DOCSLIB.ORG

Secure Wireless Internet of Things Communication Using Virtual Private Networks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Secure Wireless Internet of Things Communication Using Virtual Private Networks Secure Wireless Internet of Things Communication using Virtual Private Networks 1 2 3 4 Ishaan Lodha , Lakshana Kolur , K Sree Hari , and Prasad Honnavalli 1 PES University, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore. [email protected] 2 PES University, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore. [email protected] 3 PES University, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore. [email protected] 4 PES University, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore. [email protected] Abstract. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an exploding market as well as a important focus area for research. Security is a major issue for IoT products and solutions, with several massive problems that are still commonplace in the field. In this paper, we have successfully minimized the risk of data eavesdropping and tampering over the network by securing these communications using the concept of tunneling. We have implemented this by connecting a router to the internet via a Virtual Private network while using PPTP and L2TP as the underlying protocols for the VPN and exploring their cost benefits, compatibility and most importantly, their feasibility. The main purpose of our paper is to try to secure IoT networks without adversely affecting the selling point of IoT. Keywords: IoT, networks, security, sensors, wireless communication, sensor networks. 1 Introduction IoT is the connection of everyday mundane devices and things to a network like the internet. IoT has gained immense popularity in the recent years due to the low cost of and easily deployed sensors and actuators which can easily be controlled by micro controllers and availability of IPv6 addresses. IoT is also one of the largest source of data in the world. It is estimated to have generated more than 500 ZB by the end of 2019[1]. The data will be mainly sensor data from the manufacturing and health care industries as they account for over 70% of IoT devices. Only 0.06% of total devices that can be connected to the internet are actually connected, which shows the potential for a huge IoT data 2 2 USP of IoT - Challenges for Security The main selling points for the widespread and easy adoption of IoT are the very reasons that hinder its security and don't allow easy implementation of conventional security procedures on them. Thus any security procedure that is designed for IoT devices should be in tandem with these USPs and complement them in order for these procedures to be adopted by the industry. • Small Size: IoT components are typically very small with minimal processing power. They have the minimum processing capability to serve their purpose, which allows them to remain cheap and small. They are not capable of executing conventional forms of heavy encryption and other security procedures. • Energy Efficiency: IoT devices are predominantly battery powered and consume minuscule amounts of power. In adding security features we cannot drastically increase the power consumption of the devices as it would render them incompetent in the market [2]. The small battery also accounts for its small size and low cost which enable their large scale deployment. • Usage Lifetime and Accessibility: IoT devices are deployed for considerably long periods of time of up to 5 years without almost any direct user contact or maintenance intervention in this period. Thus the methods implemented should not require users to access the IoT device for anything in this duration. They are also deployed in remote inaccessible locations, need for repeated intervention would be a hindrance to this cause. • Cost: IoT devices are generally cheap and thus if implementation of security solutions makes them considerably more expensive then it would not perform well in the market, thus the cost effect of security features has to be minimal. Thus several constraints are in place in making IoT networks secure without disrupting the present status quo in the industry. It has been attempted to secure these networks with minimum impact on the status quo and thus device a solution acceptable to and implementable by the industry. 3 Approaches and their Feasibility The most common approaches to IoT security that are being extensively explored in ongoing research are as follows: 3.1 Hardware Implemented Security Implement encryption on the silicon chip so that end-to-end communication is secure from the beginning. These security chips essentially give you a trusted 3 environment that can be used for what is called a ‘hardware root of trust’. These have a very specialized operating system, a specialized environment, that is built into that chip, all designed from scratch with security as a top priority. The first layer of security is on-device mitigation and hardware-implemented security is one way of achieving that. It is for security over the application layer and despite the network being secure if the end devices are not, attacks and threats are possible. 3.2 Device Authentication There is a conflict in the implementation of device authentication, that is between hoe secure the authentication technique is, against how practical it is to implement it onto a small, low-cost IoT device. We need to apply the Principle of Adequate Protection where we need to choose a method that is a balance of both, that is secure enough but also cost-effective. The RSA key used for communication like ssh (secure shell) between hosts can be used for authentication of IoT devices and the recipient host. The drawback of this method is that the RSA key is large in size and its generation is computationally intensive because it has to generate a large number of bits. This is not feasible to be implemented on minute IoT devices since they need to be energy effective. [3] 3.3 Light Weight Encryption There are various requirements to decide what sort of cipher to use: which are size, power consumption and processing speed (throughput, delay). Once we judge the edge device based on these parameters, we decide on using either a symmetric or an asymmetric encryption algorithm. [4] Symmetric encryption is where only one key is used to encrypt as well as decrypt information and asymmetric encryption is where there are two cryptographic keys, namely, a public key as well as a978 private key where the public key can be used to encrypt information and data but only the private key of the user can be used to decrypt it. [5] 3.4 Securing the Network A plethora of companies use this process in allowing employees remote access to their business systems over the public internet. Virtual Private Networks give a virtual direct connection between systems over the public internet. They extend personal networks over the internet. By connecting the IoT devices to the edge devices over a VPN we can ensure that the data is not eavesdropped on or altered en route. This is a tried and tested method of transferring sensitive data over an unsecured network and does not add computational or temporal overhead. 4 4 Tunneling The mechanism of the tunneling protocol is as follows: it takes the part of the packet that contains information and uses it to store the packets that actually assist in solving the problem. The protocols used by tunneling are layered, which consist of protocols such as OSI or TCP/IP. The packets that assist in service are known as payloads, these operate at a layer which is one below that of the parent packets in which they are encapsulated. [6] Proposed work uses tunneling protocol as a way to create a virtual private network. It hides all communication between the hosts connected to it by way of encryption and hiding the hosts, thus creating an illusion of the absence of any devices or communication. The most commonly used protocols for tunneling are: 4.1 Point to Point Tunneling Protocol Point to point tunneling protocol also known as PPTP. The main concept of this protocol is a client-server design. This runs on the data-link layer in the OSI hierarchy. This protocol is widely used to tunnel data over the internet. In order to initiate the connection, the user launches a point to point tunneling protocol client that in turn establishes a link to their internet provider. After this, there is a TCP connection established between the client and the server of the Virtual Private Network. It makes use of port 1723 and the concept of GRE (General Routing Encapsulation) to create the tunnel. This setup can also be done over a local network. The next step is the information flow. [7] 4.2 Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol The objective of this protocol is to use an encryption mechanism in conjunction with it that is passed through the tunnel in order to achieve security of data. This is also an improvement over the Point to Point Tunneling Protocol. The protocol it uses to send the data and the header of L2TP is UDP. The reason for choosing UDP over TCP is so that we can avoid the “TCP meltdown problem”. The point to point sessions are established within an L2TP tunnel. The protocol doesn’t provide any sort of confidentiality by itself. Protocols such as IPsec are used to secure the L2TP tunnel. Together they are known as L2TP/IPsec. There are two ends of any L2TP tunnel. They're known as the LNS and the LAC. The LNS or the L2TP Network Server keeps searching for new tunnels. Once a connection is setup the transfer of data is full duplex. There are upper level protocols which are used in order to use this protocol for networking, this is done using an L2TP session. Either the L2TP network server or the L2TP Access Concentrator can send a request for a session.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cryptography
    Pattern Recognition and Applications Lab CRYPTOGRAPHY Giorgio Giacinto [email protected] University of Cagliari, Italy Spring Semester 2019-2020 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Cryptography and Security • Used to hide the content of a message • Goals – Confidentiality – Authenticity – Integrity • The text is modified by an encryption function – An interceptor should not be able to understand all or part of the message content http://pralab.diee.unica.it 2 Encryption/Decryption Process Key Key (Optional) (Optional) Original Plaintext Encryption Ciphertext Decryption Plaintext http://pralab.diee.unica.it 3 Keys and Locks http://pralab.diee.unica.it 4 Keys L F A Y B D E T C A R C S E E T Y H G S O U S U D H R D F C E I D B T E M E P Q X N R C I D S F T U A E T C A U R M F N P E C J N A C R D B E M K C I O P F B E W U X I Y M C R E P F N O G I D C N T M http://pralab.diee.unica.it 5 Keys L F A Y B D E T C A R C S E E T Y H G S O U S U D H R D F C E I D B T E M E P Q X N R C I D S F T U A E T C A U R M F N P E C J N A C R D B E M K C I O P F B E W U X I Y M C R E P F N O G I D C N T M http://pralab.diee.unica.it 6 Steganography - = http://pralab.diee.unica.it https://towardsdatascience.com/steganography-hiding-an-image-inside-another-77ca66b2acb1 7 Definitions • Cryptography algorithm C = E(K,M) A function E with two inputs – a message M – a key K that outputs – the encrypted message C The algorithm is based on a shared secret between the sender and the receiver K The Encryption Key http://pralab.diee.unica.it 8 Symmetric
    [Show full text]
  • N2N: a Layer Two Peer-To-Peer VPN
    N2N: A Layer Two Peer-to-Peer VPN Luca Deri1, Richard Andrews2 ntop.org, Pisa, Italy1 Symstream Technologies, Melbourne, Australia2 {deri, andrews}@ntop.org Abstract. The Internet was originally designed as a flat data network delivering a multitude of protocols and services between equal peers. Currently, after an explosive growth fostered by enormous and heterogeneous economic interests, it has become a constrained network severely enforcing client-server communication where addressing plans, packet routing, security policies and users’ reachability are almost entirely managed and limited by access providers. From the user’s perspective, the Internet is not an open transport system, but rather a telephony-like communication medium for content consumption. This paper describes the design and implementation of a new type of peer-to- peer virtual private network that can allow users to overcome some of these limitations. N2N users can create and manage their own secure and geographically distributed overlay network without the need for central administration, typical of most virtual private network systems. Keywords: Virtual private network, peer-to-peer, network overlay. 1. Motivation and Scope of Work Irony pervades many pages of history, and computing history is no exception. Once personal computing had won the market battle against mainframe-based computing, the commercial evolution of the Internet in the nineties stepped the computing world back to a substantially rigid client-server scheme. While it is true that the today’s Internet serves as a good transport system for supplying a plethora of data interchange services, virtually all of them are delivered by a client-server model, whether they are centralised or distributed, pay-per-use or virtually free [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Security & Savings with Virtual Private Networks
    Everybody’s connecting. Security & Savings with Virtual Private Networks In today’s New Economy, small businesses that might have dealt with just local or regional concerns now have to consider global markets and logistics. Many companies even have facilities spread across the country or throughout the world. At the same time security concerns of their network from hackers, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks and sending data over the Internet have become more widespread. Whether companies have a local, national, or global presence, they all need one thing: a way to maintain fast, secure, and reliable communications wherever their offices and workers are located. Until recently, such communications were only available by using leased telephone lines to maintain a Wide Area Network (WAN). Leased lines enabled companies to expand their private network beyond their immediate geographic area. Moreover, a WAN provided advantages over a public network like the Internet when it came to reliability, performance, and security. Unfortunately, leased lines are expensive to maintain, with costs rising as the distance between the offices increases. As the popularity of the Internet grew, businesses turned to it as a cost-effective way to extend their networks. The continuing popularity with the Internet has led to the evolution of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). A VPN is a connection that allows private data to be sent securely over a shared or public network, such as the Internet. In fact, one of the driving forces behind VPNs is the Internet and its global presence. With VPNs, communication links between users and sites can be achieved quickly, inexpensively, and safely across the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Recent Attacks on Ssl/Tls Protocols A
    ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DUYGU OZDEN¨ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CRYPTOGRAPHY SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the thesis: ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS submitted by DUYGU OZDEN¨ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the de- gree of Master of Science in Department of Cryptography, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Bulent¨ Karasozen¨ Director, Graduate School of Applied Mathematics Prof. Dr. Ferruh Ozbudak¨ Head of Department, Cryptography Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk Supervisor, Cryptography, METU Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk Cryptography, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Doganaksoy˘ Mathematics, METU Asst. Prof. Dr. Fatih Sulak Mathematics, ATILIM UNIVERSITY Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: DUYGU OZDEN¨ Signature : v vi ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS Ozden,¨ Duygu M.S., Department of Cryptography Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk September 2016, 46 pages Transport Layer Security(TLS) and its predecessor Secure Socket Layer(SSL) are two important cryptographic, certificate based protocols that satisfy secure communication in a network channel. They are widely used in many areas such as online banking systems, online shopping, e-mailing, military systems or governmental systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptographic Control Standard, Version
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of the Chief Information Officer Computer Security Standard Office Instruction: OCIO-CS-STD-2009 Office Instruction Title: Cryptographic Control Standard Revision Number: 2.0 Issuance: Date of last signature below Effective Date: October 1, 2017 Primary Contacts: Kathy Lyons-Burke, Senior Level Advisor for Information Security Responsible Organization: OCIO Summary of Changes: OCIO-CS-STD-2009, “Cryptographic Control Standard,” provides the minimum security requirements that must be applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) systems which utilize cryptographic algorithms, protocols, and cryptographic modules to provide secure communication services. This update is based on the latest versions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Guidance and Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) publications, Committee on National Security System (CNSS) issuances, and National Security Agency (NSA) requirements. Training: Upon request ADAMS Accession No.: ML17024A095 Approvals Primary Office Owner Office of the Chief Information Officer Signature Date Enterprise Security Kathy Lyons-Burke 09/26/17 Architecture Working Group Chair CIO David Nelson /RA/ 09/26/17 CISO Jonathan Feibus 09/26/17 OCIO-CS-STD-2009 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Virtual Private Network?
    C H A P T E R 1 What Is a Virtual Private Network? A virtual private network (VPN) allows the provisioning of private network services for an organization or organizations over a public or shared infrastructure such as the Internet or service provider backbone network. The shared service provider backbone network is known as the VPN backbone and is used to transport traffic for multiple VPNs, as well as possibly non-VPN traffic. VPNs provisioned using technologies such as Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) virtual circuits (VC) have been available for a long time, but over the past few years IP and IP/Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based VPNs have become more and more popular. This book focuses on describing the deployment of IP- and IP/MPLS-based VPNs. The large number of terms used to categorize and describe the functionality of VPNs has led to a great deal of confusion about what exactly VPNs are and what they can do. The sections that follow cover VPN devices, protocols, technologies, as well as VPN categories and models. VPN Devices Before describing the various VPN technologies and models, it is useful to first describe the various customer and provider network devices that are relevant to the discussion. Devices in the customer network fall into one of two categories: • Customer (C) devices—C devices are simply devices such as routers and switches located within the customer network. These devices do not have direct connectivity to the service provider network. C devices are not aware of the VPN. • Customer Edge (CE) devices—CE devices, as the name suggests, are located at the edge of the customer network and connect to the provider network (via Provider Edge [PE] devices).
    [Show full text]
  • Final Resourcediscoverysecuritydistrsystems Thesis Linelarsen
    Resource discovery and Security in Distributed systems Resource discovery and Security in Distributed systems by Line Larsen Thesis is partial fulfilment of the degree of Master in Technology in Information and Communication Technology Agder University College Faculty of Engineering and Science Grimstad Norway May 2007 May 2007 – Line Larsen 1 Resource discovery and Security in Distributed systems Abstract To be able to access our files at any time and any where, we need a system or service which is free, has enough storage space and is secure. A centralized system can handle these challenges today, but does not have transparency, openness and scalability like a peer to peer network has. A hybrid system with characteristics from both distributed and centralized topologies is the ideal choice. In this paper I have gone through the basic theory of network topology, protocols and security and explained “search engine”, “Middleware”, “Distributed Hash Table” and the JXTA protocol. I then have briefly examined three existing peer to peer architectures which are “Efficient and Secure Information Sharing in Distributed, collaborative Environments” based on Sandbox and transitive delegation from 1999, pStore: A Secure Peer–to-Peer backup System” based on versioning and file blocks from 2001 and iDIBS from 2006, which is an improved versions of the SourceForge project Distributed Internet Backup System (DIBS) using Luby Transform codes instead of Reed-Solomon codes for error correction when reconstructing data. I have also looked into the security aspects related to using distributed systems for resource discovery and I have suggested a design of a resource discovery architecture which will use JXTA for backup of personal data using Super-peer nodes in a peer to peer architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network
    Emin Çalışkan, Tomáš Minárik, Anna-Maria Osula Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network Tallinn 2015 This publication is a product of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (the Centre). It does not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of the Centre or NATO. The Centre may not be held responsible for any loss or harm arising from the use of information contained in this publication and is not responsible for the content of the external sources, including external websites referenced in this publication. Digital or hard copies of this publication may be produced for internal use within NATO and for personal or educational use when for non- profit and non-commercial purpose, provided that copies bear a full citation. www.ccdcoe.org [email protected] 1 Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Tor and Internet Filtering Circumvention ....................................................................................... 4 2.1. Technical Methods .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Proxy ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2. Tunnelling/Virtual Private Networks ............................................................................... 5
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Safe Cryptography; Case Studies and Deployment Scenarios
    ETSI GR QSC 003 V1.1.1 (2017-02) GROUP REPORT Quantum Safe Cryptography; Case Studies and Deployment Scenarios Disclaimer The present document has been produced and approved by the Quantum-Safe Cryptography (QSC) ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG. It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership. 2 ETSI GR QSC 003 V1.1.1 (2017-02) Reference DGR/QSC-003 Keywords algorithm, authentication, confidentiality, security ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
    [Show full text]
  • Search for Torrents on Tor Download on Vpn Torrenting Over Tor
    search for torrents on tor download on vpn Torrenting over Tor. Tor is an incredible place to find torrent files, but it’s not the best option for using a torrent client. There are many reasons that Tor for torrents isn’t practical for torrenting. Tor is too slow for downloads Torrent clients leak your IP address even with Tor. What’s Tor good for? Private communication Free expression Accessing hidden sites Finding torrents. What is the better option for safe torrenting? What’s Tor? Tor is a free-to-use server that volunteers run all over the world. More than seven thousand relays make up the system to help keep your information private. Its name comes from the layers of security used to help make this possible, like the layers of an onion. The router was started by the United States Naval Research Laboratory to help keep their information safe. Now it’s used by many people to help keep their internet activity private. People use Tor for political protest, free communication, and private research. Tor can let you access the dark web, sites that are not available on more regulated servers. This access means that you can find some exciting and sometimes dangerous things on Tor. Torrent Clients Leak Your IP Address Even With Tor. One of the main reasons Tor torrenting doesn’t work comes from the fact that many torrent clients give out your IP directly. Tor obscures your IP by routing your use through dozens of other points. Torrenting clients forward your IP information directly and ignore all of this information.
    [Show full text]
  • N2N: a Layer Two Peer-To-Peer VPN
    N2N: A Layer Two Peer-to-Peer VPN Luca Deri1 and Richard Andrews2 1 ntop.org, Pisa, Italy 2 Symstream Technologies, Melbourne, Australia {deri,andrews}@ntop.org Abstract. The Internet was originally designed as a flat data network delivering a multitude of protocols and services between equal peers. Currently, after an explosive growth fostered by enormous and heterogeneous economic interests, it has become a constrained network severely enforcing client-server communication where addressing plans, packet routing, security policies and users’ reachability are almost entirely managed and limited by access providers. From the user’s perspective, the Internet is not an open transport system, but rather a telephony-like communication medium for content consumption. This paper describes the design and implementation of a new type of peer- to-peer virtual private network that can allow users to overcome some of these limitations. N2N users can create and manage their own secure and geographically distributed overlay network without the need for central administration, typical of most virtual private network systems. Keywords: Virtual private network, peer-to-peer, network overlay. 1 Motivation and Scope of Work Irony pervades many pages of history, and computing history is no exception. Once personal computing had won the market battle against mainframe-based computing, the commercial evolution of the Internet in the nineties stepped the computing world back to a substantially rigid client-server scheme. While it is true that the today’s Internet serves as a good transport system for supplying a plethora of data interchange services, virtually all of them are delivered by a client-server model, whether they are centralised or distributed, pay-per-use or virtually free [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Network Anonymity
    Network anonymity Joel Paulsson Charlotta Westberg Email: {joepa089, chawe049}@student.liu.se Supervisor: David Byers, {[email protected]} Project Report for Information Security Course Linköpings universitet, Sweden We start by describing what alternative technologies Abstract there are for anonymity, and then we take a closer look at Due to recent happenings in the world, such as the specific software that uses the technology. We have implementation of Internet laws, network anonymity has limited this report to not cover all technologies and become a highly controversial subject. This report is a services for anonymity, for example we chose not to brief inventory of technologies and reasons for anonymity, write about anonymous remailers and chose only to write and is based on literature studies and some basic testing about services that are free. We then discuss the through existing tests. It also covers whether or not difficulties in creating anonymous networks. Finally we anonymous networks truly are anonymous and how present our conclusions. difficult it is to create an anonymous network. While all of 2. Background the different technologies that were tested have a degree of anonymity, some appear more secure than others. Within Anonymous means to be nameless and without this report, it is found to be difficult, if not impossible, to identity. Essentially, this means that anonymity is create a completely anonymous network; though it is untraceable, and the only way to discover such a person possible for the user to hide the fact that he/she is is by coincidence or by the user breaking his own anonymous.
    [Show full text]