Chapter One Introduction Chapter Two the 1920S, People and Weather
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Notes Chapter One Introduction 1. Steve Tsang, ed., Government and Politics (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1995); David Faure, ed., Society (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997); David Faure and Lee Pui-tak, eds., Economy (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004); and David Faure, Colonialism and the Hong Kong Mentality (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 2003). 2. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), book jacket. Chapter Two The 1920s, People and Weather 1. R. L. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Archive ed., Vol. 4: 1920–1930 (Farnham Common, 1996), p. 26. 2. Ibid., p. 27. 3. S. G. Davis, Hong Kong in Its Geographical Setting (London: Collins, 1949), p. 215. 4. Vicariatus Apostolicus Hongkong, Prospectus Generalis Operis Missionalis; Status Animarum, Folder 2, Box 10: Reports, Statistics and Related Correspondence (1969), Accumulative and Comparative Statistics (1842–1963), Section I, Hong Kong Catholic Diocesan Archives, Hong Kong. 5. Unless otherwise stated, quotations in this chapter are from Folders 1–5, Box 32 (Kowloon Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 6. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 21, 28, 48 (Table 3.2). 210 / notes 7. Ibid., p. 163 (Appendix I: Statistics on Maryknoll Sisters Who Were in Hong Kong from 1921 to 2004). 8. Jean-Paul Wiest, Maryknoll in China: A History, 1918–1955 (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1988), p. 400. 9. Sister Mary Paul McKenna (Hong Kong) to Mother Mary Joseph Rogers (Maryknoll Sisters’ Motherhouse, New York), November 3, 1921, 4 pages, Folder 1, Box 1, Regional Correspondence: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives. Also read Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 21–23. 10. Sister Mary Paul McKenna, interview by Sister Joanna Chan, April 21, 1980, p. 10; and April 24, 1980, pp. 13, 14, Maryknoll China History Project, Oral Histories-Typed Transcripts, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 11. Winifred A. Wood, A Brief History of Hongkong (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1940), p. 264. 12. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Vol. 4, p. 57. 13. Ibid., pp. 60–62. 14. G. B. Endacott, A History of Hong Kong, rev. ed. (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 285–86. 15. Wood, A Brief History of Hongkong, pp. 275–76. 16. The words “tones” and “teach” are underlined in the original text. “Saam tim pun” is “san dian ban” in Pinyin. 17. “Tin shi po yow” is “Tian zhu bao you” in Pinyin. The Sisters were inaccurate in using “shi,” which does not correspond with the Cantonese pronunciation (“ju” might be a better choice). 18. Endacott, A History of Hong Kong, p. 285. 19. Chen Yongfa, Zhongguo Gongchan geming qishinian (The Seventy Years of the Chinese Communist Revolution), rev. ed., Vol. 1 (Taibei [Taipei]: Lianjing chubanshiye gongsi, 2001), pp. 173–74. 20. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), p. 168. 21. Carl T. Smith, “The First Child Labour Law in Hong Kong,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 28 (1988), pp. 65–68; Wood, A Brief History of Hongkong, pp. 275–76; Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, Vol. 1, p. 166. 22. Chen, Zhongguo Gongzhan geming qishinian, rev. ed., Vol. 1, pp. 177, 179–80. 23. The Sisters might be referring to Hok Un on the eastern side of Kowloon Peninsula, the area where the present-day Hok Yuen Street is. notes / 211 24. The phrase “in uniform” is underlined in the original text. 25. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Vol. 4, p. 51. 26. Ibid., pp. 87, 171, 210, 250. 27. Ibid., p. 284. 28. Ibid., p. 320. 29. The Field Afar, December 1925, p. 337, Folder 2, Box 2, South China Region: Hong Kong/Macau Region, 1921–, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 30. “Empress of Asia” are printed in italics in the original text. 31. Italics added. Missa Cantata is the Latin term for a “sung Mass.” 32. Italics added. 33. Italics added. Chapter Three The 1930s, Schools, Visitors, and Visits 1. David Faure, ed., Society (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), p. 181. 2. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, “The Chinese Communists, Hong Kong, and the Sino-Japanese War,”American Journal of Chinese Studies Vol. 7, No. 2 (October 2000), p. 140. 3. Ibid., pp. 133–35, 140. 4. Quotations in this chapter are from: Folder 1, Box 31 (Hong Kong Diaries); Folders 7–9, Box 32 (Kowloon Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 5. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 48 (Table 3.2); Personnel, 1937, p. 6, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 6. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, p. 163 (Appendix I: Statistics on Maryknoll Sisters Who Were in Hong Kong from 1921 to 2004). 7. Sister Mary Paul McKenna, Interview by Sister Joanna Chan, April 24, 1980, pp. 16, 17, Maryknoll China History Project, Oral Histories- Typed Transcripts, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 8. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 36, 37, 39. 9. E. Burney, M.C., Report on Education in Hong Kong (London: Crown Agents for the Colonies for Government of Hong Kong, 1935), pp. 8–9. 10. Ibid., p. 10. 212 / notes 11. Sister M. Rosalie Weber, Interview by Sister Joanna Chan, July 31, 1981, p. 3, Maryknoll China History Project, Oral Histories-Typed Transcripts, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 12. Caroline Plüss, “Migrants from India and Their Relations with British and Chinese Residents,” in Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s, Cindy Yik-yi Chu, ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 156. 13. The cats were “recruited” for catching rats. 14. R. L. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Archive ed., Vol. 5: 1931–1939 (Farnham Common, 1996), pp. 138–39. 15. Ibid., p. 164. 16. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), p. 210. 17. G. B. Endacott and A. Hinton, Fragrant Harbour: A Short History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1962; reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 123. 18. Ibid., p. 124; Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, Vol. 1, pp. 207, 209. 19. Italics added. Missa Cantata is the Latin term for a “sung Mass.” 20. Sister Candida Maria Basto was Portuguese from Macau. 21. Italics added. 22. Hal Empson, Mapping Hong Kong: A Historical Atlas (Hong Kong: Government Information Services, 1992), p. 183, Plates 4–6 (1937). 23. Personnel, 1934, p. 6, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 24. Personnel, 1935, pp. 6–7, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 25. Italics added. 26. Italics added. 27. Personnel, 1937, p. 6, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 28. S.J. stands for Societas Iesu/Jesu (Latin for the Society of Jesus). 29. M.M. stands for “Maryknoll Missioner.” Chapter Four Advent of Japanese, 1938–1941 1. G. B. Endacott and A. Hinton, Fragrant Harbour: A Short History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1962; reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 94; Sir Charles Collins, Public Administration notes / 213 in Hong Kong (London and New York: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1952; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1975), pp. 141–42; Luke S. K. Wong, “Squatters in Pre-War Hong Kong,” Journal of Oriental Studies Vol. 8, No. 1 ( January 1970), pp. 203–04. 2. Endacott and Hinton, Fragrant Harbour, p. 176. 3. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), pp. 211, 214. 4. Ibid., pp. 211–12. 5. Ibid., p. 211. 6. Chan Lau Kit-ching, China, Britain and Hong Kong 1895–1945 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990), pp. 267–68. 7. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 163 (Appendix I: Statistics on Maryknoll Sisters Who Were in Hong Kong from 1921 to 2004). 8. Almost all quotations in this chapter are from: Folders 10–11, Box 32 (Kowloon Diaries); only a few quotations are from Folders 2–5, Box 31 (Hong Kong Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 9. Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, Vol. 1, p. 215. 10. Italics added. Missa Cantata is the Latin term for a “sung Mass.” 11. The Maryknoll Sisters moved to the new Maryknoll Convent School (M.C.S.) building on Waterloo Road at Boundary Street in May 1937. They occupied the upper floor of the M.C.S. building. They had plans to erect a permanent convent next to M.C.S.—the “dreamed-of new convent.” Read Chu,The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, p. 45. 12. Italics added. 13. Italics added. 14. Sr. M. Catherine Dillon was on her way to the Philippines. 15. R. L. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Archive ed., Vol. 5: 1931–1939 (Farnham Common, 1996), p. 477. 16. Italics added. Latin, the phrase means “for the greater glory of God.” 17. Collins, Public Administration in Hong Kong, pp.