DOCSLIB.ORG

Passive Heating & Cooling Design for the 21St Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Passive Heating & Cooling Design for the 21St Century Passive Heating & Cooling Design for the 21st Century Passive solar heating, shading, evaporative cooling, natural ventilation, and effective use of thermal mass offer durable, climate-responsive, socially-in- clusive pathways to thermal comfort and thermal architectural delight. Pas- sive heating and cooling guidelines have changed little in decades, however, despite new insights into solar radiation transmission, fluid mechanics, ma- terials science, and climate modeling, as well as more powerful and efficient field instruments and vastly improved computational tools. With energy con- sumption an inescapable reality of architectural practice, and with passive strategies offering the lowest embodied-energy solutions, educators and researchers must bring passive heating and cooling design into sync with current energy science. This is the goal of my work. 1 Sunspaces in a Land of Fog and Moss . 2 2 Oregon Sunspace Redesign / Build . 6 3 Thermal Batteries for Buildings . 8 4 Hybrid Ventilation in a Chicago Academic Center . 12 5 Passive Cooling in Everett Community College Offices. 14 6 Night Cooling of Mass in the Vernonia K-12 School . 16 7 3-D Thermal Bridging in Wall Assemblies . 16 8 Natural Ventilation in the Lillis Business Complex . 17 9 Teaching: Passive Heating and Cooling Design . 18 10 Relevant Funding Programs . 20 Contents Pyranometer deployed in a sunspace Alexandra Rempel, Ph.D., M.Arch., 2013 Fig 7 Figure 7. 95 35 a) Gates Measured 90 Modeled 85 30 80 25 75 70 20 Figure 3. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 4. 65 60 15 Temperature (ºC) Temperature Temperature (ºF) (ºF) Temperature 55 50 10 45 Figure 4. Figure 4. Figure 4. Figure 4. Fig 7 a) Gatesa) Gates a) Gates a) Gates a) Gatesa) Gates a) Gates a) Gates a) Gates 40 5 Figure 2. 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 Sunspaces in a 0-6a 100-6a 1210 8 12 11 8 11 11 10 11 10 0-6a 100-6a574666 120-6a1017 8574666 120-6a 11 1117 8 16 11 11 11 15 10 16 11 14 15 10 0-6a 14 171069980-6a574666 1117 16106998574666 11 15 16 14 15 14 95hours,106998 confirming106998 that the mass was active in solar per- 35 6a-noon 106a-noon 1210 8 12 11 8 10 11 9 10 9 6a-noon 106a-noon575655 1210 8575655 12 11 8 10 11 9 10 9 575655575655 6a-noon 166a-noon 1016 14 10 12 14 10 126a-noon 10 166a-noon96876 1016 1496876 10 12 14 10 12 10 90formance96876b) Shaw but96876 also, as shown below, losing substantial noon-6p 11noon-6p 1411 12 14 17 12 13 17 13 13 13noon-6p 11noon-6pnoon-6p687977 141117 12noon-6p687977 14 10 1717 12 19 13 10 17 16 13 19 13 12 16 13noon-6p 12 17noon-6p961097687977 1017 19961097687977 10 16 19 12 16 12 961097961097 Land of Fog and Moss 85heat to underlying soil. 30 6p-mid 116p-mid 1211 9 12 13 9 11 13 10 11 10 6p-mid 116p-mid6757656p-mid 121117 96757656p-mid 12 12 1317 9 17 11 12 13 15 10 17 11 12 15 10 6p-mid 12 176p-mid10675765 1217 7 1710675765 1210 15 7 17 8 12 10 15 7 8 12 7 10 710 10 7 8 10 7 8 7 80 b) Shaw b) Shaw b) Shaw b) Shaw Interpretation of passive solar field data with EnergyPlus b) Shaw b) Shaw b) Shaw b) Shaw 25 75 models: Un-conventional wisdom from four sunspaces in 0-6a 6748880-6a 6748880-6a 6748880-6a4424450-6a674888144424450-6a 914 15 9 13 15 13 130-6a 13 140-6a85877442445 914 1585877442445 9 13 15 13 13 13 Models85877 (below)85877 showed close correspondence to mea- 6a-noon 8989986a-noon 8989986a-noon 8989986a-noon45555489899813455554 913 12 9 9 12 8 9 8 1375654455554 913 1275654455554 9 9 12 8 9 8 70 7565475654 Eugene, Oregon. Building and Environment 2013, 60:158-172. 6a-noon 6a-noon 6a-noon 6a-noon sured air temperatures, mass surface temperatures, and 20 noon-6p 13noon-6p 1313 14 13 19 14 14 19 13 14 13noon-6p 13noon-6pnoon-6p7781087 131312 14noon-6p7781087 13 9 1912 14 15 14 9 19 10 13 15 14 8 10 13noon-6p 8 12noon-6p758647781087 912 15758647781087 9 10 15 8 10 8 65heat75864 fluxes,75864 predicting 80-95% of the variability in the 6p-mid 786111096p-mid 786111096p-mid 786111096p-mid4436556p-mid78611109144436556p-mid 1014 15 10 12 15 11 126p-mid 11 146p-mid86876443655 1014 1586876443655 10 12 15 11 12 11 60 8687686876 data and allowing them to be used to gain further in- 15 c) Page c) Page c) Page c) Pagec) Page c) Page c) Page c) Page (ºC) Temperature Temperature (ºF) Temperature 55 What would it take for passive solar heating to (°C) Temperature 0-6a 80-6a 158 11 15 13 11 12 13 11 12 11 0-6a 80-6a486776 150-6a815 11486776 150-6a 12 1315 11 15 12 12 13 13 11 15 12 15 13 11 0-6a 15 150-6a97878486776 1215 1597878486776 12 13 15 15 13 15 sight97878 into heat97878 gain and loss pathways. Please see publi- perform well in the cloudy, rainy winters of Eugene, 50 10 6a-noon 76a-noon 147 12 14 11 12 7 11 6 7 6 6a-noon 76a-noon6a-noon487643 14714 126a-noon487643 14 10 1114 12 11 7 10 11 7 6 11 7 7 7 6 6a-noon 7 146a-noon86644487643 1014 1186644487643 10 7 11 7 7 7 cation86644 for further86644 details. Oregon? With a West Coast Marine climate (Köp- a)b) Shaw 45 noon-6p 8noon-6p 148 14 14 11 14 7 11 9 7 9 noon-6p 8noon-6pnoon-6p488645 14813 14noon-6p488645 14 10 1113 14 12 7 10 11 5 9 12 7 9 5 9 noon-6p 9 13noon-6p76735488645 1013 1276735488645 10 5 12 9 5 9 Fig 7 7673576735 40 5 pen Cfb) and high latitude, the Pacific Northwest’s 6p-mid 96p-mid 159 12 15 14 12 11 14 10 11 10 6p-mid 96p-mid5878666p-mid 15915 125878666p-mid 15 11 1415 12 15 11 11 14 10 10 15 11 12 10 10 6p-mid 12 156p-mid86857587866 1115 1586857587866 11 10 15 12 10 12Fig 7 8685786857 4.11Agreement 4.12 4.13between 4.14 Measured 4.15 4. and16 Modeled 4.17 4.18 Air Temperatures 4.19 4.20 4.21 overcast skies disguise a solar resource unexpect- d) Cashmand) Cashman d) Cashmand) Cashmand) Cashmand) Cashman d) Cashmand) Cashman 95 35 c) Page 0-6a 9977750-6a 9977750-6a 9977750-6a5544430-6a9977751178785544430-6a 117878Figure0-6a 7. 1178780-6a64444554443117878644445544439590 6444464444 35 edly well-matched to its mild winters and long, cool a) Gates Measured 6a-noon 8878546a-noon 8878546a-noon 8878546a-noon6a-noon4544328878541076316a-noon4544321076316a-noon 1076316a-noon64321454432107631643214544329085 6432164321 30 springs. Yet passive solar heating is rarely practiced (°F) Temperature Modeled noon-6p 81081075noon-6p 81081075noon-6p 81081075noon-6pnoon-6p56554381081075107741noon-6p565543107741noon-6p 107741noon-6p54420565543107741544205655435442054420 30 here, despite widespread enthusiasm for low-energy 8580 6p-mid 91088756p-mid 91088756p-mid 91088756p-mid5654436p-mid91088751288765654436p-mid 1288766p-mid 1288766p-mid64443565443128876644435654436444364443 25 8075 building design. e) Outsidee) Outside e) Outsidee) Outsidee) Outsidee) Outside e) Outsidee) Outside 25 7570 0-6a 380-6a 3538 42 35 41 42 45 41 52 45 52 0-6a 380-6a3265711 350-6a3835 423265711 350-6a 42 4135 42 41 45 42 41 45 52 41 45 52 45 52 0-6a 52 350-6a2657113265711 4235 412657113265711 42 45 41 52 45 52 265711265711 20 7065 6a-noon 406a-noon 3940 46 39 48 46 52 48 60 52 606a-noon 406a-noon6a-noon44891116 394039 466a-noon44891116 39 46 4839 46 48 52 46 48 52 60 48 52 60 52 606a-noon 60 396a-noon444891116 4639 8 48444891116 46 9 52 8 4811 60 9 5216 11 60 16 4 84 9 8 11 9 16 11 16 20 Field work. To investigate Eugene’s passive solar po- 65 47 4447 49 44 53 49 58 53 67 58 67 478 4447 744 498 44 9 49 53 74449 12 53 58 9 4953 14 58 67 12 5358 19 67 14 58 67 19 67 4478 4944 9 7 5378 4912 9 58 9 7 5314 12 67 12 9 5819 14 14 12 67 19 19 1460 7 19 97 12 9 14 12 19 14 19 tential, four sunspaces were instrumented January noon-6p noon-6p noon-6p noon-6pnoon-6p noon-6p noon-6p noon-6p 15 60 (ºC) Temperature 6p-mid 416p-mid 3841 44 38 45 44 49 45 56 49 56 6p-mid 416p-mid53779136p-mid 384138 4453779136p-mid 38 44 4538 44 45 49 44 45 49 56 45 49 56 49 56 6p-mid 56 386p-mid3779135377913 4438 453779135377913 44 49 45 56 49 56 (ºF) Temperature 55 377913377913 15 c) Page (ºC) Temperature through June 2011, measuring indoor and outdoor air Jan FebJan Mar Feb Apr Mar May Apr Jun May Jun Jan FebJanFeb Mar Feb Mar AprFeb Mar Apr May Mar Apr May Jun Apr May Jun May Jun Jun Feb MarFeb Apr Mar May Apr Jun May Jun (ºF) Temperature 55 50 10 temperature, humidity, mass surface temperatures, F) 50 ° 45 10 Air Temperatures (°F and °C) Mass Temperatures Fig 7 surface heat flux, mean radiant temperatures, and in- 45 Fig 740 5 40 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.215 cident solar radiation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modulating Natural Ventilation to Enhance Resilience187 Through Modifying Nozzle Profiles
    MODULATING NATURAL VENTILATION TO ENHANCE RESILIENCE THROUGH MODIFYING NOZZLE PROFILES Exploring Rapid Prototyping Through 3D-Printing NIKITA BHAGAT1, ZOFIA RYBKOWSKI2, NEGAR KALANTAR3, MANISH DIXIT4, JOHN BRYANT5 and MARYAM MANSOORI6 1,2,5Department of Construction Science, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 3,6Department of Architecture, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 3,6{kalantar|maryammansoori}@tamu.edu 4Department of Construction Science; College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [email protected] Abstract. The study aimed to develop and test an environmentally friendly, easily deployable, and affordable solution for socio-economically challenged populations of the world. 3D-printing (additive manufacturing) was used as a rapid prototyping tool to develop and test a façade system that would modulate air velocity through modifying nozzle profiles to utilize natural cross ventilation techniques in order to improve human comfort in buildings. Constrained by seasonal weather and interior partitions which block the ability to cross ventilate, buildings can be equipped to perform at reduced energy loads and improved internal human comfort by using a façade system composed of retractable nozzles developed through this empirical research. This paper outlines the various stages of development and results obtained from physically testing different profiles of nozzle-forms that would populate the façade system. In addition to optimizing nozzle profiles, the team investigated the potential of collapsible tube systems to permit precise placement of natural ventilation directed at occupants of the built space. Keywords. Natural ventilation; Wind velocity; Rapid prototyping; 3D-printing; Nozzle profiles.
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Downdraft Systems: a Vision for Ultra-Low Energy Heating, Cooling and Ventilation
    Passive Downdraft Systems: A Vision for Ultra-Low Energy Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Andrew Corney, WSP Flack + Kurtz – Built Ecology ABSTRACT In modern buildings, fans used to move air around for ventilation, heating and cooling represent a significant component of energy consumption. As a means of reducing this energy consumption, buildings with conventional overhead air conditioning systems have pushed the limits on air quality and thermal comfort by limiting the quantity of air supplied. Similarly, natural ventilation systems, with their limited capacity to provide temperature control to meet expectations, especially in cooling are very rarely adopted as design solutions outside of the residential sector, even though they can be extremely energy efficient. Some designers have sought to overcome this by providing hybrid systems with both natural ventilation and air conditioning backup. Often the cost of two systems results in both systems being or poorer quality with the result still being a building of average performance. This paper reviews new techniques in a fourth way – enhanced natural ventilation through the use of the passive downdraft, also known as buoyancy HVAC system. The approach has the potential to significantly reduce building energy and enhance air quality (through significantly increased outside air rates (P. Wargocki et al, 2000)) in many building types and especially in relatively mild climates. Introduction Just as the use of natural ventilation is as old as buildings themselves, the concept of using buoyancy forces is also thousands of years old. In ancient Persia, bagdir towers combined with water for evaporation were used to capture wind and use it to push and pull ventilation through buildings in the hot summers, cooling the air as it entered the space.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Rise Social Housing in Hot-Humid Climates: Towards an ‘Airhouse’ Standard for Comfort
    applied sciences Article High-Rise Social Housing in Hot-Humid Climates: Towards an ‘Airhouse’ Standard for Comfort Cristina Gonzalez-Longo * and Mohd Firrdhaus Mohd Sahabuddin Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-7973418279 Received: 20 October 2019; Accepted: 16 November 2019; Published: 20 November 2019 Featured Application: The results of this research can be applied to the ongoing social housing construction program in Malaysia. Abstract: The pressure to provide social housing in a fast and economic way, as well as outdated regulations, constrain the design of these buildings, having serious implications for the comfort of occupants and the environment. This becomes more critical in hot-humid climates, such as Malaysia, with uniformly high temperature and humidity and low wind speeds. In its capital, Kuala Lumpur, an extensive program of construction for high-rise social housing is being carried out, however, shortly after the flats are occupied, or as soon as they can afford it, the residents fit wall mounted air conditioning units. This research started by looking at Malay vernacular architecture and the traditional strategies for ventilation and cooling. After a review of current building regulations and green tools employed in the country, two campaigns of fieldwork were carried out to assess the actual indoor and outdoor thermal and air quality conditions in the buildings, which were found to be inadequate for both the local regulations and international recommendations. The fieldwork also allowed the identification of the critical design issues to address.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Vancouver — Passive Design Toolkit
    Passive Design Toolkit Passive Design Toolkit City of Vancouver — Passive Design Toolkit Message from the Mayor Vancouver City Council has taken an The Passive Design Toolkits will serve as a resource important first step toward our goal to the development industry, and as a framework for of becoming the greenest city in the the City’s Planning department to review and update world, as the first jurisdiction in North its design guidelines. Passive design elements, when America to go beyond green building evaluated in terms of relative cost and effectiveness, codes and use architecture itself to have been shown to reduce a building’s energy reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs). demand by as much as 50 percent. More than half of all GHG emissions in Vancouver The new Toolkits will help us create a more sustainable come from building operations, so the City has set a architectural form across the city, while improving target that all new construction will be GHG neutral by the comfort of the people who live and work in new 2030, through carbon-neutral measures in areas such buildings. as lighting and heating technologies. Gregor Robertson Message from BC Hydro BC Hydro is a proud supporter of the Passive Design We thank you for using this Toolkit in your project, Toolkits for the City of Vancouver. and congratulate the City of Vancouver for providing leadership in helping designers create the buildings of We recognize that part of providing clean energy for tomorrow in BC today. generations is helping British Columbians build Power Smart high performance buildings. Lisa Coltart, Executive Director Power Smart and Customer Care Prepared by: July 2009 Cobalt Engineering Vladimir Mikler, MSc, P.Eng., LEED® AP Albert Bicol, P.Eng., LEED® AP Cover Photo: IBI Group/Henriquez Partners Architects Beth Breisnes Photographer: Nic Lehoux Hugh es Condon Marler : Architects Hand Illustrations: Matthew Roddis Urban Design Michel Labrie, MAIBC, MOAQ, MRAIC, LEED® AP Passive Design Toolkit Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Model and Design Rules for the Optimization of Solar Chimney Systems
    U. Dietrich, Int. J. of Energy Prod. & Mgmt., Vol. 3, No. 4 (2018) 307–324 PHYSICAL MODEL AND DESIGN RULES FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR CHIMNEY SYSTEMS UDO DIETRICH REAP research group (Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning), HafenCity University Hamburg, ­Germany. ABSTRACT Natural ventilation is a basic quantity to reach comfort in passively acting buildings. It delivers not only fresh air to breath but can also be used to temper the room if the indoor temperature is above the outdoor one. Driving forces are temperature differences (buoyancy) and wind. However, both may be weak in hot and especially humid locations. A solar chimney uses solar radiation to heat up the exhausted air and to increase buoyancy, thus could help to improve that situation at least during the daytime. Nevertheless, the implementation of solar chimneys is quite rare. It may be that the idea to use heat to cool and ventilate a building seems strange. The literature reports about the potential of solar chimneys, characteristics like vol- ume flow and temperatures are measured or simulated. Though, the findings of these publications are based on a special geometry and provide not enough detailed information about the optimized shape (width, height, length, etc.) of solar chimneys. To overcome that situation, this paper presents general design rules for the geometry of solar chimney systems that could be adapted to existing or newly erected buildings. A solar chimney system is assumed as composed by three components: An absorber as the main part to reach a higher temperature, a stack extension on top for further accel- eration of the exhausted air, and a stack at the bottom connected to the (lower) storeys that should be ventilated.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Technical Information System
    ENGINEERING TECHNICAL FIELD NOTESTECHNICAL REPORTS DATA RETRIEVALMANAGEMENT INFORMATION PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM -Poll VOLUME 12 NUMBER 4 ield Notes NEW DEVELOPMENT IN CLEARING ROADS PRACTICAL SOLAR APPLICATIONS IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN FOREST SERVICE BUILDINGS FACILITIES WASHINGTON OFFICE NEWS FOREST SERVICE APRIL 1980 s sw4 US U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 11ýS ENGINEERING FIELD NOTES Volume 12 Number 4 Information this contained in publication has been developed for guidance of employees of the States United Department of Agriculture-Forest Service its contractors and its cooperating Federal and State agencies. The Department of Agriculture assumes no respon-sibilityfor the interpretation or use of this -information by other than its own employees. The use of trade firm or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of any product or service by the United States Department of Agriculture to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. text in the The publication represents the personal opinions of the respective author and must not be construed as recommended or approved procedures mandatory instructions or references. Because the policy except by FSM of type of material in the publication all technicians should read each engineers and engineering issue however this publication is not intended exclusively for engineers. FOREST SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Washington D.C. 20013 III A NEW DEVELOPMENT IN CLEARING ROADS Tom L. Condos Civil Engineer Tahoe National Forest An innovative product is now on the market that can cut clearing costs and timber sale road construction time.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Night-Time Ventilation in Stanford's Y2E2 Building
    1 Modeling night-time ventilation in Stanford’s Y2E2 building Catherine Gorlé1,2, Asha Chigurupati1, Gianluca Iaccarino1 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 2Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: An important fraction of the energy consumption in buildings is related to controlling the indoor temperature. In moderate climates passive cooling by nighttime ventilation can result in significant energy savings, but modeling natural ventilation systems for design and performance predictions remains a challenging task. We investigate the predictive capability of a box model and a CFD simulation for modeling night-flush ventilation in the Y2E2 building on Stanford’s campus. Both models consider a single atrium of the building and the predictions are compared to available temperature measurements. The box model solves for the average air and building thermal mass temperatures, and represents heat sources and sinks as integral values. The uncertainty in the input parameters for the box model is propagated to the output using a non-intrusive polynomial chaos method. The mean result predicts a too fast cooling rate, but the maximum discrepancy with the measured data is limited to 0.6K, and the measurements are within the predicted 95%CI. The uncertainty in the results is mainly related to uncertainty in the infiltration flow rate, the initial thermal mass temperature, the internal heat source, and the heat transfer coefficient. The CFD simulation represents a much higher level of detail in the building model, but it also predicts a too high cooling rate.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Design of Wind Tower for Passive Ventilation in Buildings to Reduce Energy Consumption in Windy Regions
    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 42 (2015) 182–195 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser A new design of wind tower for passive ventilation in buildings to reduce energy consumption in windy regions A.R. Dehghani-sanij a,n, M. Soltani b,c, K. Raahemifar d a Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada A1B 3X5 b Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran c Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA d Department of Electrical & Computer, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3 article info abstract Article history: In today’sworld,thesignificance of energy and energy conservation is a common knowledge. Wind towers Received 7 June 2014 can save the electrical energy used to provide thermal comfort during the warm months of the year, Received in revised form especially during the peak hours. In this paper, we propose a new design for wind towers. The proposed 8 August 2014 wind towers are installed on top of the buildings, in the direction of the maximum wind speed in the region. Accepted 5 October 2014 If the desired wind speed is accessible in several directions, additional wind towers can be installed in Available online 24 October 2014 several positions. The proposed wind tower can also rotate and set itself in the direction of the maximum Keywords: wind speed. In the regions where the wind speed is low, to improve the efficiency of the system a solar Passive cooling system chimney or a one-sided wind tower can be installed in another part of the building in the opposite direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Analysis of a Lecture Room Ventilation System
    Chapter Computational Analysis of a Lecture Room Ventilation System Abayomi Layeni, Collins Nwaokocha, Olalekan Olamide, Solomon Giwa, Samuel Tongo, Olawale Onabanjo, Taiwo Samuel, Olabode Olanipekun, Oluwasegun Alabi, Kasali Adedeji, Olusegun Samuel, Jagun Zaid Oluwadurotimi, Olaolu Folorunsho, Jacob Adebayo and Folashade Oniyide Abstract The level of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) has become a big topic of research, and improving it using passive ventilation methods is imperative due to the cost saving potentials. Designing lecture buildings to use less energy or Zero Energy (ZE) has become more important, and analysing buildings before construction can save money in design changes. This research analyses the performance (thermal com- fort [TC]) of a lecture room, investigate the use of passive ventilation methods and determine the energy-saving potential of the proposed passive ventilation method using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Results obtained showed that air change per hour at a wind velocity of 0.05 m/s was 3.10, which was below standards. Therefore, the lecture hall needs external passive ventilation systems (Solar Chimney [SC]) for improved indoor air quality at minimum cost. Also, it was observed that the proposed passive ventilation (SC) system with the size between 1 and 100 m3, made an improvement upon the natural ventilation in the room. There was a 66.69% increase after 10 years in the saving of energy and cost using Solar Chimney as compared to Fans, which depicts that truly energy and cost were saved using passive ventilation systems rather than mechanical ventilation systems. Keywords: computational fluid dynamics, indoor air quality, solar chimney, thermal comfort, zero energy 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling and Simulation of Parametric Wind-Catcher Designs for Natural Ventilation in Sustainable Building Skin Architecture
    Modeling and Simulation of Parametric Wind-Catcher Designs for Natural Ventilation in Sustainable Building Skin Architecture Arash Zarmehr, Joseph T. Kider Jr University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we model and simulate the performance of different advanced building skins that integrate wind-catcher tower designs, designed parametrically, into a building façade. We use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the effects of tower height, tower position, wind-catcher architecture, wind velocity, temperature on ventilation rates, and performance. This CFD modelling and simulation shows the benefits of integrating a breathable tower into building skin design for the purpose of natural ventilation. We include a case study that compares the new building designs with an existing design to enhance better natural ventilation efficiency. Keywords: Natural Ventilation, Wind-Catcher, CFD, Efficiency, Sustainable Design, Architecture 1. Introduction Mechanical heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings are enormously energy- intensive. Cooling alone, on average, accounts for 15% of the electricity used in commercial buildings [1]. Additionally, mechanical systems waste almost 30% of the energy powering them [2]. Natural ventilation [3] is an energy-efficient alternative that can reduce wasted HVAC energy and improve sustainability, in some cases by up to 60% [4]. Natural ventilation is limited to certain climates [5]. Although natural ventilation is a current trend in modern architecture to reduce energy costs, the technique dates back thousands of years, pre-dating mechanical systems. Natural ventilation (NV), also called passive ventilation, uses outside air movement and pressure differences to both passively cool and ventilate a building.
    [Show full text]
  • The Performance of Natural Ventilation Windcatchers In
    THE PERFORMANCE OF NATURAL VENTILATION WINDCATCHERS IN SCHOOLS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT Benjamin M. Jones and Ray Kirby* School of Engineering and Design, Mechanical Engineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK. [email protected] * Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Dr. Ray Kirby, School of Engineering and Design, Mechanical Engineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)1895 266687 Fax: +44 (0)1895 256392 1 ABSTRACT Windcatchers are roof mounted devices that use the action of the wind to provide top down natural ventilation to a room. Here, fresh air is channelled into a room whilst at the same time stale air is drawn out of air room, providing a simple but attractive natural ventilation methodology that is increasing in popularity in U.K. schools. However, an analysis of the performance of Windcatchers has largely been limited to laboratory based measurements and the use of CFD to generate predictions. Moreover, analysis is normally restricted to the operation of an autonomous Windcatcher, whereas in reality a Windcatcher is likely to operate in a building in which other sources of ventilation are present, an open window for example, and this can significantly alter the performance of the Windcatcher. The aim of this article is to provide a tool for estimating the performance of a Windcatcher from basic data that is typically available to the engineer in the building design phase. Accordingly, the methodology uses data that one could reasonably be expected to have for a building’s performance prior to estimating the behaviour of the Windcatcher.
    [Show full text]
  • A First Approach to Natural Thermoventilation of Residential Buildings Through Ventilation Chimneys Supplied by Solar Ponds
    Sustainability 2015, 7, 9649-9663; doi:10.3390/su7079649 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article A First Approach to Natural Thermoventilation of Residential Buildings through Ventilation Chimneys Supplied by Solar Ponds Ferdinando Salata *, Chiara Alippi, Anna Tarsitano, Iacopo Golasi and Massimo Coppi DIAEE—Area Fisica Tecnica, Università degli Studi di Roma “Sapienza”, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (I.G.); [email protected] (M.C.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-4458-5661; Fax: +39-06-4880-120. Academic Editors: Francesco Asdrubali and Pietro Buzzini Received: 28 May 2015 / Accepted: 14 July 2015 / Published: 17 July 2015 Abstract: The exploitation of natural ventilation is a good solution to improve buildings from an energetic point of view and to fulfill the requirements demanded by the thermohygrometric comfort and the air quality in enclosed spaces. Some past researches demonstrated how some devices, useful to this purpose, follow the principles of solar chimneys and are able to move air masses while exploiting the Archimedes thrust. The natural ventilation must be supplied by a flow moving upward, generated by a heat source performing at temperatures slightly higher than the one present in the environment. To have a minimum energetic effect, the heat can be extracted from solar ponds; solar ponds are able to collect and store solar energy in the geographical regions characterized by sufficient values of solar radiation.
    [Show full text]