DOCSLIB.ORG

Araneae, Austrochilidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Araneae, Austrochilidae) 1999. The Journal of Arachnology 27:547±549 RESEARCH NOTE ON SOFANAPIS ANTILLANCA (ARANEAE, ANAPIDAE) AS A KLEPTOPARASITE OF AUSTROCHILINE SPIDERS (ARANEAE, AUSTROCHILIDAE) Kleptoparasitic habits are well known in logs, or in Berlese samples of leaf litter and certain spiders, notably some mysmenids and moss (Platnick & Forster 1989). During recent members of the theridiid genus Argyrodes Si- ®eld work, we found some specimens on aus- mon 1864 (Elgar 1993). Members of the Dic- trochiline webs, and after a systematic exam- tynidae, Heteropodidae, Oonopidae, Saltici- ination of webs, found evidence of kleptopar- dae, and Symphytognathidae have also been asitic behavior in these anapids. During the recorded as kleptoparasites of web-building day, individuals of S. antillanca were collect- spiders (Elgar 1993, table 1). We present here ed on austrochilid webs (of both Austrochilus the ®rst evidence of kleptoparasitism in the and Thaida species), hanging from threads, Anapidae, as well as the ®rst report of a klep- rather deep in the mouth of the funnel, but still toparasite associated with the primitive and visible with a headlamp. At night, when the relictual spider subfamily Austrochilinae. host is on its web, the anapids were mostly Austrochilines comprise two genera, Aus- concentrated around the opening of the funnel, trochilus Gertsch & Zapfe 1955 and Thaida closer to the horizontal web. They hang from Karsch 1880, restricted to the temperate for- the host web's threads (Fig. 1), or more often, ests of Chile and adjacent Argentina. They from an irregular mesh made of extremely ®ne build conspicuous, large (about 50±120 cm threads. That mesh is presumably constructed long), horizontal, aerial webs, consisting of a by the Sofanapis, as it has not been found in single layer of threads forming an irregular net non-infested webs. A web of an adult female (Forster et al. 1987; Zapfe 1955). The cribel- of Thaida peculiaris Karsch 1880 observed at late, whitish threads make the web easily vis- Aguas Calientes in the Parque Nacional Puy- ible. The horizontal net gradually bends into ehue, Osorno, Region X (Los Lagos), Chile, a concavity, forming a funnel that goes far was found to host several specimens of S. an- back into log cracks, tree roots, or rocks, end- tillanca, and in that web the thin (anapid) net ing in a retreat where the spider rests during was particularly dense. No orbwebs were the day. At night, the spider hangs under its found on any host web, nor was any insect web and can be seen combing cribellate silk, found caught in the presumed anapid silk. or feeding. Large prey items, up to the spider's Consequently, it seems that S. antillanca does body size, are wrapped with silk before being not construct its own web for prey capture. eaten. The type specimens of S. antillanca, collected The retreats of adult females often contain by pyrethrin fogging inside a rotten tree trunk much silk and several egg cases (Forster et al. (Platnick & Forster 1989), may actually have 1987). The web is repaired when damaged; come from an austrochilid web. and the newly constructed patches, with bluish A few hosts were observed while they were cribellate threads, are clearly discernible from feeding. We found several S. antillanca walk- the old portions, with powdered threads. Silk ing on the prey, some of them around the accumulation and web repair indicate that the host's mouth (Figs. 3±4). In those cases, al- web is persistent, a frequent characteristic of though visibility was far from ideal, there was the hosts of kleptoparasites (Elgar 1993). no evidence that the anapids were feeding Sofanapis antillanca Platnick & Forster from the ¯uids exposed by the chewing of the 1989 are very small spiders that were previ- austrochiline. In another situation, where a ously collected either by pyrethrin-fogging in host was feeding on a tipulid crane-¯y, an in- 547 548 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY Figures 1±4.ÐSofanapis antillanca on webs of austrochilines. 1, Female walking on host web, from Chepu; 2, Austrochiline and S. antillanca feeding on a tipulid, from Contulmo (arrow points to the anapid feeding on the tipulid's leg); 3, Austrochiline and S. antillanca feeding on a beetle, from Contulmo (arrows point to the four anapids); 4, Same, closer view. dividual of S. antillanca was seen feeding di- dence on the host (as apparently occurs with rectly from the insect's leg (Fig. 2). On an- Curimagua bayano Forster & Platnick 1977, other occasion, a specimen of S. antillanca a symphytognathid with reduced mouthparts, was observed feeding alone on a small mos- Vollrath 1978). Moreover, the presence of oc- quito caught in an araneid web (also in the casional individuals of S. antillanca on webs Parque Nacional Puyehue). This observation of araneids and hahniids (in the Monumento suggests that the anapid might have some abil- Natural Contulmo in Arauco, Region VIII, ity to locate prey in the host's web, indepen- Chile), as well as in Berlese samples of leaf dent of the movements of the host, and that litter and moss, indicates that these spiders are S. antillanca is not adapted to kleptoparasi- not obligately associated with austrochilines. tism to the extreme condition of total depen- However, the particularly high density of S. RAMIREZ & PLATNICKÐA KLEPTOPARASITE ANAPID 549 antillanca collected on austrochiline webs (M. RamõÂrez) 1?6/ 1juv, on uncollected austro- suggests a special association with these hosts. chiline's web (Fig. 1, MACN). Austrochilines are common in extremely to moderately moist forests of central and south- LITERATURE CITED ern Chile and adjacent Argentina. However, Elgar, M.A. 1993. Inter-speci®c associations in- the kleptoparasitic anapids were found only in volving spiders: kleptoparasitism, mimicry and the most humid localities. In addition to the mutualism. Mem. Queensland Mus., 33:411± 430. Puyehue and Contulmo localities noted above, Forster, R.R., N.I. Platnick & M.R. Gray. 1987. A Sofanapis have been taken from austrochiline review of the spider superfamilies Hypochiloidea webs at the following localities in Chile: Cal- and Austrochiloidea (Araneae, Araneomorphae). eta La Arena in Llanquihue, and 15 km S of Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 185:1±116. Chepu in Chiloe (both in Region X). Several Vollrath, F. 1978. A close association between two intense but fruitless searches were performed spiders: Curimagua bayano synecious on a Di- in less humid localities, in both Chile and Ar- plura species. Psyche, 85:347±353. gentina. Zapfe, H.C. 1955. Filogenia y funcioÂn en Austro- chilus manni Gertsch y Zapfe (Araneae±Hypo- Material examined.Ð(Most austrochilines were chilidae). Trab. Lab. Zool. Univ. Chile, 2:1±53. either juveniles or were not collected together with its kleptoparasites): CHILE: RegioÂn IX: CautõÂn, MartõÂn J. RamõÂrez: Graduate Fellow, Lab. Monumento Natural Contulmo, elev. 340 m, de ArtroÂpodos, Dept. de BiologõÂa, Univer- 388019S, 738119W, 13 February 1992 (N. Platnick, sidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellon II Ciudad P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez) 4/ S. antillanca (Figs. 3, Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argenti- 4, AMNH); 18 November 1993 (N. Platnick, K. na; Adscript, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen) 1? S. antillanca (Fig. Naturales ``Bernardino Rivadavia.'' 2, AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Osorno, P. Nac. Puyehue, Aguas Calientes, 12 February 1992 (Plat- Norman I. Platnick: Curator, Department nick, Goloboff, RamõÂrez) many ?/ S. antillanca of Entomology, American Museum of Nat- on a web of a female Thaida peculiaris Karsch ural History, Central Park West at 79th (AMNH). Llanquihue, Caleta La Arena, 30 January Street, New York, New York 10024-5192 1991 (M. RamõÂrez) 2?3/ 2juv S. antillanca on a USA. web of a subadult ? austrochiline (MACN); same data, 2/ 1 juv on uncollected austrochiline's web. Manuscript received 15 December 1997, revised 27 ChiloeÂ, Chepu, 15 km S de Chepu, 3 February 1991 April 1998..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tarantulas and Social Spiders
    Tarantulas and Social Spiders: A Tale of Sex and Silk by Jonathan Bull BSc (Hons) MSc ICL Thesis Presented to the Institute of Biology of The University of Nottingham in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Nottingham May 2012 DEDICATION To my parents… …because they both said to dedicate it to the other… I dedicate it to both ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Sara Goodacre for her guidance and support. I am also hugely endebted to Dr Keith Spriggs who became my mentor in the field of RNA and without whom my understanding of the field would have been but a fraction of what it is now. Particular thanks go to Professor John Brookfield, an expert in the field of biological statistics and data retrieval. Likewise with Dr Susan Liddell for her proteomics assistance, a truly remarkable individual on par with Professor Brookfield in being able to simplify even the most complex techniques and analyses. Finally, I would really like to thank Janet Beccaloni for her time and resources at the Natural History Museum, London, permitting me access to the collections therein; ten years on and still a delight. Finally, amongst the greats, Alexander ‘Sasha’ Kondrashov… a true inspiration. I would also like to express my gratitude to those who, although may not have directly contributed, should not be forgotten due to their continued assistance and considerate nature: Dr Chris Wade (five straight hours of help was not uncommon!), Sue Buxton (direct to my bench creepy crawlies), Sheila Keeble (ventures and cleans where others dare not), Alice Young (read/checked my thesis and overcame her arachnophobia!) and all those in the Centre for Biomolecular Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood MPE 2018.Pdf
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127 (2018) 907–918 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Next-generation museum genomics: Phylogenetic relationships among palpimanoid spiders using sequence capture techniques (Araneae: T Palpimanoidea) ⁎ Hannah M. Wooda, , Vanessa L. Gonzáleza, Michael Lloyda, Jonathan Coddingtona, Nikolaj Scharffb a Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20560-0105, U.S.A. b Biodiversity Section, Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Historical museum specimens are invaluable for morphological and taxonomic research, but typically the DNA is Ultra conserved elements degraded making traditional sequencing techniques difficult to impossible for many specimens. Recent advances Exon in Next-Generation Sequencing, specifically target capture, makes use of short fragment sizes typical of degraded Ethanol DNA, opening up the possibilities for gathering genomic data from museum specimens. This study uses museum Araneomorphae specimens and recent target capture sequencing techniques to sequence both Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCE) and exonic regions for lineages that span the modern spiders, Araneomorphae, with a focus on Palpimanoidea. While many previous studies have used target capture techniques on dried museum specimens (for example, skins, pinned insects), this study includes specimens that were collected over the last two decades and stored in 70% ethanol at room temperature. Our findings support the utility of target capture methods for examining deep relationships within Araneomorphae: sequences from both UCE and exonic loci were important for resolving relationships; a monophyletic Palpimanoidea was recovered in many analyses and there was strong support for family and generic-level palpimanoid relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae (Spider) Photos
    Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomological Collections in the Age of Big Data
    [**AU: This is the copyedited version of your manuscript; please address the edits/queries directly in this document. It is essential that you use this version of the document, with the Track Changes function enabled, in order for us to distinguish your edits from ours. Please do not copy and paste the content into a “clean” file, as this may result in the introduction of errors as we prepare the manuscript for typesetting. To add reference(s) without renumbering (e.g., between Refs. 12 and 13), use a lowercase letter (e.g., 12a, 12b, etc.) in both text and bibliography. To delete reference(s), delete reference in text and substitute "Deleted in proof" after the number (e.g., 26. Deleted in proof). Do not renumber the references. The typesetter will do this. Abbreviations that were used fewer than two times have been removed. Contiguous hyphens will be converted to dashes in the final version of your manuscript. Finally, colorful reference numbers within the text will be hyperlinked in the online version, but will appear as normal text in the printed version.**] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2018. 63:X--X https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035536 Copyright © 2018 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved SHORT ■ DIKOW ■ MOREAU COLLECTIONS IN THE AGE OF BIG DATA ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS IN THE AGE OF BIG DATA Andrew Edward Z. Short,1 Torsten Dikow,2 and Corrie S. Moreau3 1Department of Ecology & and Evolutionary Biology and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA; email: [email protected] 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA; email: [email protected] 3Department of Science & and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA; email: [email protected] ■ Abstract With a million described species and more than half a billion preserved specimens, the large scale of insect collections is unequaled by those of any other group.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Classification of Spiders
    18 FROM: Ubick, D., P. Paquin, P.E. Cushing, andV. Roth (eds). 2005. Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society. 377 pages. Chapter 2 PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPIDERS Jonathan A. Coddington ARACHNIDA eyes, jumping spiders also share many other anatomical, Spiders are one of the eleven orders of the class Arach- behavioral, ecological, and physiological features. Most nida, which also includes groups such as harvestmen (Opil- important for the field arachnologist they all jump, a useful iones), ticks and mites (Acari), scorpions (Scorpiones), false bit of knowledge if you are trying to catch one. Taxonomic scorpions (Pseudoscorpiones), windscorpions (Solifugae), prediction works in reverse as well: that spider bouncing and vinegaroons (Uropygi). All arachnid orders occur in about erratically in the bushes is almost surely a salticid. North America. Arachnida today comprises approximately Another reason that scientists choose to base classifica- 640 families, 9000 genera, and 93,000 described species, but tion on phylogeny is that evolutionary history (like all his- the current estimate is that untold hundreds of thousands tory) is unique: strictly speaking, it only happened once. of new mites, substantially fewer spiders, and several thou- That means there is only one true reconstruction of evolu- sand species in the remaining orders, are still undescribed tionary history and one true phylogeny: the existing clas- (Adis & Harvey 2000, reviewed in Coddington & Colwell sification is either correct, or it is not. In practice it can be 2001, Coddington et ol. 2004). Acari (ticks and mites) are complicated to reconstruct the true phylogeny of spiders by far the most diverse, Araneae (spiders) second, and the and to know whether any given reconstruction (or classifi- remaining taxa orders of magnitude less diverse.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Approaches to Exploring Silk Use Evolution in Spiders Rachael Alfaro University of New Mexico
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Biology ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 4-14-2017 Novel Approaches to Exploring Silk Use Evolution in Spiders Rachael Alfaro University of New Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/biol_etds Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Alfaro, Rachael. "Novel Approaches to Exploring Silk Use Evolution in Spiders." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ biol_etds/201 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rachael Elaina Alfaro Candidate Biology Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Kelly B. Miller, Chairperson Charles Griswold Christopher Witt Joseph Cook Boris Kondratieff i NOVEL APPROACHES TO EXPLORING SILK USE EVOLUTION IN SPIDERS by RACHAEL E. ALFARO B.Sc., Biology, Washington & Lee University, 2004 M.Sc., Integrative Bioscience, University of Oxford, 2005 M.Sc., Entomology, University of Kentucky, 2010 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosphy, Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2017 ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my grandparents, Dr. and Mrs. Nicholas and Jean Mallis and Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence and Elaine Mansfield, who always encouraged me to pursue not only my dreams and goals, but also higher education. Both of my grandfathers worked hard in school and were the first to achieve college and graduate degrees in their families.
    [Show full text]
  • A REVIEW Levi, Herbert W . 1982
    The Journal of Arachnology 11 :45 9 (there is at least one species of Argiope or Gea in each of the three major groups) . The Robinsons' tentative attempt to trace the evolutionary sequence of the development o f these suites is somewhat unconvincing ; in particular they lack observations of related groups such as tetragnathines, metines, theridiosomatids, theridiids, metids, etc . (filling this gap would make a nice thesis project) . Other surprises are the relative lack of variety in male behaviors (perhaps the variety of vibrations produced is greater), and the apparent lack of stereotypy in the order and duration of the behaviors the males perform . I had supposed, reasoning from the assumption that male courtship functions to isolate differ- ent species reproductively, that each species would have a distinct male courtship code ; the authors wisely stop short of trying to assess the value of male courtship in preventin g interspecific mating, but I suspect the other two functions they discuss — reduction o f predatory drive and arousal of the female (i .e. sexual selection by female choice) — may be very important . A final note on the substance of what they saw concerns the anomal- ous behavior of Mecynogea ; the taxonomic position of this genus with the strange sheet web is even less clear than it was before . The production of the monograph is excellent, and there are very few errors of an y sort. The price is not unreasonable for a specialized work of this sort . William G. Eberhard, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universi- taria, Costa Ric a ON YET ANOTHER ARIINICIAL SPIDER CLASSIFICATION : A REVIEW Levi, Herbert W .
    [Show full text]
  • Atowards a PHYLOGENY of ENTELEGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE, ENTELEGYNAE)
    1999. The Journal of Arachnology 27:53-63 aTOWARDS A PHYLOGENY OF ENTELEGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE, ENTELEGYNAE) Charles E. Griswold1, Jonathan A. Coddington2, Norman I. Platnick3 and Raymond R. Forster4: 'Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 USA; 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA; 3Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA; 4McMasters Road, R.D. 1, Saddle Hill, Dunedin, New Zealand ABSTRACT. We propose a phylogeny for all entelegyne families with cribellate members based on a matrix of 137 characters scored for 43 exemplar taxa and analyzed under parsimony. The cladogram confirms the monophyly of Neocribellatae, Araneoclada, Entelegynae, and Orbiculariae. Lycosoidea, Amaurobiidae and some included subfamilies, Dictynoidea, and Amaurobioidea (sensu Forster & Wilton 1973) are polyphyletic. Phyxelidinae Lehtinen is raised to family level (Phyxelididae, NEW RANK). The family Zorocratidae Dahl 1913 is revalidated. A group including all entelegynes other than Eresoidea is weakly supported as the sister group of Orbiculariae. The true spiders or Araneomorphae (ara- Raven (1985) and Goloboff (1993a) for My- neae verae of Simon 1892) comprise more galomorphae (15 families); Coddington (1986, than 30,000 described species. The classifi- 1990a, b) for Orbiculariae (13 families) and cation of this group has undergone a revolu- Entelegynae; Platnick et al. (1991) on haplo- tion in the last 30 years, sparked by Lehtinen's gynes (17 families) and Araneomorphae; Gris- (1967) comprehensive reassessment of ara- wold et al. (1994, 1998) for Araneoidea (12 neomorph relationships and steered by Hen- families), and Griswold (1993) for Lycosoidea nig's phylogenetic systematics (Hennig 1966; and related families (11 families).
    [Show full text]
  • Chronoecology of a Cave-Dwelling Orb-Weaver Spider, Meta Ovalis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2020 Chronoecology of a Cave-dwelling Orb-weaver Spider, Meta ovalis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) Rebecca Steele East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, Other Animal Sciences Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Population Biology Commons Recommended Citation Steele, Rebecca, "Chronoecology of a Cave-dwelling Orb-weaver Spider, Meta ovalis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3713. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3713 This Thesis - unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chronoecology of the Cave-dwelling Orb-weaver Spider, Meta ovalis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) ________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology ______________________ by Rebecca Steele May 2020 _____________________ Dr. Thomas C. Jones, Chair Dr. Darrell Moore Dr. Blaine Schubert Keywords: Circadian, Meta ovalis, Ecology, Spider, Cave ABSTRACT Chronoecology of the Cave-dwelling Orb-weaver Spider, Meta ovalis (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) by Rebecca Steele Circadian clocks enable coordination of essential biological and metabolic processes in relation to the 24-hour light cycle. However, there are many habitats that are not subject to this light cycle, such as the deep sea, arctic regions, and cave systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Orb-Web Building Spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea)
    Zoological Journal of the Liniieaii Society (1998), 123: 1•99. With 48 figures CP) Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea) CHARLES E. GRISWOLD'*, JONATHAN A. GODDINGTON", GUSTAVO HORMIGA' AND NIKOLAJ SCHARFE* ^Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, U.S.A.; 'Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, NHB- 105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A.; ^Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, U.S.A.; ^^oological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark Received February 1996; accepted for publication JamiaTy 1997 This phylogenetic analysis of 31 exemplar taxa treats the 12 families of Araneoidea (Anapidae, Araneidae, Cyatholipidae, Lin)phiidae, Mysmenidae, Nesticidae, Pimoidae, Sym- phytognathidae, Synotaxidae, Tetragnathidae, Theridiidae, and Theridiosomatidae). The data set comprises 93 characters: 23 from male genitalia, 3 from female genitalia, 18 from céphalothorax morphology, 6 from abdomen morphology, 14 from limb morpholog)', 15 from the spinnerets, and 14 from web architecture and other behaviour. Criteria for tree choice were minimum length parsimony and parsimony under implied weights. The outgroup for Araneoidea is Deinopoidea (Deinopidae and Uloboridae). The preferred shortest tree specifies the relationships ((Uloboridae, Deinopidae) (Araneidae (Tetragnathidae ((Theri- diosomatidae (Mysmenidae (Symphytognathidae, Anapidae)))
    [Show full text]
  • Capture Silk Scaffold Production in the Cribellar Web Spider
    Capture Silk Scaffold Production in the Cribellar Web Spider Yan SUN Dankook University - Cheonan Campus Seung-Min LEE Dankook University - Cheonan Campus Bon-Jin KU Dankook University - Cheonan Campus Eun-Ah PARK Dankook University - Cheonan Campus Myung-Jin Moon ( [email protected] ) Dankook University - Cheonan Campus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9628-4818 Research Article Keywords: Cribellum, scaffold, silk, spider, spigot Posted Date: May 7th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-478775/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at Applied Microscopy on July 13th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s42649-021-00061-y. Page 1/17 Abstract Spider capture silk is a kind of natural scaffold material that outperforms almost any synthetic material in its combination of strength and elasticity. Among the various kinds of silk threads, the cribellar thread is the most primitive type of prey-capturing thread found in spider webs. We analyze the functional organization of the sieve-like cribellum spigots and a specialized comb bristles of calamistrum for capture thread production in the titanoecid spider Nurscia albofasciata. It's outer surface of the cribellum is covered with thousands of tiny spigots, and this cribellum plate produces the non-sticky threads which composed of thousands of nest nanobers. Average length of the cribellum spigot in N. albofasciata is 10 µm, and each cribellate spigot appeared as singular, long shafts with pagoda-like tiered tips.
    [Show full text]
  • Web Building and Prey Wrapping Behavior of Aglaoctenus Castaneus (Araneae: Lycosidae: Sosippinae)
    2017. Journal of Arachnology 45:000–000 Web building and prey wrapping behavior of Aglaoctenus castaneus (Araneae: Lycosidae: Sosippinae) William G. Eberhard1and Nicolas A. Hazzi2,3: 1 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Escuela de Biolog´ıa, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica; Email: [email protected]; 2 Departamento de Biolog´ıa, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; 3present addresses: CIAT, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Ae´reo, 6713 Cali, Colombia, and Fundacion Ecotonos, Cra 72 No. 13A-56, Cali, Colombia Abstract. Funnel webs are common and widespread taxonomically, but little is known about how they are built or details of their structure. Aglaoctenus castaneus (Mello-Leita˜o, 1942) (Lycosidae) builds horizontal, densely meshed funnel webs of non-adhesive silk, with a tangle of lines above. Web construction behavior was unique in that the spider frequently laid swaths of lines rather than simple drag lines, both to float bands of fine lines on the breeze as bridges to distant objects and to fill in the sheet. Spiders utilized special spinneret movements to widen the swaths of lines that they laid on sheets. These movements have not been seen in web construction by other araneomorphs, but are were similar to and perhaps evolutionarily derived from those used during prey wrapping by many other species. Observations, made with a compound microscope, of the construction behavior of the agelenid Melpomene sp. O.P. Cambridge 1898, and of lines and attachments in sheets of these species and another funnel web spider, the zoropsid Tengella radiata (Kulczyn´ski, 1909) demonstrated the possibly general nature of including obstacles in the web.
    [Show full text]