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Chapter One Introduction 1. Steve Tsang, ed., Government and Politics ( Kong: Press, 1995); David Faure, ed., Society (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997); David Faure and Lee Pui-tak, eds., Economy (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004); and David Faure, Colonialism and the Hong Kong Mentality (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, , 2003). 2. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), book jacket.

Chapter Two The 1920s, People and Weather 1. R. L. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Archive ed., Vol. 4: 1920–1930 (Farnham Common, 1996), p. 26. 2. Ibid., p. 27. 3. S. G. Davis, Hong Kong in Its Geographical Setting (: Collins, 1949), p. 215. 4. Vicariatus Apostolicus Hongkong, Prospectus Generalis Operis Missionalis; Status Animarum, Folder 2, Box 10: Reports, Statistics and Related Correspondence (1969), Accumulative and Comparative Statistics (1842–1963), Section I, Hong Kong Catholic Diocesan Archives, Hong Kong. 5. Unless otherwise stated, quotations in this chapter are from Folders 1–5, Box 32 ( Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 6. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 21, 28, 48 (Table 3.2). 210 / notes

7. Ibid., p. 163 (Appendix I: Statistics on Maryknoll Sisters Who Were in Hong Kong from 1921 to 2004). 8. Jean-Paul Wiest, Maryknoll in : A History, 1918–1955 (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1988), p. 400. 9. Sister Mary Paul McKenna (Hong Kong) to Mother Mary Joseph Rogers (Maryknoll Sisters’ Motherhouse, New York), November 3, 1921, 4 pages, Folder 1, Box 1, Regional Correspondence: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives. Also read Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 21–23. 10. Sister Mary Paul McKenna, interview by Sister Joanna Chan, April 21, 1980, p. 10; and April 24, 1980, pp. 13, 14, Maryknoll China History Project, Oral Histories-Typed Transcripts, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 11. Winifred A. Wood, A Brief History of Hongkong (Hong Kong: , 1940), p. 264. 12. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Vol. 4, p. 57. 13. Ibid., pp. 60–62. 14. G. B. Endacott, A , rev. ed. (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 285–86. 15. Wood, A Brief History of Hongkong, pp. 275–76. 16. The words “tones” and “teach” are underlined in the original text. “Saam tim pun” is “san dian ban” in . 17. “Tin shi po yow” is “Tian zhu bao you” in Pinyin. The Sisters were inaccurate in using “shi,” which does not correspond with the pronunciation (“ju” might be a better choice). 18. Endacott, A History of Hong Kong, p. 285. 19. Chen Yongfa, Zhongguo Gongchan geming qishinian (The Seventy Years of the Chinese Communist Revolution), rev. ed., Vol. 1 (Taibei [Taipei]: Lianjing chubanshiye gongsi, 2001), pp. 173–74. 20. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), p. 168. 21. Carl T. Smith, “The First Child Labour Law in Hong Kong,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 28 (1988), pp. 65–68; Wood, A Brief History of Hongkong, pp. 275–76; Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, Vol. 1, p. 166. 22. Chen, Zhongguo Gongzhan geming qishinian, rev. ed., Vol. 1, pp. 177, 179–80. 23. The Sisters might be referring to Hok Un on the eastern side of , the area where the present-day Hok Yuen Street is. notes / 211

24. The phrase “in uniform” is underlined in the original text. 25. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Vol. 4, p. 51. 26. Ibid., pp. 87, 171, 210, 250. 27. Ibid., p. 284. 28. Ibid., p. 320. 29. The Field Afar, December 1925, p. 337, Folder 2, Box 2, South China Region: Hong Kong/Macau Region, 1921–, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 30. “Empress of Asia” are printed in italics in the original text. 31. Italics added. Missa Cantata is the Latin term for a “sung Mass.” 32. Italics added. 33. Italics added.

Chapter Three The 1930s, Schools, Visitors, and Visits 1. David Faure, ed., Society (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), p. 181. 2. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, “The Chinese Communists, Hong Kong, and the Sino-Japanese War,”American Journal of Chinese Studies Vol. 7, No. 2 (October 2000), p. 140. 3. Ibid., pp. 133–35, 140. 4. Quotations in this chapter are from: Folder 1, Box 31 (Hong Kong Diaries); Folders 7–9, Box 32 (Kowloon Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 5. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 48 (Table 3.2); Personnel, 1937, p. 6, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 6. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, p. 163 (Appendix I: Statistics on Maryknoll Sisters Who Were in Hong Kong from 1921 to 2004). 7. Sister Mary Paul McKenna, Interview by Sister Joanna Chan, April 24, 1980, pp. 16, 17, Maryknoll China History Project, Oral Histories- Typed Transcripts, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 8. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 36, 37, 39. 9. E. Burney, M.C., Report on in Hong Kong (London: Crown Agents for the Colonies for , 1935), pp. 8–9. 10. Ibid., p. 10. 212 / notes

11. Sister M. Rosalie Weber, Interview by Sister Joanna Chan, July 31, 1981, p. 3, Maryknoll China History Project, Oral Histories-Typed Transcripts, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 12. Caroline Plüss, “Migrants from India and Their Relations with British and Chinese Residents,” in Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s, Cindy Yik-yi Chu, ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 156. 13. The cats were “recruited” for catching rats. 14. R. L. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Archive ed., Vol. 5: 1931–1939 (Farnham Common, 1996), pp. 138–39. 15. Ibid., p. 164. 16. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), p. 210. 17. G. B. Endacott and A. Hinton, Fragrant Harbour: A Short History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1962; reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 123. 18. Ibid., p. 124; Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, Vol. 1, pp. 207, 209. 19. Italics added. Missa Cantata is the Latin term for a “sung Mass.” 20. Sister Candida Maria Basto was Portuguese from Macau. 21. Italics added. 22. Hal Empson, Mapping Hong Kong: A Historical Atlas (Hong Kong: Government Information Services, 1992), p. 183, Plates 4–6 (1937). 23. Personnel, 1934, p. 6, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 24. Personnel, 1935, pp. 6–7, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 25. Italics added. 26. Italics added. 27. Personnel, 1937, p. 6, Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 28. S.J. stands for Societas Iesu/Jesu (Latin for the Society of Jesus). 29. M.M. stands for “Maryknoll Missioner.”

Chapter Four Advent of Japanese, 1938–1941 1. G. B. Endacott and A. Hinton, Fragrant Harbour: A Short History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1962; reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), p. 94; Sir Charles Collins, Public Administration notes / 213

in Hong Kong (London and New York: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1952; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1975), pp. 141–42; Luke S. K. Wong, “Squatters in Pre-War Hong Kong,” Journal of Oriental Studies Vol. 8, No. 1 ( January 1970), pp. 203–04. 2. Endacott and Hinton, Fragrant Harbour, p. 176. 3. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), pp. 211, 214. 4. Ibid., pp. 211–12. 5. Ibid., p. 211. 6. Chan Lau Kit-ching, China, Britain and Hong Kong 1895–1945 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990), pp. 267–68. 7. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 163 (Appendix I: Statistics on Maryknoll Sisters Who Were in Hong Kong from 1921 to 2004). 8. Almost all quotations in this chapter are from: Folders 10–11, Box 32 (Kowloon Diaries); only a few quotations are from Folders 2–5, Box 31 (Hong Kong Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 9. Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, Vol. 1, p. 215. 10. Italics added. Missa Cantata is the Latin term for a “sung Mass.” 11. The Maryknoll Sisters moved to the new (M.C.S.) building on Waterloo Road at in May 1937. They occupied the upper floor of the M.C.S. building. They had plans to erect a permanent convent next to M.C.S.—the “dreamed-of new convent.” Read Chu,The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, p. 45. 12. Italics added. 13. Italics added. 14. Sr. M. Catherine Dillon was on her way to the Philippines. 15. R. L. Jarman, ed., Hong Kong Annual Administration Reports 1841–1941, Archive ed., Vol. 5: 1931–1939 (Farnham Common, 1996), p. 477. 16. Italics added. Latin, the phrase means “for the greater glory of God.” 17. Collins, Public Administration in Hong Kong, pp. 141–42. 18. Ibid., p. 154; Wang Zhangwei and Luo Jinyi, “Cong ‘bumen baogao’ kanzhaqian Gang Ying zhengfu de shehui fuli shiye” (The Prewar Social Welfare Programs of the Government in the Angle of Departmental Report), Shixue yuekan (Historical Studies Monthly) No. 2 (2000), p. 106. 214 / notes

19. Wang and Luo, “Cong ‘bumen baogao’ kan zhanqian Gang Ying zhengfu de shehui fuli shiye,” p. 108. 20. R. H. Hughes, “Hong Kong: An Urban Study,” Geographical Journal Vol. 117, No. 1 (March 1951), pp. 11–12. 21. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, p. 48. 22. Christopher M. Bell, “ ‘Our Most Exposed Outpost’: Hong Kong and British Far Eastern Strategy, 1921–1941,” Journal of Military History Vol. 60, No. 1 ( January 1996), pp. 75–76. 23. Italics added. 24. Sergio Ticozzi, Historical Documents of the Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Catholic Diocesan Archives, 1997), pp. 156–57.

Chapter Five Japanese Occupation and Internment, 1941–1942 1. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), p. 228; Tony Banham, Not the Slightest Chance: The Defence of Hong Kong, 1941 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003), p. 13. 2. Banham, Not the Slightest Chance, pp. 23, 27. 3. Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, p. 231. 4. Guan Lixiong, Rizhan shiqi de Xianggang (Hong Kong under Japanese Occupation) (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., 1993), p. 72. 5. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, “Stanley Civilian Internment Camp during Japanese Occupation,” in Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s, Cindy Yik-yi Chu, ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 135–36. 6. Ibid., p. 139. 7. Ibid., pp. 137, 139. 8. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 53; Jean Gittins, I Was at Stanley (Hong Kong: n.p., 1946), p. 8. 9. The two accounts in this chapter are from: Folder 9, Box 1, Personal Narratives of WWII: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 10. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 51–52. 11. If one walks along Waterloo Road in a southward direction from Maryknoll Convent School (at the corner of Waterloo Road and notes / 215

Boundary Street), the first road that one comes across is , which also runs across Waterloo Road. 12. “Mintors” stands for the Cantonese word that means thick cotton blan- kets. In chapter 3, the Sisters spelled the word “min-t’ois.” 13. Banham, Not the Slightest Chance, p. 60. 14. Latin, the phrase means “Lord, I am not worthy.” Italics added. 15. Latin, the phrase means “The Lord is with you.” Italics added. 16. The letter “6” is underlined in the original text. 17. The word “goo” is underlined in the original text. 18. The word “food” is underlined in the original text.

Chapter 6 In and Out of the Camp, Releases, and Repatriation, 1941–1942 1. Janet E. Hunter, comp., Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 52. 2. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds., Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong), Vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998), p. 236. 3. Ibid.; Guan Lixiong, Rizhan shiqi de Xianggang (Hong Kong under Japanese Occupation) (Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., 1993), pp. 78–79. 4. Chen and Guo, eds., Xianggang quanjilu, Vol. 1, p. 236. 5. Sister Mary Clement Quinn, “Co-Prosperity and the New Order Comes to Hongkong,” p. 2, Folder 9, Box 1, Personal Narratives of WWII: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 6. The essays in this chapter are from: Folder 9, Box 1, Personal Narratives of WWII: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 7. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 52, 56. 8. Sister Cecilia Marie Carvalho, “Conditions in HongKong after the Outbreak of the War,” p. 5, Folder 9, Box 1, Personal Narratives of WWII: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 9. List of “Sisters Who Were Stationed in Hong Kong at the Beginning of World War II—Dec. 1942,” n.d., Folder 1, Box 1, Personal Narratives of WWII: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives; Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 56–59. 10. Sister Mary Clement, “Co-Prosperity and the New Order Comes to Hongkong,” p. 2. 216 / notes

11. Ibid., p. 6. 12. Philip Snow mentions that a Mr. Yamashita (who had been a barber before) assumed the tasks of supervising camp matters. Read Snow’s The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 133, 202. 13. Italics added. 14. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, “Stanley Civilian Internment Camp during Japanese Occupation,” in Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s, Cindy Yik-yi Chu, ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 139, 141. 15. Ibid., pp. 139–40. 16. Ibid., pp. 141–42. 17. “Asama Maru” is underlined in the original text, in this paragraph and in the following ones. 18. Italics added. 19. “Gripsholm” is underlined in the original text.

Chapter Seven Postwar Years, the 1950s, the Early 1960s, and Refugees 1. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 59; List of “Sisters Who Were Stationed in Hong Kong at the Beginning of World War II—Dec. 1942,” n.d., Folder 1, Box 1, Personal Narratives of WWII: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 2. Sister Mary Paul McKenna to Mother Mary Joseph Rogers, October 25, 1945, p. 1, Folder 9, Box 2, Regional Correspondence: South China, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 3. Personnel List, 1945, p. 12, Folder 3, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 4. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 60–62, 64–65. 5. Ibid., p. 86. 6. Ibid.; Cindy Chu Yik-yi, “Veteran Maryknoll Sister Looks Back at a Life of Growing Together,” Sunday Examiner, June 26, 2005, p. 11. 7. Quotations in this chapter are from: Folders 6–17, Box 31 (Hong Kong Diaries); Folders 1–8, Box 33 (Kowloon Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives. notes / 217

8. Personnel List, 1946, p. 11, Folder 3, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 9. T. D. Vaughan and D. J. Dwyer, “Some Aspects of Postwar Population Growth in Hong Kong,” Economic Geography Vol. 42, No. 1 (January 1966), p. 38; United Nations, General Assembly, Higher Commissioner’s Advisory Committee on Refugees, “Report by the High Commissioner Concerning the Question of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong,” March 19, 1953, p. 1; Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, p. 68. 10. United Nations, General Assembly, “Report by the High Commissioner Concerning the Question of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong,” p. 2. 11. Vaughan and Dwyer, “Some Aspects of Postwar Population Growth in Hong Kong,” p. 38. 12. Ibid., pp. 38–39. 13. Ibid., p. 39; United Nations, General Assembly, “Report by the High Commissioner Concerning the Question of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong,” p. 2. 14. Italics added. 15. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 63, 88, 104. 16. Vaughan and Dwyer, “Some Aspects of Postwar Population Growth in Hong Kong,” p. 39. 17. Ibid.; United Nations, General Assembly, “Report by the High Commissioner concerning the Question of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong,” p. 2. 18. Hong Kong Annual Report 1955 (Hong Kong: Government Printer, Government Press, February 1956), p. 20. 19. United Nations, General Assembly, “Report by the High Commissioner concerning the Question of Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong,” p. 3. 20. , Via Ports: From Hong Kong to Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1965), p. 155. 21. Ibid., pp. 154–55. 22. Personnel, 1932, p. 6; Personnel, 1933, p. 7; Personnel, 1934, p. 7; Personnel, 1935, p. 7; Personnel, 1936, p. 9; Personnel, 1937, p. 6; Folder 2, Box 2, Lists: Sisters Personnel, Maryknoll Mission Archives. 23. Xu Youwei, “Bai’E: Youdang zai Xiafeilu shang de yibang guhun” (White Russians: The Lonely Foreign Spirits Wandering on Xiafei Road), dang’an (Shanghai Archives) No. 5 (2002), pp. 52–54; Fang Jianchang, “Weimanzhouguo shiqi de Bai’E” (White Russians in 218 / notes

the Era of Manzhouguo), Heilongjiang shehui kexue (Heilongjiang Social Sciences) No. 6 (1997), pp. 66–70. For the White Russian com- munity in Shanghai, read Wang Zhicheng, Shanghai E’qiaoshi (A History of the Russian Émigré Community in Shanghai) (Shanghai: Joint Publishing Co, 1993). 24. Hu Yueh, “The Problem of the Hong Kong Refugees,” Asian Survey Vol. 2, No. 1 (March 1962), p. 36. 25. CO 1030/786 “Admission of White Russian Refugees into the ,” 1957–1959, Far Eastern Department file of correspondence, Public Records Office, Hong Kong. 26. For example, “Hongkong Refugee Problem to be Discussed,” China Mail, September 18, 1957; “HK’s White Russian Refugees: US Church Body Advances Funds to the UN,” China Mail, January 18, 1958; and “Wuguojie Bai’E nanmin di Gang shi xiji er qi” (White Russian Refugees, without National Status, Cried Upon Entering Hong Kong), Gongshang Ribao, December 28, 1962. 27. The correct Romanization might be “Umi No Hoshi Kai,” which means the Star of the Sea Group. 28. Read Report of [,] [,] Six Villages Fire Relief Committee (Hong Kong: Sham Shui Po[,] Shek Kip Mei[,] Six Villages Fire Relief Committee, 1954). 29. Italics added. 30. Report on the Riots in Kowloon and , October 10th to 12th, 1956, Together with Covering Despatch Dated the 23rd December, 1956, from the to the Secretary of State for the Colonies (Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1956), p. ii. 31. Italics added.

Chapter Eight Resettlement Areas in the 1950s and the 1960s 1. Hong Kong Annual Report 1955 (Hong Kong: Government Printer, Government Press, February 1956), p. 20. 2. Ibid., p. 1. 3. T. D. Vaughan and D. J. Dwyer, “Some Aspects of Postwar Population Growth in Hong Kong,” Economic Geography Vol. 42, No. 1 ( January 1966), p. 40. notes / 219

4. “The Emergency (Resettlement Areas) Regulations, 1952,” approved by the Legislative Council on June 11, 1952, pp. 1–3, Folder 2, Box 12: Assistance to Refugees, Section VI: Catholic Social Commitments, Hong Kong Catholic Diocesan Archives, Hong Kong. 5. Ibid., p. 3. 6. Hong Kong Annual Report 1954 (Hong Kong: Government Printer, March 1955), pp. 131–33; James Hayes, Friends & Teachers: Hong Kong and Its People 1953–87 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1996), pp. 57–58. 7. Quotations in this chapter are from: Folders 18–27, Box 31 (Hong Kong Diaries); Folders 1–14, Box 34 (Hong Kong Diaries), Diaries, Maryknoll Mission Archives, Maryknoll, New York. 8. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 69. 9. Hal Empson, Mapping Hong Kong: A Historical Atlas (Hong Kong: Government Information Services, 1992), pp. 184–85. 10. Sun Sun Map of Kowloon (Hong Kong: Sun Sun Co., 1966), Map Library, Hong Kong Central Library, Hong Kong. 11. Alan Smart, “From Tung Tau to Shek Kip Mei: Squatter Fires, Geopolitics and Housing Interventions in Hong Kong in the 1950s,” Occasional Paper No. 44, Centre for China Urban and Regional Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University (March 2004), p. 10. 12. For the origin and history of , read Elizabeth Sinn, “Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History,” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 27 (1987), pp. 30–45. 13. The Chairman of then was K. S. Kinghorn. “Extract from Urban Council Meeting,” August 4, 1964, HKRS 70–6–927 “King’s Park Development,” Public Records Office, Hong Kong. 14. “Homantin Squatters Start Move to New Homes,” South China Morning Post, October 23, 1964. 15. Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969, pp. 69–70. 16. Ibid., p. 79. 17. Empson, Mapping Hong Kong, pp. 186–87. 18. Arturo F. Gonzalez, Jr., The Dividing Line (Hong Kong: Dragonfly Books, 1962), p. 7. 19. John P. Burns, “Immigration from China and the Future of Hong Kong,” Asian Survey Vol. 27, No. 6 ( June 1987), p. 663. 20. Hong Kong: Report for the Year 1962 (Hong Kong: Government Press, 1963), p. 35. 220 / notes

Chapter Nine Conclusion 1. Hong Kong: Report for the Year 1969 (Hong Kong: Government Press, 1970), p. 214. 2. Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Catholic Directory and Year Book for the Year of Our Lord 1970 (Hong Kong: Catholic Truth Society, 1970), p. 29. 3. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 163 (Appendix I: Statistics on Maryknoll Sisters Who Were in Hong Kong from 1921 to 2004). 4. Ibid. 5. Cindy Yik-yi Chu, “Catholic Church between Two World Wars,” in Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s, Cindy Yik-yi Chu, ed. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 85–109; Chi-kwan Mark, “American ‘China Hands’ in the 1950s,” ibid., pp. 171–93. 6. Chu, “Catholic Church between Two World Wars,” p. 86. 7. Ibid. Bibliography

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Books An Ping and Lin Xingjiong, eds. Gang Jiu jianying (Sketches of Hong Kong and Kowloon). Hong Kong: Gang Jiu wenhua chuban gongsi, 1949. Banham, Tony. Not the Slightest Chance: The Defence of Hong Kong, 1941. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003. bibliography / 225

Bickers, Robert, and Christian Henriot, eds. New Frontiers: Imperialism’s New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Bloomfield, Frena. Scandals and Disasters of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1985. Chan Lau Kit-ching. China, Britain and Hong Kong, 1895–1945. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990. Chen Qian. Xianggang jiushi jianwenlu (Old Stories of Hong Kong). Hong Kong: Zhongyuan chubanshe, 1987. Chen Xin and Guo Zhikun, eds. Xianggang quanjilu (Illustrated Chronicle of Hong Kong) Vol. 1. Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju, 1997–1998. Chen Yongfa. Zhongguo Gongchan geming qishinian (The Seventy Years of the Chinese Communist Revolution), rev. ed. 2 vols. Taibei [Taipei]: Lianjing chubanshiye gongsi, 2001. Cheng Meibao and Zhao Yule, eds. Xianggangshi yanjiu lunzhu xuanji (Selected Essays on Hong Kong History). Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press, 1999. Cheng Tun-jen and Deborah A. Brown, eds. Religious Organizations and Democratization: Case Studies from Contemporary Asia. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2006. Chu, Cindy Yik-yi.The Maryknoll Sisters in Hong Kong, 1921–1969: In Love with the Chinese. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ———, ed. Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Clift, Winifred Lechmere. Looking On in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Messrs Kae Shean, 1927. Collins, Sir Charles. Public Administration in Hong Kong. London and New York: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1952; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1975. Davis, S. G. Hong Kong in Its Geographical Setting. London: Collins, 1949. Deng Zhongxia. Sheng Gang bagong gaiguan (An Overview of - Hong Kong Strikes). Guangzhou: Zhonghua quanguo zonggonghui Sheng Gang bagong weiyuanhui xuanchuanbu, 1926. Dries, Angelyn. The Movement in American Catholic History. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1998. Endacott, G. B. A History of Hong Kong, rev. ed. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1973. Endacott, G. B., and A. Hinton. Fragrant Harbour: A Short History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1962; reprint, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977. 226 / bibliography

Er Dong and Huang Jialiang. Jiu Xianggang (Old Hong Kong). Hong Kong: Wenxing tushu youxian gongsi, 2001. Faure, David. Colonialism and the Hong Kong Mentality. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong Press, 2003. Fok, K. C. Lectures on Hong Kong History: Hong Kong’s Role in Modern Chinese History. Hong Kong: Commercial Press, 1990. Fung Chi Ming. Reluctant Heroes: Rickshaw Pullers in Hong Kong and Canton, 1874–1954. Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Studies Series. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005. Gittins, Jean (Hotung). I Was at Stanley. Hong Kong: n.p., 1946. ———. Stanley: Behind Barbed Wire. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1982. Gleason, Gene. Tales of Hong Kong. London: Robert Hale, 1967. Gongren de huolu (The Life of Workers). Hong Kong: Gongren wenhuashe, 1948. Gonzalez, Arturo F., Jr. The Dividing Line. Hong Kong: Dragonfly Books, 1962. Grantham, Alexander. Via Ports: From Hong Kong to Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1965. Guan Lixiong. Rizhan shiqi de Xianggang (Hong Kong under Japanese Occupation). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., 1993. Hammond, Robert B. Bondservants of the Japanese. San Pedro, CA: Sheffield Press, 1943. Handyside, W. L. An Introductory History. Hong Kong: Newspaper Enterprise, 1935. Harland, Kathleen. The Royal Navy in Hong Kong, 1841–1980. Hong Kong: Royal Navy, 1980. Haslewood, Lt.-Comdr. & Mrs. H. L. Child Slavery in Hong Kong: The Mui Tsai System. London: Sheldon Press, 1930. Hayes, James. Friends & Teachers: Hong Kong and Its People 1953–87. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1996. Holborn, Louise W. Refugees: A Problem of Our Time: The Work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1951–1972. 2 vols. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975. Hong Kong: A Short History of the Colony and an Outline of the Present Political Situation in China, 3rd ed., rev. Hong Kong: Publicity Bureau for South China, 1928. Hong Kong Centenary Commemorative Talks 1841–1941. Hong Kong: World News Service, 1941. bibliography / 227

Lau, Y. W. A History of the Municipal Councils of Hong Kong, 1883–1999: From the Sanitary Board to the Urban Council and the Regional Council. Hong Kong: Leisure and Cultural Services Department, 2002. Lernoux, Penny. Hearts on Fire: The Story of the Maryknoll Sisters. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1993. Leung, Beatrice, and Shun-hing Chan. Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003. Li Jinwei, ed. Xianggang bainianshi (One Hundred Years of Hong Kong History). Hong Kong: Nanzhong bianyi chubanshe, 1948. Lin Youlan. Xianggang shihua (History of Hong Kong). Hong Kong: Xianggang Shanghai yinshuguan, 1978. Lindsay, Oliver. The Battle for Hong Kong 1941–1945: Hostage to Fortune. With the memories of John R. Harris and a foreword by Field Marshal Lord Bramall. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005. Liu Shuyong, ed. 20 shiji de Xianggang jingji (Hong Kong Economy in the 20th Century). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., 2004. Lu Jin. Jiulongchengzhai shihua (History of Kowloon Walled City). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., 1988. Marsman, Jan Henrik. I Escaped from Hong Kong. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1943. Poy, Vivienne. Building Bridges: The Life & Times of Richard Charles Lee: Hong Kong: 1905–1983. Scarborough, Ontario: Calyan Publishing, 1998. A Record of the Actions of the Hongkong Volunteer Defence Corps in the Battle for Hong Kong December, 1941. Hong Kong: Lawspeed, 1953. Ryan, Thomas F. The Story of a Hundred Years: The Pontifical Institute of Foreign Missions, (P.I.M.E.), in Hong Kong, 1858–1958. Hong Kong: Catholic Truth Society, 1959. Sala, Ida. History of Our Canossian Missions. 3 vols. Hong Kong: Canossian Missions, 1997–2003. Sewell, William G. Strange Harmony. London: Edinburgh House Press, 1947. Sinn, Elizabeth, ed. Between East and West: Aspects of Social and Political Development in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Centre of Asia Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1990. Snow, Philip. The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. 228 / bibliography

Topley, Marjorie, ed. Hong Kong: The Interaction of Traditions and Life in the Towns. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1975. Tsai, Jung-fang. Hong Kong in Chinese History: Community and Social Unrest in the British Colony, 1842–1913. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Tsang, Steve. A Modern History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004. Walsh, James A. Observations in the Orient. Ossining, NY: Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America, 1919. Wang Zhicheng. Shanghai E’qiaoshi (A History of the Russian Émigré Community in Shanghai). Shanghai: Joint Publishing Co, 1993. White, Barbara-Sue, ed. Hong Kong: Somewhere between Heaven and Earth: An Anthology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1996. Wiest, Jean-Paul. Maryknoll in China: A History, 1918–1955. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1988. Wong, Luke S. K., ed. Housing in Hong Kong: A Multi-Disciplinary Study. Hong Kong: Heinemann Educational Books (Asia), 1978. Wong Siu-Lun. Emigrant Entrepreneurs: Shanghai Industrialists in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988. Wood, Winifred A. A Brief History of Hongkong. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1940. Xiao Guojian. Jiulongcheng shi lunji (Studies on the Kowloon Walled City). Hong Kong: Xianchao shushi, 1987. Yi Tong, ed. Mapeng yuhuo jishi (Records on the Fire at the Racecourse). Hong Kong: n.p., 1918. Yuan Bangjian. Xianggang shilüe (A Brief History of Hong Kong). Hong Kong: Zhongliu chubanshe, 1987. Zhao Yule and Zhong Baoxian, eds. Jiulongcheng (). Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., 2001.

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Bell, Christopher M. “ ‘Our Most Exposed Outpost’: Hong Kong and British Far Eastern Strategy, 1921–1941.” Journal of Military History Vol. 60, No. 1 ( January 1996): 61–88. Benham, F. C. “The Growth of Manufacturing in Hong Kong.” International Affairs Vol. 32, No. 4 (October 1956): 456–63. Burns, John P. “Immigration from China and the Future of Hong Kong.” Asian Survey Vol. 27, No. 6 (June 1987): 661–82. Catron, Gary. “Hong Kong and Chinese Foreign Policy, 1955–60.” China Quarterly No. 51 (July/September 1972): 405–24. Chu, Cindy Yik-yi. “The Chinese Communists, Hong Kong, and the Sino- Japanese War.” American Journal of Chinese Studies Vol. 7, No. 2 (October 2000): 131–45. ———. “From the Pursuit of Converts to the Relief of Refugees: The Maryknoll Sisters in Twentieth-Century Hong Kong.” The Historian Vol. 65, No. 2, (Winter 2002): 353–76. ———. “Maryknoll Sisters in Twentieth-Century Hong Kong,” inChina Reconstructs, ed. Cindy Yik-yi Chu and Ricardo K. S. Mak, 179–99. Lanham: University Press of America, 2003. ———. “Veteran Maryknoll Sister Looks Back at a Life of Growing Together.” Sunday Examiner, June 26, 2005, 11. Clark, Trevor. “The Dickinson Report: An Account of the Background to, and Preparation of, the 1966 Working Group Report on Local Administration.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 37 (1997–1998): 1–17. Cooper, Eugene. “The Politicization of Chinese Craft Organization in Post World War II Hong Kong.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 18 (1978): 83–100. Dudley, Marion. “Hong Kong Prison Camp” (New York: n.p., 1942): 1–10. Emerson, Geoffrey Charles. “Behind Japanese Barbed Wire: Stanley Internment Camp, Hong Kong 1942–1945.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 17 (1977): 30–42. Fang Jianchang. “Weimanzhouguo shiqi de Bai’E” (White Russians in the Era of Manzhouguo). Heilongjiang shehui kexue (Heilongjiang Social Sciences) No. 6 (1997): 66–70. Faure, David. “Saikung, the Making of the District and Its Experience dur- ing World War II.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 22 (1982): 161–216. Fedorowich, Kent. “ ‘Cocked Hats and Swords and Small, Little Garrisons’: Britain, and the Fall of Hong Kong, 1941.” Modern Asian Studies Vol. 37, No. 1 (February 2003): 111–57. 230 / bibliography

Grantham, Sir Alexander. “Housing Hong Kong’s 600,000 Homeless.” Geographical Magazine Vol. 31, No. 12 (1959): 573–86. Hambro, Edvard. “Chinese Refugees in Hong Kong.” Phylon Quarterly Vol. 18, No. 1 (1st Quarter, 1957): 69–81. Harcourt, Sir Cecil. “The Military Administration of Hong Kong.” Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society Vol. 34 (1947): 7–18. Hayes, James. “A Short History of Military Volunteers in Hong Kong.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 11 (1971): 151–71. Hoadley, J. Stephen. “ ‘Hong Kong is the Lifeboat’: Notes on Political Culture and Socialization.” Journal of Oriental Studies Vol. 8, No. 1 (January 1970): 206–18. ———. “Political Participation of Hong Kong Chinese: Patterns and Trends.” Asian Survey Vol. 13, No. 6 (June 1973): 604–16. Hu Yueh. “The Problem of the Hong Kong Refugees.” Asian Survey Vol. 2, No. 1 (March 1962): 28–37. Hughes, R. H. “Hong Kong: An Urban Study.” Geographical Journal Vol. 117, No. 1 (March 1951): 1–23. Ip Iam Chong. “Yige weisheng chengshi de dansheng: Xianggang zaoqi gonggong fangwu de zhimin jiangou” (The Birth of a Sanitary City: The Colonial Formation of Hong Kong’s Early Public Housing). Chengshi yu sheji xuebao (Cities and Design) No. 13/14 (March 2003): 341–69. Johnson, Sheila K. “Hong Kong’s Resettled Squatters: A Statistical Analysis.” Asian Survey Vol. 6, No. 11 (November 1966): 643–56. Kirby, E. Stuart. “Hongkong Looks Ahead.” Pacific Affairs Vol. 22, No. 2 ( June 1949): 173–78. Knipp, Steven. “Great Wall of Hong Kong.” Far Eastern Economic Review (December 16, 1993): 36. Ko Tim-keung. “A Review of Development of Cemeteries in Hong Kong: 1841–1950.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol. 41 (2001): 241–80. Ku, Agnes S. “Immigration Policies, Discourses, and the Politics of Local Belonging in Hong Kong (1950–1980).” Modern China Vol. 30, No. 3 ( July 2004): 326–60. Lambert, David, and Philip Howell. “ and the Translation of ‘Slavery’ between Late Nineteenth-Century Barbados and Hong Kong.” History Workshop Journal Vol. 55, No. 1 (Spring 2003): 1–24. Larsen, Harold W. “Impressions of Postwar Currency Problems in Hongkong.” Pacific Affairs Vol. 19, No. 3 (September 1946): 285–90. Law Kam-yee and Cheung-wai Wong. “More Than a Primitive Imperialism: The Colonial Government and the Social Relief of bibliography / 231

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Africa, 2, 13, 123, 135, 141–2 107, 150, see also Milan priests; East Africa, 13, 123, 135, 141–2 Walsh,James Anthony,22, air raids, 11–12, 69–70, 72, 76–77, 82, 24–5, see also Maryknoll 87, 90, 100–3, 110–11, 113, 200 Fathers;Walsh,James Edward, Women’s Air-raid Protection 26, 58, see also Maryknoll Association, 11–12, 77 Fathers amahs, 5, 18–19, 22–4, 29, 32, 35, “Black Society,” see triads 37, 41, 64, 75, 80, 100, 106, 115, Boys and Girls Clubs, 148–50, 152 194, 199 Brazil, 156, 163, 166 American Club, 118 British, 1, 5–6, 10, 12, 14, 17, 19, 22, Americans, 1, 3–7, 10–13, 15–19, 52, 26, 28, 33, 60–1, 68–9, 77, 79–80, 77, 89–90, 92, 98–100, 117–18, 82–4, 86, 89–91, 93, 97–8, 103–4, 123, 125–7, 135, 137–40, 157, 106–8, 110, 112–13, 115–18, 121, 163, 166, 171, 182, 197–8, 202–7 124–5, 135, 137–8, 144, 156, 159, Asama Maru, 13, 109, 123, 134–5, 166, 171, 173, 181, 200–3, 205–6 139–40, 143 Asia, 2–3, 8, 49–50, 89–90, 97, 121, Canada, 2, 49, 77, 116 135, 200 Canadians, 6–7, 15–16, 98, 106, , 50, 77, 89, 91, 156, 166 114–16, 124, 134–5, 198, 205 auxiliary nurses, 100, 102–3 Canossian Sisters, 23, 25, 27 Carmel Monastery,50–51 Baptism, 23, 38, 49, 58, 74, 78–9, 93 Catholic Action, 71, 73, 75, 79 Convention (1860), 17 Catholic Relief Services (C.R.S.), 190 Bishops, 38, 52, 58, 60, 64, 66, 79, 88, Catholics, 1–3, 5, 8–9, 11, 15, 17–18, 94, 101, 107, 109, 118, 137–8, 22, 24, 38, 45, 52–3, 61, 66, 70, 150, 156, 174, 182 80, 90, 94, 107–9, 115–16, 125, Anglican; Hall, Ronald Owen, 88 138, 140, 149, 155, 161–2, 165, Catholic; Ford, Francis X., 18–19, 174, 177, 180–1, 184, 190, 195, 37, 66, 174, see also Maryknoll 197–8, 202–4, 206–7 Fathers; O’Gara, Cuthbert, children, 5–8, 11, 14–15, 18, 21, 28, 109, 118, 137–8; Paschang, 31, 40, 44–8, 51, 53, 61, 68, 70–1, Adolph J., 64, see also 73, 76, 78, 80–1, 83, 88–92, 100, Maryknoll Fathers;Valtorta, 106, 108–9, 111–12, 115, 125, Henry,38, 52, 60, 79, 94, 101, 130, 141–2, 148–53, 155–6, 234 / index children—Continued Manzhouguo (Manchukuo), 158–62, 164, 169, 174–5, 177–9, 84, 121, 152; Mukden 182–3, 186, 188–92, 195, 199, (Shenyang), 87, 154 201–2, 204, 208 Peking (Beijing), 166 China, 1, 8–12, 14–15, 17–19, 21, Shandong Province, 69;Weihaiwei, 27–8, 32, 37, 41, 43, 49–51, 55, 69 59, 61, 67–9, 74, 76–7, 84–5, Sichuan Province, 145; Chungking 87–8, 90, 94, 97–9, 121–2, 129, (Chongqing), 145 133–4, 143, 145, 149, 152–3, Tientsin (), 154, 166 162–9, 171, 173, 175, 177, 181, Chinese 191, 193, 195–6, 199–201, 203, Communists, 8, 10, 14, 18, 44, 145, 205 153, 159, 163–4, 166–9, 173, Fujian Province, 65–66, 168;Amoy 180, 188, 193, 196 (Xiamen), 65–66 dialects, 6, 8, 15, 18, 168–9, 173, Province, 12, 18, 23–5, 178, 206, 208; Cantonese 28, 33, 50, 55–6, 58–60, 67, 74, (Guangdonghua), 6, 18, 22, 30, 76–9, 84, 129, 134, 143, 145, 39, 52, 62, 106, 110, 138, 148, 168–9, 171, 173, 175, 195–6, 150, 172–5, 206, 210n17, 199–200, 203; Canton 215n12; Fukien (Fujian) (Guangzhou), 6, 12, 18, 22–5, dialect, 168; Hakka dialect 32–3, 50, 58, 76–8, 145, 173–5, (Kejiahua), 173; Mandarin 181, 200, 203, 206; Jiaying (Guoyu), 173–5; Swatonese (Meixian), 18, 55; Kongmoon (Shantouhua), 173 (Jiangmen), 50, 55–6, 59; Dragon Boat Festival, 38, 41 Luoding, 55, 143; Shenzhen funerals, 6, 10, 35–7, 41 River, 97; Shumchum Hakka (Kejia), 175 (Shenzhen), 77, 79, 97; Swatow laborers, 5, 10–11, 21–2, 28, (Shantou), 55, 60, 173; 33, 41, 44, 70, 88, Yeungkong (Yangjiang),12, 18, 199, 208 55, 74, 77, 78, 203 Moon Festival, 56–7, 151 Guangxi Province, 67, 84, 129, 143, National Day,164 168–9; Guilin, 129, 143; Nationalists, 10, 44, 163–4, 166–7, Wuzhou, 143 173, 179–81 Jiangsu Province, 55; Shanghai, 14, New Year (Lunar New Year),6, 12, 28, 36, 40, 50, 55, 71, 73, 86, 31–2, 37–9, 41, 51–2, 121, 138, 153, 200 58–9, 62, 71, 80, 145, 148, Nanjing, 17, 200 152, 158, 163, 178, Northeast of, 10, 14, 43, 49, 55, 183–4, 204 68–9, 84, 87, 99, 121, 152–3, temples, 6, 39, 41–2, 71 163, 175, 199; Dairen Ts’ing Ming (Qingming), 53 (Dalian), 55, 152, 154, wedding, 8, 10, 33, 41 156, 163; Fushun, 55, 87, Christian Brothers, see La Salle 152, 175; Harbin, 55; Christian Brothers index / 235

Christmas, 10, 12–13, 15, 26–7, , 49, 53, 59, 85, 115, 153 48, 62, 65–6, 71, 95, English, see British 106, 110–11, 113–14, 123–4, Europe, 2, 49–50, 60, 77, 83–4, 149–50, 152, 156, 158, 172, 87, 200 182–3, 200, 204 evacuations, 12, 77, 82–3, 92, 110, church buildings, 8–9, 18, 25, 27, 116–17, 127, 200 30–1, 35–6, 39, 52–3, 58, 60, 67, 74–5, 80, 85, 97, 100–3, 127, Field Afar,The,36 133–4, 141–2, 193, 202 Filipinas, 6–7, 15–16, 98, 123, 198, Cathedral of the Immaculate 204–5 Conception, 30–1, 53, 60 firecrackers, 6, 33, 37–8, 57–8, 71, 80, Church of St. Francis Xavier, 25 148 , 18, 25, 27, 35–6, fires, 5, 8, 14, 79–80, 93, 106–7, 39, 52, 74, 202 133–4, 145, 147–8, 155–6, St. Francis’ Church (St. Francis of 158, 160–1, 169, 172–3, Assisi Church), 134 176–8, 183, 191–2, St. John’s (Anglican) Cathedral, 133 201–2, 205 St.Teresa’s Church, 58, 60, 67, 75, first aid posts, 12, 85–7, 89–90, 80, 85, 97, 100–3, 127, 134 99–100, 102–3, 111 City Hall, 38 First World War (1914–1918), 9–10, clinics, 6–7, 118, 172, 177, 194 21, 199 Colgate Toothpaste Company,189 convents, 5, 11–15, 19, 31, 44–5, 47, Germans, 85–6, 162, 206 49, 54–6, 60–3, 66–7, 70–3, 75, Great Depression (1929), 10, 43, 199 81, 85, 87, 89–91, 93, 95, 98–102, “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity 105, 110, 123, 127–30, 134–5, Sphere,”121 143–4, 161, 165, 172–4, 176, 180, Great Proletarian Cultural 188, 190, 213n11 Revolution, 196 converts, 5, 10, 22–5, 30–1, 41, 70 Greeks, 14, 156

Dairy Farm, 55, 58 Happy Valley Cemetery,22, 24, 60, Danish, 14, 156 204 Denmark, 157, 162 H.K. & Whampoa Docks, 97 diseases, 14, 39, 69, 85, 98, 135–6, Holland, 157 194, 200 Holy Communion, 52, 60, 65–6, 74, “Dori” (toori), 129–30 101, 106, 111, 113, 125, Double Ten,163–4, 166–7, 179 174–5 Dutch, 98, 121, 125, 135, 156, 166 Holy Family Convent and Dispensary,134 education, 6–7, 9, 11, 14, 45, 59, 68, homes for the elderly,9, 23, 80, 81, 140, 145, 147, 157–8, 164–5, 88–9, 162, 205 168–9, 195, 197, 201, 203–7 St. Joseph’s Home for the see also schools Aged, 23 236 / index

Hong Kong , 36 Department of Resettlement, 172, Peak Road, 133–4, 155 178, 188 , 147–8 Government of, 5–6, 15, 21–3, Pokfulam, 83, 101, 106, 110, 113, 32–3, 45, 50, 69, 79–82, 85–6, 126, 195 92, 103, 112, 147, 149, 153, Po Yan Street, 147 155, 159, 167, 169, 172–3, Queen’s Road Central, 38 176–7, 180, 187, 191–3, 195, Repulse Bay,114, 130 199, 208 Rosary Hill, 84, 112, 116 Governors of, 31, 50, 82, 99, 149, Seymour Road, 63, 101, 132, 146 152, 164 Stanley,12–13, 50–1, 64–5, 68, industries, 2, 8–9, 21, 28, 182, 185, 98–9, 101–2, 106–10, 113, 115, 199, 201–2 117–18, 122–4, 126, 128–9, police, 31, 59, 76, 101, 103, 107, 135, 139, 143 114, 139, 141, 148–9, 151–2, , 84, 112, 116 155, 167–8, 177–8, 181, 188–9 , 147 population, 10, 14, 17–18, 49, 69, Upper Peak Road, 155 85, 122, 134, 144–5, 149, 165, Wah Ling Lane, 160 171–2, 195–6, 200–2, 205 Wanchai,159 Urban Council, 172, 181, 219n13 Hong Kong-Shanghai Bank, 121 , 10, 13–15, 17, 24, , 5–6, 9, 13, 15, 56, 63–4, 26, 30–1, 33, 35, 37–41, 44–7, 73–7, 79–80, 82–4, 90–1, 93, 99, 50–1, 61–4, 70, 72, 83–6, 91, 98, 101, 106–8, 110–17, 119, 123–4, 101, 103, 107, 109–110, 112–15, 126–7, 133–4, 137–8, 147–8, 121–2, 126–8, 130–1, 133, 143–4, 156–7, 160, 167–8, 175, 190–1, 155, 159, 164, 186, 191, 200 194–5 Aberdeen, 115 Alice Memorial Hospital, 91 , 14, 143–4, 155, Military 165–6 Hospital, 116 , 91 , 133–4 , 13–14, 30, 44–8, 51–3, Government Civil Hospital, 63 57, 60–3, 65–6, 70, 72, 91–3, , 167–8 98, 101, 109–10, 112, 117, , 79, 93 128–30, 132, 143–57, 159–65, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, 168 15, 194–5 central district, 36, 38, 58, 85, 121, Precious Blood Hospital, 90 133 Queen Mary Hospital, 13, 83, 101, Happy Valley,22, 24, 60, 131, 155, 106–8, 110–13, 116–17, 119, 166, 204 126–7, 195 Hospital Road, 63, 160 Rosary Hill Hospital, 116 , 157 St.Teresa’s Hospital (French Kennedy Road, 134 Hospital), 56, 84, 175 Mt. Davis, 110, 113–14 , 147–8, 160 index / 237

Indians, 5, 11, 36, 45–6, 50–1, 54, 68, , 18, 44–5, 47, 49, 83, 93, 106–7, 115, 124, 136, 166, 54–6, 60–2, 66–7, 181 202, 206 Boundary Street, 21–2, 25, 44–5, Hindus, 45–7 62, 65–7, 70–1, 73, 75–6, 81, Indochina (Indo-China), 21, 49–50, 85, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97–100, 110, 88, 140 123–4, 128, 135, 143, 145–6, Italy,89, 91 148, 168, 173, 190, 213n11, 214–15n11 , 2, 4, 8, 10–14, 43–4, 49–50, 53, , 18–19, 181 64, 68–70, 73, 76–7, 80–1, 83–4, , 173, 190 87, 90, 94–5, 97–100, 103–7, 110, , 181 112, 114–17, 121–9, 135–8, 141, Kimberly Road, 46 143–4, 152–4, 156–7, 165, 196, Kowloon City,25, 59, 134, 173, 199–202, 206 180–1, 190 Japanese occupation (1941–1945), 4, Kowloon City Road, 180–1 8, 12–13, 68, 94–5, 97–9, 110, ,10–11, 14–15, 122–3, 132, 144, 200–1 21–3, 44–5, 55, 65–6, 68, 70–2, Foreign Affairs Department, 121, 84, 97–9, 103–4, 106, 123, 127, 129–30 143–4, 150–1, 158, 167, 173, Japanese government, 129 176, 181, 190, 199 Japanese soldiers, 13–14, 43, 97, 99, Kowloon Walled City,173, 180–1 104–6, 110, 116–17, 122, , 101–2 123–8, 131, 133–4, 136, 143 , 17, 21 repatriations, 4, 12–13, 99, 109, 119, Mongkok, 97, 134 123, 129, 135–6, 139, 143 Nairn Road, 181 Shamshuipo Camp, 98, 106, , 73, 162, 181 134–5 Prince Edward Road, 25, 45–8, 51, Stanley Civilian Internment Camp, 55–6, 58–60, 67, 75, 79–80, 12–13, 98–99, 106–7, 109–10, 84–5, 97, 100, 102, 127, 134, 122, 124, 128–9, 134–5, 143 167–8, 173, 175, 214–15n11 Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), , 181 163–4 Shamshuipo, 90, 97–8, 106, 134–5 Shatin Pass Road, 194 , 81, 97, Shek Kip Mei, 158, 172 171–2, 190 , 101–2 Kowloon, 10–12, 14–15, 17, 19, 21, Tsimshatsui, 17, 25, 27, 35–6, 39, 25, 31–2, 34–5, 44, 46–7, 50, 44, 52, 74, 85, 97, 107, 147, 55–6, 59, 61–2, 81, 85, 90, 92, 202 97–9, 101–3, 106, 109–12, 121, Waterloo Road,22, 25, 44–5, 59, 130, 134, 147, 158, 163–6, 62, 66–7, 70–1, 75, 81, 93, 172–3, 179–81, 190, 193, 98–100, 123–4, 143–4, 165, 199–200, 202, 210n23 176–7, 180–1, 190, 213n11, Argyle Street, 84, 167–8, 181 214–15n11 238 / index

Kowloon—Continued Trube, Howard D., 174, 179 Yaumati,55–6, 79, 93, 97, 134 Walsh,James Anthony,22, 24–5; see Yuet Wa Gaai (Yuet Wah Street), also Bishops 195 Walsh,James Edward, 26, 58; see also Kowloon-Canton Railway,50, 181, Bishops 200 Maryknoll Sisters Kowloon Wharf, 97 Basto, Candida Maria, 52, 58–60, 106, 136, 212n20 Lane Crawford, 113 Beauvais, Joan Miriam, 59–60 language teachers, 5, 10, 22, 24–5, 29, Boyle, Monica Marie, 72 37, 41 Brachtesende, Mary Amata, 13, La Salle Christian Brothers, 74, 85, 109–11, 117 127–8, 136 Brielmaier, M.Ann Carol, 157, 166 Latin America, 2, 140 Cain, Mary de Ricci, 61, 65, Little Sisters of the Poor, 59, 89 111–12, 117, 129, 151 Lunar Calendar, 151, 159, 178 Carvalho, Cecilia Marie, 13, 52, 58, 87, 106, 122–3, 136, 166 Macau, 14, 143, 177 Cazale, Maria Petra, 176–7, 179, 193 Manila, 36, 53–4, 62, 86–7, 89, 91–2, Clements, Mary Famula, 99, 104, 137 106–7, 125–6, 128–9, 136, Maryknoll Fathers, 1, 18–19, 22, 41, 147–9, 151–4, 156–7, 160, 60, 64, 102, 108, 117, 137, 203–4 162–3 Cairns, Robert J., 22, 26, 37 Collins, M. Cornelia, 88 Daly,George M., 60 Coughlin, M. Patricia, 50, 56 Donnelly,Francis T., 104 Coupe, Mary Eucharista, 61, 63, 91, Donnelly,Patrick J., 104 111–12, 117–18 Downs,William J., 118 Cruickshank, Mary Cecilia, 48, 58 Duchesne, Paul J., 189 Cunningham, Henrietta Marie, 66, Edmonds, Stephen B., 187–8 118, 129 Feeney,Maurice A., 102–3, 105–6, Debrecht, Rose Duchesne, 144, 149 124–5, 127 de Felice, Rosemary,84, 92 Ford, Francis X., 18–19, 37, 66, 174; Diggins, M. John Karen (also Mary see also Bishops Diggins), 186, 188 Gilleran,Thomas F., 60 Dillon, Mary Catherine, 76, 213n14 Lavin, Joseph P., 47 Doherty,Rose Thomas, 157, 160–3 Malone,Thomas J., 174 Donnelly,M. St. Bernard, 51, 54, 66, Meyer, Bernard F., 108, 117 108–9 O’Melia,Thomas A., 66 Evans, M. Margaret Veronica, 144, Paschang,Adolph J., 64; see also 146–7, 166 Bishops Farrell,Ann Mary,52, 58, 66–7, Price,Thomas Frederick, 22, 24, 128–9 204 Foley,Mary Lawrence, 17, 24–6, Tennien,Mark A., 60 55–6 Toomey,Patrick C., 60 Froehlich, Mary Barbara, 17, 22 index / 239

Furey,M. Christella, 87, 118, 174 Reardon, M. Regina, 65–7, 71, 106, Gardner, Frances Marion, 13, 80, 137 123, 135–6 Reynolds, M. Camillus, 51–4, 63–4, Guerrieri,Antonia Maria, 183 72, 118 Guidera, M. Dominic, 51–2, 58–60 Riconda, M. Ruth, 52, 54 Heath, Maria Crucis, 167–8 Riehl, Moira, 185–6 Hock, Mary Augusta, 56 Rizzardi, Mary Gonzaga, 108, 118 Jacobsen, M. Patricia Francis, 157–9, Rogers, Mother Mary Joseph, 18, 163 20, 90, 93, 159–60 Jaramillo, Maria Corazon, 106, 136 Rost, Marie Corinne, 144 Jung, Margaret Marie, 183 Sheridan, Mary Imelda, 17, 23–4, Kane, Joseph Marie, 48, 51–52, 61, 152, 159–60, 166, 173–4, 118 179–80 Karlon, M. Madeleine Sophie, 183 Silva, M. Reginald, 56, 74, 86, Kelly,Mary St. Dominic, 106, 88–9 117–18, 129 Skehan, Rose Olive, 81, 137, 160 Kettl, M. Rosalia, 153, 175 Stapleton, Matthew Marie, 68, Kuper, Mary Augustine, 51–2, 61, 73–4, 80, 93 65, 91–2, 114 Tam, M. Bernadette, 60 Leifels, Mary Rose, 17, 74, 83–4 Tarpey,Mother Mary Columba, Leonard, M. Doretta, 174 165 Mahoney,Joseph Marian, 86 Teufel,Maryam, 166 Makra, Mary Lelia, 164–5 Thornton, Miriam Thomas, 87 Manning, Santa Maria, 12–13, 60, Unitas,Anthony Marie, 79, 86 66, 99, 108–10, 150 Urlacher, M. Magdalena, 75 McKenna, Mary Paul, 17–20, 23, Walsh,Mary Dorothy,59, 108–9, 25–6, 33, 46, 48, 52, 54–6, 129, 150, 180 59–60, 65–7, 73, 79, 82–3, 86, Weber, M. Rosalie, 45 88, 90, 92, 102, 104, 106, 109, Wilson, M. Edward 124, 128–30, 136, 138, 143, Marmion, 174 202–3 Xavier, M. Chanel, 60, 74, 98, 106, McNally,M. Ignatia, 176–9 112, 117, 136, 148 Mersinger, Rose Victor, 80, 83, Yeung,Maria Teresa, 58, 60, 71, 87–8, 159–60, 178–80 73–5, 79–80, 106, 123, 136 Meyer, M. Beatrice, 74 May 30th Incident (1925), 28 Miller, Marie James, 164–5 Milan priests, 22, 41 Moffat, Mary Monica, 17, 23–5, 33 De Angelis, Horace, 46 Mug, Miriam Xavier, 144, 160, 163–4 Granelli,Andrew,58, 101, 107 Murphy,Maria Regis, 111–12, 114, Orlando, Carmelo, 71, 101, 156, 117, 128–9 161–2 O’Hagan, M. Joan Catherine, 173–4 Riganti,Anthony,48 Quinlan, M. Liguori, 66, 86 Spada, John, 22–5, 27 Quinn, Mary Clement, 13, 51–2, Valtorta, Henry,38, 52, 60, 79, 94, 106, 122, 128–9 101, 107, 150; see also Bishops 240 / index military yen, 109, 132–3 Homantin, 181–2, 184 Murray Parade Ground, 98 King’s Park, 15, 172, 181–2, 184, 190, 193 Nanjing Treaty (1842), 17 , 15, 172, 190, 194 National Catholic Welfare Conference Kwun Tong,15, 172, 190–2, 194–5, (N.C.W.C.), 161, 182–3, 185, 189 202 , 17, 48, 55–6, 69, 76, Tung Tau Tsuen, 15, 172–4, 176, 79, 82, 84–5, 121–2, 193 180–1, 190 Castle Peak, 55–6 Wong Tai Sin, 15, 172–3, 182, Clearwater Bay,76 190–1, 194–5 Fanling, 48, 82, 84 riots, 5, 8, 14–15, 163–4, 166–7, 173, Lantao Island, 152 179–80, 196, 202 Kowloon Riots (1956), 14–15, orphanages, 9, 178–9 163–4, 173, 179–80, 202 Precious Blood Orphanage, 179 Rome, 53–4, 87, 197

Pearl Harbor, 97, 111, 121 Saigon, 135, 140–1 Peninsula Hotel, 107 schools, 6–7, 9–11, 14, 44–6, 53, 58–9, Polish, 14, 84, 154, 162, 205 61, 67–8, 112, 132, 165, 168–9, Portuguese, 1, 3, 6–7, 15–16, 19, 36, 190–1, 194, 201–3 44–5, 98, 106, 112, 123–4, 127, Central British School, 84 141–2, 166, 198, 205, 212n20 Holy Spirit School (Maryknoll Protestants, 109, 138, 195, 203, 206 School/Maryknoll Sisters School), 40, 44, 46–8, 51–2, Red Cross, 86, 103, 162 56–7, 59–62, 65, 70, 93, 98, refugees, 5–9, 11–12, 14–15, 69–71, 101, 107–10, 112, 117, 128–30, 77, 79–80, 84–5, 90, 94, 102, 137, 143–6, 155, 161, 164, 166 145, 148–9, 153–8, 162, 167–9, La Salle , 74, 84–5, 102–4, 171, 173–4, 176, 182, 184, 186–7, 106–7, 127, 134, 136 191–3, 195–6, 200–2, 205 Maryknoll Convent School, 10–11, relief services, 7–8, 15, 66, 69, 95, 22, 44–8, 51–3, 55–6, 65–7, 151–2, 158, 169, 176–7, 182, 187, 70–1, 73, 76, 83, 85, 93, 97–9, 189, 190, 195 123, 128, 135–6, 143, 145–6, clothes distribution, 15, 150–2, 151, 153, 158–9, 179–80, 190, 183–4 213n11, 214–15n11 food distribution, 9, 75, 124–5, 135, St. Joseph’s College, 134 161, 163, 168, 176–7, 183, 187 St. Stephen’s College, 98 rations, 108, 130, 132, 159, 168, 179 Seamen’s Strike (1922), 21, 27–33, 41, resettlement areas, 5–9, 15, 147, 158, 199 171–4, 181–2, 187, 191–3, 196, Second World War (1939–1945), 4–5, 202 7–8, 14–15, 22, 84, 89, 129, 144, Chai Wan,15, 172, 186–91, 202 171–2, 195–7, 201, 206–7 cottages, 172–3, 176, 181–2, 191 Selwyn-Clarke, Percy Selwyn, 103, estates, 15, 171–2, 190–3 114 index / 241

Siam (Thailand), 11, 49–50, 55 United States, 1–2, 4, 7, 47, 70, , 135, 141 77, 90, 92, 97, 109, 123, Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), 129, 135, 157, 166, 182, 10–11, 43–4, 69–70, 200 197–8, 206 social services, 5–7, 9, 169, 205, 207 Government of, 90, 92, 206 Society of Jesus (S.J.), 38, 59–60, 62, navy of, 157, 183 82, 101, 104, 113, 168, 182, New York,1, 4, 18, 49, 68, 93, 128, 212n28 204 Byrne,Thomas, 62 Cooney,Albert, 82 Vatican Council II (1962–1965),2 Joy,Patrick, 59 Victoria Harbor, 9, 17, 21–3, 27–8, O’Hara,A., 182 30–2, 39, 85, 97–8, 111, 121–2, Sullivan, Edmund, 101, 104 131, 134–5, 166, 195 Spanish Dominican Procuration, 63, 101 weather, 8, 9, 25, 29, 34, 37, Spanish Redemptorist Mission, 154 42, 54, 57, 70, 94, 118, 150, squatters, 15, 147, 149, 158, 161, 177, 183, 188 172–3, 181–2, 195, 201–2, 205 welfare centers, 6–7, 9, 155, 176, ,31, 35, 107, 133, 147 182, 184 St. John’s ambulance brigade, 12, White Russians, 14, 152–4, 156–7, 77–8, 86–7, 90, 100 162–3, 169, 205 St. Paul de Chartres Sisters, 30 women, 1–9, 11–13, 15, 18, 21–3, strikes (1925), 28, 36 25–6, 31, 39–40, 45–7, 60–1, 63, 67, 69–70, 75, 77–9, 83, 88–92, triads, 8, 97, 178, 180–1 104, 106, 109, 125–6, 131, 143, 146–7, 151, 154–6, 160–1, 163, United Nations (U.N.), 14, 153, 165, 168, 173–5, 178, 182, 190, 156–7, 162, 205 195–6, 198–9, 202, 205–8 United Nations International Refugee Organization Yen Ching University (Yanjing (U.N.I.R.O.), 157 University), 146–7