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La Tipología Del Sacrificio Humano En La Cultura Maya Pre-Colonial Y Época Colonial Temprana

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La Tipología Del Sacrificio Humano En La Cultura Maya Pre-Colonial Y Época Colonial Temprana Contributions in New World Archaeology 8: 135-154 LA TIPOLOGÍA DEL SACRIFICIO HUMANO EN LA CULTURA MAYA PRE-COLONIAL Y ÉPOCA COLONIAL TEMPRANA. SU COMPARACIÓN CON EL SACRIFICIO EN LOS CASOS DE LOS MOCHICAS E INCAS 1 0ൺർංൾඃ$ඇൽඋඓൾඃ-ൺൻඖඈ෕ඌ඄ං Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, (GL¿FLR%&DOOH3URIHVRU$UDQJ uren, VQ0DGULG6SDLQ &RUUHRH FDQFHU#JPDLOFRP Resumen (QHOSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORVHSUHWHQGHSURSRQHUXQDWLSRORJtDGHORVVDFUL¿FLRVKXPDQRVSUDFWLFDGRVSRUORVPD\DVWDQWR HQODpSRFDSUHFRORPELQDFRPRWDPELpQHQHOSHULRGRWHPSUDQRGHODpSRFDFRORQLDO6HRSWySRUSUHVHQWDUDPERVSHULRGRV FRQMXQWDPHQWHSRUTXHDSHVDUGHTXHVHGLVSRQHGHDEXQGDQWHVHYLGHQFLDVDUTXHROyJLFDVGHOVDFUL¿FLRKXPDQRPD\DKD\ PXFKDVODJXQDVTXHVHSXHGHQFXEULUVRODPHQWHKDFLHQGRXQDVH[WUDSRODFLRQHVHQWUHODVGRVpSRFDV$FRQWLQXDFLyQGHPDQHUD FRPSDUDWLYDVHSUHVHQWDQGRVHMHPSORVVXUDPHULFDQRVGHVDFUL¿FLRVKXPDQRVHOGHODVRIUHQGDVGHDOWXUDGHODFXOWXUDLQFD\HO GHOULWXDOGHVDFUL¿FLRGHOD+XDFDGHOD/XQDGHODFXOWXUDPRFKLFD'LFKDFRPSDUDFLyQVHOLPLWDUiDODVFXHVWLRQHVSXUDPHQWH WpFQLFDVGHOULWXDOSDUDHYLWDUFXDOTXLHUQRFLyQGHODWHRUtDGLIXVLRQLVWD6HTXLHUHGHPRQVWUDUTXHODLGHDGHVDFUL¿FLRFUXHQWR HVDOJRLQWULQVHFRGHODQDWXUDOH]DKXPDQD6LHQGRDVtHOVDFUL¿FLRKXPDQRDSDUHFLyHQGLIHUHQWHVFXOWXUDV\IXHXWLOL]DGRFRQ ¿QHVSDUHFLGRVDSHVDUGHODGLVWDQFLDWHPSRUDOVRFLDORJHRJUD¿FDHQWUHORVSXHEORV Palabras claves: VDFUL¿FLRKXPDQRPD\DV0RFKHLQFDVWLSRORJtD modus operandi Abstract 7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRFUHDWHDW\SRORJ\RIKXPDQVDFUL¿FHDVSUDFWLFHGE\WKH0D\DVERWKLQWKHSUH Columbian epoch as well as the early colonial times. Both periods are presented together because even though we have abundant DUFKHRORJLFDOHYLGHQFHUHJDUGLQJ0D\DQKXPDQVDFUL¿FHWKHUHDUHQXPHURXVJDSVWKDWFDQRQO\EH¿OOHGE\DQH[WUDSRODWLRQ of the colonial examples to the pre-Columbian epoch. The second part of the article presents a comparison of Mayan human VDFUL¿FHZLWKWZRH[DPSOHVIURP6RXWK$PHULFDQFXOWXUHVWKHKLJKPRXQWDLQRIIHULQJVRIWKH,QFDFXOWXUHDQGWKHVDFUL¿FLDO ULWXDOLQWKH+XDFDGHOD/XQDRIWKH0RFKHFXOWXUH7RDYRLGWKHQRWLRQRIGLIIXVLRQLVWLGHRORJ\WKHFRPSDULVRQZLOOEHOLPLWHG WRWKHWHFKQLFDODVSHFWRIWKHULWXDORQO\7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVFRPSDULVRQLVWRVKRZWKDWWKHLGHDRIEORRGVDFUL¿FHLVVRPHWKLQJ LQWULQVLFWRKXPDQQDWXUH7KLVLVZK\KXPDQVDFUL¿FHZDVSUDFWLVHGLQGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUHVDQGZLWKVLPLODUREMHFWLYHVGHVSLWHWKH temporal, social or geographical distance separating them. .H\ZRUGV +XPDQVDFUL¿FH0D\DV0RFKH,QFDVW\SRORJ\ modus operandi 1(VWHDUWtFXORHVWiEDVDGRHQHOPDWHULDOUHFRJLGRHQXQWUDEDMRTXHHODXWRUHVFULELyHQGXUDQWHORVHVWXGLRV universitarios en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 136 0DFLHM$-DEáRĔVNL INTRODUCCIÓN 8QDGHODVIXHQWHVSULQFLDSDOHVXWLOL]DGDVSDUDODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODIRUPD\HOPRGRGHHMHFXFLyQ GHORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHVDFUL¿FLRHVODOLWHUDWXUDPD\DGHODpSRFDFRORQLDO(QWUHORVWLWXORVPiV destacables se puede mencionar el 3RSRO9XK , el libro de los &DQWDUHVGH']LWEDOFKp el Rabinal Achí, FRPRWDPELpQHO Memorial de Sololá. 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(ORULJHQGHOVDFUL¿FLRKXPDQRHQWUHORVSXHEORVPHVRDPHULFDQRVHVFDVLLPSRVLEOHGHGHWHUPL - QDU'HODVQXPHURVDVKLSyWHVLVH[LVWHQWHVTXHLQWHQWDQKDFHUORVHSXHGHQPHQFLRQDUGRVDPEDVSUH - VHQWDGDVSRU'XYHUJHU 6HJ~QODSULPHUDORVVDFUL¿FLRVKXPDQRVYLHQHQDVXVWLWXLU los de los animales de caza mayor. Una posibilidad probable al tener en cuenta que los pueblos en FXHVWLyQHQVXVRUtJHQHVHUDQFD]DGRUHVUHFROHFWRUHV2WUDRSFLyQVHUtDTXHHOVDFUL¿FLRGHXQDYtFWLPD IXHUDXQDHYROXFLyQKDFLDORPiVH[WUHPRGHOULWXDOGHDXWRVDFUL¿FLRSRUVDQJUDPLHQWR6HSDVyGHODV SHTXHxDVRIUHQGDVGHVDQJUHDODVFDGDYH]PiVJUDQGHVWHUPLQDGRFRQXQDPXHUWHULWXDO 6LJXLHQGRD*UDXOLFK SRGUtDFRQVWDWDUVHORVLJXLHQWH(QSULPHUOXJDUODGLIXVLyQGH ORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHVDFUL¿FLR\VXDSDULFLyQHQWUHORVPD\DVHVWRGDYtDPiVGLItFLOGHGHWHUPLQDU $OJXQRVGHORVFURQLVWDVDSR\iQGRVHHQORVUHODWRVGHORVLQGtJHQDVFRQVLGHUDEDQTXHHOVDFUL¿FLR HVSHFLDOPHQWHSRUH[WUDFFLyQGHOFRUD]yQOOHJyDODVWLHUUDVPD\DVPX\WDUGHFRQODVLQFXUVLRQHVGHORV mexicas y otros pueblos del Altiplano Central. 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En el mismo mural apreciamos un venado recostado sobre una piedra en SRVLFLyQWtSLFDGHOVDFUL¿FLRSRUH[WUDFFLyQGHOFRUD]yQ 6DWXUQR6WXDUW\7DXEH 6HSXHGHQGLVWLQJXLUWUHVWLSRVSULQFLSDOHVGHOVDFUL¿FLRH[WUDFFLyQGHOFRUD]yQGHFDSLWDFLyQ\ SUHFLSLWDFLyQDORVGHSyVLWRVDFXiWLFRV6RQHVWRVWLSRVORVTXHEULQGDQODPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHGRFX - PHQWDFLyQ$SDUWHGHHOORVVHSXHGHQPHQFLRQDURWURVPiVDVDEHUODODSLGDFLyQHOÀHFKDPLHQWR HOGHVSHxDPLHQWRGHQWURGHOFUiWHUGHXQYROFiQHOGHVWULSDPLHQWR ODFRFFLyQDDOWDVWHPSHUDWXUDV\ ¿QDOPHQWHHOVXLFLGLRVDFUL¿FLDO6REUHHVWRVWLSRVGLVSRQHPRVGHSRFRVYHVWLJLRV\DOJXQRVGHHOORV SDUHFHQVHUPX\UHFLHQWHVHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQHOUHVWR'HEHVXEUD\DUVHDQWHVGHSDVDUDODGHVFULS - FLyQGHFDGDXQRGHHOORVTXHWRGRVWHQtDQVXVYDULDQWHVTXHVHHOHJtDQGHSHQGLHQGRGHODRFDVLyQHQOD TXHHOVDFUL¿FLRVHSURGXFtD/RVSURFHGLPLHQWRVSUHVHQWDGRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHUtDQXQPRGHOREiVLFR /DWLSRORJtDGHOVDFUL¿FLRKXPDQRHQODFXOWXUDPD\DSUHFRORQLDO\pSRFDFRORQLDOWHPSUDQD 137 LOS PRINCIPALES TIPOS DEL SACRIFICIO MAYA 6DFUL¿FLRSRUH[WUDFFLyQGHOFRUD]yQ (V HO WLSR GH VDFUL¿FLR VREUH HO FXDO GLVSRQHPRV GH ORV GDWRV PiV DEXQGDQWHV XQ OHJDGR SURSRUFLRQDGR SRU ORV FURQLVWDV /DQGD /ySH] 0HGHO (VWR SUREDEOHPHQWH VHGHEHDTXHHUDSRUDTXHOHQWRQFHVHOWLSRGHVDFUL¿FLRPiVHPSOHDGRHQ0HVRDPpULFD7DPELpQ HVSRVLEOHTXHVXSRSXODULGDGVHGHELHUDDOKHFKRGHTXHHUDHOXWHQVLOLRPiVH¿FD]GHODSROtWLFD PLOLWDULVWDTXHJDQySHVRHQODpSRFD3RVWFOiVLFD (UDHQHOFRUD]yQ GRQGH VHJ~Q ORV PHVRDPpULFDQRVVH XELFDEDODPD\RUtDGHODHQHUJtDYLWDO GHXQVHUYLYR/RVPD\DVYHtDQHQHOFRUD]yQHO D[LVPXQGL HOREMHWRDWUDYpVGHOFXDOVHXQtDQODV tres dimensiones del universo. En el 3RSRO9XK uno de los dioses creadores era conocido como el &RUD]yQ GHO &LHOR (QWUH ORV PD\DV \XFDWHFRV H[LVWtDQ GRV FRQFHSWRV GLVWLQWRV GHO FRUD]yQ 8QR FRPRXQVLPSOHyUJDQRItVLFR(ORWURFRPRHOFHQWURGHODYROXQWDGJDQDFRQGLFLyQLQWHQFLyQ\ SURSLHGDG *DU]D 6HJ~QORVPD\DVHQHOFRUD]yQ\DFtDORFRJQRVFLWLYR\ORUDFLRQDO< VyORHOKRPEUHWHQtDHVWHVHJXQGRWLSRGHFRUD]yQ$ORPHMRUDHVWHKHFKRVHGHEHHOPD\RUYDORUGHO yUJDQRKXPDQRVREUHHOGHXQDQLPDO(QFXDQWRDODSDUWHFXOPLQDQWHGHOULWXDOHVGHFLUODSURSLD H[WUDFFLyQGHOFRUD]yQKD\TXHDGPLWLUTXHWRGDYtDQRH[LVWHXQFRQVHQVRDFHUFDGHOPpWRGRTXHORV DQWLJXRVPD\DVHPSOHDEDQSDUDOOHJDUDHVWHyUJDQR(OFRUD]yQGHVSXpVGHOFHUHEURHVHOyUJDQR PHMRUSURWHJLGRGHQXHVWURFXHUSR3RUGHWUiVORSURWHJHODHVSLQDGRUVDOSRUGHODQWHHOHVWHUQyQ\SRU ORVODGRVODFDMDWRUiFLFD$SDUWHGHHVWRODSURWHFFLyQVHYHUHIRU]DGDSRUVXXELFDFLyQHQODSDUWHPiV EDMDGHOPHGLDVWLQRHVGHFLUHQWUHSOHXUDV\VREUHXQFHQWUR¿EURVRGHOGLDIUDJPD6XSRVLFLyQHVWDEOH se debe al hecho de estar rodeado por el pericardio y por su enlace con los cuatro conductos sanguíneos más importantes: la aorta, la arteria pulmonar, la cava y las venas pulmonares. 5RELFVHN\+DOHV FRPHQWDQFXDWURWpFQLFDVSRVLEOHVTXHSRGtDQXVDUORVPD\DV/D SULPHUDFRQVLVWLUtDHQHIHFWXDUXQFRUWHHQHOQXGRVXSUDHVWHUQDO\FRQWLQXDUORKDVWDHO¿QDOGHOHVWHUQyQ6H WUDWDGHXQDWpFQLFDFRP~QPHQWHXWLOL]DGDSRUORVPpGLFRVGHKR\,PSOLFDODXWLOL]DFLyQGHLQVWUXPHQWRV GHXQDJUDQSUHFLVLyQGHFRUWH3DUDORVPD\DVTXHQRGLVSRQtDQGHLQVWUXPHQWRVPHWiOLFRVVXHPSOHR LPSOLFDUtDXQJUDQHVIXHU]R\XQDFRQVLGHUDEOHOHQWLWXGGHODRSHUDFLyQ(VWRLPSHGLUtDODSRVLELOLGDGGH PDQWHQHUTXLHWDDODYtFWLPD2WUDGHVYHQWDMDGHGLFKDWpFQLFDVHUtDHOKHFKRGHTXHDQWHVGHWHUPLQDU HOFRUWHODYtFWLPDPRULUtD\VXFRUD]yQGHMDUtDGHODWLUFRQORFXDOVXYDOLRVDHQHUJtDGHVDSDUHFHUtD 8QVHJXQGRPpWRGRTXHSRGUtDXWLOL]DUVHSDUDH[WUDHUHOFRUD]yQVHUtDHIHFWXDUXQFRUWHHQOD SDUWHL]TXLHUGDLQWHUFRVWDO7DOFRUWHVHLQLFLDUtDHQODDEHUWXUDGHODRULOODL]TXLHUGDGHOHVWHUQyQ\ OXHJRSDVDUtDHQWUHODVFRVWLOODVTXLQWD\VH[WD3RVWHULRUPHQWHEDVWDUtDFRQVHSDUDUODVGRVFRVWLOODVH LQWURGXFLUODPDQRSDUDDOFDQ]DUHOFRUD]yQ(VWDVHUtDODWpFQLFDPiVUiSLGDDXQTXHKD\TXHREVHUYDU TXHORVPD\DVQRGLVSRQtDQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVDGHFXDGRVSDUDVHSDUDUODVFRVWLOODVORVX¿FLHQWHFRPR SDUDSRGHUPDQLSXODUGHQWURFRQODPDQR\FRUWDUODVYHQDVFRQODVTXHHVWDED¿MDGRHOFRUD]yQ7RGR HVWRLPSOLFDUtDODQHFHVLGDGGHDUUDQFDUHOFRUD]yQORFXDODVXYH]DXPHQWDEDHOULHVJRGHGDxDUOR El tercer tipo de corte sería parecido al anterior, pero se prolongaría hasta el espacio intercostal GHUHFKR(VWHWLSRGHFRUWHSURYRFDUtDXQFRODSVRLQPHGLDWRGHODYtFWLPDSRUHOKHFKRGHGDxDUOHODV
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