The Importance of Design and Technical Management in International Bridge
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The Importance of Design and Technical Management in International Bridge Construction Project from Contractor’s Point of View Keiji YAMAZAKI, Kajima Corporation, JAPAN Tomohiko KASHIWAMURA, Kajima Corporation, JAPAN Masato OTSUBO, Kajima Corporation, JAPAN Jun YAMAZAKI, Nihon University, JAPAN ABSTRACT: These days a lot of international bridge construction projects are carried out all over the world. The aspect is that the project size is becoming larger compared with the past, on the other hand the project duration to reach full-completion is required to short from social needs. Furthermore there are many cases that you have introduced the new structural type of bridge, design and construction methodology in order to achieve those requirements. Japanese contractors marketed in this business segment thirty years ago. At the beginning they focused on the projects which Japanese and local governments set up as official development assistance (ODA) projects, and then they have been learning by experience and accumulating the know-how to build bridges with local people in other overseas countries, with introducing Japanese original technology sometimes. However, they also moved in the large-scale Design and Build projects in newly-emerging countries to explore new business market where they tried to wide their sphere of activity. The most important issue is how to manage Time, Cost, Quality and Safety based on the international construction management manner. The key to achieve success is the management of design and technology. The authors are trying to describe the importance of design and technical management in international bridge construction project from contractor’s point of view, showing several experimental examples and finally taking up a new role which Japanese contractors are trying to act. 1. INTRODUCTION said that Japanese contractors are weak in management style based on contract sense. These days a lot of international bridge Meanwhile, design and technical management in construction projects are carried out all over the international bridge construction project is the other world. The aspect is that the project size is key. becoming larger compared with the past, on the This paper discusses the importance of design and other hand the project duration to reach technical management in international bridge full-completion is required to short from social construction project from contractor’s point of view, needs. Furthermore there are many cases that you showing several experimental examples by the have introduced the new structural type of bridge, authors, finally taking up a new role which design and construction methodology in order to Japanese contractors are trying to act. achieve those requirements. Japanese contractors marketed in this business 2. PROJRCT LIFE CYCLE IN segment thirty years ago, and learned by experience INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT and accumulated the know-how to build bridges with taking part in Japan’s ODA projects, however, 2.1 Typical Sequence of Phases in a Project Life they also moved in the large-scale Design and Build Cycle project business segment in newly-emerging countries. Those projects are managed with Project life cycle in infrastructure development is international construction management manner. It is typically shown in Figure 2.11). In manufacturing Planning Phase Design Phase Construction Phase Operation Phase Project Feasibility Conceptal Basic Design / → Master Plan → → → → Construction → Operation → Maintenance → Decommissioning Finding Study Design Detailed Design Figure 2.1 Typical Sequence of Phases in a Project Life Cycle1) Employer Table 2.1 Project Stakeholders’ Role 1) Feasibility Plan Design Construction ◎ initiative Study Designer Contractor Employer ◎ ◎ ○ ○ subsidiary Designer ○ ◎ Figure 2.2 Project Stakeholders’ Relationship1) Contractor ◎ industry, both designer and manufacturer are design and technical works, not only known normally working in the same company. On the detailed-design but also engineering works which a other hand, in construction industry, contractor and contractor normally carries out prior to construction, designer are acting independently. Therefore the are defined as Engineering. independent designer is essential for a construction project. The roles of three stakeholders are shifting 3. OVERSEAS BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION 1) as to a project life cycle accordingly (Table 2.1) . PROJECT BY JAPANESE CONTRACTOR In case of an ordinary project, project stakeholders are formed by Employer, Designer and Japanese contractors marketed in this business Contractor based on Design and Construction segment thirty years ago, and got jobs ordered by 1) separation principle, as shown in Figure 2.2 . local governments or financed by the World Bank. At the early 1990s, Japanese government increased 2.2 Project Life Cycle in the Bridge Construction the infrastructure development project as Official Project Development Assistance (ODA), and inevitably a Project life cycle, the roles of stakeholders and number of projects for bridge construction. In line the relationships between them in the international with the above movement, Japanese contractors bridge construction project are also described same focused on getting such projects, learning by as 2.1. experience and accumulating the know-how to Meanwhile, these days a lot of Design and Build build bridges with local people in overseas projects have been formed in large-scale traffic countries, with introducing Japanese original infrastructure development project field in technologies sometimes. newly-emerging countries. The reasons are that However, they also moved in the large-scale there are needs from those clients, to short the Design and Build projects in newly-emerging project duration achieving full-completion and to countries to explore new business market where minimize the project cost. Although owners and they tried to wide their sphere of activity. designers take an initiative in carrying out the Some bridges projected by Japan’s ODA were project at planning and design phases in a adopted relatively new structural types of bridge to traditional project style, contractors are involved in fit the given project conditions2). For example, the the project from those beginning phases as one of Second Mandaue-Mactan Bridge was constructed major stakeholders in Design and Build project. with the type of extradosed prestressed concrete Moreover there are many cases that owner side bridge, and the Palau New K-B Bridge was the demands a contractor to organize finance. extradosed composite steel-concrete bridge. Considering the above background, the project In Japan, in-house engineers of owner side, life cycle and relationship between all required especially Nippon EXpressway COmpany (ex study, planning, design and engineering (technical Japan Highway Public Corporation), have been study) in the international bridge construction leading technical research and development in project are mapped on Table 2.2. In this paper, all bridge construction industry. Contractors also have Table 2.2 Project Life Cycle and Design, Engineering Project, Design Phases and Stakeholdrs Tende before Tender Call prior to Tender Tender L/A Commencement Handover After Handover r Call Shop As Built ＤＣＰ２ ＤＣＰ３ ＤＣＰ４ Drawings Drawings Master Plan Feasibility Study The Engineer Planning Rail Alignment and Configuration Plan (Employer's Phase Station Arrange Plan Consultant) Structural Arrange Plan Conceptal Design Structural Drawings Structural Design Prestressing Layout Drawings Ｅ＆Ｍ Plan Rail System Plan Design and Engineering in Project Life Cycle Life Project in Engineering and Design Rail Alignment and Configuration Plan (including Review) Station Arrange Plan (including Review) Contractor's responsibility for all Structural Arrange Plan (including Review) Structural Drawings Basic Design Structural Design Prestressing Layout Drawings Civil Contractor's Subconsultant (Levelling up to Basing Design) Re-bar Arrangement Bridge Accessory Drawings Ｅ＆Ｍ Design Rail System Design Rail Contractor Design Survey （for Detailed Design) Civil Contractor's Subconsultant Phase Geological Explorations（for Detailed Design) Rail Alignment and Configuration Plan Station Arrange Plan Structural Arrange Plan Detailed Design Structural Drawings Civil Contractor's Subconsultant Structural Design Prestressing Layout Drawings (Detailed Design) Re-bar Arrangement Drawings Bridge Accessory Drawings Ｅ＆Ｍ Design Rail System Design Rail Contractor Erection Analysis and Design Check Erection Analysis and Design Camber Calculation Prestressing Calculation Design and Construction Design for Temporary Works Engineering for Design for Temporary Works Subcontractor Phase Design for Machine and Equipment Construction Shopdrawings Drawing and Documentation Re-bar arrangement and Schedule As-built Drawings Civil Contractor's Suconsultant Operation Maintenace Manual Operation Rail Contractor Phase Maintenance Maintenance Plan the final cost of the project is highest at the start, and gets progressively lower as the project continues. Figure 4.2 illustrates this. A major contributor to this phenomenon is that the cost of changes and correcting errors generally increases as the project continues. Level Staffing Cost and Looking at construction projects, there are many unfavorable, uncertain risks at early stage. Judging Time from the above arguments, the most important Initial Phase Intermediate Phase(s) Final Phase management for construction project is how to Figure 4.1