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Benthic Invertebrates of the Eastern Bering Sea: a Synopsis of the Life History and Ecology of the Sea Star Asterias Amurensis

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Benthic Invertebrates of the Eastern Bering Sea: a Synopsis of the Life History and Ecology of the Sea Star Asterias Amurensis NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-273 Benthic Invertebrates of the Eastern Bering Sea: A Synopsis of the Life History and Ecology of the Sea Star Asterias amurensis by K. R. Smith and C. E. Armistead U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center April 2014 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Smith, K. R., and C. E. Armistead. 2014. Benthic invertebrates of the eastern Bering Sea: A synopsis of the life history and ecology of the sea star Asterias amurensis. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-273, 60 p. Document available: http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Publications/AFSC-TM/NOAA-TM-AFSC-273.pdf Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Photo: J. Haaga (NMFS-NOAA-AFSC). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-273 Benthic Invertebrates of the Eastern Bering Sea: A Synopsis of the Life History and Ecology of the Sea Star Asterias amurensis by K. R. Smith and C. E. Armistead Alaska Fisheries Science Center Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Penny. S. Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Eileen Sobeck, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries April 2014 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov ABSTRACT Invertebrates constitute an important element in the benthic ecology on the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) continental shelf, playing an important part in the food web supporting not only the benthos, but commercially important demersal fish species as well. The asteroid species Asterias amurensis represents a major portion of the benthic invertebrate biomass over most of the shelf, but it is especially prevalent in the inshore domain out to about the 50 m isobath. The species is also native to coastal areas of the northwestern Pacific, including the Tatar Strait, eastern and western Sea of Japan, and the east coast of Japan. It is a predator upon numerous shelled mollusk species, as well as other invertebrates of limited motility, and is also an opportunistic scavenger. Asteroids appear to have few predators, and in food webs A. amurensis is a terminal consumer. It therefore competes with some commercially important demersal fish species, as well as commercially important invertebrates such as the king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. A possible mitigating circumstance in its ecological role is the large contribution to secondary production constituted by the release of potentially millions of eggs by each spawning female during the annual reproductive cycle. With its lack of susceptibility to predation, the species has proven a major threat to the ecological balance in areas where it is not native, but has been inadvertently introduced by such means as release of planktonic larvae in ballast water jettisoned by foreign ships in port; for example, in some coastal waters of southeastern Australia and Tasmania. Here native species of bivalves have proven especially vulnerable to the predator. This report presents a synopsis of the current knowledge of the life history and ecology of the species, including details of its distribution in the EBS based on maps showing abundance data from the annual bottom trawl surveys of fish and invertebrates on the EBS shelf conducted iii from 1983 to 2013 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division. The biological characterizations are from the available published literature and are based on observations of populations in the native or invaded ranges of the species. This is the second in a series of such Technical Memoranda published to provide information on invertebrate species significant to the ecology of commercially important demersal and benthic fish and invertebrates of the EBS. iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................2 Morphology ..................................................................................................................................3 Phylogeny .....................................................................................................................................4 Range ............................................................................................................................................4 DISTRIBUTION OF ASTERIAS AMURENSIS IN THE EBS ........................................................5 Methods ........................................................................................................................................5 Race Bottom Trawl Survey Design ..........................................................................................6 Abundance ....................................................................................................................................7 Maps .........................................................................................................................................9 Habitat Domains .....................................................................................................................10 Other Distribution Characteristics ..........................................................................................26 LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY ...............................................................................................29 Sources of Information ...............................................................................................................29 Reproduction ..............................................................................................................................30 Spawning Physiology and Ecology ........................................................................................30 Fecundity ................................................................................................................................33 Development ..............................................................................................................................33 Trophic Interactions ...................................................................................................................34 Prey .........................................................................................................................................34 Mortality .....................................................................................................................................39 Predators .................................................................................................................................39 Pathogens and Parasites ..........................................................................................................40 Defenses .................................................................................................................................40 Other Interactions with Trophic Web .....................................................................................40 Anthropogenic Interactions ........................................................................................................41 Fishing Effects ........................................................................................................................41 Ecological Portents .................................................................................................................43 Containing Colonization .........................................................................................................44 v Potential Biological Controls .................................................................................................45 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................48 CITATIONS ..................................................................................................................................49 vi INTRODUCTION The eastern Bering Sea (EBS) continental shelf is an important and productive ecosystem, comprising essential fish habitat for a number of commercially important fish and invertebrate species
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