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Table of Contents Ö. KULAK KULAK Ö. PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS OF MINORITIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF TURKEY’S ALEVI CULTURAL HERITAGE ÖZGE KULAK METU 2019 METU SEPTEMBER 2019 PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS OF MINORITIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF TURKEY’S ALEVI CULTURAL HERITAGE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÖZGE KULAK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EUROPEAN STUDIES SEPTEMBER 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sadettin Kirazcı Director (Acting) I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özgehan Şenyuva Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof.Dr.Necati Polat Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Necati Polat (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cem Demir (MUNZUR UNİ, SOS) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Özge KULAK Signature : iii ABSTRACT PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS OF MINORITIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF TURKEY’S ALEVI CULTURAL HERITAGE Kulak, Özge M.Sc. European Studies Master Program Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Necati Polat September 2019, 306 pages The necessity of the protection of the cultural rights of minorities has appeared as another area of international law in the last decades, separately from other fundamental rights, and these issues have become increasingly important among European countries, especially within the European Union. This has in turn made it necessary to evaluate the demands of the Alevi community, which constitutes a de facto religious minority in Turkey, not legally recognized by the state, regarding their monuments as tangible cultural heritage in light of international treaties binding on Turkey, such as the 1966 United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the 1966 United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, as well as the EU standards on minority and cultural rights. This thesis therefore aims to contribute to the protection of the Alevi/Bektashi historical artifacts most valued by the Alevi community, constructed centuries ago in Anatolia. The thesis seeks to sketch an inventory of the main Alevi heritage sites, consisting of historical Alevi/Bektashi complexes, lodges, and tombs existing within Turkey’ borders today. The thesis also attempts to contribute to a possible legal satisfaction of the demands of the Alevi community regarding these iv artifacts in terms of their protection, restoration, administration, and use by the community under the provisions of the international treaties to which Turkey is a party, which would be capable of solving at least some of the problems if the challenges of domestic application are duly addressed. The issue is explored within the context of Turkey’s negotiations with the EU as a necessity for the protection of the rights of minorities in a democratic setting, particularly in light of perceptions of the rise of an authoritarian political atmosphere in Turkey in recent years, with comparisons to implementations and legal instruments in European countries regarding their ethnic, linguistic, and religious minorities. Keywords: Minority and cultural rights, Alevi cultural heritage protection in Turkey, United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage v ÖZ AZINLIKLARIN TARİHİ VE KÜLTÜREL ESERLERİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK ALTINDA KORUNMASI: TÜRKİYE ALEVİ KÜLTÜREL MİRASI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Kulak, Özge Yüksek Lisans, Avrupa Çalışmaları Ana Bilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Necati Polat Eylül 2019, 306 sayfa Azınlıkların kültürel haklarının korunması gerekliliği son zamanlarda diğer temel haklardan ayrı olarak, uluslararası hukukun başka bir alanı olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır, ve bu konular, Avrupa ülkeleri ve Avrupa Birliği arasında da giderek önem verilen konular haline gelmiştir. Bu durum, Türkiye'de devlet tarafından yasal olarak tanınmayan, ancak fiili olarak dini bir azınlık oluşturan Alevi toplumunun somut kültürel miras olarak görülen tarihi dergahlarına ilişkin taleplerinin, 1966 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Medeni ve Siyasi Haklar Sözleşmesi ve Birleşmiş Milletler Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklar Sözleşmesi ile 1972 tarihli Dünya Kültürel ve Doğal Mirasın Korunmasına Dair UNESCO Sözleşmesi gibi, Türkiye’yi bağlayan uluslararası anlaşmalar ile azınlık ve kültürel haklar konusuna dair AB standartları ışığında değerlendirilmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Bu nedenle, bu tez, Anadolu'da yüzyıllar önce inşa edilmiş ve Alevi topluluğu tarafından en çok değer verilen Alevi/Bektaşi tarihi eserlerinin korunmasına, bugün Türkiye Cumhuriyeti sınırları içinde kalan değerli Alevi kültürel miras unsurlarına dair, tarihi Alevi/Bektaşi dergah, tekke ve türbelerinden oluşan taslak bir envanter listesi ile katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma ayrıca, Türk devletince imzalanan vi ve içteki uygulamalardan kaynaklanan olası zorluklar ele alındığında Alevilerin ve kültürel miras alanlarının karşılaştığı sorunları çözebilecek konumdaki uluslararası anlaşmaların hükümleri yanı sıra, Türk iç hukuku ve kaynaklarının yeterli ve yetersiz olduğu noktalara değinerek, Alevi toplumunun bu eserlere ilişkin onarım, idare ve kullanım konularına dair taleplerinin karşılanmasına, katkıda bulunma amacı taşımaktadır. Bu anlaşmaların uygulanmasına dair muhtemel sorunlar ve Alevilerin, kültürel miraslarının korunmasına ilişkin memnuniyetsizlik de, nedenleriyle beraber ayrıca ele alınmaktadır. Bu konuların tümü, azınlık haklarının korunmasının demokratik bir ortamda gerekliliği ile özellikle son yıllarda Türkiye'de otoriter bir siyasi atmosferin yükseliş algılarıyla alakalı olarak Avrupa Birliği ile müzakereler bağlamında, Avrupa ülkelerindeki etnik, dilsel ve dini azınlıklara dair uygulama ve yasal düzenlemelere atıflar yapılarak incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye'de Alevi kültürel mirasının korunması, Azınlık hakları ve kültürel haklar, Birleşmiş Milletler Medeni ve Siyasi Haklar Sözleşmesi, Birleşmiş Milletler Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklar Sözleşmesi, UNESCO Dünya Kültür ve Doğal Mirasının Korunmasına İlişkin Sözleşme vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Professor Necati Polat, for his constructive feedback and friendly and supportive approach. My appreciation cannot be described in words. I would also like to thank Professors Mustafa Şen and Murat Cem Demir for their valuable comments and suggestions on this study. I also thank those who have put their hearts into the rights of Alevis and the survival of the faith and its culture, who accepted my requests for interviews and who shared their valuable ideas with me. I thank Professor İzzettin Doğan, one of the leading names of the Alevi community, for sharing with me knowledge and ideas that cannot be found in the literature; Professor Ali Yaman; members of the Turkish Parliament and state officials including Ali Kenanoğlu, Veli Ağbaba, and Dr. Necdet Subaşı; journalist Ayhan Aydın; Hıdır Akbayır, the General Manager of the CEM Foundation; and Alevi dedes Haşim Demirhan, Hüseyin Durukalp, Hüseyin Eriş, Hüseyin Öz, and Hüseyin Özgöz. I thank Hüseyin Taştekin from the Şahkulu Sultan Lodge, who assisted me every time I called, and I thank Ali Eriş, Mehmet Demirtaş, Mithat Bektaş, journalist Murtaza Demir, dede Tahir Aslandaş, Tuncer Baş, and Zeynel Şahan for welcoming me, for doing their best to help with my study, and even asking me if I was hungry after the interviews, offering me delicious lokma (rice and meat). I would also like to thank those whom I could not interview but who assisted me by directing me to significant individuals and many other Alevi leaders working for the community. I also want to thank every member of my family for making me the person I am today. viii This work is dedicated to those fighting for not only the rights of the Alevis but for any ethnic, linguistic, religious, class, or gender groups feeling isolated and alienated in society. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................
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