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The European Fauna of Annelida Polychaeta (III)

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The European Fauna of Annelida Polychaeta (III) UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL The European Fauna of Annelida Polychaeta (III) João Carlos Ferreira Gil DOUTORAMENTO EM BIOLOGIA (ESPECIALIDADE: BIODIVERSIDADE) Tese orientada por: Professor Associado Doutor Pedro Miguel Alfaia Barcia Ré (FCUL) Doutor Rafael Sardá Borroy (CEAB-CSIC) 2011 Present adress of the author: CEAB-CSIC Carrer d’accés a la Cala Sant Francesc, 14 E-17300 Blanes (Girona) Spain e-mail: [email protected] © João Gil (text and tables) Copyright and ownership of figures and maps as stated at figure legends. Printed by Stein Girona S.L. Plaça Pompeu Fabra, 11 E-17002 Girona (Catalonia, Spain) www.stein.cat July 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I FOREWORD . xxiii RESUMO . xxv ABSTRACT . xxxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xxxiii INTRODUCTION . 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 3 TAXONOMY AND THE BIODIVERSITY AND TAXONOMIC CRISES . 6 The Biodiversity Crisis and the Holocene Extinction . 6 Taxonomy and the Taxonomic Crisis 8 Morphological versus Molecular Taxonomy? . 14 Natural History Institutions and their Role in the Study of Biodiversity . 16 The Future of Taxonomy . 19 THE STUDY SUBJECT: THE POLYCHAETA . 28 METHODS OF STUDY OF POLYCHAETA . 29 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE STUDIED AREAS . 30 a) The Portuguese Southwestern Continental Shelf and Coast . 30 b) The Continental Shelves of South Spain and Gulf of Cádiz . 32 SOME NOTIONS ON THE HYDROGRAPHY OF THE STUDIED REGIONS . 35 1) Mediterranean Sea . 35 2) Alborán Sea . 35 3) Gulf of Cádiz . 37 4) Southwestern Portugal . 39 THE PRESENT WORK: ORIGINAL PROJECT AND FINAL VERSION . 41 The original project . 42 The final version . 43 MATERIAL AND METHODS . 45 THE CAMPAIGNS . 47 a) The SEPLAT Cruises . 47 b) The Fauna 1 Campaign . 48 c) Used sampling gears . 49 d) Resume of SEPLAT and Fauna 1 campaigns . 51 TREATMENT OF THE SAMPLES . 52 a) SEPLAT Cruises . 52 b) Fauna 1 Campaign . 52 iii THE EUROPEAN FAUNA OF ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIMENS . 54 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH AND RESOURCES . 61 STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT WORK . 62 POLYCHAETE FAMILIES . 69 WORLDWIDE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF POLYCHAETA . 71 FAMILY ABERRANTIDAE . 81 Genus Aberranta . 81 FAMILY ACOETIDAE . 83 Genus Acoetes . 86 Genus Euarche . 87 Genus Eupanthalis . 88 Genus Eupolyodontes . 89 Genus Panthalis . 89 Genus Polyodontes . 90 FAMILY ACROCIRRIDAE . 91 Genus Acrocirrus . 94 Genus Chauvinelia . 94 Genus Flabelligella . 96 Genus Macrochaeta . 98 FAMILY AMPHARETIDAE . 101 Genus Adercodon . 105 Genus Alkmaria . 105 Genus Amage . 106 Genus Amagopsis . 107 Genus Ampharete . 107 Genus Amphicteis . 110 Genus Amythasides . 111 Genus Anobothrus . 112 Genus Auchenoplax . 113 Genus Eclysippe . 115 Genus Glyphanostomum . 115 Genus Hypania . 116 Genus Hypaniola . 116 Genus Isolda . 117 Genus Lysippe . 118 Genus Lysippides . 118 Genus Melinna . 118 Genus Melinnopsis . 122 Genus Mugga . 123 Genus Neosabellides . 123 Genus Noanelia . 124 Genus Sabellides . 124 Genus Samytha . 125 Genus Samythella . 126 Genus Sosane . 126 Genus Sosanopsis . 127 Genus Uschakovius . 127 Genus Ymerana . 128 Genus Zatsepinia . 128 FAMILY AMPHINOMIDAE . 129 Genus Amphinome . 131 Genus Chloeia . 132 Genus Chloenopsis . 134 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Genus Eurythoe . 134 Genus Hermodice . 135 Genus Hipponoe . 136 Genus Linopherus . 136 Genus Notopygos . 137 Genus Paramphinome . 137 Genus Pareurythoe . 138 FAMILY APHRODITIDAE . 141 Genus Aphrodita . 141 Genus Laetmonice . 144 Genus Pontogenia . 147 FAMILY APISTOBRANCHIDAE . 149 Genus Apistobranchus . 150 FAMILY ARENICOLIDAE . 151 Genus Abarenicola . 152 Genus Arenicola . 153 Genus Arenicolides . 157 Genus Branchiomaldane . 158 FAMILY CAPITELLIDAE . 159 Genus Baldia . 162 Genus Capitella . 162 Genus Capitellethus . 166 Genus Dasybranchus . 167 Genus Heteromastides . 169 Genus Heteromastus . 170 Genus Leiocapitella . 171 Genus Leiochrides . 173 Genus Mastobranchus . 174 Genus Mediomastus . 175 Genus Notomastus . 177 Genus Paracapitella . 182 Genus Peresiella . 182 Genus Pseudocapitella . 183 Genus Pseudonotomastus . 184 Genus Pulliella . 184 Doubtful or Indeterminable Species . 184 FAMILY CHAETOPTERIDAE . 187 Genus Chaetopterus . 188 Genus Mesochaetopterus . 191 Genus Phyllochaetopterus . 192 Genus Spiochaetopterus . 194 FAMILY CHRYSOPETALIDAE . 197 Genus Arichlidon . 198 Genus Bhawania . 199 Genus Chrysopetalum . 199 Genus Dysponetus . 200 Genus Paleanotus . 201 Genus Vigtorniella . 202 FAMILY CIRRATULIDAE . 205 Genus Aphelochaeta . 209 Genus Aphropharynx . 211 Genus Caulleriella . 212 Genus Chaetozone . 214 Genus Cirratulus . 220 Genus Cirriformia . 222 Genus Ctenodrilus . 223 Genus Dodecaceria . 224 Genus Fauvelicirratulus . 226 Genus Monticellina . 227 Genus Protocirrineris . 229 v THE EUROPEAN FAUNA OF ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA Genus Raphidrilus . 229 Genus Raricirrus . 230 Genus Tharyx . 230 Genus Timarete . 231 FAMILY COSSURIDAE . 233 Genus Cossura . 233 FAMILY DORVILLEIDAE . 237 Genus Apharyngtus . 240 Genus Arenotrocha . 241 Genus Dinophilus . 241 Genus Diurodrilus . 244 Genus Dorvillea . 245 Genus Marycarmenia . 248 Genus Ophryotrocha . 248 Genus Ougia . 261 Genus Parapodrilus . 262 Genus Parophryotrocha . 262 Genus Parougia . 263 Genus Pettiboneia . 264 Genus Protodorvillea . 265 Genus Pusillotrocha . 266 Genus Schistomeringos . 267 Genus Trilobodrilus . 268 FAMILY EULEPETHIDAE . 269 Genus Grubeulepis . 270 FAMILY EUNICIDAE . 271 Genus Eunice . 272 Genus Euniphysa . 284 Genus Lysidice . 284 Genus Marphysa . 287 Genus Nematonereis . 290 Genus Palola . 291 Genus Paramarphysa . 292 FAMILY EUPHROSINIDAE . 293 Genus Euphrosine . 293 Genus Palmyreuphrosyne . 297 FAMILY FAUVELIOPSIDAE . 299 Genus Fauveliopsis . 300 Genus Laubieriopsis . 303 FAMILY FLABELLIGERIDAE . 305 Genus Brada . 308 Genus Bradabyssa . 310 Genus Diplocirrus . 310 Genus Flabelliderma . 312 Genus Flabelligera . 312 Genus Ilyphagus . 313 Genus Pherusa . 314 Genus Piromis . 315 Genus Therochaeta . 316 Incertae sedis . 317 FAMILY GLYCERIDAE . 319 Genus Glycera . 321 Genus Glycerella . 329 FAMILY GONIADIDAE . 331 Genus Bathyglycinde . 331 Genus Glycinde . 333 Genus Goniada . 334 Genus Goniadella . 338 Genus Progoniada . 341 FAMILY HESIONIDAE . 343 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Genus Amphiduros . 345 Genus Dalhousiella . 346 Genus Gyptis . 346 Genus Hesione . 347 Genus Hesionides . 350 Genus Hesiospina . 351 Genus Leocrates . 353 Genus Microphthalmus . 354 Genus Micropodarke . 357 Genus Nereimyra . 358 Genus Ophiodromus . 359 Genus Podarkeopsis . 361 Genus Psamathe . 362 Genus Syllidia . 363 Genus Wesenbergia . 364 Invalid or Indeterminable Species . 364 FAMILY HISTRIOBDELLIDAE . 367 Genus Histriobdella . 368 FAMILY ICHTHYOTOMIDAE . 369 Genus Ichthyotomus . 369 FAMILY LACYDONIIDAE . 371 Genus Lacydonia . 372 FAMILY LONGOSOMATIDAE . 375 Genus Heterospio . 376 FAMILY LUMBRINERIDAE . 379 Genus Abyssoninoe . 381 Genus Aotearia . 385 Genus Augeneria . 386 Genus Cenogenus . 387 Genus Eranno . 388 Genus Helmutneris . 388 Genus Hilbigneris . 389 Genus Lumbricalus . 391 Genus Lumbrinerides . 391 Genus Lumbrineris . 393 Genus Ninoe . 398 Genus Scoletoma . 399 Invalid Species . 402 FAMILY MAGELONIDAE . 403 Genus Magelona . 403 Genus Octomagelona . 411 FAMILY MALDANIDAE . 413 Genus Axiothella . 416 Genus Chirimia . 417 Genus Clymenella . 417 Genus Clymenopsis . 418 Genus Clymenura . 419 Genus Euclymene . 421 Genus Isocirrus . 424 Genus Johnstonia . 424 Genus Lumbriclymene . 424 Genus Macroclymene . 425 Genus Maldane . 426 Genus Maldanella . 428 Genus Metasychis . 429 Genus Microclymene . 429 Genus Micromaldane . 430 Genus Nicomache . 431 Genus Notoproctus . 433 Genus Petaloproctus . 434 vii THE EUROPEAN FAUNA OF ANNELIDA POLYCHAETA Genus Praxillella . 435 Genus Praxillura . 438 Genus Proclymene . 438 Genus Pseudoclymene . 438 Genus Rhodine . 439 FAMILY NAUTILINIELLIDAE . 441 Genus Natsushima . 441 FAMILY NEPHTYIDAE . 443 Genus Aglaophamus . 444 Genus Inermonephtys . 446 Genus Micronephthys . 448 Genus Nephtys . 450 FAMILY NEREIDIDAE . 463 Genus Alitta . 467 Genus Ceratocephale . 470 Genus Ceratonereis . 471 Genus Composetia . 472 Genus Eunereis . 474 Genus Hediste . 475 Genus Leonnates . 476 Genus Micronereis . 477 Genus Namalycastis . 479 Genus Namanereis . 479 Genus Neanthes . 481 Genus Nereis . 486 Genus Perinereis . 490 Genus Platynereis . 495 Genus Pseudonereis . 498 Genus Rullierinereis . 499 Genus Sinonereis . 499 Genus Websterinereis . 499 Addendum . 500 FAMILY NERILLIDAE . 503 Genus Afronerilla . ..
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