Siglos Xx Y Xxi) Y Diatópico (China, Hong Kong Y Taiwán

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Siglos Xx Y Xxi) Y Diatópico (China, Hong Kong Y Taiwán DOCTORADO EN TRADUCCIÓN Y ESTUDIOS INTERCULTURALES DEPARTAMENTO DE TRADUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA ESTUDIO DIACRÓNICO (SIGLOS XX Y XXI) Y DIATÓPICO (CHINA, HONG KONG Y TAIWÁN) DEL NEOLOGISMO EN LENGUA CHINA Tesis doctoral, presentada por Wu Chia-Hua Dirigida por el Dr. Joaquín Beltrán Antolín y la Dra. Sara Rovira Esteva Bellaterra, diciembre de 2011 A mi familia, mis padres, mis hermanas y mi hermano AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera expresar mi sincero agradecimiento a mis profesores, Dr. Joaquín Beltrán Antolín y Dra. Sara Rovira Esteva, directores de esta investigación, por sus orientaciones, por la dedicación que me ha prestado en esta investigación, por sus sabios consejos, por su inestimable ayuda y por su enorme paciencia. También quisiera agradecer a mi profesor, Dr. José de Ramos Abreu, y a mi amiga, Mireia Vargas Urpi, por su gran ayuda en la revisión ortográfica y gramatical y por los numerosos consejos que me han dado en el proceso de redacción de la tesis. He de agradecer, también, a mi profesora, la Dra. Li Suh-Ching y a mi amiga, la Dra. Tsai Hui-Wen, su inestimable apoyo y ayuda para superar los momentos difíciles en el proceso de la investigación. Asimismo, querría expresar mi agradecimiento, en general, a todos los profesores que han contribuido a mi formación y a todos los amigos que me han animado en esta fase investigadora. Por último, no puedo dejar de mostrar mi gratitud a mi familia: a mis padres, a mis hermanas y a mi hermano, por su apoyo y comprensión durante la realización de esta investigación. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE DE TABLAS................................................................................................13 INTRODUCCIÓN .....................................................................................................15 PRIMERA PARTE: INFLUENCIAS EXTRANJERAS EN CHINA, HONG KONG Y TAIWÁN DURANTE LOS SIGLOS XX Y XXI .............. 25 1. ANTECEDENTES CLAVE DEL SIGLO XIX AL SIGLO XX............................................28 2. PRIMERA ETAPA: 1900 - 1949 ..................................................................................36 2.1. China: la occidentalización .......................................................................................... 36 2.2. Hong Kong: la colonización británica y japonesa........................................................ 44 2.3. Taiwán: la colonización japonesa................................................................................. 48 3. SEGUNDA ETAPA: 1950 - 1990..................................................................................55 3.1. División entre China y Taiwán después de 1949.......................................................... 55 3.2. China: alianza con la Unión Soviética y período de apertura y reforma...................... 58 3.2.1. Relación con la Unión Soviética y su influencia ................................................ 58 3.2.2. Apertura y reforma después de 1978 .................................................................. 63 3.3. Hong Kong: segunda fase de colonización británica ................................................... 66 3.4. Taiwán: transformación del poder político e influencia estadounidense...................... 68 3.4.1. Poder político exterior ........................................................................................ 68 3.4.2. Protección e influencia estadounidense .............................................................. 71 4. TERCERA ETAPA: 1991 - 2010.................................................................................. 76 4.1. China hacia el mundo y el mundo hacia China........................................................ 77 4.2. Hong Kong: una ciudad local y global .................................................................... 87 4.3. Taiwán: coexistencia de la globalización y de la localización................................. 95 4.4. Culturas estadounidense, japonesa y coreana en China, Hong Kong y Taiwán..... 100 CONCLUSIÓN.................................................................................................................... 104 SEGUNDA PARTE: ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN DEL NEOLOGISMO EN LENGUA CHINA .............................................................................. 105 1. EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIOS SOBRE EL NEOLOGISMO EN LENGUA CHINA ........107 1.1. Estudios lingüísticos................................................................................................... 109 1.2. Estudios didácticos......................................................................................................111 1.3. Estudios socioculturales ..............................................................................................112 1.4. Estudios desde la perspectiva de la traductología .......................................................113 1.5. Diccionarios y recopilaciones de neologismos ...........................................................114 1.6. Corpus relacionados con las palabras y los neologismos............................................117 1.7. Estudios sobre la normalización de los neologismos ..................................................119 2. DEFINICIÓN Y DELIMITACIÓN DEL NEOLOGISMO ................................................. 126 2.1. Criterio diacrónico ..................................................................................................... 126 2.2. Criterio lexicográfico ................................................................................................. 127 2.3. Criterio de la difusión del uso .................................................................................... 128 2.4. Criterio sociocultural.................................................................................................. 128 2.5. Criterio semántico y formal........................................................................................ 129 3. TIPOLOGÍA DE LOS NEOLOGISMOS ........................................................................ 130 3.1. Neologismos ordinarios ............................................................................................. 130 3.2. Neologismos de sentido ............................................................................................. 130 3.3. Extranjerismos............................................................................................................ 131 3.4. Neologismos dialectales............................................................................................. 132 3.5. Neologismos especializados....................................................................................... 132 4. FORMACIÓN DE LOS NEOLOGISMOS EN LA LENGUA CHINA ..................................... 133 4.1. Formas de neologismo ............................................................................................... 133 4.1.1. Derivación: prefijación o sufijación ............................................................... 133 4.1.2. Composición................................................................................................... 134 4.1.3. Conversión sintáctica...................................................................................... 135 4.1.4. Letras.............................................................................................................. 136 4.1.5. Abreviación .................................................................................................... 136 4.1.6. Números ......................................................................................................... 138 4.1.7. Signos de puntuación...................................................................................... 139 4.2. Neologismos semánticos............................................................................................ 139 4.3. Préstamos ................................................................................................................... 141 CONCLUSIÓN ........................................................................................................142 TERCERA PARTE: ANÁLISIS DIACRÓNICO Y DIATÓPICO DE LOS NEOLOGISMOS EN LENGUA CHINA (CHINA, HONG KONG Y TAIWÁN) ............................................................................145 1. EVOLUCIÓN Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL NEOLOGISMO EN CHINA .......................... 147 1.1. Neologismos en China en la primera mitad del siglo XX (1900~1949) .................... 148 1.1.1. Neologismos, lengua vernácula y Movimiento del Cuatro de Mayo................ 154 1.1.2. Neologismos de influencia rusa........................................................................ 159 1.1.3. Neologismos de influencia inglesa ................................................................... 160 1.1.4. Neologismos de influencia japonesa................................................................. 167 1.2. Neologismos bajo la influencia de Rusia después de 1949........................................ 179 1.3. Neologismos después de la reforma y apertura de 1978............................................ 182 1.4. Neologismos importados de Hong Kong y Taiwán después del 1978 ....................... 188 1.4.1. Neologismos prestados desde Hong Kong y Taiwán........................................ 189 1.4.2. Neologismos derivados de neologismos originarios de Hong Kong y Taiwán 189 1.4.3. Neologismos compuestos con préstamos de Hong Kong................................. 191 1.4.4. Siglas y neologismos híbridos introducidos desde Hong Kong y Taiwán........ 191 1.5.
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