The Legacy of John Schuette, S.V.D.

Heribert Bettscheider, s. ~D. Translated by Louis J. Luzbetak, S.~D.

hen John Schuette, S.V.D., died suddenly on Novem­ left. Only two months later, though, he was drafted into the W ber 18, 1971, in an automobile accident outside of German army and assigned to the medical corps in Vienna. He Rome, the reaction to his death was worldwide. Not only news made every effort to obtain a study leave from the military media like L'Osservatore Romano of the Vatican but also a great authorities to finish his officially required studies. The request variety of Italian and German newspapers (e.g., II Tempo, II wasgrantedbutlimitedto onlyfour weeks. At aboutthistimethe Messaggero, II Giornale d'Italia, d'Avvenire, Die Welt, and Frank­ newly ordained priests of Schuette's religious congregation had furter Allegeine Zeitung) carried the shocking news. Similar re­ to submit their preferences to their superiors for the place and ports and tributes appeared in the American press, such as the type of ministry they would like to engage in. Schuette simply International Herald Tribune and the U.S. army paper Stars and wrote: "I am equally interested either in pastoral work or in Stripes. But who was Schuette whose death attracted so much teaching and formation of future missionaries. I am also equally attention? interested in Flores, the Philippines, Honan [Henan] China, and South America."? Youth and Early Education Schuette had absolutely no desire to be a soldier. He there­ fore applied for an exemption from military service, which he John Schuette was born on April 23, 1913, in Essen, Germany, as received on April 10. He succeeded in obtaining the necessary the third child of the family. He was baptized the next day in the papers to leave the country for China. He also obtained his local parish church and given the name of John the Baptist. Essen missionary appointment from his religious superiors. At his first is a small community in Oldenburg, a region of Germany known opportunityhe tookhisexamsat St. Gabriel's and, withoutdelay, for its great loyalty to the Catholic Church, a kind of heartland of made the necessary preparations for his departure. OnAugust8, Catholicism. Duringthe Nazi times the people stood staunchlyat 1940, he left Berlin by train for Peking (Beijing), going via Mos­ the side of their bishop, Bishop van Galen of Munster, defending cow and Siberia, and reached his destination fourteen days later. their religious way of life. He first went to the headquarters of the Society of the Divine Schuette's father was a stonemason, and his mother came Word in Taikia, near Tsining (Jining), to study Chinese, a lan­ from a family of masons. John attended the local Volksschule and guage he managed to learn well in the course of a year. Biirgerschule, after which he applied for admission to the Divine Word secondary schoollocated in Steyl, Netherlands, in hopes of Missionary in North Honan (1941-52) someday becoming a missionary. An uncle had died in an accident while still a Divine Word theological student, and The mission to whichSchuette was assigned hadbeentaken over young Schuette decided that he would "take his uncle's place." by the Society of the Divine Word in 1933. It covered 10,000 Schuette was always recognized as one of the best students. In square kilometers, with a population of two million. Previously March 1932he passedhis Abitur, the qualifying exams for gradu­ it had been a part of the Apostolic Vicariate of Weiweifu under ate work in Germany. the direction of the Foreign Missionaries of Milan. The superior In May of that year Schuette entered the novitiate of the of the mission was now Monsignor Thomas Megan, an Ameri­ Societas Verbi Divini (S.V.D., or Society of the Divine Word). He can, as were most of the missionaries there. Megan, as a matter of took his first vows in 1934, and a year later he finished his policy, welcomed missionaries from other countries, including philosophical course. Once again, others were struck by his Germany. Caught in the political turmoil of the times, mission­ unusual talents. In the fall of 1936, after a shortinterruption of his aries generally recognized this policy to be wise. studies in order to teach at St. Wendel's Seminary (St. Wendell Schuette began his missionary work under very difficult Saarland), Schuette began his theological studies at St. Gabriel's, political conditions. For some time the Japanese had occupied near Vienna,' a choice of schools he made for health reasons. part of the territory, but before long the entire area found itself On August 24, 1939, Schuette was ordained to the priest­ enmeshed in the civil war between the Nationalists and the hood. As is customary among Catholics, he celebrated his first Communists. Eventually, the entire mission fell into Communist Mass in his home parish. He was not yet finished with his hands. Schuette soon took on a number of responsibilities, serv­ required seminary training, however, but still had another year ing as pastor, leader and organizer of a middle school, pro­ prefect, and regional superior. His foremost responsibility, how­ Heribert Bettscheider, S.V.D, Professor ofDogmatics andFundamental Theol­ ever, was that of pastor of the main mission station. ogysince1973 at theS.V.D. Theological Facultyin Sankt Augustin nearBonn When the Japanese entered into war against the United and since 1995 Director of the S.V.D. Missiological Institute (Steyler States, American missionaries were interned. The prefect apos­ Missionswissenschaftliches Institut) thereaswell,haspublished extensivelyon tolic, Msgr. Megan, decided that his wisest course of action was missiological issues. to flee to the mountains. Schuette thus found himselfresponsible for the spiritual care of an entire city. There were also religious LouisJ. Luzbetak, S.V.D.,founding Director oftheCenterforAppliedResearch in theApostolate(CARA), nowat Georgetown University,hasservedaseditor instructions to provide for the girls' middle school. It was only of Anthropos and as a staff memberof the Pontifical Councilfor Culture. He with the greatest difficulty that he was able to maintain contact istheauthorofThe ChurchandCultures: NewPerspectivesinMissiological with Megan. At the end of March 1942 Schuette was transferred Anthropology (Orbis, 1988). to Sinyang (Xinyang), one of the largest mission districts, which

January 2003 29 also included a number of outstations. In Sinyang he opened a recognitionand givesmegreatjoy. MaytheHolySpiritgrantyou girls' school. the wisdom you can so well use now in your very important and, Inthe middleof February1943 he was transferred to Sinsiang in fact, in your doubly lamed ministry."! (Xinxiang) "as intermediary with the government, as mission InMa y 1949 the capital city of Sinsiang was onceagain taken treasurer, and as pastor.":'The weight of responsibilitiessoon left by the Communists, who took control of the mission. More than its mark on Schuette, making it necessary for him to visit a ever, strong agitation was directed against the mission, espe­ physician in Peking. The doctor wisely prescribed a long rest for cially against the foreign missionaries. More than once, Schuette the overburdened missionary. On this occasion Schuette de­ was summoned to appear in court. Despite the hardships, some­ voted more thana year to the further study of Chinese. Hisfellow how everything still seemed to be going reasonably well. missionaries were impressed by his language ability, which he The year 1951 marked the beginning of the end. An ordi­ exhibited, for instance, in his religious instructions. Similarly nance required that all foreign-supported schools, hospitals, impressive was the way he could handle business matters. churches, and all foreign property had to be registered. Ameri­ In 1944 he returned to Sinsiang from Peking. For the next can property in particular had to be declared, the relationship four or five years he was leader and organizer of Fu Ien Middle with the United States had to be acknowledged, and American School, now less a pastor than an organizer, businessman, and possessions had to be handed overto thestate.Anyactivityof the director of an educational institution. In these roles he was fully mission was automatically regarded as an American enterprise. in his element. Schuette, as the head of the mission, was brought to courtseveral The middle school program that he had introduced for boys times, arrested, but always freed again. had previously existed as a girls' school. The affiliation proved InOctober1951 he wasfound guiltyand placed under house advantageous inasmuch as it guaranteed and strengthened the arrest, only to be freed again. He was questioned no less than standards of the school and, above all, served as an occasion to nineteen times, often for hours at a time. The main accusations obtainadditional approval for the school's various certifications. were "the funding and the direction of the Legion of Mary under Legally, the school was in Chinese hands, even if always under the spies Riberi and Megan. Every form of ministry was regarded the control of Schuette, who wisely stressed business aspects of as reactionary and declared antirevolutionary." Other accusa­ school management. With this emphasis in mind, he went into a tions were, for instance, "that we hindered Christians from kind of transportation business. He bought two trucks and a declaring membership in the Independent Church and that we vehicle suitable for both passenger and freight service. Since the forbade Christians under the pain of excommunication from trains were extremely unreliable, if functioning at all, Schuette joining the Communist Party or its youth organization; that we never lacked for customers and in this way was able to keep his maintained good relations with former [non-Communist] civil school financially afloat. Healso invested in limeand coal stocks, and military authorities.r" Finally, in a show trial onMay 7,1952, in an automobile repair shop, and in the wheat trade. Farmers in Schuette was convicted and immediately expelled from the the area offered some of their acreage, enabling him to count on country. some 40,000 pounds of wheat annually for the benefit of the school. Missiological Studies at Munster A steadyincreasein enrollment broughtSchuetteadditional concerns for adequate classroom space and, in particular, for When Superior General Alois Grosse Kappenberg learned that hiring of good teachers. In time, the school showed considerable Schuette had been banished from China, he had the following progress and became financially secure. Later he looked back on advice to offer: "Weshould keep in mind that we aredealing here this school as his greatest achievement. The Communist siege with an unusually gifted confrere for whom we should from the and capture of the city at first brought the school no special hardship, but then all religious instruction was forbidden and the school was entirely taken over by the Communists. Schuette looked back on At this time Schuettehad new tasks to tend to.There was the management of the mission and his religious society, since he the Fu Jen Middle School, had been named pro-prefect and regional superior. Now that the which he organized, as disorders of war seemed to be giving way to some semblance of order, Megan felt that it would be an opportune time for him to his greatest achievement. visit the United States for a few months. He made Schuette pro­ prefect for the duration. Megan never returned, however, thus making Schuette the head of the mission. startbe planning some appropriate position, making certain that The constant shifting of fortunes between the Nationalist good use is made of his abilities.?" Schuette himself thought of forces and the Communists colored the life of the missionaries the possibility of going into the social sciences. He based this and fairly well describes Schuette's life in China while he was inclination on an observation made by Internuncio Riberi of regional superior and pro-prefect. He held out as long as hu­ Hong Kong that China might in the not-too-distant future expe­ manlypossible, neverdemandinganythingof anyone thathe did rience large-scale changes, with social problems given much not expect of himself. The mission-with its hospitals, pharma­ moreprominencethanat present. Schuette,however,also thought cies, elementary schools, middle schools, and nursing training of pursuing missiology or perhaps into some combination of centers-somehow kept going forward as much as one could missiology and church history. "In so doing," he felt, "I may expect, and somehowSchuettewas always therewith new plans. perhaps be able to make better use of the experiences I have had, The superior general of the Society of the Divine Word, whom as well as of my more recent impressions, by preserving them in Schuette had an opportunity to meet in Shanghai in 1949, con­ writing and studying them a bit more deeply."? gratulated him: "Your courageous 'stick-to-itiveness' deserves The superior general decided in favor of having Schuette

30 INTERNATIONAL B ULLETIN OF MISSIONA RY RE SEARCH, Vol. 27, No.1 studymissiologyat Munster.For his doctoraldissertationSchuette for overallrejuvenation, refocus, continuingeducation, andspiri­ wrote "Die katholische Chinamission im Spiegel der tual renewal. rotchinesischenPresse. VersucheinermissionarischenDeutung" He also organized two missionary consultations. Professors (The Catholic mission in China in light of the Red Chinese press. from three DivineWord seminaries (St.Augustine's in Germany, An attempt at a missionary understanding). The theme and St. Gabriel's in Austria, and Tetringenin the Netherlands) met in problem had stimulated his thinking when he was a prisoner in Deurne, Netherlands, to discuss the contribution that philoso­ China. As a student in Munster, he found this experience ex­ phy and theology might make in preparing seminarians for the tremely useful, so much so thathe was able to submithis finished mission field. Schuette presented a foundational paper entitled dissertation of over six hundred pages in a year's time. "The Determining Factor in the Education and Formationof Our The dissertation first summarizes the situation of the mis­ Major Seminarians."12 He spoke of the need for a distinctly sion on the eve of the Communist revolution. Then four long missionary character in a mission seminary. He found a serious chapters deal with (1) religion and the church: (2) mission in conflict between the efforts in the mission field and those in the homeland. The contrast was painful, and he was resolved to correct the situation. The clear goal must be none other than the formation of missionaries, not the formation of homeland "mis­ Schuette recognized the sion house" fathers or monks. Moreover, he tried to identify the need for rejuvenation, distinctive marks of a missionary. This basic thesis and thrust in refocusing, spiritual renewal, missionary formation received wide support. Schuette the mission secretary constantly traveled to confer­ and continuing education. ences and attended meetings dealing with mission and related issues. He attended, for instance, the famous First International Congress on Pastoral Liturgy, at Assisi in 1956. On this occasion general, including its goal and its history; (3) missionaries and he proposed publishing an illustrated Steyler Missionschronik their lay associates; and (4) mission methods, including medical (S.V.D. mission annual), which was approved. The first volume ministries, orphanages, education, and the press. After the dis­ appeared three years later, in 1959. cussion in each chapter, a section A presents a Chinese perspec­ tive, and a section B contains a self-critical analysis. The author Superior General of the S.V.D. (1958-67) obviously wants to do more than just present a comprehensive critical overview of the Communist Chinese press. Above all, he On March 28, 1958, seven months after the death of S.V.D. seeks to reach conclusions that might eventually serve as guide­ Superior General Grosse Kappenberg, Schuette was elected as lines for more effective mission action in China and elsewhere," the sixth superior general of the society, becoming responsible The doctoral dissertation was a great success and was ac­ for one of the largest missionary orders in the Catholic Church. cordingly widely applauded. Schuette sought to paint an objec­ His administration as superior general stands out especially in tive picture of the mission in China and to expand on the grain of two ways: in his organizational skills, which he had already truth hidden in the attacks in the Communist press, hoping that demonstrated as a talent waiting to bear fruit, and in his commit­ missionaries in China and elsewhere might thereby be able to ment to missionaries. draw some useful lessons," These organizational skills manifested themselves at Nemi, When Schuette finished his doctoral studies, a number of not far from Rome, where he founded the so-called tertiate, a possible tasks for him came up for discussion. Finally it was center for continuing education for missionaries who already decided to have him teach at St. Augustine's Major Seminary, had some mission experience. Such missionaries would be in­ near Bonn, Germany. His lectures dealt mostly with missionary vited to the center for six months or so to update themselves and methods and were richly illustrated with real-life examples and to take advantage of the opportunity to restore some of their practical suggestions. At this time he was engaged also in mis­ physical strength. sion promotion in the homeland and in recruitment. Addition­ A further example of Schuette's organizationalskills was the ally, during this period he drew up an important memorandum manner in which he reorganized the mission work in China: he for the superior general on these two subjects." decided to work for the mission of China by rebuilding on the Important, too, was Schuette's plan to found an internal island of Taiwan. Here he saw that Fu [en University, which had missiological periodical in which missionaries could exchange been taken over by the Communists, would once again rise in experiences and discuss solutions to missionary problems. The Taipei. An important concern of his was the building up of name proposed for the journalwasMissionarius VerbiDivini (The mission universities in the Far East, for he restored other schools Divine Word missionary). It was to appear as a quarterly, in and seminaries in Asia as well. His organizational skills mani­ German and English as the basic languages, with no parallel fested themselves also in promoting large-scale involvement by translating except into one of these two basic tongues. The missionaries in human development.P reaction of the superior general was positive, and from this plan The second emphasis and major direction characterizing the internal organ Verbum SVD (The Word S.V.D.) originated. Schuette's administration as superior general was his total com­ mitment to his fellow missionaries. He was not one to carry out Mission Secretary of the S.V.D. (1955-58) his responsibilities as superior general from behind a desk, but insisted on personally participating in the life and work of his On July 8, 1955, Schuette was named the first mission secretary subordinates through direct contact and by discussing their of the S.V.D. The primary task of this new office was the promo­ worries, needs, hopes, and dreams with them. It is said that he tion of mission in the homeland countries. He first compiled a set visited, at some time or another, every S.V.D. mission station of statutes for the homeland enterprises, then drew up norms for and enterprise, even the smallest, and in some cases more than missionaries on home leave.'! He recognized especially the need once.

January 2003 31 Participation in the Second Vatican Council after many meetings of both the commission and the General Assembly, and only under Schuette's skillful leadership, was a The high point of Schuette's missionary and religious life was his text produced that was readyfor the whole council's deliberation role in the Second Vatican Council." He was one of the leading and approval. framers of Ad gentes, the Decree on the Church's Missionary Schuette was successful in all the deliberations over matters Activity. Just how did the council regard Schuette's role in this for which he sought approval. Especially of interest to him was very important gathering of our times? the establishment of a special mission council that would meet In working out the so-called schema (plan or proposal) for Ad twice a year and decide ma.jor directions in matters affecting the Gentes, many conflicts and difficulties arose from the beginning. missionary apostolate. Moreover, a secretariat of experts would Tradition and a rather theoretical approachblocked the develop­ be formed to support and guide the mission council. Schuette's ment of more progressive missionary thinking. The first draft of interest in obtaining the advice of the laity, women religious, and the schema turned out to be too abstract and bore too many marks missionary organizations in this way was revolutionary, for it of administrative bias. Not surprisingly, it was rejected and had represents the first time that the laity would become actual to be rewritten. members of the curia. Toward the end of the second session in 1963, Pope Paul VI In October 1965 Schuette as presenter brought the final expanded the commission from twenty-five to thirty persons, version of the new mission schema to the council fathers. In the appointing Schuette as one of the new members. The task of the fourth voting session of the council, the decree was passed commission was to draft a new proposal in the form of proposi­ overwhelmingly, with 2,394 votes in favor and only 5 against­ tions or suggestions. It was hoped that such a format would the highest percentage ever received in any such conciliar ballot. accelerate the work of the council. The person to be thanked more than anyone else was Schuette, In the third session, however, most of the speakers made it whose commitment and persuasive arguments few could resist. clear that the reduction of the schema to a mere collection of A postconciliar commission was set up on February 8, 1966, suggestions would be unfortunate. The commission thereupon composed of the same members as the commission that had withdrew the draft so as to make it into a more detailed and more drawn up the schema, with Schuette elected chairman. Final complete presentation. Chosen to write the new schema were decisions for implementation of the plans were thenmadebefore Bishops Riobe, Lokuang, Zoa, and Lecuona and Father Schuette. the pope accepted the schema practically word for word. This subcommission met at the residence of the Divine Word Generalate in Nemi. The Last Years The group decided to follow two principles. First, the pro­ posal should receive an adequate theological basis, tying it in To facilitate the international voting process of the Divine Word clearly with Lumen gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Missionaries, which would have called for another worldwide Church, and making certain that the mission of the church General Chapter to elect a new superior general only two years should be viewed as having a direct relationship with the plan of later, Schuette resigned early, at the Chapter of 1967-68. After a God the Father and with the "missions" of the Son and the Holy short respite, he was able to offer his invaluable experience and Spirit. Second, in response to the wishes of many of the council skills to the universal church. fathers, the proposal would provide a clear statement of the At the end of 1968 he became vice secretary of the Pontifical missions (if not devote a separate schema to this topic), in which Council for Justice and Peace. He was named secretary of the Subcommission for Human Development, an office concerned chiefly with developing countries. His extraordinary knowledge of languages facilitated his international contacts. During his last Schuette made important three years he attended conferences and congresses in all parts of contributions to mission the world and took part in the first Roman Synod of Bishops in practice and to reflection 1967. He also became a member of the Council of the Congrega­ tionof the Propagationof the Faith (now the Congregationfor the on the missionary task. Evangelization of Peoples). A highlight of these years for Schuette was his participation in the Fourth Assembly of the World Council of Churches, in the theological foundations would be worked out showing the Uppsala, Sweden, July 4-20,15 at which he was a Catholic ob­ individual missions as but one aspect of the universal mission of server. As an expert in Ad gentes,he was particularly interested the church; at the same time, the necessity and urgency of specific in the Uppsala section report "Renewal in Mission," a document missionary activities would be highlighted. parallel to Ad gentes. This task was taken up in true seriousness under Schuette's Schuette found his new role fulfilling and, in spite of recur­ leadership. Named vice president of the commissionby Cardinal ring health problems, was making plans for the future when he Agaganian, Schuette presented the new draft in the general was killed in a traffic accident while on his way to a medical congregation of the Council and, at the end of the debate, spoke examination near Rome. in the name of the commission. The text, he now felt, would be approved by the majority, although he admitted that some Legacy modifications might still have to be made. In conclusion, he singled out certain important points, above all those that had a Schuette devoted himself body and soul to the mission of the bearing on the missionary character of the universal church, on church, using all his manifold talents. Richly gifted, he could the ecumenical movement in missions, on the activity of the laity, have made a career in the academic world. But his real strength and on dialogue with non-Christians. At this juncture the com­ lay in organizing things. He was a born leader, negotiator, missionentered into a studyof changes and improvements. Only inspirator, and organizer. He was not a theorist, but a practitio-

32 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH, Vol. 27, No.1 neroYet on the basis of his practical experience, he made impor­ message of the Gospel anew against this background. His ideas tant contributions not only to concrete mission work, but also to about the preparation of future missionaries in their home coun­ missiological reflection on the missionary task. tries and his proposals for the formation of catechists and other His practical talents, already obvious during his studies, indigenous missionary personnel also arose from his own mis­ came to the fore during his years of mission work in China. He sionary experience. was an excellent parish administrator, schoolman, and mission­ It is in this same framework that his commitment to Justice ary superior. In advancing new ideas he negotiated with skill and and Peace must be viewed. Most importantly, his missionary energy. This was equally true during his time as S.V.D. mission experience was the source of inspiration for his efforts to define secretary in Rome, as Superior General of the Society of the a new concept of mission at the Second Vatican Council. Without Divine Word, and as a member of the Second Vatican Council. a doubt the mission decree Ad gentes represents the peak of his His mostimportantlegacy, though, lies in the new directions work as a missionary and is his true legacy. His promising he mapped out-building on his own mission experience-for activities within the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace did both missionary practice and the theory of mission. In his widely not come to fruition due to his early death. noticed dissertation he demonstrated that the church has to take Schuette made a special place for himself in mission history, Chinese culture and religion seriously and to spell out the and we have reason to be grateful to him. Notes------­ 1. This institution, in Modling, was the first S.V.D. major seminary. 10. Bornemann, In Memoriam, pp. 55, 57. 2. Fritz Bornemann, In Memoriam: P. Johannes Schutte. Sechster 11. Ibid ., pp. 62, 64. Generalsuperior SVD (Rome: Collegium Verbi Divini, 1972), p. 12. 12. Johannes Schuette, "Der bestimmende Faktor in Erziehung und 3. Ibid., p. 19. Ausbildung unserer Scholastiker," Verbum, 1959, p. 32-45. 4. Ibid., p. 32. 13. See Schuette, "EntwicklungshilfeundkatholischeMission," Stefanus: 5. Ibid ., p. 45. WerkbrieffUr tiitige Christen in Kirche und Volk 14 (1962): 4--7. 6. Ibid., p. 51. 14. See Saverio Paventi, "Entstehungsgeschichte des Schemas 'De 7. Ibid. Activitate Missionali Ecclesiae,'" in Mission nach dem Konzil, ed. 8. Ibid . Johannes Schuette (Mainz: Matthias Grunewald, 1967), pp. 48-81; 9. See reviews of his book, for instance: Peter Giloth, "Selbstkritik der Ralph Wiltgen, Council NewsService,October7and 21,and November katholischen Chinarnission," Hochland 50 (1957/58): 251-61; R. P. 30, 1965; Wiltgen, The RhineflowsintotheTiber:TheUnknownCouncil Kramers, "A China Mission and the Red Press:' International Review (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1967). of Missions 47 (1958): 116-17; ClergyMonthly Supplement, December 15. See Johannes Schuette, "Erlebnis Uppsala," OkumenischeRundschau 1957; G. Dindinger, O.M.L, Bibliografia missionaria 21 (1957): 106. 18 (1969): 131-45.

Selected Bibliography------­ Works by John Schuette, S.V.D. For a complete bibliography, see Fritz Bornemann, InMemoriam: Fr.John 1965 "Die VorbereitungderMissionare." Ordenskorrespondenz 6:356­ Schuette. 6th Superior General SVD. Rome: Collegium Verbi Divini, 1972. 69. 1954--55 "Die christliche Maske des chinesischen Kommunismus." 1966 "Gesamtkirchliche Missionshilfe." Die Katholischen Missionen Zeitschrift fUr Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft 85:143-48. 38:310-18 and 39:17-24. 1967 (ed .) Mission nach dem Konzil. Mainz: Matthias Grunewald. 1956 "Kreuzweg der Intellektuellen in Rotchina." Die Katholischen 1968 "Wege der Mission." Lebendige Seelsorge 19:228-35. Missionen 75:103-8. 1969 "Erlebnis Uppsala." Okumenische Rundschau 18:131-45. 1957 Diekatholische Chinamission im Spiegelderrotchinesischen Presse: 1972 "Evangelisation und Entwicklung." DieKatholischen Missionen Versuch einermissionarischen Deutung. Munster: Aschendorff. 91:80-83. 1959 "Der bestimmende Faktor in Erziehung und Ausbildung unserer Scholastiker." Verbum, 1:32-45. Works About John Schuette 1960 "The Primacy of Religious and Spiritual Endeavors in the Arrupe, Pietro,S .} . "II P.GiovanniSchutte, S.V.D." L'Osservatore Romano, Missions: Introductory Paper Read at the International December 16, 1971. English translation appears in the English Missionary and Liturgical Week, Nijmegen, Holland, Sept. edition ofJanuary 13, 1972. 12th, 1959." Verbum, 2:13-21. Baumeister, H.-}. "P. [oh, Schutte: Der Steyler General." Rheinischer 1961 "Prediking en Dienstbetoon." Dekatholieke missien,82:164--70. Merkur,August 18, 1967. 1962 "KatholischeWeltmission und Entwicklungshilfe." In Mission "P. Generalsuperior Dr. Johannes Schutte SVD." In the series Menschen undHeimatseelsorge,ed .Johannes Bettray, pp. 178-99. Munster: unserer Zeit: Persdnlichkeiten des offentlichen Lebens, der Kirche, Internationales Institut fiir missionswissenschaftliche Wirtschaft undderPolitik. Zurich:InternationalesPublikationsbiiro, Forschungen. 1967.10 pp. 1963 "Ordensmissionare und Laienmissionshelfer." Ordenskorres­ Planitz, Ulrich. "'Die Kirche hatte chinesisch werden miissen.' Der pondenz 4:197-213. OrdensgeneralderSteylerMissionareziehtausseinenErfahrungen 1964 La Legion deMarfa en la prensa de laChina Communista. Estella: in Asien die Konsequenzen." Suddeuische Zeitung, September 11, Editorial Verbo Divino. 1965.

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