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Cryptography
Pattern Recognition and Applications Lab CRYPTOGRAPHY Giorgio Giacinto [email protected] University of Cagliari, Italy Spring Semester 2019-2020 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Cryptography and Security • Used to hide the content of a message • Goals – Confidentiality – Authenticity – Integrity • The text is modified by an encryption function – An interceptor should not be able to understand all or part of the message content http://pralab.diee.unica.it 2 Encryption/Decryption Process Key Key (Optional) (Optional) Original Plaintext Encryption Ciphertext Decryption Plaintext http://pralab.diee.unica.it 3 Keys and Locks http://pralab.diee.unica.it 4 Keys L F A Y B D E T C A R C S E E T Y H G S O U S U D H R D F C E I D B T E M E P Q X N R C I D S F T U A E T C A U R M F N P E C J N A C R D B E M K C I O P F B E W U X I Y M C R E P F N O G I D C N T M http://pralab.diee.unica.it 5 Keys L F A Y B D E T C A R C S E E T Y H G S O U S U D H R D F C E I D B T E M E P Q X N R C I D S F T U A E T C A U R M F N P E C J N A C R D B E M K C I O P F B E W U X I Y M C R E P F N O G I D C N T M http://pralab.diee.unica.it 6 Steganography - = http://pralab.diee.unica.it https://towardsdatascience.com/steganography-hiding-an-image-inside-another-77ca66b2acb1 7 Definitions • Cryptography algorithm C = E(K,M) A function E with two inputs – a message M – a key K that outputs – the encrypted message C The algorithm is based on a shared secret between the sender and the receiver K The Encryption Key http://pralab.diee.unica.it 8 Symmetric -
The 5 Things You Need to Do to Protect Yourself from Ransomware
THE 5 THINGS YOU NEED TO DO TO PROTECT YOURSELF FROM RANSOMWARE ARE YOU RANSOMWARE-AWARE? In our recent survey* of more than RANSOMWARE is malware sent The 5 things you need to do to protect 3,000 people in the U.S. and Canada by criminals that encrypts your we learned that many are unaware of files and threatens to delete yourself from ransomware ransomware or how to defend against it. them if you don’t pay a ransom. By Stephen Cobb, ESET Senior Security Researcher ...said85% they would not pay the ransom fee and just risk losing their files, and Family photos and videos. Tax returns and other financial records. Business 15% said they would pay and take the chance that they may not even get documents. Think about everything that you keep on your computer. What their files back. would happen if it all was stolen from you? ...of42% people did not know if the internet That’s what a ransomware attack does. Criminals use this nasty breed security/antivirus they were using helped protect them from ransomware. of software to reach out over your internet connection and kidnap the contents of your computer, literally holding them for ransom. Ransomware silently encrypts all of your personal files, making them unreadable, and then demands that you send money to the criminal in order to restore them. ...of31% respondents NEVER backup their files. Those in the youngest age bracket (18-24) were the most likely age group to never back up files (35%). We surveyed over 3,000 people across the U.S. -
N2N: a Layer Two Peer-To-Peer VPN
N2N: A Layer Two Peer-to-Peer VPN Luca Deri1, Richard Andrews2 ntop.org, Pisa, Italy1 Symstream Technologies, Melbourne, Australia2 {deri, andrews}@ntop.org Abstract. The Internet was originally designed as a flat data network delivering a multitude of protocols and services between equal peers. Currently, after an explosive growth fostered by enormous and heterogeneous economic interests, it has become a constrained network severely enforcing client-server communication where addressing plans, packet routing, security policies and users’ reachability are almost entirely managed and limited by access providers. From the user’s perspective, the Internet is not an open transport system, but rather a telephony-like communication medium for content consumption. This paper describes the design and implementation of a new type of peer-to- peer virtual private network that can allow users to overcome some of these limitations. N2N users can create and manage their own secure and geographically distributed overlay network without the need for central administration, typical of most virtual private network systems. Keywords: Virtual private network, peer-to-peer, network overlay. 1. Motivation and Scope of Work Irony pervades many pages of history, and computing history is no exception. Once personal computing had won the market battle against mainframe-based computing, the commercial evolution of the Internet in the nineties stepped the computing world back to a substantially rigid client-server scheme. While it is true that the today’s Internet serves as a good transport system for supplying a plethora of data interchange services, virtually all of them are delivered by a client-server model, whether they are centralised or distributed, pay-per-use or virtually free [1]. -
Internet Security
Internet Security Thompson Davis & Co. (TD & Co.) is committed to protecting the security and confidentiality of customer information. We use a combination of state-of-the-art technology and methods to help to protect the security of your online information. • Internet Communication Security Measures - Any sensitive personal information that you send through TD & Co. is held in a secured environment, protected by tools such as firewalls and/or database field encryption. Please do not send any sensitive or personal information over email. TD & Co. will not electronically send any personal financial information to you unless you request us to do so. • Protect Yourself from Fraudulent Web Sites - Personal information shared over the Internet can be used to commit fraud. One common method is for thieves to create a web site using a name that is similar to that of a reputable business, for instance by using a common misspelling of the company's name. The intent is to lure you into clicking onto the copycat web site and giving your personal information, including your account number and password. We caution you to make sure of whom you are dealing with over the Internet and to understand what will be done with your information. Always check that you have typed the correct web site address before entering personal information onto a site. • Personal Computer Security – Regardless of the security measures TD & Co. takes to protect your online financial information, if the computer or network you are using to access this data is not secure, you run the risk of your financial information being compromised. -
Internet Security Threat Report Volume 24 | February 2019
ISTRInternet Security Threat Report Volume 24 | February 2019 THE DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID. SYMANTEC CORPORATION SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING, PERFORMANCE, OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT. THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THIRD PARTY SOURCES IS BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE, BUT IS IN NO WAY GUARANTEED. SECURITY PRODUCTS, TECHNICAL SERVICES, AND ANY OTHER TECHNICAL DATA REFERENCED IN THIS DOCUMENT (“CONTROLLED ITEMS”) ARE SUBJECT TO U.S. EXPORT CONTROL AND SANCTIONS LAWS, REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS, AND MAY BE SUBJECT TO EXPORT OR IMPORT REGULATIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. YOU AGREE TO COMPLY STRICTLY WITH THESE LAWS, REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS, AND ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY TO OBTAIN ANY LICENSES, PERMITS OR OTHER APPROVALS THAT MAY BE REQUIRED IN ORDER FOR YOU TO EXPORT, RE-EXPORT, TRANSFER IN COUNTRY OR IMPORT SUCH CONTROLLED ITEMS. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2 3 BIG NUMBERS YEAR-IN-REVIEW FACTS AND FIGURES METHODOLOGY Formjacking Messaging Cryptojacking Malware Ransomware Mobile Living off the land Web attacks and supply chain attacks Targeted attacks Targeted attacks IoT Cloud Underground economy IoT Election interference MALICIOUS -
Security & Savings with Virtual Private Networks
Everybody’s connecting. Security & Savings with Virtual Private Networks In today’s New Economy, small businesses that might have dealt with just local or regional concerns now have to consider global markets and logistics. Many companies even have facilities spread across the country or throughout the world. At the same time security concerns of their network from hackers, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks and sending data over the Internet have become more widespread. Whether companies have a local, national, or global presence, they all need one thing: a way to maintain fast, secure, and reliable communications wherever their offices and workers are located. Until recently, such communications were only available by using leased telephone lines to maintain a Wide Area Network (WAN). Leased lines enabled companies to expand their private network beyond their immediate geographic area. Moreover, a WAN provided advantages over a public network like the Internet when it came to reliability, performance, and security. Unfortunately, leased lines are expensive to maintain, with costs rising as the distance between the offices increases. As the popularity of the Internet grew, businesses turned to it as a cost-effective way to extend their networks. The continuing popularity with the Internet has led to the evolution of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). A VPN is a connection that allows private data to be sent securely over a shared or public network, such as the Internet. In fact, one of the driving forces behind VPNs is the Internet and its global presence. With VPNs, communication links between users and sites can be achieved quickly, inexpensively, and safely across the world. -
Cyber Risks to Public Safety: Ransomware, September 2020
CYBER RISK TO PUBLIC SAFETY: RANSOMWARE RANSOMWARE IMPACTS ON PUBLIC SAFETY If you are experiencing a ransomware attack, please go directly to page 3 for incident reporting resources Ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts information stored on hard drives or network drives and disrupts access to compromised devices or networks. Ransomware applications threaten to erase, lock, or otherwise damage compromised drives and data unless payment is provided. Ransomware programs often elicit a sense of urgency (e.g., a short deadline for payment) to encourage affected organizations to pay. Ransomware applications may threaten to escalate demands (e.g., increase payment) if payment is not provided quickly. Even when payments are provided, malicious actors may steal sensitive information, default on agreements to restore access, or conduct follow-up cyberattacks. While ransomware typically aims to extort money from organizations, malicious actors may also target public safety agencies or critical infrastructure with the goal of disrupting emergency response capabilities.1, 2 Figure 1. Recent Ransomware Attack Statistics Ransomware can have a significant impact on public safety operations, including services provided by fire, emergency medical services, law enforcement, emergency communication centers/public safety answering points, and other public safety partners. Disruptions to public safety operations directly and negatively impact the health and safety of the communities they serve. For example, delays dispatching fire and emergency medical services may lead to increased loss of life and property damage. Malicious actors may target public safety agencies specifically to exploit these negative outcomes, creating a strong sense of urgency to accommodate perpetrator demands. Public safety agencies are highly encouraged to plan and prepare for a ransomware event to mitigate service disruptions, conduct effective response operations, and ensure rapid recovery. -
Internet Security
Internet Security Personal It’s second nature for us to access the internet throughout the day. Our smartphones, laptops and desktops have essentially become an extension of ourselves. Just like a seatbelt in a car or a helmet on a bike, we all need some type of internet security to protect ourselves from potential hazards. Here are a few internet security tips to ensure you’re safety online. Shop Safely: Check for the padlock: It’s important when shopping online to make sure the site you’re on uses an SSL (secure sockets layer) certificate encryption. You can easily identify a site that uses this certificate by finding an image of a padlock in one of two places: either the status bar or the bottom of your web browser. This encryption ensures your credit card information, email or other personal information is protected from hackers. Phishing Protection: Periodically, you may receive fraudulent email messages appearing to come from a valid source. These emails are generally referred to as SPAM or 'Phishing' messages. To protect yourself and your family from phishing scams: • Be suspicious of any unsolicited emails asking for personal information. You should always be very suspicious when asked for personal information, especially when asked by companies or organizations that should already have such information. If you need to update your information call 1.800.746.4726 to speak to a Customer Service Representative. • Always report fraudulent or suspicious email. Reporting such instances will help get these "bad guys" tracked down. You can report any suspicious emails like these via the Spam button within webmail. -
Analysis of Recent Attacks on Ssl/Tls Protocols A
ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DUYGU OZDEN¨ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CRYPTOGRAPHY SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the thesis: ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS submitted by DUYGU OZDEN¨ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the de- gree of Master of Science in Department of Cryptography, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Bulent¨ Karasozen¨ Director, Graduate School of Applied Mathematics Prof. Dr. Ferruh Ozbudak¨ Head of Department, Cryptography Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk Supervisor, Cryptography, METU Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk Cryptography, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Doganaksoy˘ Mathematics, METU Asst. Prof. Dr. Fatih Sulak Mathematics, ATILIM UNIVERSITY Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: DUYGU OZDEN¨ Signature : v vi ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS Ozden,¨ Duygu M.S., Department of Cryptography Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk September 2016, 46 pages Transport Layer Security(TLS) and its predecessor Secure Socket Layer(SSL) are two important cryptographic, certificate based protocols that satisfy secure communication in a network channel. They are widely used in many areas such as online banking systems, online shopping, e-mailing, military systems or governmental systems. -
Cryptographic Control Standard, Version
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of the Chief Information Officer Computer Security Standard Office Instruction: OCIO-CS-STD-2009 Office Instruction Title: Cryptographic Control Standard Revision Number: 2.0 Issuance: Date of last signature below Effective Date: October 1, 2017 Primary Contacts: Kathy Lyons-Burke, Senior Level Advisor for Information Security Responsible Organization: OCIO Summary of Changes: OCIO-CS-STD-2009, “Cryptographic Control Standard,” provides the minimum security requirements that must be applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) systems which utilize cryptographic algorithms, protocols, and cryptographic modules to provide secure communication services. This update is based on the latest versions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Guidance and Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) publications, Committee on National Security System (CNSS) issuances, and National Security Agency (NSA) requirements. Training: Upon request ADAMS Accession No.: ML17024A095 Approvals Primary Office Owner Office of the Chief Information Officer Signature Date Enterprise Security Kathy Lyons-Burke 09/26/17 Architecture Working Group Chair CIO David Nelson /RA/ 09/26/17 CISO Jonathan Feibus 09/26/17 OCIO-CS-STD-2009 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. -
Internet Security Policy
Internet Security Policy GEFCU wants to take this opportunity to make our members aware of the increasingly common Internet fraud known as "phishing". The FBI's Internet Fraud Complaint Center reports a steady increase in complaints involving unsolicited e-mails directing consumers to a false "member service" website or directly asking for member information. These scams contribute to a rise in identity theft, credit card fraud, and other Internet-based frauds. One type of fraud, known as "phishing", involves sending members a seemingly legitimate e- mail request for account information, often under the pretense of asking the member to verify or re-confirm confidential personal information such as account numbers, social security numbers, passwords, and other sensitive information. In the e-mail, the perpetrator uses various means to convince members that they are receiving a legitimate message from someone whom the member may already be doing business with, such as your credit union. Techniques such as a false "FROM" address or the use of seemingly legitimate credit union logos, web links, and graphics may be employed to mislead the member. After gaining the member's trust, the perpetrator attempts to convince the member to provide personal information, employing false websites designed to convince the member the website is genuine, or simply embedding a form in the e-mail which the member completes. Criminals will take that information from the member and quickly act to gain unauthorized access to financial accounts, or commit identity theft or other illegal acts before the fraud is identified and stopped. GEFCU does NOT request personal information from members. -
What Is a Virtual Private Network?
C H A P T E R 1 What Is a Virtual Private Network? A virtual private network (VPN) allows the provisioning of private network services for an organization or organizations over a public or shared infrastructure such as the Internet or service provider backbone network. The shared service provider backbone network is known as the VPN backbone and is used to transport traffic for multiple VPNs, as well as possibly non-VPN traffic. VPNs provisioned using technologies such as Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) virtual circuits (VC) have been available for a long time, but over the past few years IP and IP/Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based VPNs have become more and more popular. This book focuses on describing the deployment of IP- and IP/MPLS-based VPNs. The large number of terms used to categorize and describe the functionality of VPNs has led to a great deal of confusion about what exactly VPNs are and what they can do. The sections that follow cover VPN devices, protocols, technologies, as well as VPN categories and models. VPN Devices Before describing the various VPN technologies and models, it is useful to first describe the various customer and provider network devices that are relevant to the discussion. Devices in the customer network fall into one of two categories: • Customer (C) devices—C devices are simply devices such as routers and switches located within the customer network. These devices do not have direct connectivity to the service provider network. C devices are not aware of the VPN. • Customer Edge (CE) devices—CE devices, as the name suggests, are located at the edge of the customer network and connect to the provider network (via Provider Edge [PE] devices).