The Analysis of Indoor Air Quality Inside the Kelana Jaya Light Rail Transit Train in Kuala Lumpur
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CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by UTHM Institutional Repository THE ANALYSIS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY INSIDE THE KELANA JAYA LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT TRAIN IN KUALA LUMPUR HIDAYATULLAH BIN MASJUD Tesis ini dikemukakan sebagai memenuhi syarat penganugerahan Ijazah Sarjana Sains Kejuruteraan Pengangkutan Rel Pusat Pengajian Siswazah Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia JANUARI 2015 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT In the name of Allah most gracious the most merciful. First and foremost, I would like to convey my deepest appreciation to my supervisor Associate Prof. Dr. Mutalib bin Leman for his openness to help me and gives guidance and comments in completing my research work. Special appreciation goes to my Co-supervisor Mr. Leman Zakaria and his assistances (Mr. Mohd Firdaus Mohamad and Mr. Mohamad Hafizan Baharum) from Rolling Stock Department at Kelana Jaya Light Rail Transit (LRT) depot for the time spent and information given to assist me during data collection phase. Special gratitude goes to Mr Ahmad Nizam Mohamed Amin as Chief Operating Officer (COO) for LRT Kelana Jaya line because the green light that has been given to me to do my research at his company. Gratitude also dedicated to Mr. Azizi as a technician at environmental laboratory who allow me to use the devices and shared some idea regarding this research. My deepest appreciation, thanks, love goes to my parents and my family for their supports and motivations. Last but not least, I would like to thank to my fellow friends for morally supporting me. v ABSTRACT Indoor air quality needs attention due to most people in the modern era now allocate more time to be in an enclosed space such as inside buildings and vehicles compared to an open space with ambient air. This study was conducted to analyze the air quality in four-car LRT Kelana Jaya train during operations. The study was conducted during off-peak hour which is between 9:00 am until 1:30 pm for four weeks consecutively. The measurement devices were located at the center of the train which is at the gangway. The real time monitored method is used and three main parameters measured which are the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), Particulate Matter (PM10) and Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC). The study found that the CO2 level inside the train in the acceptable range. But it’s sometime exceeded the acceptable limit which reached until 1392 ppm. The PM10 levels were increased from week one to week four and sometimes exceeded the acceptable range which is reached until 0.478 mg/m3. While for TVOC concentration, all data recorded are not over permissible range which is below 3 ppm. In order to ensure safety and health of the passengers train, the future research about how to control IAQ in the train should be conducted. vi ABSTRAK Kualiti udara dalaman perlu diberi perhatian berikutan kebanyakan manusia dalam era moden kini memperuntukkan masa yang lebih lama berada dalam ruangan yang tertutup seperti di dalam bangunan dan kenderaan.berbanding diruangan terbuka dengan udara persekitaran. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kualiti udara di dalam LRT Kelana Jaya empat gerabak ketika sedang beroperasi. Kajian dilakukan bukan pada waktu puncak iaitu diantara jam 9:00 pagi sehingga 1:30 petang selama empat minggu berturut-turut. Alat pengukuran yang digunakan diletakkan di bahagian tengah tren iaitu diantara gerabak tiga dan empat. Tiga parameter utama yang diukur iaitu kepekatan gas karbon dioksida (CO2), Particulate matter (PM10) dan Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC). Kajian mendapati tahap CO2 yang direkodkan ada yang melepasi julat yang dibenarkan sehingga mencapai 1392 ppm. Tahap PM10 meningkat dari minggu pertama hingga minggu ke empat yang mana ada bacaan yang direkodkan sehingga mencapai 0.478mg/m3. Manakala kesemua nilai TVOC yang direkodkan adalah tidak melebihi tahap maksimum yang dibenarkan iaitu di bawah 3 ppm. Untuk memastikan keselamatan dan kesihatan penumpang tren, kajian berkenaan bagaimana untuk mengawal kualiti udara di dalam tren adalah perlu dilakukan. vii TABLE OF CONTENT Pages TOPIC i RECOGNITION ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENT vii LIST OF TABLE ix LIST OF FIGURE x LIST OF SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATION xiii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background of study 2 1.3 Problem statement 2 1.4 Objectives 3 1.5 Scope 4 1.6 Significance of study 4 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Rail transport in Malaysia 6 2.2.1 Intercity train 6 2.2.2 Urban Transit Train 7 2.2.2.1 LRT Ampang Line 7 2.2.2.2 LRT Kelana Jaya Line 8 2.2.2.3 Monorail 9 2.2.2.4 Commuter 9 2.2.3 Express Rail Link 11 2.3 Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) 11 viii 2.4 The types of pollutants that affect IAQ 12 2.5 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 12 2.6 Particulate Matter (PM) 14 2.7 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) 16 2.8 Sources of pollutants 17 2.9 Technique to control IAQ 18 2.9.1 Reducing CO2 concentration 18 2.9.2 Reducing PM10 21 2.9.3 Reducing TVOC 22 2.9.4 HAVC pressurization equipment 23 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 24 3 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 Selection of locations for measurement 26 3.3 Measurement devices 28 3.4 Measurement methods 29 3.5 Sampling technique and period 33 3.6 Spearman Correlation Coefficient 34 CHAPTER RESULT AND DISCUSSION 35 4 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 36 4.3 Concentration of Particulate Matter (PM10) 40 4.4 Concentration of Total Volatile Organic 48 Compound (TVOC) CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 58 5 5.1 Introduction 58 5.2 Conclusion 59 5.3 Recommendation 59 REFERENCES 61 APPENDIX 66 ix LIST OF TABLE Pages 2.1 Primary pollutants in the air-conditioned train 13 2.2 List of indoor air pollutants with acceptable limits 13 2.3 The level of PM10 in the Metro trains for several 15 cities in the world 2.4 The effect of different concentrations of VOCs to 16 the human 2.5 Acceptable limit for IAQ 17 3.1 Dimensions and weight 27 3.2 Performance and Capacity 27 3.3 Measurement devices 28 3.3 Products with standards references 31 4.1 Statistical data for CO2 concentrations 36 4.2 Estimates of the number of passengers LRT Kelana 38 Jaya Line 4.3 Estimated number of passengers during 38 measurement 4.4 Statistical data for PM10 recorded during 42 measurement 4.5 Statistical velocity data during measurement 45 4.6 Statistical result for TVOC levels during four weeks 49 of measurements 4.7 Statistical results for temperature measured 54 4.8 Statistical data for percentage relative humidity 54 x LIST OF FIGURE Pages 2.1 The train used to move Cargo 6 2.2 The train used to carry passengers 7 2.3 Rolling stock for LRT Ampang Line 8 2.4 Rolling Stock for LRT Kelana Jaya Line 8 2.5 Rolling Stock for KL Monorail 9 2.6 Rolling Stock for commuter (EMU Model) 10 2.7 Rolling Stock for commuter (SCS Model) 10 2.8 Rolling Stock for ERL 11 2.9 Prototype of CO2 absorption system 18 2.10 Carbon dioxide Removal system 19 2.11 Carbon dioxide remover 20 2.12 3D image of cyclone type PM separator 21 2.13 Prototype of roll filter 22 2.14 The changes of TVOC in Training Room 22 2.15 The changes of TVOC in Office 23 2.16 The photo of the flap system for blocking the 23 pressure waves from outside of the train 3.1 Flow chart of the study 25 3.2 4-cars LRT Kelana Jaya Line 26 3.3 TSI IAQ-calc 7545 28 3.4 Velocicalc Multi-function ventilation meter 9565 28 3.5 Toxic Gas Monitor TG-502 VOC Probes 29 3.6 Dust track aerosol meter 29 3.7 The arrangement of measurement devices 30 3.8 Step of measurement 31 3.9 Gangway view from outside and inside the train 32 3.10 Gangway view from inside the train where the area 32 xi to locate the measurement devices. 3.11 The measurement area was blocked by using 33 warning tape 4.1 The trend of CO2 concentration when the train 37 going through the upstream and downstream line 4.2 Passengers’ condition during measurement. 36 4.3 The trend of PM10 concentration when the train 42 going through the upstream and downstream line 4.4(i) Filter used in AVC system in 4-Car train 42 4.4(ii) Filter used in AVC system in 4-Car train (Fresh air 43 filter) 4.5 The trend that shows the relation between Air 43 velocity and level of PM10 in week 1 4.6 The trend that shows the relation between Air 44 velocity and level of PM10 in week 2 4.6 The trend that shows the relation between Air 44 velocity and level of PM10 in week 3 4.8 The trend that shows the relation between Air 45 velocity and level of PM10 in week 4 4.9 Platform Screen Door System (PSDS) 46 4.10 Correlation Coefficient between air velocity with 47 PM10 concentrations 4.11 PM10 recorded 47 4.12 Air velocity recorded 48 4.13 The concentration of TVOC when the train going 50 through the upstream and downstream line 4.14 Combination TVOC and temperature trend week 1 51 4.15 Combination TVOC and temperature trend week 2 52 4.16 Combination TVOC and temperature trend week 3 52 4.17 Combination TVOC and temperature trend week 4 53 4.18 Percentages of temperature recorded 53 4.19 Combination TVOC and relative humidity trend 55 week 1 xii 4.20 Combination TVOC and relative humidity trend 55 week 2 4.21 Combination TVOC and relative humidity trend 56 week 3 4.22 Combination TVOC and relative humidity trend 56 week 4 4.23 Correlation between temperature and TVOC 57 4.24 Correlation between relative humidity and TVOC 57 xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATION ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineers CFM - Cubic feet per minute CO - Carbon Monoxide CO2 - Carbon Dioxide DOSH - Department of Safety and Health ERL - Express Rail Link KLIA - Kuala Lumpur International Airport KTMB - Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad LRT - Light Rail Transport PM10 - Particulate Matter PPM - Parts Per Million SPMB - Syarikat Prasarana Malaysia Berhad MOT - Ministry of Transportation 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The innovation of the different areas was rapidly done nowadays.