Thermodynamic Properties of Dupont(Tm) Freon(R) 22 Refrigerant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Thermodynamic Properties of Dupont(Tm) Freon(R) 22 Refrigerant

Technical Information AT-22 DuPont™ refrigerants Thermodynamic Properties of DuPont™ Freon® 22 Refrigerant (Chlorodifluoromethane) The DuPont Oval Logo, The miracles of science™, Freon® and Suva®, are trademarks or registered trademarks of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 For Further Information: DuPont Fluorochemicals Wilmington, DE 19880-0711 (800) 235-Suva www.suva.dupont.com Europe Japan DuPont Far East Inc. DuPont de Nemours Mitsui DuPont Fluorochemicals 6th Floor Bangunan Samudra International S.A. Co., Ltd. No. 1 JLN. Kontraktor U1/14, SEK U1 2 Chemin du Pavillon Chiyoda Honsha Bldg. Hicom-Glenmarie Industrial Park P.O. Box 50 5-18, 1-Chome Sarugakucho 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia CH-1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0064 Japan Phone 60-3-517-2534 Geneva, Switzerland 81-3-5281-5805 41-22-717-5111 DuPont Korea Inc. Asia 4/5th Floor, Asia Tower Canada DuPont Taiwan #726, Yeoksam-dong, Kangnam-ku DuPont Canada, Inc. P.O. Box 81-777 Seoul, 135-082, Korea P.O. Box 2200, Streetsville Taipei, Taiwan 82-2-721-5114 Mississauga, Ontario 886-2-514-4400 Canada DuPont Singapore Pte. Ltd. L5M 2H3 DuPont China Limited 1 Maritime Square #07 01 (905) 821-3300 P.O. Box TST 98851 World Trade Centre 1122 New World Office Bldg. Singapore 0409 (East Wing) 65-273-2244 Mexico Tsim Sha Tsui DuPont, S.A. de C.V. Kowloon, Hong Kong DuPont Far East, Philippines Homero 206 Phone: 852-734-5398 8th Floor, Solid Bank Bldg. Col. Chapultepec Morales Fax: 852-236-83516 777 Paseo de Roxas C.P. 11570 Mexico, D.F. Makati, Metro Manila 52-5-722-1100 DuPont Thailand Ltd. Philippines 9-11 Floor, Yada Bldg. Phone: 63-2-818-9911 South America 56 Silom Road Fax: 63-2-818-9659 DuPont do Brasil S.A. Suriyawongse, Bankrak Alameda Itapecuru, 506 Bangkok 10500 DuPont Far East Inc. Alphaville 06454-080 Barueri Phone: 66-2-238-0026 7A Murray’s Gate Road São Paulo, Brazil Fax: 66-2-238-4396 Alwarpet 55-11-7266-8263 Madras, 600 018, India DuPont China Ltd. 91-44-454-029 DuPont Argentina S.A. Rm. 1704, Union Bldg. Casilla Correo 1888 100 Yenan Rd. East DuPont Far East Inc.—Pakistan Correo Central Shanghai, PR China 200 002 9 Khayaban-E-Shaheen 1000 Buenos Aires, Argentina Phone: 86-21-328-3738 Defence Phase 5 54-1-311-8167 Telex: 33448 DCLSH CN Karachi, Pakistan Fax: 86-21-320-2304 92-21-533-350 Pacific DuPont Far East Inc. DuPont Australia P.O. Box 2553/Jkt P.O. Box 930 Jakarta 10001, Indonesia North Sydney, NSW 2060 62-21-517-800 Australia 61-2-99236111 The information contained herein is based on technical data and tests which we believe to be reliable and is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their own discretion and risk. Because conditions of use are outside of DuPont control, we can assume no liability for results obtained or damages incurred through the application of the data presented. © 2004. E. I. du PONT de NEMOURS AND COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING, OR OTHERWISE WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF DUPONT. (11/01) RWJ124 Printed in U.S.A. [Replaces: H16419] Reorder No.: H16419-1.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Ammonia As a Refrigerant
1791 Tullie Circle, NE. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305, USA www.ashrae.org ASHRAE Position Document on Ammonia as a Refrigerant Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors February 1, 2017 Expires February 1, 2020 ASHRAE S H A P I N G T O M O R R O W ’ S B U I L T E N V I R O N M E N T T O D A Y © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. COMMITTEE ROSTER The ASHRAE Position Document on “Ammonia as a Refrigerant” was developed by the Society’s Refrigeration Committee. Position Document Committee formed on January 8, 2016 with Dave Rule as its chair. Dave Rule, Chair Georgi Kazachki IIAR Dayton Phoenix Group Alexandria, VA, USA Dayton, OH, USA Ray Cole Richard Royal Axiom Engineers, Inc. Walmart Monterey, CA, USA Bentonville, Arkansas, USA Dan Dettmers Greg Scrivener IRC, University of Wisconsin Cold Dynamics Madison, WI, USA Meadow Lake, SK, Canada Derek Hamilton Azane Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA Other contributors: M. Kent Anderson Caleb Nelson Consultant Azane, Inc. Bethesda, MD, USA Missoula, MT, USA Cognizant Committees The chairperson of Refrigerant Committee also served as ex-officio members: Karim Amrane REF Committee AHRI Bethesda, MD, USA i © 2017 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. HISTORY of REVISION / REAFFIRMATION / WITHDRAWAL
[Show full text]
(Vocs) in Asian and North American Pollution Plumes During INTEX-B: Identification of Specific Chinese Air Mass Tracers
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5371–5388, 2009 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/5371/2009/ Atmospheric © Author(s) 2009. This work is distributed under Chemistry the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics Characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Asian and north American pollution plumes during INTEX-B: identification of specific Chinese air mass tracers B. Barletta1, S. Meinardi1, I. J. Simpson1, E. L. Atlas2, A. J. Beyersdorf3, A. K. Baker4, N. J. Blake1, M. Yang1, J. R. Midyett1, B. J. Novak1, R. J. McKeachie1, H. E. Fuelberg5, G. W. Sachse3, M. A. Avery3, T. Campos6, A. J. Weinheimer6, F. S. Rowland1, and D. R. Blake1 1University of California, Irvine, 531 Rowland Hall, Irvine 92697 CA, USA 2University of Miami, RSMAS/MAC, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, 33149 FL, USA 3NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, 23681 VA, USA 4Max Plank Institute, Atmospheric Chemistry Dept., Johannes-Joachim-Becherweg 27, 55128 Mainz, Germany 5Florida State University, Department of Meteorology, Tallahassee Florida 32306-4520, USA 6NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, 80305 CO, USA Received: 9 March 2009 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 24 March 2009 Revised: 16 June 2009 – Accepted: 17 June 2009 – Published: 30 July 2009 Abstract. We present results from the Intercontinental 1 Introduction Chemical Transport Experiment – Phase B (INTEX-B) air- craft mission conducted in spring 2006. By analyzing the The Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment – mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mea- Phase B (INTEX-B) aircraft experiment was conducted in sured during the second part of the field campaign, to- the spring of 2006. Its broad objective was to understand gether with kinematic back trajectories, we were able to the behavior of trace gases and aerosols on transcontinental identify five plumes originating from China, four plumes and intercontinental scales, and their impact on air quality from other Asian regions, and three plumes from the United and climate (an overview of the INTEX-B campaign can be States.
[Show full text]
Refrigerant Selection and Cycle Development for a High Temperature Vapor Compression Heat Pump
Refrigerant Selection and Cycle Development for a High Temperature Vapor Compression Heat Pump Heinz Moisia*, Renè Riebererb aResearch Assistant, Institute of Thermal Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/B, 8010 Graz, Austria bAssociate Professor, Institute of Thermal Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25/B, 8010 Graz, Austria Abstract Different technological challenges have to be met in the course of the development of a high temperature vapor compression heat pump. In certain points of operation, high temperature refrigerants can show condensation during the compression which may lead to compressor damage. As a consequence, high suction gas superheat up to 20 K can be necessary. Furthermore high compressor outlet temperatures caused by high heat sink outlet temperatures (approx. 110 °C) and high pressure ratios can lead to problems with the compressor lubricant. In order to meet these challenges different refrigerant and cycle configurations have been investigated by means of simulation. Thermodynamic properties as well as legal and availability aspects have been considered for the refrigerant selection. The focus of the cycle configurations has been set on the realization of the required suction gas superheat. Therefore the possibility of an internal heat exchanger and a suction gas cooled compressor has been investigated. The simulation results showed a COP increase of up to +11 % due to the fact that the main part of the suction gas superheat has not been provided in the evaporator. Furthermore, the effect of increased subcooling has been investigated for a single stage cycle with internal heat exchanger. The results showed a COP of 3.4 with a subcooling of 25 K at a temperature lift of approximately 60 K for the refrigerant R600 (n-butane).
[Show full text]
Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality
Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality The indoor environment in any building the categories that follow. The examples is a result of the interaction between the given for each category are not intended to site, climate, building system (original be a complete list. 2 design and later modifications in the Sources Outside Building structure and mechanical systems), con- struction techniques, contaminant sources Contaminated outdoor air (building materials and furnishings, n pollen, dust, fungal spores moisture, processes and activities within the n industrial pollutants building, and outdoor sources), and n general vehicle exhaust building occupants. Emissions from nearby sources The following four elements are involved n exhaust from vehicles on nearby roads Four elements— in the development of indoor air quality or in parking lots, or garages sources, the HVAC n loading docks problems: system, pollutant n odors from dumpsters Source: there is a source of contamination pathways, and or discomfort indoors, outdoors, or within n re-entrained (drawn back into the occupants—are the mechanical systems of the building. building) exhaust from the building itself or from neighboring buildings involved in the HVAC: the HVAC system is not able to n unsanitary debris near the outdoor air development of IAQ control existing air contaminants and ensure intake thermal comfort (temperature and humidity problems. conditions that are comfortable for most Soil gas occupants). n radon n leakage from underground fuel tanks Pathways: one or more pollutant pathways n contaminants from previous uses of the connect the pollutant source to the occu- site (e.g., landfills) pants and a driving force exists to move n pesticides pollutants along the pathway(s).
[Show full text]
Refrigerants and the Refrigeration System
M25_STAN0893_00_SE_C25.QXD 9/4/08 9:54 PM Page 1 SECTION FOUR Refrigerants and the Refrigeration System UNIT 25 Accessing Sealed Refrigeration Systems OBJECTIVES determine the pressures. Knowing the temperature differ- ence across the coils, the amperage, and the airflow all give After completing this unit you will be able to: the technician vital information; but sometimes without the system operating pressures a final determination of a prob- ■ describe the different types of refrigeration service lem cannot be accurately made. valves. It is important to attach and remove a gauge manifold ■ explain the operation of gauge manifold valves. ■ explain how to properly install and remove a gauge set properly. Understanding how to properly manipulate sys- manifold set on manual service valves. tem access valves and install gauge manifolds is vital to the ■ explain the operation of split system installation personal safety of the service technician. Improper technique valves. can damage the system or injure the technician. Proper tech- ■ explain how to properly install and remove a gauge niques should always be practiced so that they become a manifold set on Schrader valves. habit performed the same way each time. ■ describe how to gain access to systems without service valves. SAFETY TIP 25.1 INTRODUCTION One of the last things a service technician should do when The proper personal protective equipment, PPE, for in- troubleshooting a system is attach a set of gauges to the sys- stalling refrigeration gauges and manipulating valves includes safety glasses and gloves. When liquid refrig- tem. Each time a sealed system is accessed there is a chance erant escapes into the atmosphere it boils at ex- that some contaminants can be introduced to the system, or tremely cold temperatures.
[Show full text]
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Chronology
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration C H R O N O L O G Y Significant dates pertaining to Air Conditioning and Refrigeration revised May 4, 2006 Assembled by Bernard Nagengast for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Additions by Gerald Groff, Dr.-Ing. Wolf Eberhard Kraus and International Institute of Refrigeration End of 3rd. Century B.C. Philon of Byzantium invented an apparatus for measuring temperature. 1550 Doctor, Blas Villafranca, mentioned process for cooling wine and water by adding potassium nitrate About 1597 Galileo’s ‘air thermoscope’ Beginning of 17th Century Francis Bacon gave several formulae for refrigeration mixtures 1624 The word thermometer first appears in literature in a book by J. Leurechon, La Recreation Mathematique 1631 Rey proposed a liquid thermometer (water) Mid 17th Century Alcohol thermometers were known in Florence 1657 The Accademia del Cimento, in Florence, used refrigerant mixtures in scientific research, as did Robert Boyle, in 1662 1662 Robert Boyle established the law linking pressure and volume of a gas a a constant temperature; this was verified experimentally by Mariotte in 1676 1665 Detailed publication by Robert Boyle with many fundamentals on the production of low temperatures. 1685 Philippe Lahire obtained ice in a phial by enveloping it in ammonium nitrate 1697 G.E. Stahl introduced the notion of “phlogiston.” This was replaced by Lavoisier, by the “calorie.” 1702 Guillaume Amontons improved the air thermometer; foresaw the existence of an absolute zero of temperature 1715 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit developed mercury thermoneter 1730 Reamur introduced his scale on an alcohol thermometer 1742 Anders Celsius developed Centigrade Temperature Scale, later renamed Celsius Temperature Scale 1748 G.
[Show full text]
Fr-2016-11-18
82272 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 223 / Friday, November 18, 2016 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION information is not publicly available, J. Revisions to the Technician Certification AGENCY e.g., CBI or other information whose Program Requirements in § 82.161 disclosure is restricted by statute. K. Revisions to the Reclamation 40 CFR Part 82 Certain other material, such as Requirements in § 82.164 copyrighted material, is not placed on L. Revisions to the Recordkeeping and [EPA–HQ–OAR–2015–0453; FRL–9950–28– Reporting Requirements in § 82.166 OAR] the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. M. Effective and Compliance Dates RIN 2060–AS51 Publicly available docket materials are V. Possible Future Revisions to Subpart F VI. Economic Analysis available electronically through Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews Update to the Refrigerant Management www.regulations.gov. A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Requirements Under the Clean Air Act FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Planning and Review and Executive Jeremy Arling, Stratospheric Protection Order 13563: Improving Regulation and AGENCY: Environmental Protection Division, Office of Atmospheric Regulatory Review Agency (EPA). Programs, Mail Code 6205T, 1200 B. Paperwork Reduction Act ACTION: Final rule. Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act SUMMARY: DC 20460; telephone number (202) 343– The Clean Air Act prohibits (UMRA) the knowing release of ozone-depleting 9055; email address arling.jeremy@ epa.gov. You may also visit E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism and substitute refrigerants during the F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation course of maintaining, servicing, www.epa.gov/section608 for further information about refrigerant and Coordination With Indian Tribal repairing, or disposing of appliances or Governments management, other Stratospheric Ozone industrial process refrigeration.
[Show full text]
Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Condensing Refrigerants in Small-Channel Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers
Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Condensing Refrigerants in Small-Channel Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers D. C. Zietlow and C. O. Pedersen ACRC TR-73 April 1995 For additional information: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center University of Illinois Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. 1206 West Green Street Urbana, IL 61801 Prepared as part ofACRC Project 03 Condenser Performance (217) 333-3115 C. O. Pedersen, Principal Investigator The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center was founded in 1988 with a grant from the estate ofRichard W. Kritzer, the founder ofPeerless of America Inc. A State of Illinois Technology Challenge Grant helped build the laboratory facilities. The ACRC receives continuing supportfrom the Richard W. Kritzer Endowment and the National Science Foundation. The following organizations have also become sponsors of the Center. Acustar Division of Chrysler Amana Refrigeration, Inc. Brazeway, Inc. Carrier Corporation Caterpillar, Inc. Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Eaton Corporation Electric Power Research Institute Ford Motor Company Frigidaire Company General Electric Company Lennox International, Inc. Modine Manufacturing Co. Peerless of America, Inc. U. S. Army CERL U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Whirlpool Corporation For additional iriformation: Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Center Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. University ofIllinois 1206 West Green Street Urbana IL 61801 2173333115 ABSTRACT This study is the first to model and experimentally validate refrigerant inventory of R134a in small-channel cross-flow condenserst. This heat exchanger is used in automotive applications and uses smaller internal volumes than conventional heat exchangers to perform the same task. Since the cost of refrigerants continues to rise due to the phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), internal volume becomes a key design parameter.
[Show full text]
Chapter 10: Refrigeration Cycles
Chapter 10: Refrigeration Cycles The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is a common method for transferring heat from a low temperature to a high temperature. The above figure shows the objectives of refrigerators and heat pumps. The purpose of a refrigerator is the removal of heat, called the cooling load, from a low-temperature medium. The purpose of a heat pump is the transfer of heat to a high-temperature medium, called the heating load. When we are interested in the heat energy removed from a low-temperature space, the device is called a refrigerator. When we are interested in the heat energy supplied to the high-temperature space, the device is called a heat pump. In general, the term heat pump is used to describe the cycle as heat energy is removed from the low-temperature space and rejected to the high- temperature space. The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in terms of coefficient of performance (COP), defined as Chapter 10-1 Desired output Cooling effect QL COPR === Required input Work input Wnet, in Desired output Heating effect QH COPHP === Required input Work input Wnet, in Both COPR and COPHP can be larger than 1. Under the same operating conditions, the COPs are related by COPHP=+ COP R 1 Can you show this to be true? Refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps are rated with a SEER number or seasonal adjusted energy efficiency ratio. The SEER is defined as the Btu/hr of heat transferred per watt of work energy input. The Btu is the British thermal unit and is equivalent to 778 ft-lbf of work (1 W = 3.4122 Btu/hr).
[Show full text]
A/C-Heat Pump System Troubleshooting Guide
A/C-Heat Pump System Troubleshooting Guide Before using this guide: 1) Make sure all filters, blower, and coils are clean. Verify all dampers are open. 2) Identify metering device and refrigerant type. 3) Measure and set required airflow at a nominal 400 CFM/Ton. www.trutechtools.com 4) Determine required suction and liquid pressures using the design temperature difference. (DTD) 1-888-224-3437 5) Test in cooling mode for heat-pumps Typical design Evaporator DTD: (-35 °) @400CFM/Ton (1) Typical design Condenser DTD: 6-8 SEER (+30°), 10-12 SEER (+25°), 13 SEER+ (+20°) Condenser pressures/temperatures will increase with indoor load RA Temp - Evap DTD = Evap Temp Example: 75° RA - 35° DTD = 40° Evap Temp = 68.6 PSIG R22/118 PSIG R410a ODA Temp + Cond DTD = Cond Temp Example: 95° ODA + 25° DTD = 120° Cond Temp = 260 PSIG R22 / 418 PSIG R410a Convert Evap and Cond temps to pressures with Temperature Pressure chart to obtain required pressures System Problem (Fixed) Suction Pressure Liquid Pressure Superheat Subcooling Amps R/H Control Refrigerant Overcharge ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ Poor Refrigerant Undercharge ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ ICE/Poor Liquid Restriction (Dryer) ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Poor Low Evaporator Airflow (low load) ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ICE/Normal Dirty Condenser ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ Poor Low Outside Ambient Temperature ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Normal Inefficient Compressor3 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Poor Non-Condensables ↑ ↑ ↓ Normal6 ↑ Poor System Problem (TXV) Suction Pressure Liquid Pressure Superheat Subcooling Amps R/H Control Refrigerant Overcharge Normal ↑ Normal ↑ ↑ Normal Refrigerant Undercharge Normal2 /↓ ↓ Normal2 /↑ ↓ ↓ ICE/Normal Liquid Restriction (Dryer) ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Poor Low Evaporator Airflow (low load) ↓ ↓ Normal4 Normal ↓ ICE/Normal Dirty Condenser Normal ↑ Normal Normal ↑ Normal Low Outside Ambient Temperature Normal4 ↓ Normal4 Normal ↓ Normal Inefficient Compressor3 ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ Poor TXV Bulb Loose ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓5 ↑ Poor TXV Bulb Lost Charge ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ ICE/Poor TXV Bulb Poorly Insulated ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ Poor Non-Condensables Normal ↑ Normal4 Normal6 ↑ Poor/Normal Notes: 1) DTD figures are standard design values.
[Show full text]
An Overview of R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China
R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China by Min Zhang, Mingming Lu, and Yanmei Zhou An Overview of R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China A look at China’s efforts to replace the R22 refrigerant in order to comply with the Montreal Protocol. em • The Magazine for Environmental Managers • A&WMA • September 2019 R22 Refrigerant Substitution in China by Min Zhang, Mingming Lu, and Yanmei Zhou The 1987 Montreal Protocol recommended using HCFC- alternative refrigerants, and the main achievements of 22 (R22) and HFC-134a (R134a) to replace chlorofluorocar - domestic refrigerant substitution. bons (CFCs) to reduce the damage to the stratosphere ozone layer. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) tend to stay in the Setting Policy and Guidelines troposphere, the lower layer of the atmosphere we live in, so In August 2016, the Chinese Foreign Economic Cooperation the ozone depletion potential (ODP) of these compounds are Office (FECO), a subsidiary of China’s Ministry of Ecology mostly zero. During this time, the growth of the air condition - and Environment (MEE)—formerly the Ministry of Environ - ing industry in China started to accelerate. As a result, most mental Protection (MEP)—released its HCFCs alternative Chinese air conditioner units used R22 as refrigerant in recommended directory (draft). 3 In response to climate response to the 1987 Montreal Protocol. change mitigation and the Kyoto Protocol, this guideline document recommended refrigerant alternatives in the More than 30 years later, China has become the world’s refrigeration and air conditioning industry, including propane largest producer and consumer of air conditioners, and pro - (R290), isobutane (R600A), carbon dioxide (CO 2) (R744 duced more than 200 million units in 2018, up 10% from and R32), and ammonia (R717), as listed in Table 1.
[Show full text]
Fact Sheet 4: Commercial Refrigeration 1 Version 2, October 2015
UNEP Ozone Secretariat Fact Sheets on HFCs and Low GWP Alternatives FACT SHEET 4 October 2015 Commercial Refrigeration 1. Description of market sector This market sector includes commercial refrigeration systems and appliances used for storage and display of products in food and drink retail (supermarkets, convenience stores, shops etc.) and in food service (restaurants, hotels etc.). Market sub-sectors This sector uses three distinct types of equipment. These are: a) Stand-alone factory sealed equipment: small systems using technology with similarities to domestic refrigerators b) Condensing units: “split systems” with a cooling evaporator in the refrigerated space (e.g. a retail display) connected to a remotely located compressor and condenser. c) Centralised systems: large distributed systems with a number of cooling evaporators connected to a remotely located compressor pack and external condenser. Each sub-sector has different characteristics, especially in terms of the amount of refrigerant used (in each system). The options for alternative refrigerants vary considerably between these sub-sectors. Operating temperature Commercial refrigeration systems operate at two distinct temperature levels: o o Medium temperature (MT) for chilled products held at between 0 C and +8 C o o Low temperature (LT) for frozen products held at between -18 C and -25 C Typical system design Almost all commercial refrigeration systems use direct expansion (DX) vapour compression refrigeration cycles. Most current HFC systems use single stage compression. Each system is dedicated to a particular temperature level (MT or LT). Stand-alone systems only serve one cooling load (e.g. a single food display case). Condensing units can serve up to 3 loads and centralised systems can serve numerous food display cases and cold storage rooms.
[Show full text]