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Cryptography
Pattern Recognition and Applications Lab CRYPTOGRAPHY Giorgio Giacinto [email protected] University of Cagliari, Italy Spring Semester 2019-2020 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Cryptography and Security • Used to hide the content of a message • Goals – Confidentiality – Authenticity – Integrity • The text is modified by an encryption function – An interceptor should not be able to understand all or part of the message content http://pralab.diee.unica.it 2 Encryption/Decryption Process Key Key (Optional) (Optional) Original Plaintext Encryption Ciphertext Decryption Plaintext http://pralab.diee.unica.it 3 Keys and Locks http://pralab.diee.unica.it 4 Keys L F A Y B D E T C A R C S E E T Y H G S O U S U D H R D F C E I D B T E M E P Q X N R C I D S F T U A E T C A U R M F N P E C J N A C R D B E M K C I O P F B E W U X I Y M C R E P F N O G I D C N T M http://pralab.diee.unica.it 5 Keys L F A Y B D E T C A R C S E E T Y H G S O U S U D H R D F C E I D B T E M E P Q X N R C I D S F T U A E T C A U R M F N P E C J N A C R D B E M K C I O P F B E W U X I Y M C R E P F N O G I D C N T M http://pralab.diee.unica.it 6 Steganography - = http://pralab.diee.unica.it https://towardsdatascience.com/steganography-hiding-an-image-inside-another-77ca66b2acb1 7 Definitions • Cryptography algorithm C = E(K,M) A function E with two inputs – a message M – a key K that outputs – the encrypted message C The algorithm is based on a shared secret between the sender and the receiver K The Encryption Key http://pralab.diee.unica.it 8 Symmetric -
N2N: a Layer Two Peer-To-Peer VPN
N2N: A Layer Two Peer-to-Peer VPN Luca Deri1, Richard Andrews2 ntop.org, Pisa, Italy1 Symstream Technologies, Melbourne, Australia2 {deri, andrews}@ntop.org Abstract. The Internet was originally designed as a flat data network delivering a multitude of protocols and services between equal peers. Currently, after an explosive growth fostered by enormous and heterogeneous economic interests, it has become a constrained network severely enforcing client-server communication where addressing plans, packet routing, security policies and users’ reachability are almost entirely managed and limited by access providers. From the user’s perspective, the Internet is not an open transport system, but rather a telephony-like communication medium for content consumption. This paper describes the design and implementation of a new type of peer-to- peer virtual private network that can allow users to overcome some of these limitations. N2N users can create and manage their own secure and geographically distributed overlay network without the need for central administration, typical of most virtual private network systems. Keywords: Virtual private network, peer-to-peer, network overlay. 1. Motivation and Scope of Work Irony pervades many pages of history, and computing history is no exception. Once personal computing had won the market battle against mainframe-based computing, the commercial evolution of the Internet in the nineties stepped the computing world back to a substantially rigid client-server scheme. While it is true that the today’s Internet serves as a good transport system for supplying a plethora of data interchange services, virtually all of them are delivered by a client-server model, whether they are centralised or distributed, pay-per-use or virtually free [1]. -
Security & Savings with Virtual Private Networks
Everybody’s connecting. Security & Savings with Virtual Private Networks In today’s New Economy, small businesses that might have dealt with just local or regional concerns now have to consider global markets and logistics. Many companies even have facilities spread across the country or throughout the world. At the same time security concerns of their network from hackers, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks and sending data over the Internet have become more widespread. Whether companies have a local, national, or global presence, they all need one thing: a way to maintain fast, secure, and reliable communications wherever their offices and workers are located. Until recently, such communications were only available by using leased telephone lines to maintain a Wide Area Network (WAN). Leased lines enabled companies to expand their private network beyond their immediate geographic area. Moreover, a WAN provided advantages over a public network like the Internet when it came to reliability, performance, and security. Unfortunately, leased lines are expensive to maintain, with costs rising as the distance between the offices increases. As the popularity of the Internet grew, businesses turned to it as a cost-effective way to extend their networks. The continuing popularity with the Internet has led to the evolution of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). A VPN is a connection that allows private data to be sent securely over a shared or public network, such as the Internet. In fact, one of the driving forces behind VPNs is the Internet and its global presence. With VPNs, communication links between users and sites can be achieved quickly, inexpensively, and safely across the world. -
Express Vpn for Windows 10 Download How to Get an Expressvpn Free Trial Account – 2021 Hack
express vpn for windows 10 download How to Get an ExpressVPN Free Trial Account – 2021 Hack. The best way to make sure ExpressVPN is the right VPN for you is to take it for a test drive before you commit and make sure its features fit your needs. Unlike some other VPNs, ExpressVPN doesn’t have a standard free trial. But it does have a no-questions-asked, 30-day money-back guarantee. So you can test out the VPN with no limitations, risk-free. If at any point during those 30 days, you decide that ExpressVPN isn’t right for you, you can just request a refund. This is super simple: I’ve tested it using several accounts, and got my money back every time. ExpressVPN Free Trial : Quick Setup Guide. It’s easy to set up ExpressVPN and get your 30 days risk-free. Here’s a step-by-step walkthrough that will have you ready in minutes. Head over to the ExpressVPN free trial page, and select, “Start Your Trial Today” to go right to their pricing list. Choose your subscription plan length, and then enter your email address and payment details. Note that longer plans are much cheaper. ExpressVPN’s long-term plans are the most affordable. It’s easy to download the app to your device. The set up for the ExpressVPN app is simple, and fast. Request a refund via live chat. Try ExpressVPN risk-free for 30-days. Free Trial Vs. Money-Back Guarantee. The trial period for ExpressVPN is really a 30-day money-back guarantee, but this is better than a free trial. -
Iclab: a Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform
ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform Arian Akhavan Niaki∗y Shinyoung Cho∗yz Zachary Weinberg∗x Nguyen Phong Hoangz Abbas Razaghpanahz Nicolas Christinx Phillipa Gilly yUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst zStony Brook University xCarnegie Mellon University {arian, shicho, phillipa}@cs.umass.edu {shicho, nghoang, arazaghpanah}@cs.stonybrook.edu {zackw, nicolasc}@cmu.edu Abstract—Researchers have studied Internet censorship for remains elusive. We highlight three key challenges that must nearly as long as attempts to censor contents have taken place. be addressed to make progress in this space: Most studies have however been limited to a short period of time and/or a few countries; the few exceptions have traded off detail Challenge 1: Access to Vantage Points. With few ex- for breadth of coverage. Collecting enough data for a compre- ceptions,1 measuring Internet censorship requires access to hensive, global, longitudinal perspective remains challenging. “vantage point” hosts within the region of interest. In this work, we present ICLab, an Internet measurement The simplest way to obtain vantage points is to recruit platform specialized for censorship research. It achieves a new balance between breadth of coverage and detail of measurements, volunteers [37], [43], [73], [80]. Volunteers can run software by using commercial VPNs as vantage points distributed around that performs arbitrary network measurements from each the world. ICLab has been operated continuously since late vantage point, but recruiting more than a few volunteers per 2016. It can currently detect DNS manipulation and TCP packet country and retaining them for long periods is difficult. Further, injection, and overt “block pages” however they are delivered. -
Analysis of Recent Attacks on Ssl/Tls Protocols A
ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY DUYGU OZDEN¨ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CRYPTOGRAPHY SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the thesis: ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS submitted by DUYGU OZDEN¨ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the de- gree of Master of Science in Department of Cryptography, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Bulent¨ Karasozen¨ Director, Graduate School of Applied Mathematics Prof. Dr. Ferruh Ozbudak¨ Head of Department, Cryptography Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk Supervisor, Cryptography, METU Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk Cryptography, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ali Doganaksoy˘ Mathematics, METU Asst. Prof. Dr. Fatih Sulak Mathematics, ATILIM UNIVERSITY Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: DUYGU OZDEN¨ Signature : v vi ABSTRACT ANALYSIS OF RECENT ATTACKS ON SSL/TLS PROTOCOLS Ozden,¨ Duygu M.S., Department of Cryptography Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Cenk September 2016, 46 pages Transport Layer Security(TLS) and its predecessor Secure Socket Layer(SSL) are two important cryptographic, certificate based protocols that satisfy secure communication in a network channel. They are widely used in many areas such as online banking systems, online shopping, e-mailing, military systems or governmental systems. -
Cryptographic Control Standard, Version
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of the Chief Information Officer Computer Security Standard Office Instruction: OCIO-CS-STD-2009 Office Instruction Title: Cryptographic Control Standard Revision Number: 2.0 Issuance: Date of last signature below Effective Date: October 1, 2017 Primary Contacts: Kathy Lyons-Burke, Senior Level Advisor for Information Security Responsible Organization: OCIO Summary of Changes: OCIO-CS-STD-2009, “Cryptographic Control Standard,” provides the minimum security requirements that must be applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) systems which utilize cryptographic algorithms, protocols, and cryptographic modules to provide secure communication services. This update is based on the latest versions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Guidance and Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) publications, Committee on National Security System (CNSS) issuances, and National Security Agency (NSA) requirements. Training: Upon request ADAMS Accession No.: ML17024A095 Approvals Primary Office Owner Office of the Chief Information Officer Signature Date Enterprise Security Kathy Lyons-Burke 09/26/17 Architecture Working Group Chair CIO David Nelson /RA/ 09/26/17 CISO Jonathan Feibus 09/26/17 OCIO-CS-STD-2009 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. -
Wireguard in Eduvpn Report
WireGuard in eduVPN Report Nick Aquina SURF, Utrecht Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven INTERNSHIP REPORT FONTYS UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES HBO-ICT Data student: Family name, initials: Aquina, N Student number: project period: (from – till) 31 August 2020 – 22 January 2021 Data company: Name company/institution: SURF Department: Team Security Address: Kantoren Hoog Overborch, 3511 EP Utrecht, Moreelsepark 48 Company tutor: Family name, initials: Spoor, R Position: (Tech) Product Manager University tutor: Family name, initials: Vos, A Final report: Title: WireGuard in eduVPN Date: 12 January 2021 Approved and signed by the company tutor: Date: 12 January 2021 Signature: Preface This report is written for my internship for Fontys. The internship was done at SURF for the eduVPN project. My task was to build a proof of concept in which WireGuard is integrated into eduVPN. This internship took place from September 2020 until January 2021. I would like to thank Arno Vos for his guidance and feedback throughout this internship. I would also like to thank Rogier Spoor for guiding me throughout this internship and inviting me to meetings which gave me a valuable insight into cyber security and technological issues facing members of SURF. And last, but not least, I would like to thank François Kooman for all technical support, advice and code reviews which helped improve the project. All blue text can be clicked to open a hyperlink. 1 Contents Preface . .1 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Free software . .5 The company (SURF) 6 Project 7 Context / Initial situation . .7 Project goal . .7 Assignment . .7 Constraints . .8 Development strategy . -
What Is a Virtual Private Network?
C H A P T E R 1 What Is a Virtual Private Network? A virtual private network (VPN) allows the provisioning of private network services for an organization or organizations over a public or shared infrastructure such as the Internet or service provider backbone network. The shared service provider backbone network is known as the VPN backbone and is used to transport traffic for multiple VPNs, as well as possibly non-VPN traffic. VPNs provisioned using technologies such as Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) virtual circuits (VC) have been available for a long time, but over the past few years IP and IP/Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based VPNs have become more and more popular. This book focuses on describing the deployment of IP- and IP/MPLS-based VPNs. The large number of terms used to categorize and describe the functionality of VPNs has led to a great deal of confusion about what exactly VPNs are and what they can do. The sections that follow cover VPN devices, protocols, technologies, as well as VPN categories and models. VPN Devices Before describing the various VPN technologies and models, it is useful to first describe the various customer and provider network devices that are relevant to the discussion. Devices in the customer network fall into one of two categories: • Customer (C) devices—C devices are simply devices such as routers and switches located within the customer network. These devices do not have direct connectivity to the service provider network. C devices are not aware of the VPN. • Customer Edge (CE) devices—CE devices, as the name suggests, are located at the edge of the customer network and connect to the provider network (via Provider Edge [PE] devices). -
VPN Report 2020
VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Independent Tests of Anti-Virus Software VPN - Virtual Private Network 35 VPN services put to test LANGUAGE : ENGLISH LAST REVISION : 20 TH MAY 2020 WWW.AV-COMPARATIVES.ORG 1 VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Contents Introduction 4 What is a VPN? 4 Why use a VPN? 4 Vague Privacy 5 Potential Risks 5 The Relevance of No-Logs Policies 6 Using VPNs to Spoof Geolocation 6 Test Procedure 7 Lab Setup 7 Test Methodology 7 Leak Test 7 Kill-Switch Test 8 Performance Test 8 Tested Products 9 Additional Product Information 10 Consolidations & Collaborations 10 Supported Protocols 11 Logging 12 Payment Information 14 Test Results 17 Leak & Kill-Switch Tests 17 Performance Test 19 Download speed 20 Upload speed 21 Latency 22 Performance Overview 24 Discussion 25 General Security Observations 25 Test Results 25 Logging & Privacy Policies 26 Further Recommendations 27 2 VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Individual VPN Product Reviews 28 Avast SecureLine VPN 29 AVG Secure VPN 31 Avira Phantom VPN 33 Bitdefender VPN 35 BullGuard VPN 37 CyberGhost VPN 39 ExpressVPN 41 F-Secure Freedome 43 hide.me VPN 45 HMA VPN 47 Hotspot Shield 49 IPVanish 51 Ivacy 53 Kaspersky Secure Connection 55 McAfee Safe Connect 57 mySteganos Online Shield VPN 59 Norton Secure VPN 63 Panda Dome VPN 65 Private Internet Access 67 Private Tunnel 69 PrivateVPN 71 ProtonVPN 73 PureVPN 75 SaferVPN 77 StrongVPN 79 Surfshark 81 TorGuard 83 Trust.Zone VPN 85 TunnelBear 87 VPNSecure 89 VPN Unlimited 91 VyprVPN 93 Windscribe 95 ZenMate VPN 97 Copyright and Disclaimer 99 3 VPN Report 2020 www.av-comparatives.org Introduction The aim of this test is to compare VPN services for consumers in a real-world environment by assessing their security and privacy features, along with download speed, upload speed, and latency. -
Final Resourcediscoverysecuritydistrsystems Thesis Linelarsen
Resource discovery and Security in Distributed systems Resource discovery and Security in Distributed systems by Line Larsen Thesis is partial fulfilment of the degree of Master in Technology in Information and Communication Technology Agder University College Faculty of Engineering and Science Grimstad Norway May 2007 May 2007 – Line Larsen 1 Resource discovery and Security in Distributed systems Abstract To be able to access our files at any time and any where, we need a system or service which is free, has enough storage space and is secure. A centralized system can handle these challenges today, but does not have transparency, openness and scalability like a peer to peer network has. A hybrid system with characteristics from both distributed and centralized topologies is the ideal choice. In this paper I have gone through the basic theory of network topology, protocols and security and explained “search engine”, “Middleware”, “Distributed Hash Table” and the JXTA protocol. I then have briefly examined three existing peer to peer architectures which are “Efficient and Secure Information Sharing in Distributed, collaborative Environments” based on Sandbox and transitive delegation from 1999, pStore: A Secure Peer–to-Peer backup System” based on versioning and file blocks from 2001 and iDIBS from 2006, which is an improved versions of the SourceForge project Distributed Internet Backup System (DIBS) using Luby Transform codes instead of Reed-Solomon codes for error correction when reconstructing data. I have also looked into the security aspects related to using distributed systems for resource discovery and I have suggested a design of a resource discovery architecture which will use JXTA for backup of personal data using Super-peer nodes in a peer to peer architecture. -
Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network
Emin Çalışkan, Tomáš Minárik, Anna-Maria Osula Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network Tallinn 2015 This publication is a product of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (the Centre). It does not necessarily reflect the policy or the opinion of the Centre or NATO. The Centre may not be held responsible for any loss or harm arising from the use of information contained in this publication and is not responsible for the content of the external sources, including external websites referenced in this publication. Digital or hard copies of this publication may be produced for internal use within NATO and for personal or educational use when for non- profit and non-commercial purpose, provided that copies bear a full citation. www.ccdcoe.org [email protected] 1 Technical and Legal Overview of the Tor Anonymity Network 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Tor and Internet Filtering Circumvention ....................................................................................... 4 2.1. Technical Methods .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1. Proxy ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2. Tunnelling/Virtual Private Networks ............................................................................... 5