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Pain Also by Javier Moscoso J. Moscoso, Diderot y D’Alembert. Ciencia y técnica en la enciclopedia, 2005, Madrid, Nivola. Barona, Moscoso, Pimentel, eds, Para una historia de la objetividad. La Ilustración y las ciencias, Valencia, Biblioteca Valenciana, 2002 J. Moscoso, Materialismo y religión. Ciencias de la vida en la Europa ilustrada,Barcelona, Serbal, 2000. J. Moscoso, A. Lafuente, eds, Monstruos y seres imaginarios en la Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Doce Calles, 2000. Lafuente y J. Moscoso, eds, El compás y el Príncipe. Ciencia y Corte en la España moderna. Valencia, Consejería de Cultura de la Generalitat valenciana, 2000. Diderot, El sueño de d’Alembert, Spanish Edition and translation by J. Moscoso, Madrid, Compañía Literaria, 1996. Pain A Cultural History Javier Moscoso Research Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Spanish National Research Council Translated from the Spanish by Sarah Thomas and Paul House © Javier Moscoso 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-1-4039-9118-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-54260-4 ISBN 978-1-137-28423-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137284235 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10987654321 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 For Arturo, la alegría de mi vida This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1 Representations 9 Pain and history 9 Virgin martyrs 12 The theater of cruelty 18 Wars of religion 20 The pain of Christ 24 The anatomical theater 28 2 Imitation 33 Invisible sensations 36 Religious uses of pain 43 3Sympathy 55 Cartography of misery 55 Public sensibility 59 Counterfactual pain 67 4 Correspondence 79 The century of pain 79 The signs of pain 86 The pain of childbirth 96 The measure of pain 105 5 Trust 111 The drama of unconsciousness 111 The remedy 117 Induced mental hallucination 123 Unconscious suffering 131 6 Narrativity 137 From the idea to the body 137 Fetishism 142 The normal and the pathological 147 Masochism and asceticism 152 The power of the idea 158 vii viii Contents 7 Coherence 165 Elusive entities 165 Identity 169 Nervous pain 172 Unconscious pain 181 8 Reiteration 191 Hell 191 The name 195 The account 201 Syphilis 201 Phantom limbs 203 Medicalization 206 The culture of pain 210 Postscriptum 214 Notes 217 Index 263 Illustrations 1 Pedro de Mayorga, Master of Palanquinos, Altarpiece of Santa Marina, c. 1500, oil on board, Masaveu Collection, Museo de Bellas Artes de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain 2 Lluís Borrassà, The Flagellation of Christ, first quarter of the 15th century, oil on board, 84 × 61 cm, Goya Museum, Castres, France 3 Bernat Martorell, The Decapitation of St. George, panel from an altarpiece, 1435, oil on board, 53 × 107 cm, Louvre Museum, Paris © AKG 4 Dieric Bouts, The Martyrdom of Saint Erasmus, central panel from the Triptych of Saint Erasmus, 1460, oil on canvas, St. Peter’s Cathedral, Louvain, Belgium 5 Petrus Biverus, “Illustration showing women being cut in half and their torsos and legs nailed to posts,” in Sacrum Sanctuarium crucis et patientiae crucifixorum et cruciferorum, 1634, B. Moretus, Antwerp, opposite page 600, Wellcome Library, London 6 Jacques Tortorel, “Inmanitas plebis Torinensis, mense Ulii, 1562,” Premier volume contenat quarente tableaux ou Histoires diverses qui sont memorable touchant les guerres, massacres et troubles advenus en France en ces dernières années, 1569–1570, Wellcome Library, London 7 Petrus Biverus, Sacrum Sanctuarium crucis et patientiae crucifixorum et cruciferorum, 1634, B. Moretus, Antwerp, obverse page 600, Wellcome Library, London 8 [Anonymous], Christ in Distress, c. 1500, polychrome wood, 117 cm, National Museum, Warsaw, Poland © Photograph by Javier Moscoso 9 Juan Valverde de Hamusco, “Male figure showing muscles,” History of the Composition of the Human Body, Rome: A. Salamanca and A. Lafreri, 1556, Wellcome Library, London 10 Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, St. Catherine of Siena, 1746, 70 × 52 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna © AKG 11 Christ as the Man of Sorrows, engraving by W. Sharp, 1798, from a work by Guido Reni, 1575–1642, Wellcome Library, London 12 “Image and Description of the Violent Earthquake that Destroyed Lisbon.” 1755, engraving, leaflet by Georg Caspar Pfauntz, Augsburg, Germany © AKG ix x List of Illustrations 13 Emile-Edouard Mouchy, Physiological Demonstration through the Vivisection of a Dog, oil on canvas, 112 × 143 cm, Wellcome Library, London 14 Unknown French painter, A birth scene. 1800, oil on paper stuck to wood, 44. 1 × 56. 6 cm, Wellcome Library, London 15 Enrique Simonet y Lombardo, Anatomy of the Heart, originally entitled “AndSheHadaHeart!” 1899, engraving by P. Fruhauf, 31 × 54 cm, Wellcome Library, London 16 John Collier, A sadistic tooth-drawer terrifies his patient with a piece of burning coal so as to be able to take out a tooth more easily, 1773, engraving, 12. 6 × 20. 3 cm, Wellcome Library, London 17 Anonymous, A pharmacist surgeon extracts a man’s tooth, oil on panel, 34. 0 × 24. 5 cm, Wellcome Library, London 18 C. E. H., Scientist using a vapor machine with a pulley to extract a tooth from a man, 1894, Wellcome Library, London 19 An unconscious naked man lying on a table being attacked by little demons armed with surgical instruments; symbolizing the effects of chloroform on the human body. Watercolor by Richard Tenant Cooper, c. 1912. Wellcome Library, London 20 Edwin Nichol Fallaize, pasteboard with halftone ink, 25 × 40 cm, recto and verso, Wellcome Library, London 21 Wilhelm Trübner, Caesar before the Rubicon, c. 1878, oil on canvas, 48. 5 × 61. 0 cm, Österreichische Galerie Belvedere 22 Jean-Léon Gérôme, Phryne before the Areopagus, 1861, oil on canvas, 80. 5 × 128. 0 cm, Hamburguer Kunsthalle, Hamburg © BAG 23 Jean-Léon Gérôme, Selling Slaves in Rome, 1884, 92 × 74 cm., Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg © AKG 24 Jean-Léon Gérôme, Roman Slave Market, 1884, oil on canvas, 64 × 57 cm, The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, USA © BAG 25 Paul-Joseph Jamin, Brenin and his Share of the Plunder, 1893, oil on canvas, 162 × 118 cm, Museum of Fine Arts, La Rochelle, France 26 Jan Sadeler, engraving by Bartholomaeus Spranger, Aristotle and Phyllis, c. 1587–1593, National Library, Madrid, Spain 27 Jean-Léon Gérôme, Truth Coming Out of Her Well to Shame Mankind, 1896, Collection du Musée Anne-de-Beaujeu, Moulins, France © Jérôme Modière 28 Théodore Rivière, Salammbô and Matho, I love you, I love you! 1895, small group in bronze, ivory, gold, and turquoise, 40.0 × 21.4 × 19.0 cm, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. Photograph by Hervé Lewandowski 29 Figure of a woman inside an “Iron Maiden,” ivory, Science Museum, Wellcome Collection, London List of Illustrations xi 30 E. J. Glave and H. Ward, Ba-Yanzi execution, in which the head of the victim is held to an artifact that catapults it when the body is decapitated, leaving the rest of the body tied to the floor, color engraving, 15. 4 × 23. 5 cm, Wellcome Library, London 31 Chinese torture chair in wood and steel. Wellcome Collection, London 32 Death by one hundred cuts, Chinese miniature, Science Museum, London 33 J. Dadley, “Punishment of a boatman. Obliged to kneel, one of the officials prevents him protecting himself while the other pulls his hair and hits him various times on both sides of his face with a kind of double oar made of solid leather,” and “Cutting the ankles of a bandit,” illustration from the book by George Henry Mason, Punishment in China, 1801, Wellcome Library, London 34 Natale Schiavoni, Sadness, 1841, oil on canvas, Österreichische Galerie, Belvedere, Vienna, Austria 35 A. P. Provost, Accident on the Railway between Versailles and Bellevue, 8 May 1842, Musée de l’île-de-France, Sceaux, France © BAG 36 T. Barthélémy, Etude sur le dermographisme (1893), Wellcome Library, London 37 “Hysterical Epilepsy, Attack, Terminal Phase,” sheet XVIII of the Iconographie Photographique de La Salpêtrière,editedby Désiré-Magloire Bourneville and Paul Regnard, Paris, 1876 © BAG 38 T. Godfrey, according to the work by G. Doré, An Afflicted Woman Considers Suicide from the Edge of a Bridge [s.n.][s.l.], mezzotint, Wellcome Library, London 39 Richard Tennant Cooper, A giant claw pierces the breast of a sleeping naked woman, while another naked woman swoops down stabbing the claw with a knife, symbolizing science’s fight against cancer, twentieth century, watercolor, Wellcome Library, London 40 Anatomical models in wax, twentieth century, Museum of Hygiene, Dresden 41 Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, Exhaustion, 1854, oil on canvas, 63.