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"Terebellides" (Annelida; Trichobranchi

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Grao en Bioloxía Memoria de Traballo de Fin de Grao Estudio comparativo de la micro-anatomía externa de tres especies del género Terebellides (Annelida; Trichobranchidae) utilizando microscopía electrónica de barrido Estudo comparativo da micro-anatomía externa de tres especies do xénero Terebellides (Annelida; Trichobranchidae) empregando a microscopía electrónica de varrido Comparative study of the external micro-anatomy of three species of the genus Terebellides (Annelida; Trichobranchidae) using scanning electron microscopy Sindy Carolina Ortiz Florez Setembro 2017 Tutor Académico: Julio Parapar Vegas Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía Facultade de Ciencias TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO Don Julio Parapar Vegas, como Director del trabajo de Fin de Grado de Dña Sindy Carolina Ortiz Florez, titulado “Estudio comparativo de la micro- anatomía externa de tres especies del género Terebellides (Annelida; Trichobranchidae) utilizando microscopía electrónica de barrido”, por la presente, AUTORIZO A la autora a su presentación y defensa ante el tribunal calificador elegido a tal efecto, En A Coruña, a 11 de Septiembre de 2017 Firmado, Julio Parapar Vegas Resumen El Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido (MEB) es uno de los instrumentos más versátiles para el examen y análisis de características micro estructurales cuya utilidad radica en su alta resolución y su profundidad de campo, permitiendo la obtención de imágenes estereoscópicas de muy alta definición. Este TFG explora el uso del MEB como herramienta en el estudio taxonómico de los animales, y en particular de los Anélidos Poliquetos. Para ello se emplearán las imágenes obtenidas a partir del estudio de varios ejemplares del género Terebellides (Annelida; Trichobranchidae) pertenecientes a tres especies procedentes de tres enclaves geográficos diferentes en la costa oriental del Océano Atlántico: T. shetlandica Parapar, Moreira & O’Reilly, 2016 de las Islas Shetland (N Escocia), y dos ejemplares de dos especies todavía no descritas y procedentes de Galicia (NW España) y Congo respectivamente. El estudio se ha centrado en la forma de las sedas y branquias, con el objeto de valorar la posibilidad de que sean o no la misma especie. Palabras clave: Morfología, MEB, Terebellides , Poliquetos, taxonomía Resumo O Microscopio Electrónico de Varrido (MEV) é un dos instrumentos máis versátiles para o examen e análise de características micro estructurais cuxa utilidade radica na súa alta resolución e profundidade de campo, permitindo a obtención de imaxes estereoscópicas de moi alta definición. Este TFG explora o uso do MEB como ferramenta no estudio taxonómico dos animais, e en particular dos Anélidos Poliquetos. Para elo se empregarán as imaxes obtidas a partires do estudo de varios exemplares do xénero Terebellides (Annelida; Trichobranchidae) pertencentes a tres especies procedentes de tres enclaves xeográficos diferentes da costa oriental do Océano Atlántico: T. shetlandica Parapar, Moreira & O’Reilly, 2016 das Illas Shetland (N Escocia), e dous exemplares de dous especies todavía non descritas e procedentes de Galicia (NW España) e Congo respectivamente. O estudio centrouse na forma das sedas e branquias, co oxecto de valorar a posibilidade de que sexan ou non a mesma especie. Palabras chave: Morfoloxía, MEV, Terebellides , Poliquetos, taxonomía Abstract The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for the examination and analysis of micro structural characteristics, and whose utility lies in its high resolution and depth of field, allowing obtaining stereoscopic very high definition images. This TFG explores the use of MEB as a tool in the animal taxonomic study, and in particular of the Polychaetes. Shape of chaetae and branchiae has been studied in three Tricobranchid polychaete specimens of genus Terebellides , one belonging to an already described species, T. shetlandica Parapar, Moreira & O’Reilly, 2016 from the Shetland Islands (N Scotland), and two specimens from two still undescribed species, one from the Galician coasts (NW Spain) and one from the Congo coast respectively, in order to explore the possibility of being or not the same species. Key words: Morphology, SEM, Terebellides , Polychaeta, taxonomy I<ndice Introduccin ============================= =============== 1 Ob)etivos ========================================= ===== 8 Material y m&todos =============================== ========= 2 Resultados =================================== ========= 9 Discusin ================================== ============ 1A Conclusiones ============================= =============== 20 Conclusins ================================ ============ 20 Conclusions ============================== ============== 21 Bibliografa ==================================== == 22 IntroduccioBn El Microscopio Electrnico de Barrido (MEB), o tambi&n llamado SEM, por sus siglas en ingl&s (Scanning Electron Microscopy) es uno de los instrumentos ms verstiles para el examen y anlisis de caractersticas micro estructurales de slidos, proporcionando informacin morfolgica y topogrfica de la superficie de los mismos Ca utilidad del MEB radica en su alta resolucin con valores en el orden 1 a 5 nm (de 10 a 50 E) Otra caracterstica importante es la apariencia tridimensional de la imagen de la muestra, resultado directo de su gran profundidad de campo (aproximadamente entre 100 y 1000 veces mayor (ue la de un microscopio ptico a la misma magnificacin), la cual permite la obtencin de imgenes estereoscpicas de muy alta definicin Todo ello hace (ue las imgenes obtenidas de esta manera se empleen habitualmente en una amplia variedad de medios de comunicacin desde revistas cientficas tanto especialiFadas en ciencia como en divulgacin de muy diferentes temticas (Goldstein et al , 2003) Cos componentes bsicos del Microscopio Electrnico de Barrido son (Goldstein et al 2003), 1) Un cañón de electrones cuyo propsito es proveer de una corriente intensa y estable de un pe(ue7o haF de electrones, es decir, act:a como emisorIfuente de electrones Existen diferentes tipos de ca7ones de electrones (ue varan seg:n la cantidad de corriente (ue pueden producir, el tama7o de la fuente, la estabilidad de la corriente emitida y la duracin de la fuente 2) Un sistema de lentes , normalmente formado por dos o tres, (ue se encarga de focaliFar el haF de electrones en un punto de tama7o regulable seg:n el nivel de detalle (ue se re(uiera 3) Una serie de rejillas situadas generalmente antes yIo despu&s de cada lente, y (ue se encargan de eliminar las aberraciones producidas en el haF de electrones Ca :ltima de las lentes cuenta con un sistema de barrido (ue se encarga de desplaFar el haF de electrones por toda la muestra siguiendo un patrn de lneas paralelas Cuando los electrones acelerados inciden sobre la superficie de la muestra se originan una serie de emanaciones como por e)emplo rayos J, luF visible, calor y distintos tipos de electrones De &stos :ltimos, los utiliFados por el microscopio para crear la imagen son los llamados Kelectrones secundariosL los cuales son partculas de ba)a energa Dichos electrones abandonan el esp&cimen en m:ltiples direcciones y debido a (ue son ligeramente negativos se utiliFa una fuerte carga positiva para atraerlos hacia el detector de electrones secundarios Ca deteccin de &stos es transformada en una se7al el&ctrica proporcional al n:mero de electrones secundarios recogidos y transformada en una imagen digital donde la iluminacin de cada pxel es proporcional a la se7al emitida 4) Por :ltimo, presenta un sistema de vacío (ue es necesario para eliminar las mol&culas de aire (ue podran impedir el paso de los electrones de alta energa por la columna, formada por las lentes electromagn&ticas y por un con)unto de pieFas (ue se ensamblan (ue limitan el espacio fsico recorrido por el haF de electrones, as como para permitir (ue los electrones secundarios de energa ba)a via)en al detector 1 Figura 1 Es(uema de las partes de un Microscopio Electrnico de Barrido (MEB) (sacado de Goldstein et al 2003) El MEB se ha convertido en una herramienta muy :til en las diferentes disciplinas cientficas En Biologa, ha proporcionado imgenes muy novedosas de la morfologa de los seres vivos, dando informacin veraF de las estructuras (ue integran los organismos animales Actualmente, existe un gran n:mero de investigaciones en las (ue se han empleado imgenes obtenidas por el MEB para la descripcin e identificacin de muchas especies en el campo de la Noologa, ya (ue el uso de un microscopio ptico no llega a aportar el suficiente detalle morfolgico Es el caso del g&nero Terebellides , An&lido perteneciente a la familia Trichobranchidae MalmOgren, 1882 Estos poli(uetos, de hbitos sedentarios, se caracteriFan principalmente por presentar en la parte dorsal del trax un con)unto bra(uial muy peculiar y compuesto por la fusin a lo largo de su evolucin de tres pares de bran(uias primitivas (Garraffoni - Cana, 2002) (Figs 2 y 3) Morfolgicamente hablando, la bran(uia de este g&nero est provista de un solo tallo presente a la altura de los segmentos corporales 2P4 (S2PS4), y est dotada habitualmente de cuatro lbulos lamelados, 2 grandes dorsales y 2 ms pe(ue7os de posicin ventral (Fig 2, 3APB) Todos ellos pueden o no estar parcialmente fusionados En ocasiones ciertos autores reconocen un (uinto lbulo el cual es simplemente la proyeccin anterior del par de lbulos dorsales (Fig 3B) Cas anteriormente citadas lamelas (ue componen cada uno de los lbulos bran(uiales pueden presentar en toda o parte
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