DOCSLIB.ORG

Refrigerant Report 21

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Refrigerant Report 21 REFRIGERANT REPO RT 21 A-501-21 EN BITZER Kühlmaschinenbau GmbH Peter-Schaufler-Platz 1 // 71065 Sindelfingen // Germany Tel +49 7031 932-0 // Fax +49 7031 932-147 [email protected] // www.bitzer.de Subject to change // 80050206 // 09.2020 A-501-21_EN_Cover.indd Alle Seiten 15.09.20 09:05 Refrigerant Report Contents Page Essential revisions/supplements vs. 20th edition Refrigerant development and legal situation 3 Alternative refrigerants – overview 4 Environmental aspects 6 Global Warming and TEWI Factor 6 Eco-Efficiency 7 HCFC refrigerants 8 R22 as transitional refrigerant 8 HFC refrigerants 9 R134a as a substitute for R12 and R22 9 Alternatives to R134a 11 Refrigerant blends 13 Substitutes for R22 in refrigeration systems 17 R404A and R507A as substitutes for R22 and R502 17 R407A, R407B, R407F, R407H and R422A as substitutes for R22 and R502 18 Substitutes for R22 in air conditioning systems and heat pumps 20 R407C as substitute for R22 // R410A as substitute for R22 20 R417A, R417B, R422D, R438A and R427A as substitutes for R22 22 R32 as substitute for R22 23 "Low GWP" HFOs and HFO/HFC blends as alternatives to HFCs 24 Aspects on the development 24 R134a alternatives 24 Substitutes for R404A/R507A and R410A 25 Further development projects 26 Halogen free (natural) refrigerants 28 NH 3 (Ammonia) as alternative refrigerant 28 R723 (NH 3/DME) as an alternative to NH 3 29 R290 (Propane) as alternative refrigerant // Propylene (R1270) as an alternative to Propane 30 Carbon dioxide R744 (CO 2) as an alternative refrigerant and secondary fluid 33 Refrigerants for special applications 37 Lubricants for compressors 41 Refrigerant properties 42 Application ranges 44 Overview lubricants 45 to the BITZER to the digital Refrigerant Ruler App Android iOS Refrigerant Report This edition supersedes all previous issues. Refrigerant development and legal situation Stratospheric ozone depletion as well as at- than direct (CO 2-equivalent) emissions The so-called "TEWI" factor ( Total Equiva - mospheric greenhouse effect due to refriger - caused by HFC refrigerants, refrigerants lent Warming Impact) has been introduced. ant emissions have led to drastic changes in with high global warming potential (GWP) Meanwhile, another, more extensive the refrigeration and air conditioning tech- will in the future be subject to use restrictions assessment method has been developed nology since the beginning of the 1990s. or bans. This will affect primarily R404A and considering "Eco-Efficiency". Hereby, both R507A, for which alternatives with lower ecological (such as TEWI) and economical This is especially true for the area of com - GWP are already being offered. However, in criteria are taken into account (further mercial refrigeration and air conditioning order to achieve the legal objectives, substi - explanations see page 7). systems with their wide range of applica - tutes for further refrigerants and increased Therefore it is possible that the assessment tions. In former years the main refrigerants use of naturally occurring substances (N H , 3 of refrigerants with regard to the environment used for these systems were ozone deplet - CO , hydrocarbons) will become necessary. ing types, namely R12, R22 and R502; for 2 can differ according to the place of installa - special applications R114, R12B1, R13B1, This requires comprehensive testing of tion and drive method. these refrigerants, suitable oils and adjusted R13 and R503 were used. Upon closer evaluation of substitutes for the systems. Therefore a close co-operation originally used CFC and HCFC as well as The use of these substances is no longer exists with scientific institutions, the refriger - for HFCs with higher GWP, the options with allowed in industrialised countries, but the ation and oil industries, component manu - single-substance refrigerants are very limit - use of R22 has been extended through tran - facturers as well as a number of innovative ed. This includes e.g. R134a, which will be sitional periods. However, the European refrigeration and air conditioning companies. Union also commited to an early phase-out usable for quite some time based on its for R22, which was enforced in several A large number of development tasks have comparatively low GWP. Similarly, the stages (see page 8). The main reason for been completed. Suitable compressors for hydro-fluoro-olefins (HFO) R1234yf and this early ban of R22 contrary to the inter- alternative refrigerants are available. R1234ze(E) with a GWP < 10, which are also exempted from the F-Gas regulation. national agreement is the ozone depletion Besides the development projects, BITZER potential although it is only small. actively supports legal regulations and self Direct alternatives (based on fluorinated Since 2010, phase-out regulations became commitments concerning the responsible hydrocarbons) for almost all refrigerants of effective in other countries as well, for use of refrigerants as well as measures to higher volumetric refrigerating capacity and instance in the USA. increase system and components’ efficiency. pressure level than R134a can (mainly) only be "formulated" as blends. However, taking This implies enormous consequences for The following report deals with potential into account thermodynamic properties, the whole refrigeration and air conditioning measures of a short to medium-term change flammability, toxicity and global warming sector. BITZER therefore committed itself to towards technologies with reduced environ - potential, the list of potential candidates is taking a leading role in the research and mental impact in medium and large size very limited. Blends of reduced GWP in- development of environmentally friendly sys - commercial and industrial refrigeration, air clude in addition to R134a, R1234yf and tem designs. conditioning and heat pump systems. R1234ze(E) primarily the refrigerants R32, Furthermore, the experiences so far and the After the chlorine-free (ODP = 0) HFC refriger - R125 and R152a. ants R134a, R404A, R407C, R507A and resulting consequences for plant technology R410A have become widely established for are discussed. Besides halogenated refrigerants, Ammonia many years in commercial refrigeration, air (NH 3) and hydrocarbons are considered as substitutes as well. The use for commercial conditioning and heat pump systems, new ? ? ? challenges have come up. They concern pri - applications, however, is limited by strict marily the greenhouse effect: The aim is a safety requirements. Several studies confirm that vapour com - clear reduction of direct emissions caused Carbon dioxide (CO ) becomes more impor - pression refrigeration systems normally 2 by refrigerant losses and indirect emissions tant as an alternative refrigerant and sec - used commercially are far superior in effi - by particularly efficient system technology. ondary fluid, too. Due to its specific charac - ciency to all other processes down to a cold teristics, however, there are restrictions to a In this area, applicable legal regulations are space temperature of around -40°C. already in force, such as the EU F-Gas general application. The selection of an alternative refrigerant Regulation No. 517/2014 (BITZER brochure The following illustrations show a structural and the system design receives special sig - A-510) and a series of regulations already survey of the alternative refrigerants and a nificance, however. Besides the request for ratified or in preparation as part of the EU summary of the single or blended substance s substances without ozone depletion poten - Ecodesign Directive (BITZER brochure which are now available. After that the indi - tial (ODP = 0) especially the energy de- A-530). Similar regulations are also in vidual subjects are discussed. preparation or already implemented in Aus - mand of a system is seen as an essential tralia, Canada and the USA. On an inter- criterion due to its indirect contribution to For refrigerant properties, application national level, the so-called "Kigali Amend - the greenhouse effect. On top of that there ranges and lubricant specifications, see ment" was adopted in 2016 under the is the direct global warming potential (GWP) pages 42 to 45. due to refrigerant emission. Montreal Protocol, in which a step-by-step For reasons of clarity the less or only reduction of HFCs ("HFC phase-down") was Therefore a calculation method has been regionally known products are not specified agreed upon starting in 2019. developed for the qualified evaluation of a in this issue, which is not intended to imply Even though indirect emissions caused by system which enables an analysis of the any inferiority. energy production are considerably higher total influence on the greenhouse effect. 3 Alternative refrigerants – overview Alternative Refrigerants Transitional/Service Medium and Long Refrigerants* Term Refrigerants HCFC/HFC HFC "Low GWP " Halogen free – partly chlorinated – – chlorine free – Refrigerants Single Single Single Single Substances Blends Substances Blends Substances Blends Substances Blends e.g.. R22 predominantly e.g. R134a e.g. R404A R1234yf R1234yf/ e.g. NH 3 e.g. R600a/ R123 R22 -Based R125 R507A R1234ze(E) R1234ze(E)/ R290 R290 R124 R32 R407-Serie HFKW R1270 R290/ R142b R143a R410A R600a R170 R152a R417A/B R170 R422 A/D R744 R723 R427A * Service refrigerants contain HCFC as blend component. They are therefore subject to the same legal regulations as R22 (see page 8). As a result of the continued refurbishment of older installations, the importance of these refrigerants is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ammonia As a Refrigerant
    1791 Tullie Circle, NE. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305, USA www.ashrae.org ASHRAE Position Document on Ammonia as a Refrigerant Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors February 1, 2017 Expires February 1, 2020 ASHRAE S H A P I N G T O M O R R O W ’ S B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T T O D A Y © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE Position Document on “Ammonia as a Refrigerant” was developed by the Society’s Refrigeration Committee. Position Document Committee formed on January 8, 2016 with Dave Rule as its chair. Dave Rule, Chair Georgi Kazachki IIAR Dayton Phoenix Group Alexandria, VA, USA Dayton, OH, USA Ray Cole Richard Royal Axiom Engineers, Inc. Walmart Monterey, CA, USA Bentonville, Arkansas, USA Dan Dettmers Greg Scrivener IRC, University of Wisconsin Cold Dynamics Madison, WI, USA Meadow Lake, SK, Canada Derek Hamilton Azane Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA Other contributors: M. Kent Anderson Caleb Nelson Consultant Azane, Inc. Bethesda, MD, USA Missoula, MT, USA Cognizant Committees The chairperson of Refrigerant Committee also served as ex-officio members: Karim Amrane REF Committee AHRI Bethesda, MD, USA i © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. HISTORY of REVISION / REAFFIRMATION / WITHDRAWAL
    [Show full text]
  • (Vocs) in Asian and North American Pollution Plumes During INTEX-B: Identification of Specific Chinese Air Mass Tracers
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5371–5388, 2009 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/5371/2009/ Atmospheric © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under Chemistry the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Asian and north American pollution plumes during INTEX-B: identification of specific Chinese air mass tracers B. Barletta1, S. Meinardi1, I. J. Simpson1, E. L. Atlas2, A. J. Beyersdorf3, A. K. Baker4, N. J. Blake1, M. Yang1, J. R. Midyett1, B. J. Novak1, R. J. McKeachie1, H. E. Fuelberg5, G. W. Sachse3, M. A. Avery3, T. Campos6, A. J. Weinheimer6, F. S. Rowland1, and D. R. Blake1 1University of California, Irvine, 531 Rowland Hall, Irvine 92697 CA, USA 2University of Miami, RSMAS/MAC, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, 33149 FL, USA 3NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, 23681 VA, USA 4Max Plank Institute, Atmospheric Chemistry Dept., Johannes-Joachim-Becherweg 27, 55128 Mainz, Germany 5Florida State University, Department of Meteorology, Tallahassee Florida 32306-4520, USA 6NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, 80305 CO, USA Received: 9 March 2009 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 24 March 2009 Revised: 16 June 2009 – Accepted: 17 June 2009 – Published: 30 July 2009 Abstract. We present results from the Intercontinental 1 Introduction Chemical Transport Experiment – Phase B (INTEX-B) air- craft mission conducted in spring 2006. By analyzing the The Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment – mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mea- Phase B (INTEX-B) aircraft experiment was conducted in sured during the second part of the field campaign, to- the spring of 2006. Its broad objective was to understand gether with kinematic back trajectories, we were able to the behavior of trace gases and aerosols on transcontinental identify five plumes originating from China, four plumes and intercontinental scales, and their impact on air quality from other Asian regions, and three plumes from the United and climate (an overview of the INTEX-B campaign can be States.
    [Show full text]
  • Refrigerant Selection and Cycle Development for a High Temperature Vapor Compression Heat Pump
    Refrigerant Selection and Cycle Development for a High Temperature Vapor Compression Heat Pump Heinz Moisia*, Renè Riebererb aResearch Assistant, Institute of Thermal Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/B, 8010 Graz, Austria bAssociate Professor, Institute of Thermal Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/B, 8010 Graz, Austria Abstract Different technological challenges have to be met in the course of the development of a high temperature vapor compression heat pump. In certain points of operation, high temperature refrigerants can show condensation during the compression which may lead to compressor damage. As a consequence, high suction gas superheat up to 20 K can be necessary. Furthermore high compressor outlet temperatures caused by high heat sink outlet temperatures (approx. 110 °C) and high pressure ratios can lead to problems with the compressor lubricant. In order to meet these challenges different refrigerant and cycle configurations have been investigated by means of simulation. Thermodynamic properties as well as legal and availability aspects have been considered for the refrigerant selection. The focus of the cycle configurations has been set on the realization of the required suction gas superheat. Therefore the possibility of an internal heat exchanger and a suction gas cooled compressor has been investigated. The simulation results showed a COP increase of up to +11 % due to the fact that the main part of the suction gas superheat has not been provided in the evaporator. Furthermore, the effect of increased subcooling has been investigated for a single stage cycle with internal heat exchanger. The results showed a COP of 3.4 with a subcooling of 25 K at a temperature lift of approximately 60 K for the refrigerant R600 (n-butane).
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality
    Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality The indoor environment in any building the categories that follow. The examples is a result of the interaction between the given for each category are not intended to site, climate, building system (original be a complete list. 2 design and later modifications in the Sources Outside Building structure and mechanical systems), con- struction techniques, contaminant sources Contaminated outdoor air (building materials and furnishings, n pollen, dust, fungal spores moisture, processes and activities within the n industrial pollutants building, and outdoor sources), and n general vehicle exhaust building occupants. Emissions from nearby sources The following four elements are involved n exhaust from vehicles on nearby roads Four elements— in the development of indoor air quality or in parking lots, or garages sources, the HVAC n loading docks problems: system, pollutant n odors from dumpsters Source: there is a source of contamination pathways, and or discomfort indoors, outdoors, or within n re-entrained (drawn back into the occupants—are the mechanical systems of the building. building) exhaust from the building itself or from neighboring buildings involved in the HVAC: the HVAC system is not able to n unsanitary debris near the outdoor air development of IAQ control existing air contaminants and ensure intake thermal comfort (temperature and humidity problems. conditions that are comfortable for most Soil gas occupants). n radon n leakage from underground fuel tanks Pathways: one or more pollutant pathways n contaminants from previous uses of the connect the pollutant source to the occu- site (e.g., landfills) pants and a driving force exists to move n pesticides pollutants along the pathway(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Refrigerants and the Refrigeration System
    M25_STAN0893_00_SE_C25.QXD 9/4/08 9:54 PM Page 1 SECTION FOUR Refrigerants and the Refrigeration System UNIT 25 Accessing Sealed Refrigeration Systems OBJECTIVES determine the pressures. Knowing the temperature differ- ence across the coils, the amperage, and the airflow all give After completing this unit you will be able to: the technician vital information; but sometimes without the system operating pressures a final determination of a prob- ■ describe the different types of refrigeration service lem cannot be accurately made. valves. It is important to attach and remove a gauge manifold ■ explain the operation of gauge manifold valves. ■ explain how to properly install and remove a gauge set properly. Understanding how to properly manipulate sys- manifold set on manual service valves. tem access valves and install gauge manifolds is vital to the ■ explain the operation of split system installation personal safety of the service technician. Improper technique valves. can damage the system or injure the technician. Proper tech- ■ explain how to properly install and remove a gauge niques should always be practiced so that they become a manifold set on Schrader valves. habit performed the same way each time. ■ describe how to gain access to systems without service valves. SAFETY TIP 25.1 INTRODUCTION One of the last things a service technician should do when The proper personal protective equipment, PPE, for in- troubleshooting a system is attach a set of gauges to the sys- stalling refrigeration gauges and manipulating valves includes safety glasses and gloves. When liquid refrig- tem. Each time a sealed system is accessed there is a chance erant escapes into the atmosphere it boils at ex- that some contaminants can be introduced to the system, or tremely cold temperatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Chronology
    Air Conditioning and Refrigeration C H R O N O L O G Y Significant dates pertaining to Air Conditioning and Refrigeration revised May 4, 2006 Assembled by Bernard Nagengast for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Additions by Gerald Groff, Dr.-Ing. Wolf Eberhard Kraus and International Institute of Refrigeration End of 3rd. Century B.C. Philon of Byzantium invented an apparatus for measuring temperature. 1550 Doctor, Blas Villafranca, mentioned process for cooling wine and water by adding potassium nitrate About 1597 Galileo’s ‘air thermoscope’ Beginning of 17th Century Francis Bacon gave several formulae for refrigeration mixtures 1624 The word thermometer first appears in literature in a book by J. Leurechon, La Recreation Mathematique 1631 Rey proposed a liquid thermometer (water) Mid 17th Century Alcohol thermometers were known in Florence 1657 The Accademia del Cimento, in Florence, used refrigerant mixtures in scientific research, as did Robert Boyle, in 1662 1662 Robert Boyle established the law linking pressure and volume of a gas a a constant temperature; this was verified experimentally by Mariotte in 1676 1665 Detailed publication by Robert Boyle with many fundamentals on the production of low temperatures. 1685 Philippe Lahire obtained ice in a phial by enveloping it in ammonium nitrate 1697 G.E. Stahl introduced the notion of “phlogiston.” This was replaced by Lavoisier, by the “calorie.” 1702 Guillaume Amontons improved the air thermometer; foresaw the existence of an absolute zero of temperature 1715 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit developed mercury thermoneter 1730 Reamur introduced his scale on an alcohol thermometer 1742 Anders Celsius developed Centigrade Temperature Scale, later renamed Celsius Temperature Scale 1748 G.
    [Show full text]
  • Fr-2016-11-18
    82272 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 223 / Friday, November 18, 2016 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION information is not publicly available, J. Revisions to the Technician Certification AGENCY e.g., CBI or other information whose Program Requirements in § 82.161 disclosure is restricted by statute. K. Revisions to the Reclamation 40 CFR Part 82 Certain other material, such as Requirements in § 82.164 copyrighted material, is not placed on L. Revisions to the Recordkeeping and [EPA–HQ–OAR–2015–0453; FRL–9950–28– Reporting Requirements in § 82.166 OAR] the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. M. Effective and Compliance Dates RIN 2060–AS51 Publicly available docket materials are V. Possible Future Revisions to Subpart F VI. Economic Analysis available electronically through Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews Update to the Refrigerant Management www.regulations.gov. A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Requirements Under the Clean Air Act FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Planning and Review and Executive Jeremy Arling, Stratospheric Protection Order 13563: Improving Regulation and AGENCY: Environmental Protection Division, Office of Atmospheric Regulatory Review Agency (EPA). Programs, Mail Code 6205T, 1200 B. Paperwork Reduction Act ACTION: Final rule. Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act SUMMARY: DC 20460; telephone number (202) 343– The Clean Air Act prohibits (UMRA) the knowing release of ozone-depleting 9055; email address arling.jeremy@ epa.gov. You may also visit E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism and substitute refrigerants during the F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation course of maintaining, servicing, www.epa.gov/section608 for further information about refrigerant and Coordination With Indian Tribal repairing, or disposing of appliances or Governments management, other Stratospheric Ozone industrial process refrigeration.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermodynamic Properties of Dupont(Tm) Freon(R) 22 Refrigerant
    Technical Information AT-22 DuPont™ refrigerants Thermodynamic Properties of DuPont™ Freon® 22 Refrigerant (Chlorodifluoromethane) The DuPont Oval Logo, The miracles of science™, Freon® and Suva®, are trademarks or registered trademarks of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 For Further Information: DuPont Fluorochemicals Wilmington, DE 19880-0711 (800) 235-Suva www.suva.dupont.com Europe Japan DuPont Far East Inc. DuPont de Nemours Mitsui DuPont Fluorochemicals 6th Floor Bangunan Samudra International S.A. Co., Ltd. No. 1 JLN. Kontraktor U1/14, SEK U1 2 Chemin du Pavillon Chiyoda Honsha Bldg. Hicom-Glenmarie Industrial Park P.O. Box 50 5-18, 1-Chome Sarugakucho 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0064 Japan Phone 60-3-517-2534 Geneva, Switzerland 81-3-5281-5805 41-22-717-5111 DuPont Korea Inc. Asia 4/5th Floor, Asia Tower Canada DuPont Taiwan #726, Yeoksam-dong, Kangnam-ku DuPont Canada, Inc. P.O. Box 81-777 Seoul, 135-082, Korea P.O. Box 2200, Streetsville Taipei, Taiwan 82-2-721-5114 Mississauga, Ontario 886-2-514-4400 Canada DuPont Singapore Pte. Ltd. L5M 2H3 DuPont China Limited 1 Maritime Square #07 01 (905) 821-3300 P.O. Box TST 98851 World Trade Centre 1122 New World Office Bldg. Singapore 0409 (East Wing) 65-273-2244 Mexico Tsim Sha Tsui DuPont, S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Condensing Refrigerants in Small-Channel Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers
    Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Condensing Refrigerants in Small-Channel Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers D. C. Zietlow and C. O. Pedersen ACRC TR-73 April 1995 For additional information: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center University of Illinois Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. 1206 West Green Street Urbana, IL 61801 Prepared as part ofACRC Project 03 Condenser Performance (217) 333-3115 C. O. Pedersen, Principal Investigator The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center was founded in 1988 with a grant from the estate ofRichard W. Kritzer, the founder ofPeerless of America Inc. A State of Illinois Technology Challenge Grant helped build the laboratory facilities. The ACRC receives continuing supportfrom the Richard W. Kritzer Endowment and the National Science Foundation. The following organizations have also become sponsors of the Center. Acustar Division of Chrysler Amana Refrigeration, Inc. Brazeway, Inc. Carrier Corporation Caterpillar, Inc. Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Eaton Corporation Electric Power Research Institute Ford Motor Company Frigidaire Company General Electric Company Lennox International, Inc. Modine Manufacturing Co. Peerless of America, Inc. U. S. Army CERL U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Whirlpool Corporation For additional iriformation: Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Center Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. University ofIllinois 1206 West Green Street Urbana IL 61801 2173333115 ABSTRACT This study is the first to model and experimentally validate refrigerant inventory of R134a in small-channel cross-flow condenserst. This heat exchanger is used in automotive applications and uses smaller internal volumes than conventional heat exchangers to perform the same task. Since the cost of refrigerants continues to rise due to the phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), internal volume becomes a key design parameter.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10: Refrigeration Cycles
    Chapter 10: Refrigeration Cycles The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is a common method for transferring heat from a low temperature to a high temperature. The above figure shows the objectives of refrigerators and heat pumps. The purpose of a refrigerator is the removal of heat, called the cooling load, from a low-temperature medium. The purpose of a heat pump is the transfer of heat to a high-temperature medium, called the heating load. When we are interested in the heat energy removed from a low-temperature space, the device is called a refrigerator. When we are interested in the heat energy supplied to the high-temperature space, the device is called a heat pump. In general, the term heat pump is used to describe the cycle as heat energy is removed from the low-temperature space and rejected to the high- temperature space. The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in terms of coefficient of performance (COP), defined as Chapter 10-1 Desired output Cooling effect QL COPR === Required input Work input Wnet, in Desired output Heating effect QH COPHP === Required input Work input Wnet, in Both COPR and COPHP can be larger than 1. Under the same operating conditions, the COPs are related by COPHP=+ COP R 1 Can you show this to be true? Refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps are rated with a SEER number or seasonal adjusted energy efficiency ratio. The SEER is defined as the Btu/hr of heat transferred per watt of work energy input. The Btu is the British thermal unit and is equivalent to 778 ft-lbf of work (1 W = 3.4122 Btu/hr).
    [Show full text]
  • A/C-Heat Pump System Troubleshooting Guide
    A/C-Heat Pump System Troubleshooting Guide Before using this guide: 1) Make sure all filters, blower, and coils are clean. Verify all dampers are open. 2) Identify metering device and refrigerant type. 3) Measure and set required airflow at a nominal 400 CFM/Ton. www.trutechtools.com 4) Determine required suction and liquid pressures using the design temperature difference. (DTD) 1-888-224-3437 5) Test in cooling mode for heat-pumps Typical design Evaporator DTD: (-35 °) @400CFM/Ton (1) Typical design Condenser DTD: 6-8 SEER (+30°), 10-12 SEER (+25°), 13 SEER+ (+20°) Condenser pressures/temperatures will increase with indoor load RA Temp - Evap DTD = Evap Temp Example: 75° RA - 35° DTD = 40° Evap Temp = 68.6 PSIG R22/118 PSIG R410a ODA Temp + Cond DTD = Cond Temp Example: 95° ODA + 25° DTD = 120° Cond Temp = 260 PSIG R22 / 418 PSIG R410a Convert Evap and Cond temps to pressures with Temperature Pressure chart to obtain required pressures System Problem (Fixed) Suction Pressure Liquid Pressure Superheat Subcooling Amps R/H Control Refrigerant Overcharge ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ Poor Refrigerant Undercharge ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ICE/Poor Liquid Restriction (Dryer) ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Poor Low Evaporator Airflow (low load) ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ICE/Normal Dirty Condenser ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ Poor Low Outside Ambient Temperature ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Normal Inefficient Compressor3 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Poor Non-Condensables ↑ ↑ ↓ Normal6 ↑ Poor System Problem (TXV) Suction Pressure Liquid Pressure Superheat Subcooling Amps R/H Control Refrigerant Overcharge Normal ↑ Normal ↑ ↑ Normal Refrigerant Undercharge Normal2 /↓ ↓ Normal2 /↑ ↓ ↓ ICE/Normal Liquid Restriction (Dryer) ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Poor Low Evaporator Airflow (low load) ↓ ↓ Normal4 Normal ↓ ICE/Normal Dirty Condenser Normal ↑ Normal Normal ↑ Normal Low Outside Ambient Temperature Normal4 ↓ Normal4 Normal ↓ Normal Inefficient Compressor3 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Poor TXV Bulb Loose ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓5 ↑ Poor TXV Bulb Lost Charge ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Poor TXV Bulb Poorly Insulated ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ Poor Non-Condensables Normal ↑ Normal4 Normal6 ↑ Poor/Normal Notes: 1) DTD figures are standard design values.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China
    R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China by Min Zhang, Mingming Lu, and Yanmei Zhou An Overview of R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China A look at China’s efforts to replace the R22 refrigerant in order to comply with the Montreal Protocol. em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • September 2019 R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China by Min Zhang, Mingming Lu, and Yanmei Zhou The 1987 Montreal Protocol recommended using HCFC- alternative refrigerants, and the main achievements of 22 (R22) and HFC-134a (R134a) to replace chlorofluorocar - domestic refrigerant substitution. bons (CFCs) to reduce the damage to the stratosphere ozone layer. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) tend to stay in the Setting Policy and Guidelines troposphere, the lower layer of the atmosphere we live in, so In August 2016, the Chinese Foreign Economic Cooperation the ozone depletion potential (ODP) of these compounds are Office (FECO), a subsidiary of China’s Ministry of Ecology mostly zero. During this time, the growth of the air condition - and Environment (MEE)—formerly the Ministry of Environ - ing industry in China started to accelerate. As a result, most mental Protection (MEP)—released its HCFCs alternative Chinese air conditioner units used R22 as refrigerant in recommended directory (draft). 3 In response to climate response to the 1987 Montreal Protocol. change mitigation and the Kyoto Protocol, this guideline document recommended refrigerant alternatives in the More than 30 years later, China has become the world’s refrigeration and air conditioning industry, including propane largest producer and consumer of air conditioners, and pro - (R290), isobutane (R600A), carbon dioxide (CO 2) (R744 duced more than 200 million units in 2018, up 10% from and R32), and ammonia (R717), as listed in Table 1.
    [Show full text]