Cretaceous Rudists and Carbonate Platforms: Environmental Feedback

CRETACEOUS RUDISTS AND CARBONATE PLATFORMS: ENVIRONMENTAL FEEDBACK

Edited by Robert W. Scott

SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication No. 87

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CRETACEOUS RUDISTS AND CARBONA

PLATFORMS: ENVIRONMENTAL FEEDBACK

CRETACEOUS RUDISTS AND CARBONA

PLATFORMS: ENVIRONMENTAL FEEDBACK

CRETACEOUS RUDISTS AND CARBONA

87 87 87

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Cretaceous Rudists and Carbonate Platforms: Environmental Feedback

Support for this work was provided in part by the John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences and the Geology Foundation at the University of Texas at Austin

The University of Tulsa

Texas Natural Science Center at The University of Texas at Austin

Second University of Naples (Financial Grant to D. Ruberti)

W. Bruce Ward

Robert W. Scott

Contributions were applied to the cost of production, which reduced the purchase price, making the volume available to a wide audience

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Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3802120/9781565761278_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 The Seventh International Congress on Rudists Honored Dr. Keith Young and Dr. James L. Wilson whose careers have been devoted to the Cretaceous Period

DEDICATED TO:

Dr. Keith Young, 1918-2005

Dr. James Lee Wilson June, 2005 with friends, Charlie Kerans and Jean-Pierre Masse

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Noemí Aguilera-Franco, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico

Gouda Abdelgawad, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt

Clyde H. Moore, Consultant, Lakewood, Colorado, U.S.A.

Rodger E. Denison, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.

Paul Enos, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.

Evan K. Franseen, The University of Kansas, Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas U.S.A.

Dana Geary, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Eulalia Gili, Autonoma University, Barcelona, Spain

Stefan Götz, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Gavin Gunter, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

H. Robert Handford, Consultant, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.

Adrian Immenhuaser, Bochum University, Bochum, Germany

Robert Loucks, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.

Jean-Pierre Masse, Provence University, Marseille, France

Simon Mitchell, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica

Alan Moro, The University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

David Osleger, The University of California Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A.

Jean Philip, Provence University, Marseille, France

Brian R. Pratt, The University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Diethard Sanders, The University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

LouElla Saul, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.

Wolfgang Schlager, The Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Mike Simmons, Neftex Petroleum Consultants Ltd., The United Kingdom

J. Toni Simo, ExxonMobil, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

Peter Skelton, The Open University, The United Kingdom

Charlotte Sullivan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, U.S.A.

Thomas Steuber, The Petroleum Institute, United Arab Emirates

Giorgio Tunis, The University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Gregory P. Wahlman, BP Ltd., Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

Edith N. Wilson, Samson Resources, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A.

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Robert W. Scott, Editor

CONTENTS

Dedication: Dr. Keith Young and Dr. James Lee Wilson...... 1

Introduction

Introduction ROBERT W. SCOTT...... 5

Theme I: Depositional Environments of Cretaceous Carbonates

Cenomanian carbonate depositional settings: case histories from the central-southern Apennines (Italy) GABRIELE CARANNANTE, DANIELA RUBERTI, LUCIA SIMONE, AND MARCO VIGLIOTTI...... 11

Radiolitids, sediment accumulation rates and hydrodynamic regimes in Cretaceous carbonate platforms, Italy RICCARDO CESTARI AND JOSE MARIA PONS...... 27

Depositional environments of Upper Cenomanian limestones with rudists and dinosaur footprints, Istria, Croatia ALAN MORO, GIORGO TUNIS, ALEKSANDAR MEZGA, ALCEO TARLAO, AND VLASTA )OSOVI) ...... 37

Upper Cretaceous tempestites in rudist-rich facies, Tunisia MOHAMED HÉDI NEGRA, AND MOHAMED FAOUZI ZAGRARNI...... 45

Sedimentary processes and biofacies of Late Cretaceous low-energy carbonate ramp systems (Southern Italy) DANIELA RUBERTI, GABRIELE CARANNANTE, LUCIA SIMONE, GIUSEPPE SIRNA, AND MAURIZIO SIRNA...... 57

Upper Cretaceous Rudist Bivalves from Basinal Highs (Venetian Prealps, Northern Italy) ENRICO TREVISANI AND RICCARDO CESTARI...... 71

Paleoecology of the Maastrichtian rudist Biradiolites in Jamaica SIMON F. MITCHELL, GAVIN C. GUNTER, AND RYAN RAMSOOK...... 81

Theme II: Origins, Events, and Demise of Rudist Paleocommunities

Inside rudist ecosystems: growth, reproduction, and population dynamics STEFAN GÖTZ...... 97

Sclerochronology and diagenesis of Late Cretaceous radiolitids (Bivalvia, Hippuritoidea), Spain IVÁN REGIDOR HIGUERA, FRANCISCO GARCÍA GARMILLA, AND PETER W. SKELTON...... 115

Intra-association development and paleobiology of Upper Cretaceous rudist Biradiolites angulosus TVRTKO KORBAR...... 141

Latest Maastrichtian species-rich rudist associations of the Apulian Margin of Salento (S Italy) and the Ionian Islands (Greece) THOMAS STEUBER, MARIANO PARENTE, MISCHA HAGMAIER, ADRIAN IMMENHAUSER, BRAM VAN DER KOOIJ, AND GIANLUCA FRIJIA...... 151

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/3802120/9781565761278_frontmatter.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Strontium isotope stratigraphy of Early Cretaceous rudist bivalves JEAN-PIERRE MASSE AND THOMAS STEUBER...... 159

Barremian–Albian rudist zones, U.S. Gulf Coast ROBERT W. SCOTT AND HARRY F. FILKORN...... 167

Lower Albian sequence stratigraphy and coral buildups: Glen Rose Formation, Texas, U.S.A. ROBERT W. SCOTT, ANN MOLINEUX, HANNES LÖSER, AND ERNEST A. MANCINI...... 181

Stratigraphy of middle part of Glen Rose Formation (Lower Albian), Canyon Lake Gorge, Central Texas, U.S.A. WILLIAM C. WARD, AND W. BRUCE WARD...... 193

Theme III: Towards Rudist Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Phylogeny

Late Cretaceous Hippuritids of Algeria: A critical review of bibliographic data FETTOUMA CHIKHI-AOUIMEUR...... 213

Revision of Albian Polyconitid and Monopleurid Rudist bivalves from the New World JEAN-PIERRE MASSE, JULIEN BELTRAMO, JOSE MARTINEZ-REYES, AND ANNIE ARNAUD-VANNEAU...... 221

Non-Vertebrate Paleontology at the Texas Natural Science Center/Texas Memorial Museum: Rudist Collections as a Resource for Research ANN MOLINEUX AND NINA TRICHE...... 231

Barremian–Early Aptian rudists, Sligo Formation, Texas, U.S.A. ROBERT W. SCOTT AND RUSSELL E. HINOTE...... 237

Key bivalves of the Lower Albian Glen Rose Formation, Texas, U.S.A ROBERT W. SCOTT...... 247

Index...... 253

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Introduction

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INTRODUCTION

ROBERT W. SCOTT Precision Stratigraphy Associates and The University of Tulsa, RR3 Box 103-3, Cleveland, Oklahoma 74020, U.S.A. e-mail: [email protected]

The International Conference on Rudists was first organized and Bernard Beaudoin, of Ecole des Mines de Paris. Working in 1988 as a Working Group of the International Paleontological Group 4 (WG4), Carbonate Platforms, was coordinated by Association in Belgrade, Serbia. In 1996 the name evolved to the Wolfgang Schlager, Alfonso Bosellini, and Jean Philip. Under International Congress on Rudists. The organization has met the leadership of Schlager WG4 began meeting annually and seven times since its inception. sponsored symposia and field trips in Zadar, Yugoslavia, Tremp, Spain, and Al Ain, UAE. 1st in October, 1988 at Belgrade, Yugoslavia, organized by Beginning in 1992 Robert Scott, Amoco Production Com- Mileva Sladi(-Trifunovi(, (sponsored by the Union of Geo- pany, and Paul Enos, University of Kansas, coordinated WG4 logical Societies of SFR Yugoslavia and by the Serbian Geo- meetings at the annual meetings of SEPM (Society for Sedimen- logical Society; tary Geology) and the American Association of Petroleum Ge- ologists. Annual CRER Newsletters communicated plans and 2nd in 1990 at Rome, Italy, organized by Giuseppe Sirna and ideas among the global network of members. In 1993 the mutual Angela Laviano, sponsored by the University of Rome and the interests of WG4 and the International Congress on Rudists University of Bari; (ICR) led to meetings of WG4 at the triennial meetings of ICR in addition to ad hoc meetings wherever the interests of WG4 were 3rd in November, 1993 at Mexico City, organized by Gloria served. In 1999 at the Erlangen meeting of ICR the editorship of Alencáster and Blanca Estela Buitrón, co-sponsored by the the CRER Newsletter was passed to Diethard Sanders, and in Instituto de Geología of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma 2002 Stefan Götz assumed this role. This confluence of interests de México, by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, in Cretaceous carbonates and carbonate producers has resulted the Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, the Instituto in creative synergy, integrated research, and a number of topical de Ciencia del Mar y Limnología, the Instituto Mexicano del publications. Petróleo, the Petróleos Mexicanos, and by the Sociedad The papers of the Proceedings of the Seventh International Mexicana de Paleontología; Congress on Rudists are organized into three themes. (1) Depo- sitional Environments of Cretaceous Carbonates has been an 4th in September, 1996 at Marseille, France, organized by Jean- overarching theme of the Working Group on Cretaceous Car- Pierre Masse and Peter Skelton, co-sponsored by the Centre bonate Platforms. Study of rudists, which produced great vol- de Sédimentologie-Paléontologie of the Université de umes of carbonate sediment, is central to understanding pro- Provence, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, cesses and reservoir prediction. Some of the world’s great and the Association Paléontologique Française; hydrocarbon reservoirs are rudist debris beds. (2) The Origins, Events, and Demise of Rudist Paleocommunities signal signifi- 5th in September, 1999 at Erlangen, Germany, organized by cant local and even global events in Earth systems. Rudist Richard Höfling, Thomas Steuber, Stefan Götz, and Diethard communites responded to oceanic anoxic events and to complex Sanders, sponsored by the Institut für Paläontologie, Friedrich- factors that lead to oxygenation of deep ocean water masses. (3) Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Theme Towards Rudist Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Phylog- eny focuses on the paleobiology and systematics of rudists. The 6th in September, 2002 at Rovinj, Croatia, organized by Ivo Veli( foundation of all interpretations of biogeography and paleo- and Alan Moro, co-sponsored by the Institute of Geology, ecology is solid taxonomy that is agreed upon by the majority of Zagreb, the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, and the specialists. This is a core, ongoing scientific pursuit. Croatian Geological Survey; THEME I: DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS 7th in June, 2005 at Austin, Texas, organized by Robert Scott and OF CRETACEOUS CARBONATES Ann Molineux, co-sponsored by the Texas Natural Science Center, the Jackson School of Geosciences, and the Bureau of The Italian Periadriatic Cenomanian–Turonian carbonate Economic Geology of The University of Texas at Austin and platforms preserve an excellent record of the evolution and by the Department of Geosciences of The University of interrelationships of shelf-margin to intertidal depositional ar- Tulsa. eas. Lucia Carranante and her colleagues document lithofacies architecture of these complex facies. Shelf margin rudist patches Coincidently the NATO Advanced Research Workshop of and related debris were prevalent and rudist biostromes occu- The Global Sedimentary Geology Program, which was a Com- pied the semi-restricted interior shelf. Growth, destruction, and mission of the International Union of Geological Sciences, met deposition of the rudist accumulations were controlled by nor- in September 1988 at Digne, France. The first project of this mal waves, currents, and storm-generated waves that built sand group was the Cretaceous Resources, Events, and Rhythms shoals. The bathymetry and accommodation of the platforms (CRER), which was organized into five working groups with the resulted from pre-Cenomanian tectonics, and development of leadership of Robert N. Ginsburg, of the University of Miami, exposure surfaces was influenced by syntectonic movements.

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The shell morphology of selected Late Cretaceous radiolitids but non-colonial molluscs. Such data might serve to calibrate is a clue to the rate of sediment accumulation and energy regime. subtle paleoenvironmental changes during the decay of the Late Ricardo Cestari and Jose Maria Pons show that species of Turo- Cretaceous green-house world. Stefan Götz and his colleagues nian–Santonian Biradiolites, Radiolites, and Distefanella in the Ital- mapped two dense rudist associations in three dimensions on a ian Apennines on the windward margins had different forms sub-millimeter scale. High-resolution quantitative analysis of than on the protected inner shelf and leeward margin. Radiolitids some eight hundred rudist individuals defined reproductive in the high-energy systems had tall left valves, and those in quiet cycles, population dynamics, and their relationship to the envi- waters had flat left valves. Both types had elongate left valves that ronment. Thus, they can differentiate stable and declining rudist were adapted to high rates of sediment accumulation. populations. An exceptional occurrence of rudist biostromes trampled by Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian radiolitid and dinosaurs is well documented by Alan Moro and his collabora- hippuritid rudists in the Burgos Basin of Spain yield exquisitely tors in Upper Cenomanian limestones of Istria, Croatia. The preserved specimens for sclerochronologic analysis. Regidor rudists are preserved in-place in shoaling-up cycles that are Higuera and his collaborators present elegant microscopic and capped by intertidal laminites. Dinosaur footprints are found geochemical data to show that diagenetic alteration was mini- on both the rudist beds and the tidal-flat deposits. The character mal. Millimeter-scale measurements of trace elements in growth of tracks on the rudist beds suggests that dinosaurs waded in rings support the hypothesis that shell increments formed dur- hip-deep waters. ing tidal cycles. Some rudists lived in the intertidal zone, and Well exposed Upper Cretaceous rudist-coral carbonates in others were subtidal. Central Tunisia provide evidence of episodic storm deposition. The relations and interactions between individual radiolitid Mohamed H. Negra and Mohamed F. Zagrarni show that and hippuritid rudists during life are deduced from a biostrome Lower–Middle Turonian rudist limestone was deposited on a in Turonian peritidal limestones on Vis Island, Croatia. Tvrtko shallow, middle to outer ramp and Campanian rudist limestone Korbar prepared closely spaced, horizontal slices through a accumulated on an outer shelf to outer ramp. Turonian small cluster of specimens in one biostrome to show how the tempestites consist of fining-up cycles of bioclastic, rudist lime- attachments changed during their growth. Most juveniles at- stone that are overlain by rudist packstone. These meter-scale tached to other shells on their antero-dorsal side, so that the cycles have erosional bases and hummocky cross-bedding. The postero-ventral radial bands were directed into water currents. tempestites are capped by lithosomes with rudists in vertical Consequently not only did they access suspended food, but also growth position in a micrite matrix that suggests low energy. the currents carried away waste products. This adaptive rela- The Campanian bioclastic limestones have current structures tionship may apply to other Late Cretaceous elevator rudists. and grade up into highly burrowed carbonates with rudists and Latest Maastrichtian, species-rich rudist associations at the corals. This suggests that episodic, high-energy conditions were Apulian Margin of Italy and Greece prove that rudists persisted followed by quiet, slow deposition. to the end of the Cretaceous Period. Thomas Steuber and his Small clusters of radiolitid rudists occupied a broad, low- colleagues present numerical ages of 66.4 Ma based on stron- energy, shallow shelf in the temperate, foramol facies of Upper tium isotopes from two localities. These occurrences suggest Cretaceous carbonates in the southern Apennines, Italy. Daniela that rudists on carbonate platforms were poised to experience Ruberti and her colleagues integrate the foraminiferal microfa- the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. The abundance cies with rudist taphonomy to reconstruct depositional condi- of aragonitic rudists supports the hypothesis that the seawater tions. The shelf bathymetry was of low gradient, so that fair- Sr/Ca ratio declined and the Mg/Ca ratio increased during the weather wave energy was dissipated; only rare storms pro- Maastichtian. duced small channels and bars where rudists settled. For the first time a well-constrained strontium isotope curve Occasionally Late Cretaceous rudists occupied deep-water is established for the lowermost part of the Lower Cretaceous carbonate substrates. Enrico Trevisani and Ricardo Cestari from the Berriasian through the Lower Aptian by Jean-Pierre document radiolitids living as isolated individuals and in small Masse and Thomas Steuber. They used requieniid rudists from bouquets on basinal highs in the Venetian Prealps of northern the carbonate platform in southeastern France. The rudists were Italy. The fine-grained matrix and a relatively diverse pelagic collected from strata calibrated to biostratigraphy of ammo- biota were deposited many kilometers seaward of carbonate nites, benthic foraminifera, and calcareous algae. platforms. No grain-flow or turbidite deposits are associated The first rudist biozone scheme is established for the Barre- with these parallel beds. mian–Albian Comanche Shelf of Texas. Robert Scott and Harry Three species of the radiolitid rudist Biradiolites occur in upper Filkorn integrate the rudist zones with the well-known Gulf Maastrichtian limestones of Jamaica. Simon Mitchell and col- Coast ammonite zones of the Lower Cretaceous by regional leagues show that each species has a distinct morphology, lived correlations and co-occurrences. Thus, shelf-margin biostratig- in specific gregarious structures, and inhabited different sub- raphy can be used to identify European stages in the Caribbean strates. These Biradiolites species were highly opportunistic. One Province. colonized a variety of substrates apparently in low-nutrient The uppermost Aptian to Lower Albian Glen Rose Forma- environments. A second species colonized a wide variety of tion of the Comanchean Series represents a circum-Gulf carbon- carbonate substrates and adapted to fluctuating sedimentation ate shelf that extended from Florida to Mexico. Robert Scott and rates and growth densities. The third species was more special- colleagues formally define the traditional, but informal, lower ized and lived in more marginal environments with high nutrient and upper Glen Rose members and propose a preliminary fluxes or high to very high sedimentation rates. sequence stratigraphic scheme. They place the two different buildups types in the highstand systems tract. The coral–rudist THEME II: ORIGINS, EVENTS AND DEMISE OF biostromes grew between storm wave base and normal wave RUDIST PALEOCOMMUNITIES base in the lower sequence. The caprinid bioherms in the second sequence grew into the zone of normal waves. Closely packed congregations of rudists have the potential The Glen Rose Formation in central Texas documents the to define growth rates and reproduction history of gregarious latest Aptian and Early Albian transgression onto the craton.

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William Ward and Bruce Ward define four scales of deposi- The rudist taxonomic collection created by Ann Molineux tional cycles in the longest and most complete exposure known and Nina Triche at the Non-Vertebrate Paleontology (NPL) of of the formation. They integrate older cycle concepts with new the Texas Natural Science Center, The University of Texas, is an data to serve as a standard not only for the Comanchean Shelf on-line database that includes digital records and images and but also for other coeval Tethyan sections. linkages to a digital repository. Such a data model expedites the search for and study of museum collections in the twenty-first THEME III: TOWARDS RUDIST TAXONOMY, century. A new type of image is made by high-resolution x-ray BIOGEOGRAPHY, AND PHYLOGENY computed tomography (CT scanning), a technique that allows virtual slicing of whole specimens rather than destruction by Hippuritid rudists were first reported from the spectacular serial sections. Additional manipulations can generate 3-D mod- Algerian Cretaceous outcrops more than 150 years ago. These els and rotation of specimens (CTLAB). elevator bivalves formed dense paleocommunities upon the Rudists in the subsurface Sligo Formation in Texas have Late Cretaceous carbonate shelf. However, numerous authors been known for a long time, but never before has a comprehen- erroneously documented the localities and stratigraphic posi- sive study of core specimens been attempted. Robert Scott and tions. Also they inevitably disagreed on rudist taxonomy. New, Russell Hinote describe four species from shelf-margin facies superb collections and analyses by Fettouma Chikhi-Aouimeur that confirm the Barremian–Lower Aptian age. This assemblage clarify these occurrences so that future stratigraphic and is like that known in the Cupido Formation cropping out in paleobiogeographic studies will be on a sound basis. Mexico. The age of a key rudist locality in Mexico has long been Molluscan fossils are quite common in the Glen Rose Forma- uncertain. Jean-Pierre Masse and colleagues present new bio- tion and are important in understanding the depositional his- stratigraphic data to constrain the Lower Albian age of the tory of this mainly Lower Albian unit. The “Corbula” bed is a key section in Baja California. More importantly, they revise two stratigraphic marker unit, and two species names have been key species of monopleurids and polyconitids, showing that used. Examination of the type specimens by Robert Scott shows they are restricted to the New World and are not present in the that they are synonyms and that the generic identity of this Old World. These results also demonstrate that the Guerrero infaunal species should be revised. In addition a new species of Terrane was part of Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico by early Chondrodonta is described and compared to its oyster Albian. homeomorph, Ostrea alternans Cragin.

The engaging personalities of congress participants and their spirited discussions stimulated creative ideas in Christina Skelton, a University of Texas student, who is an adept artist. During the meetings she captured some of her impressions in the form of cartoons. A select group of these is presented on the following pages.

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