a ordin ry m gn fying gl ss . The illustration given m ay lead some readers to suppose that the app earanc e of this fungus has something in common with that Of Ur edodi an thi a “ or the well known C rnation Spot .

Te e e e no of h r is, how v r , possibility confounding

he The a e the Helmi n thos t two . colour lon of

ri m f e e p o u is su fici nt to id ntify it . Its first appearance is indicated by a small livid

e e e a a e Of an i n protub ranc , not p rh ps thirti th inch

a e T a dl a e e e e . di m t r, lik littl boil or blist r his r pi y

a e the ea a e a all a ssum s app r nc of sm d rk spot, which

’ a an a e a e might esc p e y g rd ner s tt ntion . When e e e e a a a xamin d , how v r, with strong m gnifying gl ss ,

be a the a an d it will found th t boil has burst cross, is full of myriads Of small chocolate- coloured spores which are rapidly disp ersing round the p rotuber a e T m a e be e e in e e . e nc his y now w ll lik n d , xtr m

a e the e e e has ee mini tur , to fungus v ryon s n in “ ” ea e a e ff m dows, commonly call d powd r pu .

The e a ea e mischi f r pidly spr ds into patch s,

e e e e a the e g n rally of oval form , cov ring , p rh ps, whol

h ea Te e are e t e f. e ea width of l h s , how v r, by no m ns

a a We e e e a necess rily ov l in form . w r x mining but a few days sin ce som e sp ecimens which had spread about the leaf in irregular shap es ' of no describable form . The colour (chocolate) and the Visible palpable A A L 1 THE CA RNATION M NU . 7 9

the e can be e a a di s dust ( spor s) which wip d w y,

ti n ui sh ea e e e e e e a g this dis s , v n und r v ry sup rfici l

O e a the far e a bs rv tion , from common r C rnation “ Spot” This chocolate- coloured dust falls upon the surrounding foliage an d rapidly an d destructively

e the ea e a e e e spr ads dis s . In ddition , th r for , to cutting Off allinfected leaves an d burning them at

e be a a e e the a e onc , it would dvis bl to spong foli g of allplants in the Vicinity with some weak antiseptic

D a e . e solution ilut c rbolic acid , mix d according to

e a b e e . dir ctions, is s id to a sp cific a a a R S . e e e . Mr Ch rl s Blick , g rd n r to M rtin mith , “ E s a e a he had a e e Of Mal q , st t s th t whol hous maison Carnations infected badly with this disease

J a a 1891 a he a e in nu ry, , but th t ultim t ly got rid of it by p ersistently sponging the plants with a weak

’ Of Gi shur s The a solution st compound . pl nts

e a e e e an d e e e l r g in d th ir wont d vigour flow r d w l . The disease would appear to be on e that can be

ea e e e atan e a e an d r dily got und r if discov r d arly st g ,

ea e a an d e e a e tr t d with p tient p rsist nt tt ntion .

The e u e e we a e e e oth r f ngoid dis as h v m ntion d ,

Ur edo di an thi e e all e Of , is b tt r known to grow rs ” a a e the a a a e S C rn tions und r f mili r n m of pot . Its app earance is unfortunately so well known that

e e it r quires no description her . The consensus of opinion received from prae tical gardeners leads to the conclusion that it is M 2 1 0 THE A R ATI MA L 8 C N ON NUA . a a e a a a a e e ttribut bl to a d mp and st gn nt tmosph r , to

e u e e e e e sodd n or uns itabl soil, to s v r ch ck or chill ,

the e w Of a e a l -i t or to ov rcro ding pl nts . C rt in y is rapidly develop ed under an y an d all of these con

di ti on s an d e a a has ee , hith rto no pplic tion b n

di e e can ai a scov r d which be s d to be cure for it . It c ertainly affects some varieties much more than

e an d a a e a e a oth rs, it is difficult uthorit tiv ly to st t th t

ec ea s a ll it is inf tious , for h lthy , vigorou pl nts wi stand in actual contact with the disease withou t

e n e e . e e be b comi g inf ct d by it It would , how v r,

e most unwis to rely upon such immunity . If the plants affected are in the op en border

e a e e a e e e a ea th y must t k th ir ch nc , for th r pp rs to

be e e at e he e no r m dy pres nt known for t diseas . If they are attacked late in the autumn when no

u e be e e e e e f rth r growth is to xp ct d, th r is nothing to be done but to cut off the diseas ed foliage and

at e an d ee the the burn it onc , to k p soil round

a h e an d e e . e e t e pl nts w ll stirr d If th y surviv wint r,

e e a e the di e e onc b gin to m k growth , s as may dis

a ea as e as i t a e pp r myst riously origin t d .

the afe e a are the If f ct d pl nts in pots , only remedy is to give them as much li ght an d ai r

as e a a the ea e ea e an d is possibl , cutting w y dis s d l v s,

i n e e e as e e a m xtr m c s to put th m into war , dry

a e an d e n The tmospher forc them i to growth .

di ea e a ea be e e wet s s pp rs to most troubl som in , cold

as s e ons .

‘llocuvduloo10 ; 0 1Wsum am0 ) “ tramp m mnong ‘ “ s q; ; o sp lowmauam a p ut! 0 a w anraA p rolam }0 one ca fl i ufl uop q 81m m mm 9 01 p m; ; qflu a"t nonoes mugauld OLD go Buss uoulmooeq‘; a 10 noum nmor]: gomouoq aman 8289 jum dsnu; ‘ amen em (mom dn pe lloouse : on auuon om ‘oox; ounb p m; moqzmos; 31113431110 1 839 ‘ ‘ "149 sauom 9 1g ut m ueqnunn p Aq fi la p ogmfimu mo‘uoumuu pom p mp ; 0 1uamfitug n ‘ t 01 q aw nmoqs an mlfi 11 Human zen noes oq [rm auuom mu; 0 30 013eaoumsm 9 11100 0 1 p 0 9 w p ma ; oeomnm ns sq; 0 n eeds m lnuommm o“r qsfl uomuneon 9 q 0; on suuom e ‘ ‘ ‘ “ a ! um m gn m o 1! a! NIII J IIJ fi A a on n or m amram 11 in a; p y [u q on“ p a na an m 1 g / /ZL q p q n u m op p v THE CAR ATIO MA AL 181 N N NU .

These two fungoid diseas es are those by which the Carnation app ears to be most frequ ently ff a ected . We come now to an entirely different form of

e e a e e e a dis as , c us d by minut n m toid worms , which produce the app earance in the plant known as ” The e a e the gout . sci ntific n m for worm is

Tlen chus an d a a e e e be e e y . mong g rd n rs th y will b tt r l ” known as ee worms . This disease w as exhaustively describ ed with

G S the a . illustr tions by Mr . Worthington mith in

’ r i D c rd 1881 an d Gar den ers Ch on cle e . 3 of , , by his kind p ermission we give the following extracts from his letter “ The symptoms of this disease in Carnations are manifested by large whitish or livid patch es on

the ea e e e the a l v s, chi fly at, or n ar, coll r or crown of

h a A t e e e a e are e t e pl nt . tim s th s p tch s high r up

the ea e see a e a e on l v s ( illustr tion on opposit p g ).

The are as e e worms , no doubt ( sugg st d by Mr.

e e e the Te a ea e e . B rk l y), d riv d from soil h y pp r to

the a the a attack coll r of pl nt, and at this position

et e e e e la e e h e g insid ; h r th y y th ir ggs , whic , wh n a e e e an d e e fe e h tch d , produc th ir worms, th s dif r nt generations of n em atoids eat their way upwards

e the ea e a d e e e e r e insid l v s, n th ir pr s nc , of cou s ,

e the ea a e e e caus s d d and livid p tch s m ntion d . Burning the plants is generally recomm end ed as

the ea the e the n em atoi ds only m ns for xtirp ation of , A ATIO MA A L 182 THE C RN N NU .

an d the e a area , no doubt, this is b st pl n with l dy ” a The the n ruined pl nts . soil round pla ts should a lso be removed . N O remedy has yet been found to destroy the worms when once they have effected a lodgment in the plant ; but in the soil they are readily destroyed (as seen under the microscope) by the application Of some caustic material The following remarks have b een sent to us by

a R the the . S e Mr . M rtin mith , upon subj ct of

a a a the a a Of a e C rn tion M ggot , which is l rv dipt rous

fly called Hylem i a n i gr escen s .

TH A R ATI MA GGOT E C N ON .

H lemi a n i rescens y g .

This is c ertainly on e of the most troublesom e

e e e Of the a a a as and d structiv fo s C rn tion, in smuch no precautions at present kn own to gardeners will

e e a n a e an d pr v nt its ttacks, and nothi g but p ti nt

a la ai Of p ersevering ttention wil v l to getrid it .

a a all a a di e It tt cks C rn tions in scriminat ly, though certainly some varieties are freer from

e an d a e a a e it than oth rs, l y rs from pl nts cultiv t d in the ee e are as e e e e gr nhous , a rul , l ss inf st d with it

he than those from t open border.

a al e - hi e a It is sm l y llowish w t maggot, v rying in SIZ O from a twentieth to on e- thi rd of an inch in

e a an a l ngth . It appe rs to spring from egg l id on or i n the ea e e a s the e en d l f, g n r lly toward upp r ,

THE CA R A TI MA AL 184 N ON NU .

When the shoot is pulled off the main stem a very smallclean cut round hole will be often found

the e an d u the a has in st m, thro gh this m ggot

a e an d e a the ea Of p ss d, is c rt inly snugly lying in h rt

e l e the plant . Your knif wi l soon t ll you in which direction he has travelled ; an d the stem must be

O e a as e e the cut p n , without thought to wh th r plant will survive the Op eration or not : for if you

a an d i the a the a m a e e e c tch k ll m ggot pl nt y liv , v n though sorely crippl ed ; if you do n ot catch him

a a di e the pl nt will cert inly .

Sometimes- as often as n ot— the first evidence Of the maggot is seen in the crown leaves of the

e the ase the a main shoot . Wh n this is c pl nt must a h be ruthlessly pinched b ck until e is secured . There are a a a a e e occ sion lly two working mic bly tog th r, so when the pin has extracted on e it is well to make

ha e a e e Te a sure t t th re is not noth r l ft . h y c n Often be got out with the point of the pin without break

Off the ing shoot.

the a are a e a e the If pl nts c r fully w tch d , maggot

be e e he e the em should caught b for g ts to main st . When onc e he has established himself there the

a has pl nt but a poor chance. In looking over the plants it must not be for

e a e e e a a e e u gott n th t a m r sup rfici l gl nc is not no gh . Every pot must b e taken in the hand and all the

t O e e an d e e e e l e young shoo s bs rv d, v n a g ntl pul giv n em T e e e e to th . his latt r pr caution willoften d t ct L 185 THE CARNATION MA NUA .

the e e e the e e e the e e has a e pr s nc of n my, wh n y f il d

e to discov r him . After a time the maggot turns into a chrysalis ;

e e e en d an d his pow r for mischi f is th n at an ,

r a many plants a e thus s ved . The most important point Of allis to catch him

the e e e he e a in l af b for g ts into shoot, but to do this requires an amount of care an d time which

e few p ersons are able to b stow . Wh en plants are found to be infested with them they should be gone over daily until the plagu e is

a e st y d .

e the ea e e e a e a Wh n in l f, b for th y h v got into

a e are a be e m in shoot , th y so sm ll as to scarc ly

e Visibl . Wi r ew orm sJ— These are well - known enemies of the Carnation an d Picotee ; an d are well known to

a e e a e Te are the a ae g rden rs und r this n m . h y l rv of

e ee e e the a E later i doe c rtain b tl s b longing to f mily . The beetles are known under the popular names of

the S a S a ee e an d ee e The kipj ck, n p B tl Click B tl .

e e are A ri otes li n eatus A most hurtful sp ci s g , .

bsc r us A s to The ee e e o u . uta r e e and p . b tl s th ms lv s are quite harmless ; but the damage done by the

a a the a a l rvae is beyond comput tion . In l rv l condition they remain in the ground for a period

fi a A - e of from three to ve ye rs . full grown sp cimen Of the larvae is about an inch in length of a clear

- e The s h brownish y llow colour. kin is smoot , 186 THE CA R A TIO MA A L N N NU .

an d a an d ee e ee the e tough h rd, f ls b tw n fing r and

e a e e Of Te are di ffi thumb lik pi c wire. h y most

l e ea ee e ea cu t subj cts to d l with , f ding as th y do n r the a e the a ea e surf c of ground, but lways conc l d

e Te eat a e the e e Of the und r it . h y hol into c ntr Carnation stem immediately below the surface of

h an a w a a The t e d e t . ground , do nw rds or upw rds cultivator has no idea what is taking place until the plant b egins to shrink or shrivel up ; an d if the stem is examined b elow the surface the depre

a m a be a the act a e ee d tor y c ught in ; too l t , ind d,

a e the a i n e e e the a e to s v pl nt, but tim to pr v nt s m

an e a wireworm from doing y more mischi f. M ny

e e e a e ee e e e r m di s h v b n giv n to d stroy th m , but it is too late to apply them after the Carnations have

ee a e e e the e b n pl nted out . I b li v b st is to put on

a a as- e i the good co ting of g lim , fork it nto ground,

an d let li e a ea e e it f llow for a y r, fr qu ntly stirring it

e a e e ov r with fork or hoeing it de ply . If wir worms

e e e a bed a a e show th ms lv s in of C rn tions, plac thick slices of carrot on the en d of pointed sticks; bury the slices two or three inches under ground and examine them daily ; the wireworms will be found

ee i n the a oe an d be e f d g on c rrot sh s can d stroyed . The potting soil for Carnations should be thor

l e a e e e The are ough y x min d b for using it . worms

ea l e e e si y d t ct d in it .

A hi des G ee as e are e e p , or r n Fly, th y t rm d ,

e t e e ce o r h a b long to h ord r H m p te a. Te C rnation

188 THE CA ATI MA A L RN ON NU . hi bi i on Te e are e e t . h r many sp ci s of thrips not easily distinguished the on e from the other ; but the species mostly found upon Carnations is Heli o thr i p s hcem or rhoi dali s ; it finds its way into the

flower- e e e O e an d ee the buds b for th y p n , f ds upon

e a ea the a are e e e p t ls . In hot s sons, if pl nts n gl ct d , they become so numerous that they m ay be shaken out in scores an d hundreds into the palm of the ha The wa ee e nd . only y to k p th m down is to thoroughly syringe the plants daily in the bud state ; an d the buds m ay be dusted when wet with

fin e a - e P a m a be a e tob cco powd r . l nts in pots y t k n into a greenhous e an d w ell fumigated with tobacco

The a e e the d smoke . fumig tion do s not injur bu s

e e the a e an d a e a a or op n flow rs of biz rr fl k C rn tions ,

th P ee T e e e e the or e icot s . his troubl som p st do s a e e . most mischi f in hot , dry s sons SELE TON OF AR ETES C I V I I .

The ea a the a a an d , l ding cultiv tors of C rn tion Picotee havin g b een invited to send in lists of those varieties in the s everal classes which they consider the e the a e has bee e b st, following t bl n compil d from these lists showing the numb er of votes given

a The ll are the to each v riety. fo owing names of cultivators who kindly supplied lists

M CHA H E BLI r . P RL S C . S HIL Mr C A . LIP . K S.

. RE BBI E HA DY . J G O. C UN CK . RICHA RD DEA N MA RTIN ROWA N . . B E J A D GLA N . SIM U S. ON I S. O TE .

T E HEN WOOD J . P . SHA RP . . . . FRE HOOPE R ROBE RT D . . SYD HA E N M.

K E EN . J . A L J . J W . KER.

N L . E A LA . W. H D D A H W. . WL E K R.

J OSE PH LA KIN .

e e e e e e Fiv p rsons did not giv lists of bord r vari ti s , an d two did not give lists Of yellow- ground P icotees . CA RNA TION S

Scar let Bi zar res Cri m son Bi zarr es

Rob ertHoulgrave Ri fl em an Rob ertLord Harri son \Veir A dmi r alCurzon Master Fred Geor e D Hextall g J . . C H Herb ert ose h La i n . . J p k Fred E dw ard Rowan H d Mars J . S . e derley Josep h Crosslan d John Simoni te ’ Ar thur Medhurst Duc d A umale 190 THE CA RN ATION MA A L NU .

CA R A I S con ti n ued N TON ( ).

P i nk ’ P ur l z res Rose F lakes e Bi ar . Q p .

Votes . Thali a,

Sarah Pa n e 17 y Rob Roy ‘ ‘ MI S BRII W - . O 10 - o Cri sta oaui H K M or . a 8 y J essi ca S m re Llew el n 7 q y Lovely Mary I M SS A n m e 4: J ohn K eet Un e ected 4 xp Ti m Bobbi n H am tWolele S e s y J as Merr w eather . . y SOh Ham son g

Germ ani a P u e F lakes r l . p P ur p le E mp eror Mr R s . e n olds Hole J as Dou la y . s g Mr M s. ai r Gcorge Melvi lle J oe Wi llet Gordon Lew ls Rose Celesti al Mayor of Notti n gham E mm a LakIn Floren ce N i ghti n gale Govern or S ui r Whi rn q e tbou Mr Fr d s. e P ri n ce Geor e of Wale g s A n n i e Lakm Oscar Wi lfred ' ' VIce Presi dcut S orti n g Lass p 0 Ruby Hebe

' M carlet akes om s S F l . gi gys Sp ortsman Blushi n g Bri de Matador A ur eola

Ali semon d The Moor H Theodor . Can n ell e John Ball Medora Cli p p er Pri de of P en shurst Can n ellJ uni or Lady Gw en doli n e Tom Lord Rosali n d Ri chard D ean N ep tun e

PICOTE E S.

Red-E d ed Heavy g .

Votes. 16 P rin cess Of Wales Mrs D odw ll 15 . e 14 Morn a Mar D A n i 13 y . stss

9 I

I N DE X .

f arn a i n s A n thers o C to , 5 B estfor Wi n t rm Plan s 0 t 8 A s ect e . p , g , A utum n Plan ti n Im ortan ce of E arl 25 45 46 11 121 123 g, p y, , , , 7 , , .

i i ati on b 4 B ees F ertls . , y, In ur toBloom s b 1 3 j y y, 7 . on sed as Man ure 15 2 B es U . , , B r rnati on s Cultur of 18 o der Ca , e . Selecti on of 18 19 34 , , , . l n dar Of O erati on s for 48 Ca e . p , ari i es recomm en ded 34 V et , . B or der The Selecti on an d Formati on of 21 41 5 9 111 112 , , , , , , , . A n n ualRema i n of 23 42 k g , , . Burs i n of Cal 3 19 35 t g yx, , , .

Calen dar of O erati on s B order Carn ati on s 48 p , , . E hi bi ti on Flow ers 102 x , . Tree or P er etualCarn ati on s 1 p , 5 5 . al Bursti n of 3 19 C . yx , g , , The D e i rable F rm of 3 s o . , Th n d si rable Form of 3 e U e . , Carn ati on The A rti sti c Records of 33 , , , . Tow n Culture Of 5 , 7 . ulur e for E hi bi ti on C t 8 . x , 7 D ressi n an d Sta i n for E hibi ti on 96 g g g x , . Ob servati on s on S eci es 12 p , 7 . E arl Men ti on of 128 138 y , , . d 2 12 Wi l , 1 8 , 9 . Ori i n f rd n For f 134 o Ga e ms O . g , Tr or i n ter Flow eri n 145 15 ee 0. W g , , Border Culture 18 30 41 , , , . In Scotlan d 110 120 , , . I Ir l n d 12 n e a , 7 . Fi r stH bri d recorded 134. y , S eci alMethod of Glass Culture 124 p , . Grown i n i n d w - s 13 W o boxe , 0. Classi fi i n f 6 8 cato o , . Di seas s n d P of 169 1 5 e a ests , , 7 .

ri i s r omm n d d 189 . Va ete ec e e , N 194 I E X ND .

Carn ati on an d Pi cotee Th e ellow , Y , 138 . A Retros e 16 3 p ct, . Cater i llars 1 3 p , 7 . Crossi n of Carnati ons Th 2 g , e, Cuc ooS i ttle 28 k p , . Cuttin s Pro a ati on b g , p g y, Q ui c estMethod of ta i n 14 , k k g , . BestSoi lfor , , CoolTr tm n 1 ea e tof, 5 . Ti me re ui red for Rooti n 15 5 q g , .

Dai n t di s La e 133. y , Di sbuddi n of Carn ati on s 28 52 66 105 114 g , , , , , , toon e B ud for E hi bi ti on x , Di seases an d Fo f arn n es o C ati o s, D ressi n for E hi bi ti on Ar umen t111 D efen f 9 c o 3 6 . g x , g e , 7 , Remar s u on 85 96 , k p , , . Method of an d In structi on i n 9 , , 7 .

E arw i s Tra s for 5 1 g , p , . ” E el orm s or Tlen chus 181 W , y , . E n emi es of Carn ati on s 39 47 , , , 174. w rds on 3 E hi bi ti n A fe o . x g, W , 7 E hi bi ti on PotCulture n ecessar x , y, P rotecti on for Flow ers n ecessar 6 y, 7 . Method of Re tardi n or Hasteni n Blooms for 8 5 . g g , S Fl w 1 s for 92 electi on of o e , . i n 101 Hi n ts on Sta . , g g ,

F rtili sati on of Seed Pods Process of 5 e , , .

B stTi m e for 5 6 . e , , of 4 r an s . O g ,

n f u ssful 6 . Si g s o S cce , 2 Frost E ffectof 46 5 9. , , 7 , , E ffec on Plan ts i n Cold Fram es 82 102 t , , . fr m 1 3 u of Losses o 0 . Ca se , i i n ee r n - Fl an d Thri S G ee . F um gat g . y p un i d r w hs 1 5 F o o . g G t , 7

M hod of 124 125 Glass Culture S eci al et . , p , , i n s 16 9 Gout i n Carn ato , . ” - Green Fl 28 6 6 114 126 147 15 1 15 6 170 186 . y, , , , , , , , ,

ti on s 18 3 39 42 6 2 6 3 Hardi n ess of Carn a , , 7 , , , , .

r un d arn i on s 0 142 143. Yellow G o C at , 7 , ,

I E X 196 ND .

Pr s of 83 15 8 i n oce s . P ott g , , , E hi i i on Plan 10 of x b t ts, 3. i on from Se d 1 ro a at e . P p g , Method of 2 , . b Pi i n s or Cutti n s 14 148 155 y p g g , , , . i under ri b La erin . See La e n y y g y g .

an d Hares Pr uti on s a i n s 39 40 bi ts eca a t . Rab , g , , un n i n of Carn ati on s 6 11 R g , 7 , 7

f urable toCulture 35 1 1 A i r av 3 . Sea o , , u d i n ottin 9 San d se 0. P g , d P r a ati on from 1 S o . ee , p g , i of R ul fr m 8 Un certa n t e ts o 7 . y s , , ob t d from A vera es t e e ec e 8 5 3. g xp , , M hod f w i n 1 12 4 Ti m e an d et o So 1 50 1 8 . g , , , , f li r uri n o Re able Preface an d 2. P oc g , u ari a i on r n 9 dli n s Curi o s V t s ese ted b 10. See g , p y, , The La eri n of 13 y g , . f 1 erve o 5 . Res , lan ti n outof 5 1 52 P g , , . of 5 3 mi n . Bloo g , i in f i n Scotlan d 118 Ra s o . g , ofusi on of Flow ers from 12 121 Pr . , , - D m i n - off f 6 ds a o . Seed Po , p g , Method of F erti li sati on 4 5 6 , , , . Ri eni n of 7 p g , . l ti f Vari eti es 18 189 Se ec on o , , . ” lf arn ati on s 18 36 132 Se C , , , . ut in s 1 1 i lfor Pi in s or C t 4 150 15 1 5 . So p g g , , , , 7 B estfor Border Carn ati on s 22 41 5 9 111 , , , , . r h r i r i n L 24 1 2 F es o V oam the b est 4 8 . g , , , V r h eav 5 9 e . y y, i lfor ellow roun d ari i s 2 143 S ec a G V ete . p Y , 7 , for Tree Carn ati on s 146 15 1 15 2 , , , . Com osts for P e t Culture 6 4 6 5 79 80 82 90 p , . , , , , , ,

Sootused i n Potti n 90 g , . as a Man ur e 90 113 152 , , , . S arr ws Mi schi ef don e b 1 4 o . p , y, 7 S ci s Ob servati on s on 12 e e . p , , 7 S ot The Carn ati on 1 5 p , , 7 . n s of 1 9 180 Ca es . , , 7 , S ri n Dan er of m ovi n Plants i n p g , g g , Plan ti n 6 0 112 g , , . Sta in Flowers for E hi bi ti on 101 g g , x , . Cri ti ci sm of Presen M h 136 t et od, . Sta in n d Ti n r ui o b erv d 1 a P eca t n t e obs e 2 5 1 1 9. k g y g, s o , 7 , I E X ND . 197

t i n A n In en i ous M th d f 123 S a e o o . k g , g , t n f rn ati on 5 S ame s o Ca , . S ri n i n Im ortan ce of 28 5 2 6 7 15 3 159 y g g , p , , , , , .

16 0 1 Thri 28 8 . p , , , 7 Tree or YVi n ter-Flow eri n Carn ati on s 145 150 g , , . r a i n D efin i i on of 145 Ca n to , t , . Soi lfor 145 15 1 155 , , , . Potti n Process of 146 15 1 15 2 158 g , , , , . Sow i n Seed of 148 1 5 . g , , 7 Selecti on of Vari eti es 149 15 4 , , . Pro a ati on b Cutti n s 148 15 0 155 15 6 p g y g , , , , . ” Sto i n of 15 1 p p g , . Di s uddi n of 1 3 b 5 . g , Calen dar of O erati on s f r 1 5 o 5 . p , Tem erature for i n ter Mon ths 16 1 p (W ), . “ ” Tlen chus or E el\Vorm s 18 1 y , , .

r i 1 5 Uedo i an th . D , 7

ari i es el cti on for Border 18 189 V et , S e , , . l i n of Tree Carn ati n s 14 Se ecto o 9 1 . , , 54

n ra S lecti on 189. Ge e l e ,

’ 3 81 91 ateri n 5 2 5 . g , , , , Care re ui r ed i n 8 1 91 108 116 147 15 1 159 6 1 q , , , , , , , , 1 . i n dow Bo es The Carn ati on r own i n 130 W x , g , . - i w Th 24 41 5 9 111 185 . VV re orm , e, , , , , S eci almean s for thei r D estructi on 111 186 p , , .

ellow Groun d Carn ati ons Hardi n ess of 0 142 144 Y , , 7 , , . i 2 14 Tr a men tan d Sol 3. e t , 7 ,

E arl Hi stor of 138 140. y y , ,

l u 43. P an ted o t, 1 PR IN TE D av CA SSE LL COMPA N LIMITE LA BE LLE SA UVA GE Y , D , ,

N ON E . . LO D , C

'

P ubli cati on s. S electi on s from Cassell Q Comp any s

’ i lt 2s . Wi th Four Cooured Plates. Cloth k e r Cas s e lls P o ular. g , Coo y, p l ’ i 8 a e s li m cloth 1 8 . Cook e r Cas s e ll s S h i ll n . 3 4 p g , p , y , g

P A N E 1 s . 6d . Coo e r V e e tari an . B A . G. . k y , g y Y

. d . UGG Illustrate d. s 6 MA IE S . Coo i n b Gas Th e A rt of. By . s k g y , R J

&c. D. Ph . WM. A . R BE T B O N World Th e . B O , i s Of th e , , Coun tr e , y R R 6d . eac . l w i th about 0 Illustrati on s . to 8 . h Vos . Com p le te i n Si x , 7 5 4 , 7

N I TON M P . s . Crom w ell O li ve r . B . A LLA N SO P C . s , y J , ’ Wi t t date . di a Cas s ells Con c i s e . Brou h t dow n tothe la est h Cyc lop a , g

i Chea E di ti on . 8 . 6d . about 60 0 Illus trat ons. p 7 ’ s d ub ec ts. . 6 . as s e lls Mi n i ature . Con tai n i n s s Cy c lop ae di a. C g j

D B D A V I MA CL UE . 8 . av i d Todd . y 5 D R Q an THI SE IE S . Di c e n s Ch arac te r S e tc h es from . FI ST SE CON D d D k , k R , , R R

2X8 . eac h. Wth i x Ori i nal D raw i n s in e ac h b F . BA N A . i S g y g R RD “ ut or of B M de rn A M P A N . A D i c Wh i tti n ton A o . B ES h y k g , y J Y " Tw Vols. 21 8 . P rox y, 810 . o ,

RE . D m i n P ers on al Re m i n i s c e n c e s of. B h e N RY LA i srae li , B e nja , y

S .

W L 1) s . 6d . TE L. . Di s gae li i n Outli n e . B F . CA OLL B E S y RR R R , 7 Wi 2 8 l ure d V WB A th Coo Do Illus rate d B oo of th e . B E RoSHA . . g , t k y ,

~ t l th be elle d 8 . half m0 roc co 8 . Pla e s . C o v , 35 , 45

Ill str e 28 6 0 . D E . u at d . Th . B I N . og , e y DSTO

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h e L os t Tr ail Cam -F i r e an d i m T . W a I p g w . F ootp ri n ts i n th e F or e st.

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am b le Roun d F r n Th e E as rn Wd r lan A R a c e te on e d J . ( ap an) .

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old n D s L i fe . B the R n G e ay . y ev. Dr. L a dels. Won rs m m on T A t th e t d e of Co hi n g s . Sou h P ole .

f r h L i tl O n B ook s o t e t e e s .

s f h oun F o k . i ar W e or t Y l M i t Rhym e g y D y . h 1 2 Coloure d Plates 'W B auti full and 6 B illi m A lli n ham. e 6 W a od g y 3 o c uts. Is . Illu 6 d strate d. 8 . 3 . Th e Sun d a S c r a B oo W i t W y p k . h Th e H i s tor S c r a B ook : i t y p h Se ve ral Hun dre d Illustration s. Pap e r n e arl E n ravin s . 5 s y g g o r i b a ds 35 . 6 d . c lot lted , ; h, g g es. 5 8 . h . clot , 7 s 6 d . ’ Th e P i l ri m s P r r o e s s . 2 5 . 6 \Vi g g d. Th e Old F ai ry Tale s . th

i nal Illus trati ons. Boards F ai r Tale Ori s . B Prof Morl g , y y . e y. Illus

c lot 1 5 . 6 d. trate d . 38 ls h, . 6 d.

’ Cas se n Com p an y s Com p le te Catalogue w i ll be sen t p ost

f ree on app li cati on to

CA SSE LL COMPA N Y LIMITE L ud ate Hi l , D, g l, L ondon .

N ew L ab e

Herb ac eous

S en d f or Samfi L i sts 10

Stratford- on

F or 1 8 9 2 (1 2 8 P ag es)

Is the lar est est an d m st m rehen si e e e ssued g , b , o co p v v r i F L ORIS TS ’ F L OWE RS

A N D H E RB A CE P L A N T O US S .

It con tai n s full and accurate descri p ti ons of all the b est A n ti rrhi Be on i as Carn ati on s D ahli as el hi n iums Fuchsi as Paeoni as P g , , , D p , , , Vi olas Pelar on i um s Pen tstemon s Petun ias Phlo es Pi n s Pote , g , , , x , k , Pri mul l as P rethrum s Verb enas Herbaceous Plants &c . &c . A soof rr , y , , , and reli able strai n of EASTLOTHIAN STOCK whi ch b the for h i r m ri t are now ustl celebrated allthe w orl , y ce of t e e , j y — i n fiv di ti l hi te and Wallflo e s n ct sorts Cri mson Pur e Scarlet , , p , , W , L eaved hi t E d . and 3 er Pac et. e ach sort 25 . 6 W . , , 5 . p k ’ Iti s an i n di sp en sable Refe r e n c e B ook on all secti ons of Flori sts PI and should r w rs Free on a li ca b e ca efully p erused by allbuyers of Flo e . p p J a OH N F O RB E S , N ur s er ym D HAWI K TLA N . C , SCO S P E CIA L N O TICE .

IF Y O UWA NT REALLY DDDD BULBS ANDSEEDS A T MODERATE P RICES A PP LY T , O R B E RT S Y E M MR. O D N HA ,

m S d n /i am B rat/zero“ W/zo/esale ew ellers Me Fi r o e 0] f y , j , TREET BIRMIN HAM TENBY S G . ,

THE LARGESTAMATEURIMPORTEDINTHE KINGDOM.

H IS UNI IIE BULB LIST

TH PA MP HLE T N OWRE VISE D A N D E N LA RGE D WI , , OW A ME TO ROWBULBS H I C G , Th MostReli able Gui de tothe Best ari eti es e V , an d H W r Them O toG ow , T N SE N P OSTF RE E ON A P P L ICA TIO . M’ h Mr. SYDENHA S Hyaci nt s w ere rep resented an d s s gai n ed b e t Pri zes at Lon don , Bi r mi ngham , Pre ton ,

Shrew sb ury, Edi n burgh , &c. &c. , i n 1891 an d 1892. A LL S HOULD HA VE HIS UN DE SEEDLIST

Whi c h i s ack n owled ed to b e th e B est Ch ea est mostReli able g , p , and Un i ue Li stever ub li sh ed Itcon tai ns on l the q p . y BESTVEGETABLES AND FLOWERS WRTH R WIN O G O G,

Bei n the Selecti on s of th e lar estSeed Grow ers th e lar estMar g g , g k et arden ers an d h mos Celeb rated Prof ssi on al rd n G , t e t e Ga e ers and A mateurs i n th e Ki n gdom ; i t c ontai n s most useful c ultural u i on s for A ma eurs P ub li s e n D i nstr ct t . h d i ecemb er. PO TREE A I A S F PPL C TION.

HIS ORG NA L“ GUA RA NTEE I I ,

UH as N E VE OFFE E B Y THE A E S C R R D TR D . A LL BULBS w h i c h fai l un d e r fai r an d p rop e r tre atm e n t WILL BE REP A ED F W L C THE OLLO IN G S EA SON A T H LF-P RI E A LL E ED from w h i h fai r ro o i on A C . S S c a p p rt fai lto e r m i n ate un d r fai r an d ro e r re atm e n WI L g e p p t t L BE RE P LA E i u e i e n C D FREE . Not c e of fai lure s h o ld b g v on c e at .

13— Mr S denha i a n s N . m s alsoa r e r w o h arnati o . . l r y g g o e f c oice C . 111711101 F OR P L A N T P OTS

K ee s out Wor m s an d all Ve r m i n Saves Ti m e E x en s p ; , p

an d A n n oyan c e ; F i ts an y P ot; L as ts for m an y Y e ar s .

E RT ard n t th Ma ui s of E t r wr s Mr. R GILB e e o e e e te . , g r rq x , i I look up on your Brass Crock for keep ing outworms as on e of thos i m l n rac i cali n n ns w stan d somuch i n n f I f s p e a d p t ve tio e eed o . e sure I am sp eakin g the sen ti m ents of allmy bro thers i n arm s whe I u f rat ud say we owe yo a deb to g it e . WE LL f i h n r l D rd r t s t k h h f o Mr. E D I S. O e e o . O , x o , w i v y ig y y In n l r Th r an b n o u tab ut i ts us fuln s F c b ck . e e c s vi i e C o e do b o e e . k n rm n ll m n f lan t ts n hi n n r eep i g wo s a d a ver i outo p p o ot g ca b e bette . “ — T BROO S E s . Barkb Hall Lei c ester r tes Please sen . K , q , y , , w i m H I n e an the oo In n ci le r cks The are s lend d. a e o o r g vi b C o . y p i v ” been wanted. 0 1 0 0 3 , 1/ , 3/ 25/ A RTE ST N E H SE MA IDS TON . P O R O U , O , RY E CRO F T N URS E RY

E I TH E E E E I H A M E R N L WS s . R G , , . H :r J O N E S

an d

CHRY /l/V H S TEMUMS AND HOWTO GROWTHEM. ,

HE large an d i n creasi ng demand for thi s p op ular work has made i t n ecessaI to ri n t a n ew an d r vi i i a i n n p e sed ed ton (eleventh thous nd). Th s co tai s racti cal an d sci en ti fic treati se on culture and alsoa cri ti c al anal si s of the ne p , y vari eti es of h t e resent season b E . h s a hor h r f h C ea E . s i st o t p , y . S , q , t oy Chr san themum b Harm r y C. an Pa ne, E s . and a Ch santhemum Calen dar I: M y y q , y H. r. Shoesmi th . In addi ti n o ab o i ll r ti on f b n o t ve , ust a s o two of the est e vari e ti es of the ear are i n cluded i n m n ew Chr san themum Catalo ue whi c y y y g , also con tai n s the most com l li r r h h r an p ete stof n ew vari eti es eve b oug ttoget e , embraces selec ti on s from allthe n ow n hr an h mum world A ll the secre1 k C ys t e . of the successful culture i ven ma i n i mos valuabl wor on th g , k g th s the t e k Chr san themum ever ubli i s y p shed. Postfree ni ne stamp s tosecretari es of soc eti e for m embers si x shi lli n s r z , g p e do en .

H . J . J N S E O E , Rye cr oft N ur s er y, L e wi sh a/m , S .

N urser m n y e , SEEDMERCHANTS MillFL RIT , O S S. OLDFIELD NURSERIE ALTR/N HAM G . S, SE ED d B ULB 10 Mark et tre t Man r WA REQOUS E S e c e te . , , , h s OUTFLOWER S, e u usr o o s . 2 ark t r an h t r 1 M e St e et M c e s e . WR } , , TH & c EA S, mf The Sta ord N rs e r e s Bow don . u i , BRA N HE C S, The P r n c a t N r e r e s i ip li y u s i , an n n i n Wa e s d o L d o J ct N . l u u , l

WE MA K E A GRE A T S P E CIA L ITY OF CARRATION PICOTEES S, P IN K A nd S .

ur Colle c ti on h as b e en m ost c ar efully form e d tr om th um e rous vari e ti e s i n c ulti vati on ; i t e m b r ac e s all s e c ti on f h s l r ow er an i s on e of th e m st xten si v t e e p op u a fl s , d o e A ll ar n ati n e s s h ulr n d s ele c t i n th e k i n g dom . C o lov r o se n d for a Cop y of our Catalog ue , w h i c h c on tai n s ful c p ar ti c ular s of our i m m en s e c olle ti on .

WE HA V R N D ST KS F E G A OC O STOV E G RE E N H O USE P L A N TS

“ l o u n Pr babl he r e s an fin est c ole c ti n o t of Lo don at e r moderate ri ces. o y t la g t d , v y p

BEGUHIAS GALADlUiilS UHRYSANTHEMUMS AND PELARGOilIUMS , , , A T PE IA LITIE w i th us A re GRE S C S .

’

HER FL R T FLOWE RS &c. BACEOUS ALPINE PLANTS O IS S , ,

In i mme n se ari e t an d c o e ri n U w ards of Si x A cres Of roun d. v y, v g p g

I E E TA B L E F L OWE R an d F A RM SE E DS GE UN V GE N , ,

S UP E RIOR B UL B S OF A L I K IN DS . N L A RRIA E A N D POSTFREE MODERATE PRI E BE T UA LITY O Y . C G C S . S Q

W E RUIT TRE E S VIN E S &c . e have lar e an d ri d to k s of ROS S F g va e S c , , , RN A ME N A TRE ES HRUBS FO RE ST TRE E S HE D GE PLA N TS &c O T L and S , , , Hardf f rui ts the Mi d/an

Wh l n at to P a t

How to Plan

N ew E di ti on up to N ow R d ea y,

P ri c e Si xp en

A. H . PEARS

i Ch lw e ll, N ot:

P ur e E n li sh B on e s i n c h i g , é , i an d Me als i n a dr c on di i n d i , y t on a w t s m e ll; sui tab le for all p urp ose s ; th e Ch e a e st an d m ost L asti n Man re h p , g u t at b e b ou h t g . Wr i te or S m e f a p l s . WSp e ci al Q uotati on s for L ar g e Q uan ti ti es e alwa s h ld a St c k Of BON E SUP E RPHOSP HA TE S N ITRA y o o , SOD A SULPHA TE OF A MMON IA K A IN IT UA ' ‘ , , , G N OS, MURIA I ULP HA TE OF POTA SH S , &c .

H R BARRACLOU . . GH85 Cc., RN A TIO N S A N D P IC TE E S CA O . D B E GON IA S A N GL OXIN IA S . A N THE MUMS A N D A HL IA CHRY S D S . A D A R I L IL IE S N N C S S US . RDY PE RE N N I L HA A S.

RDY A N D HA L F - HA RDY B L B HA U S . ‘ L E MA TIS A N D HA RDY CL IMB E R C S . F L O RISTS ’ F L OWE RS A N D IRIS . WE R A N D V E GE TA B L E E E F L D O S S .

at lo ues aollslzeelA n n ual A ll ree on a l at n to Tw eloe C a g p ly. f pp i c io

MA . W TH S S RE O A , HALEFARMNURSERIESTUTTENHAMLUNDUN , ,

es t an d Ch ea es t F ue l or Gr ee n h ous Th e B p f e B oi ler s , toves an d H eati n A S , g p p ar atus . Hen rgan D N THRA CIT C Th e UN ITE A E OL L IE RIE S (L i m i te d) sup p ] h i i zed N ut an d Cobble Coals deli vered i n truc loads t t e r s , k o any Rai lwa Thi s Coali s absolutel Smokeless an d re ui res much l Stati on . y , q ess attenti on tha an her descri ti on Of fuel burni n for tw elve hours atleastWi h y ot p , g t outany sup er vi i n an d i vi n a reater and more re ular heat. s o , g g g ’ uotation s can b e had on a li cati on to the Com an s Offices 2 Lim Q p p p y , 3,

E C. don . Street, Lon , uotati ons for London D eli ver can b e obtai n ed for the or h rn W t e esterl Q y N ,

- M r . i i from s R. an d South estern D str cts e s s. G CA RTE R SON C alE x n W , o cha g outh-E astern i stri ctfrom M for he S D essr . D E and t s OWE LL . C. W. CO , Co

Me rc han ts Gre e n w i ch S E .

OH N L A IN G SON S

Se d Pl nt nd Bul M r h n e , a , a b e c a ts, OSE FRUITTR dcVIN RWR , E E E G O E

F RE HI L L N . E T L ON O S . O S , D , , HA VE LA RGE A N D HE A LTHY STOCK S OF os e s F r ui t Tr e e s V i n e s Sh r ub s , , , , ORCHI S STOV E A N D GRE E N HO SE P LA N TS D , , U , ’ e rbac eous an d Be dd n P an ts F or sts F ow e rs i g l , l i l ,

CA RN A TxO N S A F E A TURE .

OUR S P E CIA L ITE UB E ROUS RO OTE D B E GON IA

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES GRATIS AND POSTFREE.

‘ ‘ ’ l OHN LAING 85 SON s l Z gi éftz ffsft.

O OK S f or L O VE RS of N A TUR

ml i r a h Co ete n I i e e c . p F I VE SE R E S, p c 1 28 . 6 d . ami har Wi l Fl er B R E HULME F. L d ow s. y ,

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Com lete i n ri ce 28 . 6 d . each. p F I VE S E RI E S , p 1

wi th Descri ti e Te am111ar Garden Flow ers. p v xt

SHIRLE Y HIB BE RD an d 200 F ull- a e Colour , p g

H LME F . S. P late s from Ori i nal Pai n ti n s b F . E . , g g y U , to ether wi th num r u n avi n s g e o s Wood E gr g .

h . Com lete i n TWE RIE S ri ce 1 23. 6 d . eac p O S , p

B LGE R F. G. . U mi li r Tr B G. s O a a ees. y ,

- E a h ri e - e olour e d P late s from Ori i c Se s con tai ni ng 40 F ull p ag C , g Pai nti n s b H T loth i lt i lt ed es i n cardboard box. . . B O C g y W J . O . g , g g , P arts A lso p ub li sh i n g i n Mon thly , 6 d

h . In Four Vols. 5 8 . eac ’ A Com rehensr assells Popular Garden m g . p F i t and Ve etabl Practi calGui de to the successfulculti vati on of Flow ers, ru , g

ustrated. T. F ISH. Ill ri tten b Leadi n Edi ted b D . W y g A uthori ti es. y E STA B L ISHE D D A . . 18 04.

IN CORP ORA TE D B Y ROY A L CHA RTE R 1 09 , 8 .

: or Offi c es 117 Vi c t i a St e et We s m . t i n ste S W , r , r ,

P I —ILE E S L R V G OF F E L OWS .

All subscribi ng Fellows are enti tled

’ I - TO Tckets a mi t n t all th ci t s E xhi b ti n . i d ti g o e So e y i o s at t i llHall Dr Ws i n r n h k ar . e tm ste a d to C s c G dens , , i wi

’ — TO a c f h ci t s ourn al st free c n tai ni 2 . op y O t e So e y j (p o ) o ng the Lectues deli ered at the f rtn htl m eetn s an d f r v o ig y i g , r f l lan c xh te re ts O al ts & . e b d. p o p , , i i

— TO atten d an d te at all Meetn s Of the S c et . 3. vo i g o i y

’ — TO the use of the L ndle L brar at the S c et s ROO 4. i y i y o i y V 1 1 c t r a Street. 7 , i o i

— TO urchase at S ec iall reduc ed rates such frui tan d ve etabl 5 . p , p y , g as are n ot required for the exp erimental p urp oses of t

Soc i ety.

6 - TO a share i n r rt n to subscri ti n Of such seeds lan . ( p op o io p o ) p l l r ut n ma b e a a ab f r d st b . c uttn s &c . as e o i g , , y v i i i io

— n s or tr al to the S c et TO sen d seeds la t bulbs &c . f 7 . , p , , , i o i

Garden s at Chiswick .

— 8 To e h t at all Sh s and Meetn s. . x ibi ow i g

ar i s enti tled e suscri bi n 70s. 6 a e An Associat b g 4. y

- TO ON E N on - tran sferable Pass and to r vi le es as ment n I . , p i g io

i n os 2 8 . N . , 4, 7 ,

— A ssociates must b e bon d- de Gardeners or E m lo és i n a urser N 13. fi p y N i hm n t an d must b e recomm ended for electi Mark et Garden, or Seed E stabls e , by tw o Fellow s of the Soci ety.

Anyone i nterested i n Horti culture i s eli gi ble for electi on as

n i ted to oi n the Soci et . Ladi es are eli i b Fellow, and i s i v j y g i for electi on as Fellows of the Soc ety.

D HE A T S TOURB RIDGE . Telegrams : , E STIMA TE S

n s ldi g . of Boilers, 8 M E D A L s , 1 7 5 Cutters Pi p e , oi ls Coi lCases s, C , ,

’ H ot W e Tr e ati s e He at/i n g b s , y lot 1 20 Page s, C h,