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Bioforsk-FOKUS-2008-03-10.Pdf (6.359Mb) Bioforsk I Vol. 3 I Nr. 10 I 2008 FOKUSwww.bioforsk.no Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk Bind 2 - Grønnsaker og potet Redaksjon: Richard Meadow, Lars Olav Brandsæter, Svein Magne Birknes og Arne Hermansen Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk Bind 2 – Grønnsaker og potet Redaksjon: Richard Meadow, Lars Olav Brandsæter, Svein Magne Birkenes og Arne Hermansen Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk – Grønnsaker og potet / Bioforsk FOKUS 3 (10) Bioforsk FOKUS blir utgitt av: Bioforsk, Frederik A. Dahls vei 20, 1432 Ås [email protected] Ansvarlig redaktør: Forskningsdirektør Nils Vagstad Denne utgivelsen: Bioforsk Plantehelse Fagredaktør: Direktør Ellen Merethe Magnus Redaktører: Richard Meadow, Lars Olav Brandsæter, Svein Magne Birkenes og Arne Hermansen. Bioforsk FOKUS Vol 3 nr 10 2008 ISBN nummer: 978-82-17-00415-8 ISSN: 0809-8662 Referanse til denne boka: Meadow, R., Brandsæter, L.O., Birkenes, S.M., Hermansen, A., Ascard, J., Bysveen, K., Andersen, A., Berge, T.W., Blystad, D.R., Hammeraas, B., Holgado, R., Munthe, T., Skuterud, R. & Sletten, A. 2008. I: Meadow, Brandsæter, Birkenes & Hermansen (red.), Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk. Bind 2: Grønnsaker og potet. Bioforsk Fokus 3 (10): 156 s. Forsidefoto: Gerd Guren Produksjon og trykk: www.kursiv.no Boka kan bestilles hos: Bioforsk Plantehelse, Høgskoleveien 7, 1432 Ås [email protected] Pris 350 NOK www.bioforsk.no Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk – Grønnsaker og potet / Bioforsk FOKUS 3 (10) 1 Forord Gjennom prosjektet ”Plantevernhåndbok for økolo- Tegner Hermod Karlsen har vært med å illustrere alle gisk landbruk” er det skrevet fire bøker med felles de fire bindene i denne bokserien, og vi skylder ham tittel ”Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk land- en stor takk. Uten hans enestående kombinasjon av bruk”: biologisk kunnskap/forståelse og tegneferdigheter hadde ikke denne bokserien vært den samme. Bind 1 – Bakgrunn, biologi og tiltak Bind 2 – Grønnsaker og potet Trond Hofsvang, Leif Sundheim og Helge Sjursen har Bind 3 – Korn kvalitetssikret organismelista som ligger bakerst i Bind 4 – Frukt og bær boka. Bind 1 er ganske grunnleggende i sin oppbygging, Vi vil også takke alle som har hatt deler eller hele mens bind 2-4 er mer praktisk retta mot de konkrete manus til gjennomlesing og kommet med gode inns- plantevernspørsmål dyrkere av en bestemt kultur vil pill til forbedringer. Det gjelder bl.a. Jan Netland, møte i hverdagen. Morten Günther og Leif Sundheim. En særlig stor takk til Lars Semb som har lest gjennom hele boka Forfattere for de ulike kapittel av dette bindet har før publisering og kommet med svært nyttige kom- vært: mentarer og endringsforslag. Erling Fløistad, Kari Ugras grønnsaker: Johan Ascard (Jordbruksverket, Munthe og Christine Rasmussen har vært sentrale Alnarp, Sverige), Kari Bysveen (Fabio Forsøksring/ personer i ferdigstillelsen av boka. Høyskolen i Hedmark, Blæstad), og Lars Olav Brandsæter. Boka er finansiert dels gjennom ekstern støtte fra Ugras potet: Rolf Skuterud, Kari Bysveen, og Lars Statens landbruksforvaltning (Veiledningstiltak for Olav Brandsæter. primærprodusenter) og Landbruks- og matdeparte- Sjukdommer grønnsaker og potet: Arne Hermansen. mentet (Forskningsmidler over jordbruksavtalen), Skadedyr grønnsaker og potet: Richard Meadow, og dels gjennom grunnbevilgning og egeninnsats. Uten Arild Andersen. denne egeninnsatsen fra Bioforsk og andre hadde det ikke vært mulig å fullføre arbeidet med en så omfat- Therese With Berge har skrevet om ’high tech’ meto- tende bok. der for ugrasrenhold i grønnsaker. Dag Ragnar Blystad og Tor Munthe har skrevet om virus i henholdsvis Vi håper at denne boka vil være til nytte, både som grønnsaker og potet. Arild Sletten har skrevet om et praktisk oppslagsverk i hverdagen og som kilde til bakteriesjukdommer, Ricardo Holgado og Bonsak mer grunnleggende kunnskap om de ulike skadeorga- Hammeraas om nematoder i potet. nismenes biologi. Forhåpentligvis vil boka også gi nyttig informasjon til dyrkere som ikke driver økolo- Svein Magne Birkenes har hatt det overordnede gisk, men som ønsker å bruke minst mulig av kjemis- ansvaret for alt det datatekniske arbeidet med boka. ke plantevernmidler. For mange skadegjørere er spektret av plantevernmidler nå blitt sterkt begren- set og behovet for andre tiltak er derfor tilsvarende større. 17. oktober 2008, Ås Richard Meadow Svein Magne Birkenes Lars Olav Brandsæter Arne Hermansen Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk – Grønnsaker og potet / Bioforsk FOKUS 3 (10) Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk – Grønnsaker og potet / Bioforsk FOKUS 3 (10) 5 1 Innhold 1 Grønnsaker ...............................................................................8 1.1 Ugras i grønnsaker ..........................................................................................8 1.1.1 Strategi mot ugras ................................................................................. 11 1.1.2 Forebyggende tiltak ............................................................................... 12 1.1.3 Direkte tiltak ...................................................................................... 19 1.2 Sjukdommer i grønnsaker................................................................................ 47 1.2.1 Forebyggende tiltak ............................................................................... 47 1.2.2 Direkte tiltak ....................................................................................... 49 1.2.3 Sjukdommer som er problematiske i flere grønnsakkulturer ............................... 50 1.2.4 Gulrot ................................................................................................ 51 1.2.5 Korsblomstra vekster .............................................................................. 60 1.2.6 Løkvekster .......................................................................................... 69 1.3 Skadedyr i grønnsaker ................................................................................... 79 1.3.1 Kålvekster ........................................................................................... 79 1.3.2 Gulrot ................................................................................................ 92 1.3.3 Løkvekster .......................................................................................... 98 2 Potet .................................................................................. 102 2.1 Ugras i potet .............................................................................................. 102 2.1.1 Mekanisk bekjemping ............................................................................ 102 2.1.2 Termisk bekjemping .............................................................................. 103 2.1.3 Biologisk bekjemping ............................................................................. 104 2.1.4 Kombinert bekjemping ........................................................................... 104 2.2 Sjukdommer i potet ..................................................................................... 106 2.2.1 Forebyggende tiltak .............................................................................. 106 2.2.2 Direkte tiltak ...................................................................................... 108 2.2.3 Soppsjukdommer .................................................................................. 109 2.2.4 Virussjukdommer ................................................................................. 124 2.2.5 Bakteriesjukdommer ............................................................................. 129 2.3 Skadedyr i potet ......................................................................................... 134 2.3.1 Skadeinsekter ..................................................................................... 134 2.3.2 Planteskadelige nematoder ..................................................................... 137 3 Litteratur ............................................................................. 142 4 Navnelister .......................................................................... 144 4.1 Ugras ...................................................................................................... 144 4.2 Insekter, midd og nematoder .......................................................................... 147 4.3 Sopp ....................................................................................................... 152 4.4 Bakterier .................................................................................................. 155 4.5 Virus ....................................................................................................... 155 Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk – Grønnsaker og potet / Bioforsk FOKUS 3 (10) Plantevern og plantehelse i økologisk landbruk – Grønnsaker og potet / Bioforsk FOKUS 3 (10) Forskrift om økologisk produksjon Ny ”Forskrift om økologisk produksjon og merking av økologiske landbruksprodukter og næringsmidler” trådte i kraft i oktober 2005. Det er utarbeidet tre veiledere til forskriften, en felles veileder A, en veileder B for økologisk primærprodukjson og en veileder C for foredling, lagring, import og omsetning av økologiske næringsmidler og fôr. Forskrift og veiledere ligger på hjemmesidene til Mattilsynet (www.mattilsynet.no under Tema: Økologisk) og Debio (www.debio.no). Fordi veilederne blir løpende oppdatert, bør man alltid sjekke den elektroniske
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