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Redalyc.Biodiversidad De Arthropoda (Chelicerata: Arachnida Ex Acari Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Francke, Oscar F. Biodiversidad de Arthropoda (Chelicerata: Arachnida ex Acari) en México Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 85, 2014, pp. 408-418 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42529679019 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Supl. 85: S408-S418, 2014 408 Francke, O.- BiodiversidadDOI: 10.7550/rmb.31914 de arácnidos Biodiversidad de Arthropoda (Chelicerata: Arachnida ex Acari) en México Biodiversity of Arthropoda (Chelicerata: Arachnida ex Acari) in Mexico Oscar F. Francke Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, México 04510, D. F., México. [email protected] Resumen. Se exploran brevemente la morfología, talla, ciclo de vida, clasificación y diversidad de la clase Arachnida (excl. Acari) y de los 10 órdenes presentes en México. México se considera megadiverso en el nivel de clase puesto que es uno de 6 países en el mundo donde todos los órdenes de arácnidos se encuentran representados. Actualmente para México se han reportado 3 127 especies, que es tan sólo el 6.2% de la diversidad mundial de 50 607 especies. Si se considera que México debe tener el 10% de la diversidad mundial esperada de arácnidos, se esperaría encontrar 12 129 especies; es decir que hasta ahora conocemos el 25.8% de la diversidad esperada/predicha para el país. Palabras clave: México, biodiversidad de arácnidos, porcentaje mundial, diversidad esperada. Abstract. The morphology, size, life cycle, classification and diversity of the Class Arachnida (excl. Acari) and the 10 orders present in Mexico are briefly reviewed. Mexico is considered megadiverse at the class level because it is one of 6 countries where all the orders have been reported. From Mexico 3 127 species have been reported, which represents 6.2% of the global diversity presently known of 50 607 species. Assuming that Mexico has 10% of the expected global diversity we would anticipate finding 12 129 species; thus, we only know 25.8% of the expected/ predicted diversity in Mexico. Key words: Mexico, biodiversity of arachnids, global percentage, expected diversity. Introducción de apéndices: quelíceros (2-3 segmentos), pedipalpos (máximo 6 segmentos) y 4 pares de patas ambulatorias La clase Arachnida pertenece al phylum Arthropoda (7 segmentos que pueden estar subdivididos o fusionados que son organismos protostomados, esquizocelomados, dependiendo del orden). La parte dorsal del prosoma está triploblásticos, segmentados metaméricamente, generalmente cubierto por un escudo o caparazón, que con simetría bilateral y con apéndices uniramios carece de antenas y donde se encuentran los ocelos, que multisegmentados. Un par de apéndices tiene como pueden ser desde cero en el caso de especies troglobias o función primaria la alimentación y de acuerdo con el que habitan en cuevas, 2, 4, 6 y hasta 8 ocelos, siempre en origen y forma de tales apéndices, el phylum es dividido números pares. El opistosoma puede estar o no segmentado en 2: el subphylum Mandibulata, para aquellos que y generalmente carece de apéndices segmentados (o están poseen mandíbulas (insectos, crustáceos y miriápodos) y muy modificados); además, en esta región se encuentran el subphylum Chelicerata, aquellos que poseen quelíceros las estructuras reproductivas y respiratorias. para alimentarse (arácnidos, picnogónidos y cacerolitas de Tallas. La longitud total (prosoma+opistosoma) varía de mar o xifosúros), y los extintos euriptéridos. 0.1 mm hasta 20 cm en las especies actuales; aunque existe Morfología. El cuerpo está dividido en 2 regiones o un escorpión fósil, Brontoscorpius anglicus Kjellesvig- tagmatas: el prosoma (anterior) y el opistosoma (posterior), Waering 1972, con una longitud estimada de más de 90 unidos por una estructura llamada pedicelo, que puede cm. ser una marcada constricción en algunos órdenes de Hábitats. Los arácnidos han explotado gran diversidad arácnidos (unión caulogaster, ej. arañas y amblipígidos), de nichos ecológicos, siendo de vida libre o parásitos; o una unión amplia de ambos tagmas (unión hologaster, depredadores, herbívoros (fitófagos), omnívoros e incluso ej. escorpiones y opiliones). El prosoma tiene 6 pares necrófagos; de hábitos diurnos y nocturnos; terrestres (epigeos y hipogeos) y acuáticos; siendo además habitantes comunes dentro de cuevas y grutas (trogloxenos, troglófilos Recibido: 16 mayo 2012; aceptado: 26 noviembre 2012 y troglobios). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Supl. 85: S408-S418, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.31914 409 Ciclo de vida. Los estadios más comunes entre los arácnidos sexual se alcanza en unos 2 años. Los amblipígidos, y (ex Acari) son: huevo, larva, varios estadios ninfales y algunas tarántulas, son los únicos arácnidos que continúan adulto. Dichos ciclos pueden ser completados desde unas mudando y por ende creciendo en tamaño después de cuantas semanas hasta tener una duración de varios años. alcanzar la madurez sexual. En el mundo se conocen 5 La vida del estadio adulto también varía de semanas hasta familias, con una distribución pantropical. muchos años. Existen especies ovíparas, ovovivíparas y Araneae. Caparazón entero, de 0 a 8 pares de ojos cuya vivíparas; también existe la partenogénesis (facultativa y distribución es muy útil en la taxonomía del grupo. obligatoria) en algunas especies de diferentes órdenes de Quelíceros bisegmentados; uncados, el colmillo con un arácnidos. conducto para la inyección del veneno utilizado para Clasificación. La clase Arachnida esta dividida en 11 inmovilizar a sus presas, excepto en la familia Uloboridae. órdenes, que en orden alfabético son: Acari (ácaros y Los pedipalpos de los machos adultos están modificados garrapatas), Amblypygi (arañas látigo, arañas corazón, para realizar la transferencia espermática al epiginio de tendarapos o canclos), Araneae (arañas y tarántulas), la hembra y ambos pedipalpos y epiginio son utilizados Opiliones (patones, papaítos piernas largas o segadores), en la taxonomía del grupo. El opistosoma carece de Palpigradi (palpígrados), Pseudoscorpionida (falsos segmentación aparente y está unido al prosoma por un escorpiones o escorpiones de los libros), Ricinulei pedicelo angosto. Ventralmente, en el opistosoma se (ricinúlidos o garrapatas encapuchadas), Schizomida encuentran las hileras, donde secretan la seda producida (esquizómidos, mini-vinagrillos o escorpión látigo de cola por glándulas especiales que caracterizan al grupo y que corta), Scorpiones (escorpiones o alacranes), Solifugae son utilizadas para diferentes fines: reproducción, refugio, (matavenados, arañas sol o arañas camello, madres de caza, protección para depredación. La longitud corporal alacrán) y Thelyphonida (uropígidos, vinagrillos, madres varía desde 0.4 mm hasta 15 cm. de escorpión, vinagreras o escorpiones látigo) (Brusca y Terrestres, de vida libre, depredadoras, de hábitos Brusca, 2005; Savory, 1964; Wheeler y Hayashi, 1998; diurnos y nocturnos. Muchas tejen telas especializadas Harvey, 2002; Beccaloni, 2009; Francke, 2011). para capturar diversos tipos de insectos voladores, otras A continuación se presenta una breve caracterización son errantes, o pueden ser sedentarias y ocupar la misma de cada uno de los órdenes. galería o refugio de por vida. Amblypygi. Cuerpo aplanado. Caparazón entero, con 8 La transferencia espermática es indirecta: el macho ojos: 1 par medio y 3 pares laterales. Quelíceros con 2 “carga” los pedipalpos de esperma directamente de la segmentos, uncados (terminando en una uña o colmillo). apertura genital o utilizando una tela de seda construida Pedipalpos muy desarrollados, raptoriales, prensores, específicamente para esa función, deposita la esperma armados con numerosas espinas fuertes para sujetar a sus sobre dicha tela y la succiona con las estructuras presas. Primer par de patas muy largos y delgados, con modificadas en el ápice de los pedipalpos. El cortejo funciones sensoriales. Prosoma y opistosoma unidos por puede ser muy elaborado y concluye con la inserción del un pedicelo delgado. Opistosoma con 12 segmentos y sin ápice de los pedipalpos en el epiginio de la hembra. La telson. El cuerpo varía de 5 a 45 mm; el primer par de cópula puede durar de unos cuantos segundos hasta 2 o 3 patas extendidas abarcan hasta 40 cm. horas dependiendo de la especie. Son ovíparos y la hembra Terrestres, de vida libre, depredadores de otros deposita los huevos en un ovisaco hecho de seda y en artrópodos; usualmente de hábitos nocturnos; muchas especies hay cuidado maternal. En algunas familias frecuentemente hallados en cuevas y algunas especies (ej. Araneidae, Theridiidae), existe un marcado dimorfismo presentan modificaciones troglomórficas. En general sexual, generalmente los machos son más chicos que las tienden a ser raros en colecciones y sus densidades hembras y requieren de menos mudas para alcanzar la generalmente son bajas, ocasionalmente en ciertas cuevas madurez sexual. Las especies de menor talla requieren de hay poblaciones grandes. menos mudas para madurar y tienden a ser univoltinas, En su ciclo de vida la transferencia
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