INSTR.AW 9(9)

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2 INSTRAW: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE INSTRAW takes pride in its process of institution-building. 3 10 YEARS AFTER: NEW PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN Research, training and information activities have been the cornerstones of INSTRAW's work. 14 INSTRAW'S lOTH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION The Secretary-General and other members of the international community join in extending their congratulations. 16 SEVEN YEARS OF COLLABORATION WITH THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC The host country has made an invaluable contribution to INSTRAW. 17 BOARD APPROVES 1990-1991 WORK PROGRAMME Women, the environment and sustainable development is a new area for the Institute, as approved by its Board of Trustees. 18 8 MARCH 1990 INSTRAW Board of Trustees sends a message of solidarity to women everywhere. 22 IMPROVING THE SITUATION OF WOMEN Translating theory into practice is the task of INSTRAW, the "think tank" for new ideas about women in development. 26 STATISTICS OF WOMEN Meeting participants discuss part-time employment, household production and time use. 27 COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN The Commission appraises implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies and underlines further action.

Departments

1 EDITORIAL Continued solidarity will help women meet their goals of equality, development and peace. 28 WID ISSUES IN THE UN: THE DEBATE CONTINUES 31 NEWS FROM THE REGIONS 3 3 NEW IDEAS OUTSIDE THE UN SYSTEM 36 BOOKSHELF 38 BOOK NOTES 40 IN-HOUSE NEWS

Editorial Board: Dunja Pastizzi-Ferencic, Eleni Stamiris, Marie-Paul Aristy. Editor: Erica Meltzer. Contributors: Grace Bediako, Borjana Bulajich, Vera Gathright, Corazon Narvaez, Jeannie Pou, INSTRA W Tenth Anniversary logo Francia Senci6n, Leticia Vences. is based on an award-winning design Production and Distribution Team: Alfonso Chan, Magda Canals, Leticia Vences. by Marie Hanna Brunings. Lay-out: Nin6n de Saleme. Editorial

990 marks the tenth anniversary of policy-making by INSTRAW's Board of Trus· Blueprint tees. The international impetus which gave rise to the Mexico City women's con· for the 1ference in 1975 also led to the creation of the only research and training institute on the international level devoted specifically to the needs of women - INSTRAW. Future But as INSTRAW's first decade draws to a close, it is apparent that that impetus has only just begun -and must at all costs continue. The international economic crisis is tak· ing a severe toll on people's lives, as evidenced by the increasing feminization of poverty. About one-third of households headed by women are among the poorest of the poor, and all indicators are that the situation will only continue to deteriorate. INSTRAW believes that the human factor, and especially the crucial role of women in development, is of fundamental importance to restoring sustainable development with growth, equity and participation, and to seeing that human rights are observed and the environment kept healthy. Accordingly, INSTRAW advocates a change in current devel· opmental thinking by introducing new systems of conceptual analysis, data collection, and research and training methodologies. In co-operation with other United Nations bod· ies, and as described in this special tenth anniversary issue of INSTRA W News, we have helped produce innovative development strategies and made significant breakthroughs in measuring and giving value to women's work in the informal sector. Monitoring develop· mental trends and their interrelationship with the position of women is another of our major tasks, which has resulted in a series of studies and a book, Women in the World Economy, analysing the interlinkages between the macro and micro levels of the economy and their impact on women's role. INSTRAW continues to assess the old, and elaborate new, policies and strategies of development at the international and national levels in order to promote growth by paying attention to the economic potential of the vulnerable -the main message of the women's movement. Strengthening linkages between mainstream development and the position of women is a demanding task that involves changing devel· opmental knowledge and practices through a continuous learning process and interaction among countries and regions. Today, the changing developmental context of the 1990s calls for more research, more training and more information to acknowledge women's crucial contribution to development and to bridge the existing gap between the position of women and devel­ opmental practices at all levels. Therefore, INSTRAW has also developed new training methodologies aimed at alleviating the plight of women as they deal on a daily basis with tainted water supply and long hours of hauling water and firewood to cope with basic household needs. Our training activities are designed to be an integral part of changes in mainstream development which should value women's actual and potential contribution. INSTRAW has been able to accomplish its labours over the past 10 years thanks to the assistance of numerous organizations and individuals. We are especially grateful to all Governments who have provided political and financial support, and to the Government of the Dominican Republic, the host country. The Institute's existence would also not have been possible without the continuing c~·operation of our Board of Trustees; the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the United Nations Secretariat, regional commis­ sions and other United Nations bodies and agencies; non-governmental organizations; research institutes; and the focal points who represent us in 30 countries. But the time has come to go beyond advocacy and consciousness-raising in order to promote pragmatic developmental action for the benefit of women and their families in developing countries. To that end, we at INSTRAW intend to continue our co-operation with the international community as well as our contribution to an increased solidarity between North and South. It is our hope that this solidarity will help ease the negative effects of the crisis on women. As it looks forward to the next decade of striving to incorporate women in the mainstream of development, INSTRAW thanks its many collaborators and counts on their continued support to make the year 2000 a milestone for women.

Dunja Pastizzi-Ferencic, INSTRA W Director. INSTRAW: ti (Q) A Historical Perspective

INSTRAW celebrates its tenth an­ new headquarters in Santo Domingo, community for years to come. It should niversary in 1990, which marks the Dominican Republic -provided by the be noted, however, that INSTRA W's in­ tenth sessiol'! of its Board of Trustees. host country- were inaugurated. By novative approach actually anticipated But its history goes back to 1975, the time the year was out, the Instit­ the Strategies. when the General Assembly of the ute, operating with a barebones staff In Nairobi, INSTRAW organized United Nations adopted a resolution and minimal financial resources (some two workshops: one on women and calling for the creation of a research $296,400 had been pledged by Member the Water Decade, and the other on and training institute dedicated to States for 1983), had already embark-. trends in research on women and integrating women in development ed on a number of activities in areas development issues. Staff members ran (WID) and to pursuing programmes for that would become its hallmark. an information booth, gave radio inter­ the formulation of development strate­ The year 1984 brought recognition views to the international press and gies that would further the advance­ to INSTRAW in several areas. The showed the Institute's new 10-minute ment of wo:nen. That resolution was first issue of INSTRA W News ap­ film, entitled "Women-Dynamic Di­ based on a recommendation of the peared in March; that May, the Econo­ mension in Development" . Three pos­ World Conference of the International mic and Social Council (ECOSOC) ters by Dominican painters were also Women's Year in Mexico City, 1975, approved the Institute's Statute, which produced for sale. and it reconfirmed the role of the Uni­ was adopted by the General Assembly The conference was the high point ted Nations as the greatest umbrella in the fall. In September, an interna­ of a year in which the tempo of organization for international move­ tionally publicized competition for INSTRAW activities quickened, with ments of women. design of the INSTRAW logo resulted the Institute holding a continuous INSTRAW's mandate and structure in the selection of an emblem compris­ series of international meetings and are clearly spelled out in its Statute, ing the female symbol (a circle with a consultations. In June 1985, INSTRAW which formalizes its status as an auto­ cross below it) surrounded by the was honoured by a visit from the Se­ nomous institute of the United Nations United Nations' semicircular olive cretary-General, Javier Perez de Cuellar. (see supplement to this issue). Basical­ branch. In 1987 -in the course of just three ly, it acts as a catalyst to promote the Pledges to INSTRAW nearly dou­ years- pledges to INSTRAW again full participation of women - especially bled in two years. For 1984, about doubled: for 1988, $827,857 was in developing countries- in all aspects $458,300 was committed by 18 coun­ promised by Member States and other of development through research, train­ tries -12 more than in 1982. sources, which aiso enabled the Insti­ ing and the exchange of information. tute to set up a financial reserve- one 1985 and the Nairobi Conference: The Institute works through existing of the few United Nations bodies to networks of other United Nations A Milestone Year for do so . A further 45 per cent increase bodie,s, women's organizations, research INSTRAW and Women in pledges was reported between 1988 institutes and non-governmental organi­ and 1989. zations (NGOs), as well as by establish­ July 1985 : The World Conference INSTRAW's draft medium-term ing national "focal points" through­ to Review and Appraise the Achieve­ plan for 1990-1995 was endorsed by the out the world. It carries out and analy­ ments of the United Nations Decade Board of Trustees in 1987 and approved ses research, organizes training seminars for Women opens in Nairobi, Kenya. in its final form in 1989 (see sidebar). and workshops and disseminates the At this monumental gathering of some Eight years of INSTRAW substant­ results (see accompanying article). 17 ,000 women from all over the world, ive programmes - and 10 years of deci­ The Institute's early years were INSTRAW participates actively : It sion-making by its Board of Trustees­ spent in small offices at United Nations witnesses the process of formulating are thus over. At the start of the 1~90s, Headquarters in New York, awaiting the Forward-looking Strategies for the INSTRAW's second decade, the Insti­ the establishment of suitable premises Advancement of Women to the Year tute stands poised to embark on new and laying the administrative, person­ 2000, the major document to come out and continuing endeavours that will nel and financial groundwork for its of the conference and which determines bring women world-wide closer to their operations. On 11 August 1983, its the direction to be taken by the WID shared goals. a

2 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRA W News 14 INSTRAW 10 YEARS AFTER: New Partnership Between Women and Men

The emerging field of women and development -inherently complex and diverse- requires an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural approach. Research, training and information are the three intertwined and mutually supportive pillars ofINSTRA W's work programme. Over the years, that programme has maintained its consistency while evolving into a framework organized around five programmatic "clusters": statistics, indicators and data on women; research for policy design; sectoral issues; training and production oftraining material on women and development; and network build~ng. Most research programmes have a training component and most training programmes incorporate research results (see sidebar on INSTRA Ws medium-term plan).

Statistical Research on Women:

tatistics on women has been one ing and implementing their program­ In 1982, the Institute completed of the keystones of INSTRAW's mes for collecting, disseminating and one of its first activities on statistics, S work programme since its analysing statistics, and research and preparing and publishing two reports inception. Recommendations of the development of concepts and methods designed to provide technical guidance 197 5 women's conference in Mexico needed for obtaining reliable, timely to producers and users of statistics on City - later echoed by the Economic and comprehensive statistics and indi­ women at the national, regional and and Social Council and the General cators. international levels. The first, on Assembly of the United Nations­ Overall, INSTRAW's work in the Compiling Social Indicators on the Si­ recognized the pivotal role that could field of women-related statistics and tuation of Women, was a state-of-the­ be played by adequate statistics and indicators has pointed to the need to art review of existing concepts, data data compilation on women in improv­ redefine women's economic activities sources and uses for indicators, cover­ ing their situation and reshaping devel­ - particularly in the informal sector­ ing economic activity and labour force opment policy. This has been proven which include the problem of measure­ participation, literacy and education, over and over again as INSTRAW 's ment, employment, status of unpaid · household and family. research and training in statistics is grad­ family workers, reference period and The second publication, Improving ually translated into new strategies that rural activities. It has demonstrated Concepts and Methods for Statistics have a direct bearing on women's lives. that research and training should and Indicators on the Situation of The Institute's early work on statis­ concentrate on building up the exist­ Women, analysed the conceptual and tics focused on how to improve the ing conceptual framework, classifica­ methodological problems in making availability and promote the use at the tions and definitions and should con­ data on the conditions of women more ·national and international levels of tribute to a better compilation and relevant over the longer term. Recom­ indicators and related basic statistics analysis of statistics and indicators on mendations were given on all of the concerning women, with special ref­ the situation of women. The work was abovementioned areas, as well as on erence to women's role in all aspects of done with the invaluable and contin­ income and status differentiation and economic and social development. It uous co-operation of the United Na­ mobility. includes the selection, specification, tions Statistical Office and support of The documents have been widely compilation and analysis of statistics the International Labour Organisation distributed and used in statistical and indicators at the international, (ILO), regional commissions and other training workshops by United Nations level, assistance to countries in develop- United Nations bodies. organizations and others were prepared

INSTRA W News 14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY 3 - in close colb horation with the United Breakthrough lation of WID policy analysis, planning Nations Staristical Office. on the Informal Sector and programming. ln view of the lnstitute's long-stand­ With this encouragement, INSTRAW ing commitmrnt to redress the posi­ Statistical research progressed signi­ proceeded in 1987 to expand its pro­ tion of women and document their ficantly following an expert group gramme of activities de•1oted specifical­ share in economic and social develop­ meeting in Santo Domingo, October ly to clarifying women's role and con­ ment, it has worked hard to establish 1986. At that meeting, INSTRAW was tribution to the informal sector, as a sound foundation for producing the directed to review work on the ongoing well as contributing to the revision necessary objective evidence base on revision of the United Nations System of international classifications (see adequate data. of National Accounts (SNA) and relat­ INST RAW News No. 12). Women in Economic Activity: A ed international classifications. The In May 1987, the Institute presented Global Statistical Survey ( 1950-2000) Institute also prepared four substantive a paper to an informal meeting on was INST RAW 's first major effort to papers, which concerned the following women's statistics convened by the that end. Published jointly with the topics: Economic Commission for Europe !LO in 1985, it surveys women's - measuring and valuing women's (ECE) in Geneva on Measuring Women's economic activity by geographical and participation in the informal sector of Contribution to Household Income: economic regions as well as by coun­ the economy; Conceptual and Methodological Prob­ try, and represents the first step - improving statistics and indicators lems. The meeting reiterated the need towards bringing under one cover the on women using household surveys; for conceptual clarification concerning latest information and data on the - women in the informal sector in the informal sector because of that subject for policy makers and the gene­ Latin America: methodological issues; sector's importance for the measure­ ral public. This document was distribu­ and ment of women's activities and the ted at the Nairobi conference, and - development of statistics and in­ need to produce monetary estimates continues to be regarded as a landmark dicators on the economic situation of for household activities. Such estima­ in its field. women. tes could be included in an "extended The Institute's statistical work pro­ The Expert Group concluded that gross national product" concept, with­ ceeded energetically. A meeting on sta­ the reports made an "outstanding tech­ out modifying existing boundaries of tistics and indicators on the role and nical contribution" to the improvement the SNA. situation of women was held in Gene­ and application of statistics and indica­ A new project on "Improving Afri­ va, March 1985, in co-operation with tors on WID. "Never before," they can Women's Role in Informal Sector the Economic Commission for Europe said, "have measurement concepts Production and Management" was (ECE), setting the foundations for been analysed in such depth to test undertaken in 1988, with the collabo­ INSTRAW's future work. Participants their viability to include the economic ration of several United Nations orga­ identified areas and issues requiring contribution of women." The Group nizations (see story, p. 25 ). Four pro­ further work, including methods for found that activities commonly under­ ject countries -the Gambia, Zambia, assigning socio-economic positions to taken by women, particularly in deve­ Burkina Faso and the Congo- were women living in different situations; loping countries, and their contribu­ chosen and the first data collection development of a multi-dimensional tions to development, were overlooked missions made. Eventually, this project economic activity concept describing or aggregated in such broad groups as will entail pilot project reports on data how individuals spend their time on to become invisible or treated in a compilation in each country; technical more than one activity; social mobility biased way. INSTRAW accordingly handbooks; and the holding of two studies; problems in the collection of began preparing position papers on regional and four national workshops. data on attitudes and feelings through changes to be recommended in the In­ Another INSTRAW research pro­ sample surveys; statistics on victims of ternational Standard Classification of ject, a statistical data base on mid-life criminal offences and violence; and Occupations (ISCO), the Standard In­ and older women, which had been power and influence of women in so­ dustrial Classification of All Economic initially developed in 1987, was used ciety, among others. Activities (ISIC) and sectors of the the following year as the major input INSTRAW has also participated in economy such as household and for the Consultative Group Meeting the long-term research project of the general government. on Midlife and Older Women in Latin United Nations University on house­ Moreover, the General Assembly, America and the Caribbean: Current hold, gender and age. The project re­ after reviewing a report of INSTRAW's Situation and Policy Implications flected new research trends and used work in 1986, expressed its satisfaction (Washington, October 1988). The In­ multiple research instruments to gather at the "significance and scope of the stitute prepared two papers for this a comprehensive view of women in activities of INSTRAW", particularly meeting, one on women of mature age their changing social and economic as related to statistics and indicators in Latin America, which summarized settings. on women and training for the formu- the main findings of the data base, and

4 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRA W News 14 the other on problems of data collec­ analysis of the situation of women in gender-biased terminology and m1m­ tion and research on mid-life and older the labour market through household surveys undertaken to cover areas such women. The latter presented the need surveys, and ~tressed the need for a as free trade zone workers, domestic to set up a new conceptual framework new methodology. servants, home-based women workers for innovative data gathering on Also in 1985, a one-week national and single parents. They also recom­ elderly women. training workshop was held in the mended sensitization of all organiza­ INSTRAW's statistical research con­ Dominican Republic (May) to test tions involved in women's issues to use tinued to be a top priority in 1989, INSTRAW's trammg methodology. all available gender-specific data and garnering broad international recogni­ The training material was drawn from indicators in designing, implementing tion. The Institute presented papers on the Institute 's earlier publications on and disseminating their programmes. revising the SNA, came out with the statistics and paved the way for its Two more national training work­ first analytical results of its case studies shift from conventional to innovative shops, and one sub-regional workshop, in the informal sector of nine develop­ training techniques. were held in 1988: in China, Greece ing countries and provided input for Three training workshops took and Costa Rica, respectively. The most three major United Nations publica­ place in 1986: one at the subregional frequently echoed recommendations tions. Other related activities of level, for the Caribbean Community included the need to revise concepts, INSTRAW in 1989 include: (CARICOM) countries (Barbados, July) definitions and methodologies; to eli­ - preparation of a technical paper and the first of its type in CARICOM, minate gender bias from upcoming on measuring women's work for an and two at the national level, in Nige­ census questionnaires; and to enhance ECE/INSTRAW joint meeting on statis­ ria and Pakistan (August and Novem­ dialogue between statistics users and tics on women (Geneva, November; ber, respectively). In general, partici­ producers. see story, p. 26); pants urged that greater attention be In Beijing (June), participants urged - continuation of missions and case given to women's participation in the the incorporation of more qualitative studies regarding women in the infor­ labour force, especially in the agricul­ indicators --such as marital, health and mal sector in Africa; and tural sector and the household econo­ nutritional status, mortality and its - presentations of its work on the my. They also underscored the impor­ causes, educational level, political parti­ statistical data base on aging women tance of cross tabulations and disag­ cipation and labour protection. The in Latin America. gregations of variables by sex and mari­ workshop in Athens (October) called tal status. More focus was needed on for the establishment of priorities Statistical Training Turns the daily lives of women, particularly in data collection, highlighting such Research Findings into Practice those aspects that had previously been groups as home-based workers, single hidden under the clouds of tradition women households, women migrant INSTRAW's training work on statis­ and custom. The staff of national sta­ workers and unequal remuneration in tics draws heavily on the lnstitute's tistical offices should also be trained the chemical, pharmaceutical, shoe analysis and redefinition of the econo­ to perceive the general paucity and bias and leather industries. In San Jos~ mic activities of women. In total, the of data on women and how it affected (December), on the other hand, users Institute has organized numerous train­ development planning and program­ asked that attention be paid to the ing workshops over the years as part ming. conditions and causes of migration and of its statistics programme. A com­ to the elaboration of better life-cycle mon objective has been to initiate or Workshops Stress and time use surveys. strengthen dialogue between producers Sex Disaggregation, Another three national training and users, taking into account national Time Use Surveys workshops on statistics were held in and regional specificities. The work­ 1989: in Senegal (June), India (July) shops followed the participatory meth­ INSTRAW continued translating its and Ecuador (November-December). odological approach. In co-operation research on statistics into useful train­ Common topics included the adequacy with the United Nations Statistical ing programmes, holding two national of data collection methods and con­ Office, it has also prepared relevant training workshops in 1987. Recom­ cepts; identification of data sources training materials and manuals based endations emanating from Indonesia and needs; and strategies for compiling on its research. (October) called for regular meetings and using statistics and indicators on Two subregional seminars were held between users and producers; disaggre­ women and development. in 1985. The first (Harare, April-May) gation of data collection, processing In Senegal, participants recom­ touched on problems in current me­ and analysis by sex; and micro studies mended the creation of a government thods of collecting, analysing and eval­ on the topic of domestic work and statistical department to centralize and uating data on women's activities, and voluntary activities by women. In Sri analyse data on women and eventually suggested solutions. The second (Mon­ Lanka (October), participants added to establish a women's data bank. They tevideo, June) focused on statistical that modifications should be made to also requested special surveys on such

INSTRA W News 14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY 5 - areas of the informal sector as dress­ of female/adolescent children, and determine the percentage of women making and subsistence farming. In urged that the concept of household working in the informal sector, and India, they said a study should be com­ should be changed to reflect the house­ specifically to value women's contri­ missioned, among other things, to hold as an economic unit. The Ecua­ bution to society through domestic generate new statistics on the status dor workshop proposed variables to work.a

Policv Design

esearch for policy design con­ all sectors -industry, agriculture, ser· projects, in order to secure proper use cerned with women and devel­ vices, technology, trade and fiscal poli­ of human resources. R, opment is a cluster of program­ cies- some similarities are evident, The workplan "Women and South­ me activities of INSTRAW that grew they show that the social impact of South Co-operation -Bridge to the out of the Institute's mandate to international changes remains largely Mainstream," was published in 1988 monitor the current debate on develop­ unexplored. The work of the Institute by the Centre for International Co­ ment and international economic has contributed to a new field of know­ operation and Development and the co-operation. It started with a focus ledge that might eventually demargina­ Zimbabwe Institute of Development on women and the world economy and lize women's concerns by bringing Studies as the result of their co-opera­ the self-reliance of developing coun­ them into the mainstream of develop­ tion with INSTRAW. tries, and now encompasses such other ment at all levels. INSTRAW published the recom­ areas as women's access to credit, wom­ INSTRAW is also mandated to give mendations of an interregional semi­ en and technology and alternative special attention to women in develop­ nar on the Incorporation of Women approaches to development. ing countries, emphasizing the princi­ into Development Planning (Santo In 1984 INSTRAW began a series ples of individual and collective self­ Domingo, December 1983). Among of research studies on the role of reliance of developing countries, Ac­ the proposals were that methodologies women in international economic rela· cordingly, the Institute in 1984 pre­ to overcome obstacles to including tions and related topics, including food pared a study on "The principle of self­ women in development planning should and agriculture, industrialization, reliance and the developmental role view the development process not choice of transfer of technology, trade, and status of women in developing simply as economic but also as a social, money and finance and their impact countries," which served as the basis cultural and political process. National on the role and status of women. The for a chapter in The World Survey on machineries for women should be studies concentrate on the analysis of the Role of Women in Development, strengthened, and they should be lo­ interlinkages between macro and mi­ published by the United Nations in cated at central levels of the plan­ cro economies and were undertaken in 1985. ning framewod<.. More data were need­ collaboration with a number of inter­ Integration of Women in Develop­ ed to ensure that developmental pro· nationally renowned academic and ment through Technical Cooperation gramming reflects various aspects of research institutions along with other among Developing Countries (TCDC) women 's lives, and women should be United Nations agencies. was the title of one of INSTRAW's first trained as planners and decision The series was finalized in 1985 on publications. It provides an overview makers. the basis of revisions made by a high­ of areas in which integration of women That seminar was followed by ano­ level expert consultative meeting (Ge· through TCDC can be achieved. Most ther -this time on a regional basis-on neva, October) and synthesized and TCDC activities covering women, the the role of women in the development published in 1987 under the title, report found, were concentrated in planning process (Santiago, Chile, Oct­ Women in the World Economy. The rural development and education, ober-November 1985). Participants studies highlight the effect of the in­ whereas areas such as community discussed the social situation of wom­ ternational context on the economic development, employment, migration, en; women in the development process lives of women everywhere. Changes health, industrialization, energy, science in Latin America and the Caribbean; in international markets have interacted and technology should be more fully women's involvement in the process of with sexually divided patterns of acti­ integrated in the TCDC process. The planning and formulating public poli­ vity to produce differential effects by publication also suggested the elabora­ cies; and the situation of women in the sector and by region on men's and tion of planning techniques for includ­ elaboration of programmes and pro­ women's economic position. While in ing women in TCDC programmes and jects.

6 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRAW News 14 Credit, Technology, Women's access to credit is another garia, June 1988), the proceedings of Co-operatives Studied of INSTRAW's policy research areas which were published in 1990. Discuss­ that began in 1987 and continues to ions focused on regional experiences One of the outcomes of the Women's the present. Case studies on women's in the co-operative approach to deve­ Decade had been the preparation and access to credit in Latin Amerir.:-. and lopment, women's involvement in the adoption of guidelines and check-lists the Dominican Republic, Ghana and international co-operative movement, for WID planning, programming and Malaysia were prepared, covering such organizational and managerial aspects. monitoring tools for ensuring women's aspects as the "invisible" worker, the Policy guidelines were prepared for participation in development program­ role of women's income in poor house­ long-term action to enhance women's mes, tracking the extent and level of holds, obstacles to extending institu­ participation in co-operatives. that participation and evaluating the tional credit facilities, the informal In recent years, INSTRAW has ex­ programmes' impact on the role and sector as a source of credit and recom­ perienced a growing demand for it to status of women. These guidelines mendations for the policy and project organize, co-sponsor and participate were initially reviewed at a meeting levels. with relevant contributions to regional in Helsinki (October 1985), in co­ INSTRAW in 1987 synthesized ear­ and national training seminars devoted operation with the Food and Agricul­ lier work on yet another policy design to alternative approaches to women ture Organization (FAO) and the In­ programme, related to women and and development. Last year it conti­ stitute of Development Studies of the technology. The resulting publications nued its efforts to develop a sound University of Helsinki. -"Choice of technology for women: methodological framework that would FAO and INSTRAW later co-spon­ theories and realities" and "Women's link women's issues with alternative sored a regional training seminar for access to technology: myths and reali­ approaches to mainstream models of Asia and the Pacific (Dhaka, Bangla­ ties"- cover trends in women and tech­ economic growth and social progress. desh, August 1986) to produce pro­ nological development based on con­ With that objective, it organized a totype guidelines and check-lists for ceptual insights from the United Na­ training seminar on women, population use at the country level (see INSTRA W tions Decade for Women. They also and development in collaboration with News No. 7). The seminar was aimed contain state-of-the-art reports do­ the United Nations Population Fund at developing participants' capabilities cumenting the linkages of women with (UNFPA) (Santo Domingo, May 1989); to identify and incorporate women's available technological options raising a subregional seminar entitled "Post­ concerns in the development of the the question: "What choice of techno­ Nairobi Alternative Approaches" (San­ rural sector, with emphasis on their logy for women?" to Domingo, July 1989); and a work­ contribution to agricultural and food Women's role in co-operatives was shop on "Alternative economic analy­ production/self-sufficiency program­ examined at an INSTRAW interregio­ sis for women" (Athens, August mes. nal consultative meeting (Plovdiv, Bui- 1989).o

Sectoral Issu s

n important cluster of on the state of the environment and. by developing countries, the dilemma INSTRAW's work programme sustainable development. In 1983 the is compounded, as not only women's A is to consider the specific role Institute prepared a report on its role lives but the general development pro­ of women in particular sectors of de­ in implementing women-and-energy­ cess is negatively affected. velopment, such as water supply and related aspects of the Nairobi Plan of An expert group meeting on the sanitation (WSS), food and agriculture, Action, which grew out of the United role ofwomen in NRSE, which empha­ industry, and new and renewable sour­ Nations' Nairobi conference in 1981 sized the steps needed to incorporate ces of energy (NRSE). This is done in on NRSE. The Plan recognized the women in the development and use of close co-operation with relevant United special burden of women as producers biomass, hydropower, solar, wind, geo­ Nations bodies and with Governments and users of energy, particularly in thermal and other new energy sources, and GNOs. rural areas. Women are mainly respon­ was held at INSTRAW headquarters Women and energy has been of sible for household fuel collection, in 1985. The Institute followed up by interest to INSTRAW since its incep­ preparation and use -chores low in pro­ developing a prototype modular train­ tion (see INSTRA W News No. 10), ductivity and high in time consumption. ing package_ on women and NRSE, and is particularly relevant now given With the world-wide energy crisis and finalized in 1988. Last year it comple­ the world-wide attention being focused the resultant reduction in energy use ted the second phase of a project to

INSTRA W News 14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY 7 - test that package, convening a regional opmental acnvmes aimed at produc­ English and French), and covers water training seminar (Addis Ababa, Octo­ ing income (see the Institute 's pamph­ supply systems (deep-well, hand-pump, ber) in order to examine the pilot test let on w omen and the Water Decade, stand-post); water transport and stor­ edition. The modules will be adapted published in 1984). age; and relations between water, sani­ accordingly. Water programmes have been a con­ tatio n, hygiene and health, among A technological manual on high-ef­ tinuing priority at INSTRAW. It orga­ other topics. ficiency and environmentally sound nized a panel on the subject at the Nai­ Work on women and industrial wood stoves was prepared in 1988, robi conference in 1985 and initiated development began in 1983, when based on the experiences of four fran­ two multi-media training packages on INSTRAW conducted a survey of ap­ cophone African countries: Burkina WSS , reflecting five years of research. proaches and methods for mobilizing Faso, Mali, Mauritania and Niger. The The packages illustrated the importance women in small-scale and rural indus­ manual was part of a search for solu­ of women's participation in all aspects try, in conjunction with the United Na­ tions to deforestation, primarily by of water resources, including agricult­ tions Industrial Development Organiza­ reducing the demand for fuelwood. ure, human resources development and tion (UNIDO). The survey was designed Research focused on the evaluation of water resources management. They to be the basis for recommendations to stoves in use and on the design of im­ were tested in 1987 for the African Governments in order to overcome proved fuel-saving stoves for house­ region and in 1988 at seminars in obstacles to the full participation of hold use. Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. women and to initiate training program­ Finally, INSTRA W participates in mes for women managers and en­ meetings of the Committee on the Institutes Focuses trepreneurs in industrial activities. Development and Utilization of NRSE, on Water, Energy The two organizations followed up in order to promote a co-ordinated by sponsoring a joint workshop (Vien­ programme approach with emphasis Highlighting the Institute's work in na, December 1984) which determined on the mainly female unserved rural the water sector last year was its region­ that training activities specifically aim­ and peri-urban poor population. al training seminar, "Women's contri­ ed at women as a target group should INSTRAW's ambitious programme bution to the IDWSSD", organized in be carried out to remove existing envi­ on women, water and sanitation was co-operation with the Economic and ronmental, social and other constraints launched m 1984 (see INSTRA W Social Commission for Asia and the and to speed up the process of integrat­ News No. 13). INSTRAW had in 1983 Pacific (ESCAP). The seminar, which ing women into entrepreneurial and assumed JOmt responsibility with utilized INSTRAW's multi-media train­ managerial activities, preferably in UNICEF for the secretariat of the ing package on WSS, was held in Bang­ industry. As a result of the workshop, Inter-Agency Task Force on Women kok in January 1989. A national train­ INSTRAW and UNIDO agreed to deve­ and the International Drinking Wa­ ing workshop on the same subject was lop full-fledged training curricula and/ ter Supply and Sanitation Decade also held in Lagos, Nigeria in May. Re­ or modules in co-operation with institu­ (IDWSSD, 1981-1990), and in March ports of all seminars were published by tions in developing countries, aimed, 1984 it sponsored an interregional INSTRAW in its series on women and among others, at female executives; fe­ seminar on the Decade in Cairo to water; the modules themselves are cur­ male business entrants; female entrepre­ discuss the multifaceted problems of rently being updated in co-operation neurs' trainers; and training managers. water and sanitation as they related with the Department of Technical Co­ Another INSTRAW/UNIDO joint to women. The purpose was to find operation for Developent and in con­ consultative meeting on women in solutions to ensure that women's roles sultation with the Inter-Agency T~sk entrepreneurial and managerial activi­ and needs were met, looking at the Force, headed by the United Nations ties in industry was convened in Santo socio-economic, health and sanitation Development Programme/PROWWESS. Domingo, June 1987. The purpose was and scientific-technical aspects. Parti­ Co-operation with the Task Force to devise. a training programme for cipants concluded that when deciding has been continuously pursued. women in industry, and to revise and on national development priorities, INSTRAW was present at many inter­ prepare two prototype training man­ one of the major criteria should be national meetings and conferences ad­ uals. Foundations were laid for research the extent to which a particular vocating the need for community­ on women's development in entrepre­ scheme benefits women and secures based approaches for solving the issue neurial and management activities, in­ their participation. In addition, consid­ of the unserved population - presently cluding characteristics of women entre­ eration should be given to providing estimated at one billion people. preneurs, women's organizational adequate water as close to households The Institute produced another train­ mobility, skills and competence deve­ as possible, in order to free women's ing manual on WSS for the community lopment in industry. time, secure the maintenance of equip­ level, in collaboration with the Fonda­ INSTRAW has also continued to ment and enable them to involve them­ tion de l'eau. It consists of 10 modules, support the activities of FAO and the selves in health prevention and

8 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRAW News 14 velopment (!FAD) related to strength­ and training, focusing on food produc­ duction, and the other on rural women ening the role of women in rural de­ tion strategies and how to involve wom­ in Latin America: a social factor in the velopment and food production. en. Two studies were prepared in 1984, past decade. Several related papers, I!\fSTRAW in 1983 began developing a one on strategies for strengthening the concerning case studies from Africa and framework for policy-oriented research position of African women in food pro- Asia, were published in 1986.o

he formulation of INSTRAW's Training programmes focus on four water supply and sanitation; and wom­ training strategies grew out of major groups of activities: traditional en and NRSE. The water packages in T an assessment of training needs training forms (workshops, seminars, particular -produced in collaboration undertaken by several United Nations conferences, expert groups and the with the ILO/Turin Centre- are agencies and bodies during the Women's like); co-operative arrangements with considered to be models in their field Decade. Given its mandate to focus on United Nations training institutes; for­ and are in wide use internationally. All women in developing countries, the mulation of innovative training method­ packages contain training text, a user's Institute has strived to apply innovative ologies and techniques based on the guide, trainer's guide, lesson plan, training strategies to link the develop­ modular approach; and advisory servi­ additional reading and bibliography, ment process with improvement of ces, internship and scholarship pro­ key-issue checklist, evaluation forms women's position and status in society. grammes. and audio-visuals (sound-slide packages Its training activities are designed to Since 1982 INSTRAW has organi­ and transparencies). be an integral part of changes taking zed numerous training seminars and Two modular training curricula tar­ place in mainstream development, and workshops on such subjects as devel­ geted to women aspiring to manage­ to enable women to grow and develop opment planning, women in develop­ ment positions were published by in order to utilize more fully their ment, statistics and indicators, women, INSTRAW in 1989, in collaboration human potential and assume roles at water supply and sanitation (WSS) with UNIDO and the International the technical, executive and managerial and new and renewable sources of Centre for Public Entreprises (ICPE). levels in different development sec­ energy (NRSE). Different method­ INSTRAW is also paying attention tors. This strategy is supported by ologies and techniques were applied to to training United Nations staff. An INSTRAW's research programme, which reach target audiences at the national, outline of a training package on WID incorporates up-to-date data on the regional and international levels, in­ aimed at enhancing their capacity to status of women world-wide and trans­ cluding development pract1t10ners, deal with the centrality of women's lates the synthesis into training mate­ NGOs and women's groups and United role in development was presented in rials in the form of training packages Nations field staff. The target groups New York in September 1987. It was containing self-teaching modules and were chosen in order to "train the intended as a core prototype for the audio-visual teaching aids. It also in­ trainers" to transfer training techniques United Nations system as a whole, to cludes providing advisory services, in a self-reliant manner back to their be adapted and added to by each with about 50 requests for support on own countries and communities. agency. development programmes and projects INSTRAW's training work first being received each day. produced results in 1986, after it had WID Curricula Promoted At the end of 1989, INSTRAW compiled the existing research results could proudly report a 100 per cent of the Women's Decade and translated Also in 1986, INSTRAW initiated increase in the number of participants the data into pragmatic approaches. It its ambitious long-term programme on -about 1,100 people- in training had published a booklet detailing the promoting curricula and training pro­ workshops and seminars over the pre­ policy outline, conceptual framework, grammes on women and development. vious biennium. If they in turn transfer objectives and methodologies of its Representing the first attempt ever at the knowledge gained to only 10 other training activities in 1985, which paved a global level to separate the women persons each, the multiplier effect is the way for production of multi-media and development aspects from women's considerable. According to feedback, training packages. These deal with studies, the programme comprises a this is beginning to happen. women and development; women, global and regional survey of academic

INSTRAW News 14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY 9 and other centres that offer women­ women and development studies" (Ge­ Women's Studies and Development: related programmes or courses, and an neva, July), analysed curricula develop­ Bridging the Gap, a complilation of analysis and comparison of the devel­ ment at the national and regional levels the Institute's global survey on WID opment, content and institutional con­ in order to design courses and teaching curricula and papers submitted to the texts in which such programmes took materials on WID for different levels of seminar on women and development place. An overview of this survey was educational systems, government bod­ studies. Preparation of a handbook of presented at the UNESCO/INSTRAW ies and non-governmental and women's prototype WID curricula for use in joint training seminar on "Rethinking organizations. The seminars enabled designing courses on women and de­ women in development: research and INSTRAW to seek new inputs from velopment is now under way. training" (New Delhi, August 1986). participants and to refine materials for An internship and scholarship pro­ Two training seminars were held in future training materials. gramme has been an important part 1987 to follow up on INSTRAW's A multi-media training package on of the Institute's overall training pro­ earlier work in WID curricula develop­ women and development was prepared gramme. It aims at creating oppor­ ment. In Montreal (June), the Institu­ in 1988. The package was presented at tunities to enable women to increase te's seminar on "Women and develop­ a subregional training seminar for the and acquire new skills in the field of ment: alternative approaches" aimed Caribbean in Santo Domingo (Novem­ women and development and in other at raising the awareness of professors ber-December 1988) on women in de­ areas that coincide with the Institute's and teachers in the developed coun­ velopment, at which an initial evalua­ programme of work. Over the years, tries about the problems faced by tion of the package was given by United this has resulted in the awarding of women in the developing world. The Nations field staff and local NGOs. short-term grants through regional com­ second seminar, entitled "Training in In 1989, the Institute published misions and INSTRAW focal points.a

Information, Network Building Consolidated

NSTRAW's information gional and world-wide levels on that tute and other users. In recent years, programme, which relies heavily on subject. INSTRAW has been improving its I a modern communications infras­ The Institute's public information documentation base by collecting and tructure, has been developed in phases. unit has contributed by producing indexing basic reference documents A reference collection had to be built features, press releases, posters, radio and material On WID issues, and has up and inhouse publishing facilities in­ and television programmes and by pub­ also launched an exchange of publica­ stalled. Establishing modern communi­ lishing information booklets and a tions with outside organizations. cations with the outside world from a newsletter, INSTRA W News (in En­ · Computerized mailing lists, rosters small island nation has been another glish, French and Spanish). A port­ of institutions and experts, bibliogra­ challenge which was successfully met. able exhibit for use at international phies, a computerized system of ad­ The general objectives of the infor­ conferences and exhibitions, and a ministration and management and the mation programme are threefold: catalogue of INSTRAW publications strengthening of on-line linkages with - to establish a mechanism for sys­ are in progress. Other public informa­ data bases within and outside the tematically organizing and rendering tion activities include organizing press United Nations system have been on­ accessible the information produced conferences and participating in a going activities of INSTRAW. In ad­ internationally on women and develop­ variety of special events, including dition, an experimental venture in ment; International Women's Day, other providing software for the production - to support a process of conscious­ United Nations celebrations, briefings of a portable library on WID on com­ ness-raising and education by dissemi­ to NGOs and events in the host country. pact disc is under way. nating information; and Early documentation activities were The Institute convened an internat­ - to help develop co-operation re­ aimed at gathering, registering and clas­ ional consultative meeting on Com­ garding information about develop­ sifying relevant information on women munications for Women in Develop­ ment and act as a link between the re- and development for use by the Insti- ment (Rome, October 1988), the

10 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRAW News 14 . s for which will be publish- tation; for INSTRAW, it is applied tion, the first stage of which focused proc«d•n8 . d d cd in _ Discussions centre aroun both to the lnstitute's own work, in on the collection of relevant informa­ 1990 . r areas of concern: the the form of self-evaluation, and to tion from the United Nations system. two maJO . . h . of commumcauon tee no- WID-related work undertaken within INSTRAW will also follow up on the selcctton (hardware of the channel of the United Nations system. recommendations of the New York 1 ogies . ation) and the choice, pro- Folllowing a consultative meeting meeting, specifically by compiling commun1c ' .. . nd transm1ss1on of relevant in 1989 to brainstorm on improve­ WID and gender-related terminology d ucuon a communication content or program- ments needed in current evaluation for a revised Glossary of Evaluation he first issue was how to com- practices within the United Nations, Terms and updating its survey of exist­ mmg. T . . te ·n che specific developing the Institute has· launched a new long­ ing methodological approaches (see mum ca 1 ircumstances; the second, term research programme on evalua- p. 25).o country C what to communicate. The meeting produced guidelines for future .action, including hoW to facilitate women and development information to the main­ INSTRAW's tenth anniversary was highlighted stream communications media, how to secure adequate communication to at the 1990 session of its Board of Trustees support development programmes and projects; and how to provide new sup­ port services using new technologies. INSTRAW's co-operation in dis­ seminating and implementing these guidelines is foreseen in its medium­ term plan. Networking-building - the last of INSTRAW's major programme clus­ ters- is crucial for the Institute's mode of operation, which is based on co-operative arrangements with Go­ vernments, United Nations bodies, non­ governmental, academic and women's organizations (see INSTRA W News No. 11 ). It has led to the establishment of INSTRAW's focal points -mainly women's organizations or academic institutes (presently in 30 countries)­ that co-operate with the Institute on the execution and dissemination of its work (see sidebar). Another important part of networking for the forthcom· mg biennium focuses on co-operation with the United Nations regional com­ missions, in the form of parallel acti­ vities (see sidebar).

Institute Develops· Evaluation Methodologies Last February INSTRA W Board of INSTRAW had been mandated by Trustees elected Tawheeda Osman Ecosoc and the General Assembly Hadra (Sudan) as President: Gule Afruz 10 1987 to elaborate monitoring and Mahbub (Bangladesh), Vice-President; eval uauon· methodologies for WID pro- and Kristin Tornes (Norway), Raporteur. grammes and projects. Evaluation -in­ creasmg · IY referred to as "programme resear ch" - 1s· viewed as an ongoing process to improve project implemen-

INSTRA W News 14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY 11 INSTRAW Focal Points INSTRA W's unique networking mode ofoperation consists of co-ordinating and pooling of ''focal points" - women's organizations in various countries that work with the Institute in sup­ porting, implementing and publicizing its work and women's issues in general. At the 1990 ses­ sion of the Board of Trustees, the number offocal points rose to 30, in as many countries. Readers of INSTRA W News are invited to contact the focal points for information on their activ­ ities and their collaboration with the Institute. A complete list follows.

Secretarla de Desarrollo Humano y Familia Ministry of Social Affairs & General Rapporteur Ministerio de Salud y Acci6n Social of the National Commission Defensa 120-lo. Women's Affairs Department 134S Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA Mugamaa Building, Tahrir Square Cairo, EGYPT Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Mulher (CNDM) Ministerio da Justica University of Helsinki Edificio Sede do Ministerio da Justica Institute of Development Studies So. andar - sala S09 Hameentie 1S3 B, CEP: 70.064 OOS 60 Helsinki, FINLAND Esplanada dos Ministerios Brasilia, D. F., BRAZIL Secretariat d'Etat Charge des Droits des Femmes 31, rue Le Peletier Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 7S009 Paris, FRANCE Presidium Research Commision Ministry to the Presidency Women in the Socialist Society Greek Parliament 3 Aksakov Street General Secretariat for Equality 1040- Sofia, BULGARIA Palaia Anaktora Athens, GREECE Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes Centro Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Mujer y la Familia Kantor Menteri Negara Urusan Peranan Wanita Apdo. 10.277-100 J alan Medan Merdeka Barat lS San Jose, COSTA RICA Jakarta 10110, INDONESIA

Federaci6n de Mujeres Cubanas AID OS Paseo y Esquina 13 Via

Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) INSTRAW, Social Co.-operation Division Ministry of Foreign Affairs United Nations Bureau Asiatisk Plads 2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 1448 Copenhagen K, DENMARK 100 Kasumigaseki 2-2-1, Chiyoda-ku Direcci6n General de Promoci6n de la Mujer Tokyo, JAPAN Avenida Leopoldo Navarro Edif. San Rafael, Sta. planta Consejo Nacional de Poblaci6n Santo Domingo, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Angel U rraza 113 7 -Pi so S Col. Del Valle Instituto Ecuatoriano de Investigaciones y Capacitaci6n C. P. 03100 de la Mujer (IECAIM) Mexico, D. F., MEXICO Avenida 6 de Diciembre 2817 y Republica Quito, ECUADOR

12 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRA W News 14 Ministry of Women's Affairs Centre for Women's Research (CENWOR) Private Bag 125, Kirula Road Wellington, NEW ZEALAND Colombo 5, SRI LANKA

Ministry of Culture and Social Welfare Department of Women Affairs 5 Kofo Abayomi Street Ministry of Social Welfare Victoria Island, Lagos, NIGERIA Under Secretary's Office P. 0. Box 2663 NAVF's Secretariat for Women and Research Khartoum, SUDAN Sandakerveien 99 N-0483 Oslo 4, NORWAY U.S. Council for INSTRAW c/o Department of City and Regional Planning Women's Division "Research Wing" 228 Wurster Hall Secretariat of the Government of Pakistan University of California 44 West, Aaly Plaza, F-6/1 Berkeley, CA 94720 Islamabad, PAKISTAN USA lnstituto de Investigaciones y Capacitaci6n Ministra de Estado para la Promoci6n de la Mujer para la Promoci6n de la Mujer (ICAPROMUPA) Avenida Libertador, Centro Comercial Libertador Apartado Postal 5960 - "El Dorado" P.H. Oeste Panama, REPUBLICA DE PANAMA Caracas, VENEZUELA

National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women Yugoslav Centre for Theory and Practice 1145 J.P. Laurel Street, San Miguel of Self-Management Edvard Kardelj Manila, PHILIPPINES Kardeljeva Ploscad 1 Ljubljana, YUGOSLAVIA Comissao da Condicao Feminina Ava. da Republica, 32 - lo. Women's League 1093 Lisboa CODEX, PORTUGAL Freedom House P. 0. Box 30302 lnstituto de la Mujer Lusaka, ZAMBIA Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales Almagro 36 Madrid 28010, SPAIN

his plan was elaborated in the framework of the United Nations system-wide medium-term plan for women and development INSTRAW T for the period 1990-1995, the main purpose of which was to translate the developmental dimension of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies in to programmatic. tasks for the entire system. INST RAW Medium-Term plays a significant role in most of the subprogrammes included in the system-wide plan, paying particular attention to: • improving instruments for international action (development of Plan for statistics and indicators; research and policy analysis; information net­ work, including dissemination of research and technical findings) ; •comprehensive approaches to women and development; 1990-1995 • employment, productive resources and income, with particular ·emphasis on the informal sector; and • promoting more positive attitudes towards the role of women and development and the participation of women in management and decision-making. In carrying out this mandate, the Institute will focus more activi­ ties on the regional and national levels. It will strengthen the national capabilities of developing countries in the area of research, training and information for the advancement of women, and will concentrate on network building for co-operation with lNSTRAW. The Institute will also concentrate on using research to undertake training and will inten­ sify its information, documentation and communication programme. a

INSTRAW News 14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY 13 INSTRAW Celebrates Its 10th Anniversary

estivities in honour of INSTRAW's tenth anniver­ INSTRAW, covering the Institute's work in such areas as the sary are taking place throughout 1990. Since this informal sector; women, water and sanitation; and women F year was chosen as the anniversary because it marks and energy. The panels will be displayed by INSTRAW staff the tenth session of the INSTRAW Board of Trustees, it is and the United Nations regional commissions at exhibitions only fitting that the Board itself inaugurated the celebra­ and meetings throughout the world, and will be available in tions at its meeting in Santo Domingo last February. Bciard English, French and Spanish. members laid a floral wreath at the altar de la patria - a INST RAW has also commissioned the design of two full­ dome-shaped marble edifice housing the remains of the three colour posters by celebrated women artists: Ada Balcacer main architects of Dominican independence. Members of of the Dominican Republic, who previously designed a the Board, along with INSTRAW staff, also attended a United Nations postal cachet commemorating the World reception in their honour given by the Foreign Minister of Bank; and Saudi Arabian artist Mounira fl.. Mossly, who has the Dominican Republic, J oaquln Ricardo. exhibited her work in the Dominican Republic. The posters The Institute is producing a number of public infor­ will be distributed world-wide and will be on sale in United mation materials to be used in conjunction with observances Nations bookstores. of its anniversary. A comprehensive catalogue of INSTRA W An anniversary sticker (see cover of this issue) is publications, with synopses of some 130 research studies, being affixed to all important INSTRAW correspondence in papers, surveys, expert group meeting reports, training ma­ 1990. It is adapted from a design by Marie Hanna Brunings nuals, as well as booklets, flyers and posters, is being is­ of Suriname, who won the second prize for it in INSTRAW's sued this spring. Also in the wqrks is a portable exhibit on 1984 logo competition.a

Message of the Secretary-General

he Tenth Anniversary of INSTRAW is an important their acceptance as full partners in ·all aspects and activities moment in the history of the United Nations. In of their societies. T this time, INSTRAW has proved itself an invaluable "This impressively rapid and effective response by instrument of the United Nations in fulfilling the Charter's INSTRAW to its original mandate would not have been pos­ requirements to reaffirm the equal rights of men and wom­ sible without the firm support of Member States. This has en, 'to promote social progress', and to further economic been especially true of the strong backing and understand­ and social advancement. ing of INSTRAW's host country, the Dominican Republic. "In support of the system-wide work of the United INSTRAW's achievements fully justify this support and its Nations to meet those requirements, INSTRAW has defined continuation and expansion in the future. and described the special needs and contributions of wom­ "I warmly congratulate INSTRAW on its important en, especially in their role in development. It has developed work and on the celebration of its Tenth Anniversary. May badly needed and frequently unique avenues of research, that occasion inspire all of us in the efforts of the United analysis, data collection, and training. Moreover, to those Nations to bring women to their full and rightful place in ends it has built a network of collaboration with a broad the world's work and to better standards of life in larger array of non-governme.ntal, national, and international or­ freedom."D ganizations devoted to the advancement of women and

14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRA W News 14 Board of Trustees meetings;former Board members; nongovernmental organizations and INSTRA W focal points. Excerpts follow.

Xie Qimei, Under-Secretary-General for Techni­ cal Co-operation for Development, and representa­ tive of the Secretary-General at the 1989 and 1990 sessions of the Board of Trustees, made the follow­ ing statement at the 1990 meeting: "(INSTRAW's) programme of activities ... has become an essential component of the efforts of the United Nations system to improve the condition of women in the develop­ ing world. All this has not happened miraculously, but has been the result of the collective effort of all the entities and individuals involved in the functioning of the Institute. The Board of Trustees has devoted hours and hours, particularly in the early stages, to draft guidelines, review proposals, dis­ cuss options.... The Government of the Dominican Repub­ lic has made giant efforts to make available a home for the Institute and is still providing invaluable assistance in ensur­ ing INSTRAW's smooth operations within its territory. "The Director, who has guided the growth of the Insti­ tute from the very beginning, and the whole staff, have de­ voted an extraordinary number of hours, including their personal time, to the implementation of the programmes of the Institute. "It is no miracle, therefore, that the Institute is thriv­ ing and in full strength 10 years later. ... " My Land and Folk 1990 By Mounira A. Mossly, Saudi Arabia From Helvi Sipila, representative of the Secre­ "Shall I take along my spikes of grain, tary-General at the 197 9 session of the Board of My land and my folk? Trustees: Shall I take along the dream of mine, A dream that tallies my time, "At the end of INSTRAW's first. decade my thoughts The color of my sun, return to the first resolution adopted at the World Confer­ And the mountaintops?" ence of the International Women's Yeilr in Mexico, 1975. "After that I had the duty and the privilege to follow it up until the formal establishment of the Institute, the first meetings of its Board and the appointment of its Director. International "It has been a pleasure to follow the development throughout the years and to see its great achievements. Community "With warm congratulations and best wishes for continued success." Congratulates From Leticia Ramos Shahani, Senator from the Philippines and representative of the Secretary­ IN STRAW General at the 19 82 session of the Board of Trustees: "I wish to extend my warmest personal greetings to INSTRAW on its tenth anniversary. Its advocacy and work he Institute bas been receiving many letters for the advancement of women deserves much commenda­ of congratulations to honour its first 10 years tion. I would further ,wish to extend my felicitations to T of existence. Among those to send messages Dunja Pastizzi-Ferencic, who has ably led the group to are the United Nations Secretary-General (see contribute invaluable research for the women's cause. More sidebar, p. 14); his representatives at INSTRAW power to INSTRAW."o

INSTRAW News 14 TENTH ANNIVERSARY 15 INSTRAW AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 7 Years of Collaboration \'er since INSTRAW moved to its headquarters in shops, enabled local researchers to use its library and en­ the Dominican Republic in 1983, outstanding assis­ couraged external donor agencies and Governments to pro­ E tance has been provided by the Dominican Govern­ vide financial assistance. ment, Dominican women and some 60 local women's or­ Dominican women's groups, in turn, have given sub­ ganizations. The women's movement has a long tradition stantive support to the national and international activities in the country, which is one of the reasons the Dominican sponsored by the Institute at its headquarters. Without Republic offered to host the Institute and the United Na­ their generous participation, collaboration and experience, tions agreed to that offer. One of the four women to sign the intense efforts of INSTRAW would not have been as the United Nations Charter is Dominican; and one of the fruitful. oldest feminist journals in the world, Voz de la Mujer, was The establishment of INSTRAW in the Dominican first published in Santo Domingo in 1973. Republic has been a source of great satisfaction to the coun­ Dominican women's groups are involved in promot­ try because of the great honour of hosting an institute of ing women's interests in all spheres of life, from legal rights the United Nations. The same pride also extends to the rest and political participation to health, education and the of Latin America and the Caribbean, since the Institute is training of women farmers. INSTRAW's focal point in the the first specialized body of the United Nations to be head­ country is the Direcci6n General de Promoci6n de la Mujer quartered in the region. This fact is even more noteworthy - the national office for the advancement of women, which given that INSTRAW's objectives go hand in hand with was founded in 1982 to ensure the Government's commit­ those of the Dominican Republic with regard to the advance­ ment to that cause. ment and promotion of the condition of Dominican women. The Institute's co-operation both with its focal points INSTRAW takes this opportunity to express its grati­ and with other women's organizations has been of mutual tude to the Dominican Government and people --including benefit. INSTRAW has provided these groups with materials, women's organizations -- for their dedication and efforts on information and advisory services. It has furnished speakers, behalf of the Institute. It is INSTRAW's hope that this invited the groups to attend its seminars and training work- unique form of co-operation will only increase over time.a

16 TENTH ANNIVERSARY INSTRA W News 14 INSTRAW's 1990-1991 Programme Approved by Board

INSTRAW's programme of activi­ ply and sanitation in another subpro­ main pillar of the Institute's successful ties for 1990-1991 was approved by the gramme on sectoral issues. It will also mode of operation based on co-opera­ Board of Trustees at its tenth session, seek to augment women's active parti­ tive arrangements. During 1990-1991, held from 12 to 16 February 1990, cipation in the design of programmes follow-up activities for this subpro­ with a budget ceiling of $3,105,700. in new and renewable sources of ener­ gramme will focus on increased co­ The new work programme calls for gy, mainly through training. operation with the five regional com­ INSTRAW to commence work in new As in the past, one of the highlights missions, INSTRA W focal points and fields such as women, environment of the new programme budget is the correspondents, non-governmental and and sustainable development, as well training and production of training academic organizations. Co-operation as country-specific research and train­ material on women and development. with the major groupings of developing ing materials on rural women, includ­ In this subprogramme, activities will countries is also envisaged as a means ing rural credit. Emphasizing the im­ be geared towards the translation of to promote greater South-South co­ portance of the growing role of re­ research on women and development operation. search, training and information on into training material on such topics as Another major component of the women in development within and out­ women and rural development, with programme budget is the information, side the United Nations system, it re­ emphasis on credit; financial policies documentation and communication commended that the Institute continue affecting women's access to credit, programme. INSTRAW will continue working on new methodological ap­ their work and income in the informal this programme by making internation­ proaches in these fields. sector; gender issues in mobility of ally produced materials on ·women The new programme budget con­ capital and the surplus labour pool; and development accessible, disseminat­ tains six subprogrammes within the and prototype curricula on women ing appropriate information to support' Research and Training component, and development studies. Also included consciousness-raising for the improve­ the first of which concerns compre­ in this subprogramme are the contin­ ment of women's participation in the hensive approaches to women and uous upgrading and dissemination of development process, and acting as a development. The international devel­ INSTRAW training packages, as well as link between the regional and world­ opment debate and trends will be the organization of training seminars wide levels in exchanging information constantly monitored to provide a basis and workshops. about women and development. A for strengthening comprehensive ap­ Network building and strengthening preview issue of a new INSTRA W pu­ proaches to women and development is another ongoing priority subpro­ blication, /NSTRA W Review, will also by applying interdisciplinary and cross­ gramme of INSTRAW, representing a be produced for academic audiences. o cultural methodologies. Another, subprogramme, on statis­ tics, indicators and data on women, continues the priority given by the In­ stitute to strengthening innovative me­ thodological approaches for improving INSTRAW CO-OPERATES CLOSELY statistical data on women, with parti­ WITH REGIONAL COMMISSIONS cular attention to training and to the new conceptual framework on women's In its programme implementation, INSTRAW continues co-<>perating very closely with work in the household and informal the five United Nations Regional Commissions: Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); sectors of the economy. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE); Economic Commission for Latin America and the Under research for policy design Caribbean (ECLAC); Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP); the Institute will continue its work to and Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). The co-<>peration relates to the design of INSTRA W programme planning, since all improve current practices for monitor­ regional commissions are represented as ex-officio members of the INSTRAW Board of ing and evaluation methodologies to Trustees. apply gender-based analysis to devel­ Co-<>peration with the commissions includes the following: opment projects. Within this cluster • Joint programming of parallel activities on Women and Development in order to of programmes, priorities will include secure regional comparison of results; policy analysis of the informal sector, • Joint implementation of research programmes on Women and Development; choice and assessment of technology, • Co-<>peration in convening training seminars and workshops; and -a new field for the Institute­ • Co-<>peration in regional conferences on Women and Development; and women, environment and sustainable • Interaction in information exchange. This co-<>peration has proven to be very fruitful, and severe financial constraints development. notwithstanding, it has continued to grow .o INSTRAW will pursue its activities to enhance women's role in water sup-

/NSTRAW News 14 17 United Nations International Women's Day 8MARCH

N NEW YORK: International Women's Day celebrations this year focused on the theme of womenI and the environment, whi.ch Secretary Generm Message was the subject of a briefing given to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on International Womens Day on 8 March by Joan Martin Brown, representative of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Washington. The NGOs were also in­ formed that INSTRAW's Board of ''T his year, as we celebrate International Women's Day on the theme Trustees had approved a research pro­ 'Women and the environment', there is a new awareness of the gramme on women, environment and crucial part women can and do play in the global community: sustainable development for 1990-1991. At an assembly for United Nations their critical role in the family, their economic contribution to agriculture and staff organized by the Group on Equal industry, and their creative and practical achievements in the realms of en­ Rights for Women, the Secretary-Gen­ terprise, science and the arts. Women are also increasingly in the vanguard in eral made an opening address, follow­ espousing issues of national and international concern. Their contribution ed by a panel discussion on "Equality towards enhancing awareness of the threat posed to our planet by the degrada­ when? Strategies for the 1990s". Pan­ tion of the environment is but one example. elists were Bella Abzug, prominent advocate of women's rights in the U.S.; "While significant prog:·ess is being made, especially in terms of the in­ Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, political activist creased recognition of the role of women, their potential for active participa­ and international banker; and Dr. Peter tion in society has not yet been fully realized. In industrialized countries, Wilenski, Ambassador of Austria to the women all too often play multiple roles with little or no adequate support United Nations and an authority on ad­ ministrative reform and social justice. services, such as childcare, and with limited share in political decision-making. In his statement, the Secretary-Gen­ In developing countries, the contribution of women needs to be far more eral highlighted the "significant contri- closely integrated into national development strategies. "For 40 years, the United Nations has been actively involved in promot­ ing equality and adequate recognition of the role of women in society. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Wom­ en, wbich was adopted 10 years ago by the United Nations General Assembly, bas now been ratified by IOI countries. The United Nations closely monitors 11ction taken by Governments in accordance with the Convention in working towards the equal participation of women in political, economic, social and cultural life. This has contributed to a re-examination of traditional attitudes and practices, while at the same time addressing new challenges to the status and role of women in societies. Intensive work is also under way to accelerate the pace ofimplem entation ofth e Forward-looking Strategies for the Advance­ ment of Women, adopted at the Nairobi World Conference five years ago. "With each passing day, t Jt! world is becoming more complex and inter­ dependent. The problems we cire facing cannot be resolved by the efforts of only half the population of the globe. Both men cind women must work to­ gether as equal partners in ·der to ensure a sustainable future for the genera­ tions to come. On this Inte,,iational Women's Day, let us renew our commit­ ment to the advancement of women and redouble our efforts to transform our commitment into reality. "o

"Maqueta de/ Recibi111ie11 to ", by Puerto Rican artist Marta Perez. ~

18 INSTRA W News 14 bution-" made by women to the Orga­ nization's recently completed mission in Namibia. "These women," he said, "acquitted themselves in a manner which should once and for all erase the Message from doubts ... regarding the ability of wom­ en to perform as well as men in any INSTRAW Board of Trustees and all areas of United Nations activ­ ity." The same could be said, he add­ ed, of the Organization's observer mis­ on International Womens Day sion for the elections in Nicaragua, nearly half of whose staff were women. INSTRAW Board of Trustees' soli­ darity message to women world-wide ''O n the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the United Nations was distributed at both events. International Research and Training Institute for the Advance­ •IN VIENNA: Margaret Anstee, ment of Women (INSTRA W) , the Board of Trustees at its tenth Director-General of the United Na­ session sends its congratulations and greetings to women all over the world as tions Office at Vienna, spoke at a cere­ they celebrate International Women's Day, 8 March 1990. We also express mony at which a new wall chart on "The Situation of Women 1990" was our most heartfelt solidarity with those women who suffer still the travails of also presented. The idea for the chart underdevelopment, poverty and discrimination, and who are deprived of their originated with the United Nations human rights. INSTRA W, its Board of Trustees, the organizations we represent Statistical Office and INSTRAW; the in our own countries and the Vnited Nations system in general will continue chart updates a previous version issued striving to improve the situation of women everywhere. in 1985, and includes such key indica­ tors as population composition and "International Women 's Day celebrates women's contributions to history, distribution; education and literacy; development, the economy, culture and life in general. It also highlights the economic activity; fertility; and polit­ growing commitment world-wide to increase women's full participation in ical life in 178 countries (for excerpted development and in the political and decision-making process of their own data, see pp. 22-23 in this issue). countries. •IN SANTO DOMINGO: "Much has been accomplished since the International Women's Decade, INSTRAW and the Volunteers of the but much remains to be done. At the dawn of the Fourth United Nations Casas Reales museum co-sponsored an Development Decade, and in view of the ongoing structural adjustment pro­ exhibition of painting, sculpture, draw­ ings, engravings and ceramics by 35 cess, the integration of women in the development process is more urgent Puerto Rican women artists. INSTRAW than ever. Therefore, let us work together to make the world more aware of Deputy Director Eleni Stamiris made a women's vital role in the search for'equality, development and peace. Let us statement at the inaugural ceremony, work for women's equality under the law and in accordance with the Conven­ after which the International Women's tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women - not Day messages of the Secretary-General just de jure, but de facto. Women must also achieve equality in the home, in and INSTRAW's Board of Trustees were read (see sidebars). o the work place and in all spheres of life. "INSTRAW contributes to this effort through its research, training and information exchange activities on women and development. Through its ,.. invaluable work, women are less and less the forgotten producers and invisible workers, and their increasing role in all spheres of development is becoming recognized as benefiting not just women, but the entire human family. We join with our sisters in every country in saluting INSTRA W on its tenth an­ n_iversary and in calling for a true spirit of co-operation to make the goals of International Women's Day a reality. " o

- ''La Ira n, by Anaii:ta Hernandez. of Puerto Rico.

INSTRA W News 14 19

. . ,

,. - "- ' ." 1111 •• '· . - 4. -

INSTRAW STAFF ·

21 A Small United Nations Institute Works To Improve the Situation of Women

omewhere in Africa, the woman Somewhere in Asia, the story is dif­ fits. In recessions, women are among wakes up at 4: 30 A.M. and ferent. The woman works at an electro­ the first to be laid off; Governments S walks two miles in tropical heat nic factory for a multinational corpora­ consider female Jabour to be marginal. to fields which she plows, hoes, weeds tion that has been drawn to the cheap Laws prohibiting night shifts for women and plants until 3 P. M. On her way labour of developing countries. But the are waived in Singapore and Malaysia home, she collects firewood. She long hours of work outside and inside for multinational corporations, and pounds and grinds corn until 5: 30. the home are the same. In Singapore unions are restricted. More than half of Then she spends an hour fetching and Malaysia, for example, nine out of the world's working women are Asians. buckets of water-probably from a ten workers in 70 electronics firms in Virtually all work in bad conditions. polluted stream, a mile or so away. 1978 were women. Most are recruited In Western Europe, growing num­ Finally, she lights the fire, cooks when they are between 16 and 23 years bers of women work in offices, small and serves dinner, washes the dishes, the old, and most are unmarried; some cor­ industries and at home, doing factory children and herself, and at about 9: 30 porations even refuse to hire married ·"outwork" in textiles and shoes, for P.M., she goes to sleep. women to avoid paying maternity bene- which they are paid by the pieces.

SHARE OF WOMEN IN LABOUR FORCE: 1990 PROJECTED REGIONAL HIGHS Be LOWS Source: United Nations Wall Chart on The Situation of Women 1990: Selec· ted Indicators. A collaborative effort by the Department of International Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Office at Vienna, with the assistance of UNICEF, UNFPA, UNDP, UNIFEM and INSTRAW. Sales Publication No. E. 90. XVII. 3A. - High

Low Notes: A series designated by a slash be­ tween years, e.g. 1985/87, refers to the latest year in that period for which data are available. The designation "developed" coun­ tries, areas or regions is intended for Regions statistical convenience and does not Developed Africa Latin America/ Asia and necessarily express a judgement about Countries Caribbean Pacific and Areas the stage reached by a particular coun­ The factors influencing the differential participation of females are many. They may be try or area in the development process. demographic, socio-cultural or eco'lomic. But there is also the question of the extent to In this chart, "developed" regions or which these differentials reflect problems of data collection, because statisticians' defini­ areas refers to countries and areas of tions and data-gathering methods have not yet caught up with the new work being produced by INSTRAW and other organ: : tions. The graph shows that in the countries with the Europe plus Australia, Canada, Japan, highest female representation ir. the labour force, women take up close to 50 per cent, New Zealand, Soviet Union and United while in countries in the lowest ~ anges, women account for less than 10 per cent. At the States. Figures for Australia, Japan high end are Mozambique, Tanzania and the United States (48 per cent); Barbados (47 per cent) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Maldives (both 46 per cent). and New Zealand are therefore shown In Spain, the figure is 24 per cent, and in the Dominican Republic, 15 per cent. The lowest under the heading "developed coun· female representation in the labour force is found in Africa and Asia and the Pacific, tries or areas", not under Asia and where less than 10 per cent of the labour force is female (9 per cent in Algeria and Libya; 6 per cent in the United Arab Emirates). Pacific.

··- 22 INSTRAW News 14 SHARE OF WOMEN IN SELF-EMPLOYMENT: 1980/87 REGIONAL HIGHS & LOWS

70

High Worldwide, women already consti­ tute more than one-fourth of the indus­ -Low trial labour force and at least two-fifths of the agricultural labour force and service sector. The number of dual­ income families is on the rise. House­ work alone would add up to an addi­ tional month of work a year, but ac­ cording to a recent study, women do the housework and child-rearing as Developed Africa Latin America/ Asia and CountnC's Caribbean Pacific well as their jobs. and Areas Women's representation in self-employment varies substantially between countries. In "Feminization Botswana, which has the highest rate, 63 per cent of those in self-employment are wom­ en. In Portugal and El Salvador, 43 per cent of the self-employed are females; in Nepal, of Poverty" 36 per cent. In many other countries, the proportions are much lower. The lowest share of women in the ranks of the self-employed in the four regions are: 1 per cent in Algeria, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Tonga and United Arab Emirates; 7 per cent in Cuba; and 10 In a lot of homes, women get no per cent in Ireland. For source, see facing page. help at all. More than one-third of all households in both developed and de­ veloping countries are headed by wom­ en. They are usually at the bottom specific role and contribution of work­ stays outside the GNP, women will rung of the income ladder. This is ing women to national economies. continue to be the forgotten producers the "feminization of poverty." Nobody knows how large that is. The and the forgotten providers of serv­ In many poor countries, women process is long and requires painstak­ ices." survive by working in the so-called ing statistical studies and methods. INSTRAW wants to act as a catalyst "informal sector" of the economy -in INSTRAW is the "think tank" for new by working out better ways to evaluate unregistered factories and workshops, ideas on women in development. "De­ women's work and by bringing the re­ and as street vendors or domestics. velopment should be people-oriented, sults to the attention of the world's The informal sector covers nearly three­ and that includes women," says decision makers: It has already had quarters of the labour force in develop­ Dunja Pastizzi-Ferencic, INSTRAW 's some impact on aid projects, which no ing countries and one-eighth of the Director. "Women make an enormous longer view women's work in the world's adult population. However, contribution to development, and home, on the farm or in the informal none of these people are protected by yet they are generally viewed as sector as a mere extension of their labour laws. Their work, on which mil­ burdens or passive beneficiaries, not as family duties and therefore non-produc­ lions of families depend, is mostly ig­ assets. Research and training are tive. "This·new knowledge will contri­ nored by policy makers and left out of absolutely essential to change these bute, we hope, to improving the lives of statistics, such as the gross national notions." women at the grass roots," says Pastizzi­ product. Ferencic. Since 1979, a small United Nations "Overburdened The Institute is an outgrowth of agency of 45 people, most of them But Undervalued" women's issues that accompanied the women, has been working hard to women's movement. Women both in­ change all of this. It is the International INSTRAW has found that eco­ side and outside of the United Nations Research and Training Institute for the nomic growth does not necessarily system were instrumental in organizing Advancement of Women (INSTRAW), trickle down to women. "Women are th!! United Nations Decade for Women based in Santo Domingo, Dominican overburdened but undervalued," says and three world conferences on wom­ Republic. The Institute conducts re­ Pastizzi.-Ferencic. "If the work of en - the most recent of which was search to uncover and spotlight the more than half the world's population held in Nairobi in 1985. Out of that

INSTRA W News 14 23 event came the "Forward-looking but also tried to develop an interna­ pumps and wells. However, when a vil­ Strategies for the Advancement of tional curriculum on women in de­ lage pump breaks down, it is the women Women", a major document later velopment. who are most affected, because they adopted by the General Assembly. are usually responsible for water sup­ This document urged Governments to Translating Theory ply. By documenting the women's par­ "give special attention to women in into Practice amount role as water carriers and end the peripheral or marginal labour users, and by training women in the markets, such as those in unstable In its 10-year existence, INSTRAW use of water supplies, INSTRAW has temporary work or unregulated part­ has concentrated on creating a store of helped make third world development -time work, as well as to the increasing new information about women. To do projects more effective. number of women working in the this, it organizes workshops for both INSTRAW also provides courses to informal economy." It aiso called for the users and producers of statistics, help women who spend up to six more effort to measure and reflect the on designing better questionnaires; hours a day collecting firewood for remunerated and unremunerated con­ measuring women's work; and revising household use. Trainees are taught tributions of women - not only to de­ the definition of tl).e informal sector about biomass, biogas, hydropower, velopment in general, but also to na­ to reflect women's contribution to the solar energy, wind energy and geother­ tional economic statistics and the GNP national economy. "Our statistical mal energy. in particular. workshops take place mostly in de­ veloping countries," explains Corazon Shoestring Budget A Sense of Urgency Narvaez, a Filipina statistician who organizes them. "The idea is to sensi­ Although INSTRAW's annual bud­ INSTRAW's reports and studies tize people about women's issues and get has been less than $1.5 million, it have brought a sense of urgency to then have governments include them touches many, many lives because of women's issues, particularly in the in policy-making and planning. We try, its emphasis on training. In 1986-87, third world. The Institute has collabo­ for instance, to convince census gather­ INSTRAW trained 580 people, and in rated with the UN Statistical Office ers that they need to include questions 1988-89, 1,100 people - who will go in the trail-blazing, 592-page Compen­ that reflect the so-called non-economic on to train many more women. dium of Statistics and Indicators on activities of women, such as wom­ Pastizzi-Ferencic thinks $10 million the Situation of Women 1986. It en's work in the home, farm and a year would effectively enhance and collaborated with the International La­ informal sector." Data gatherers are expand INSTRAW activities. In lieu of bour Organisation (ILO) in the publica­ taught how to ask questions that avoid a larger budget, however, the current tion of Women in Economic Activity: bias and to ensure that women, when practice is to share costs with other a Global Statistical Survey (1950- asked if they work, do not answer: agencies. A recent seminar in Pakistan 2000), the first and most compre­ "No, I'm just a housewife.'' Both users cost INSTRAW $7,000, but was sup­ hensive study of its type ever pro­ and producers of statistics, including plemented by a contribution from the duced by the U.N. The Institute also project planners, non-governmental aid Government of Pakistan. Some Govern­ worked with the U.N. to update the agencies, academics, Government of­ ments - particularly those of Italy and World Survey on the Role of Women ficials and women's groups, are en­ the Netherlands- and non-govern­ in Development, issued by the U.N.'s couraged to attend the workshops. mental organizations, such as Chicago­ Division for the Advancement of based ZONTA International, are very Women in Vienna. With this vital Helping Women helpful. base of factual information, much to Alleviate The United States first contributed can be done to improve the lot of the Water Supply Problem to INSTRAW in1988,when the Women women. in Development Act gave it $200,000 INSTRAW staff and consultants are One of INSTRAW's chief contribu­ and $800,000 to its sister agency, the involved in a number of ongoing pro­ tions to improving the lives of women United Nations Development Fund for jects. They are preparing a training and their families has been in training Women (UNIFEM), which gives money module for women in managerial and women to improve their water supply and technical support to women in­ entrepreneurial positions desigr.ed es­ and sanitation facilities. Roughly three­ volved in development projects. Last pecially for developing count1· es . The quarters of the population of the third year, the U.S . contributed another Institute has completed an interna­ world lack reasonable access to clean $200,000. in support of INSTRAW's tional survey of 800 formal and in­ drinking water. Some 25 million people activities for fiscal 1990.o formal training institutions offering die every year from water-borne dis­ courses in women's studies, to be pub­ eases. In the past, many water projects This article was writt~n by Erica Meltzer lished shortly. This project not only failed because men, rather than women, with the help of Vera Gathright and was first published as a paper of the U. S. determined what was being taught, were taught to operate and repair Council for INSTRAW .

24 INSTRA W News 14 INSTRAW Activities

ICA Zambia, 23-27 July and Burkina Faso, 6-10 August 1990

hese workshops are being organ­ surveys and research on women's agency, the Organisation of African ized by INSTRAW and with other activities. Unity (OAU), International Labour T international organizations as The project is being developed and Organisation (ILO), INSTRAW, the part of a major interagency project funded by the United Nations Develop­ United Nations Statistical Office, the entitled, "Improving African Women's ment Programme (UNDP) and is a co­ United Nations Development Fund Role in the Informal Sector: Produc­ operative effort of the Economic Com­ for Women (UNIFEM) and the four tion and Management". Participants mission for Africa (ECA) as executing African Governments concerned.a will discuss methods of collecting and analysing statistics on women in the informal sector and their contribution to the national product. Primary ob­ jectives are: IO o To pool expertise and experiences in the use of statistical data to valuate GIES women's contribution to the informal New York, 8-10 November 19lfY sector; to familiarize participants with regional variations in sources of data nited Nations headquartrs was Survey of Approaches by the Organiza­ and methods of compiling and analysing the setting for the first consult­ tions of the United Nations System" statistics on women's participation in U ative meeting on a relatively was presented by consultant M. Carrera­ the informal sector; to collate available new area for the Organization: evalua­ Halim. According to the survey, most quantitative information; and to review tion methodologies for programmes United Nations organizations did not and make recommendations on two and projects on women in development. include WID issues in their guidelines key project documents. These are a Organized by INSTRAW and facilitated for evaluation, and what guidelines did technical handbook on statistical com­ by the United Nations Population Fund exist tended to be procedural. pilation and analysis, and a synthesis of (UNFPA), the meeting's objective was Working groups made the following four national case studies already un­ to brainstorm on improvements need­ recommendations: dertaken by participating agencies (in ed within current evaluation practices • INSTRAW should update its sur­ Burkina Faso, Congo, the Gambia and as applied within the United Nations vey paper and compile WID and gender­ Zambia). system, for both mainstream and wom­ related terminology for a revised Glos­ Six sessions are envisioned for each en-specific programmes and projects. sary of Evaluatio11 Terms. workshop: The idea was also to help INSTRAW • United Nations organizations I. National initiatives in the develop­ develop its evaluation guidelines and should develop user-friendly data bases ment of statistics on women and the methodologies. on WID and country profiles. informal sector; INSTRAW's Director ,Dunja Pastizzi­ • WID rosters of experts should be II. Definition and measurement of Ferencic, said that evaluation should developed, and evaluation should be the informal sector: review of concep­ be made continuously throughout the done by both internal and external tual and analytical approach and focus life of a project. Monitoring and evalua• teams. of the Handbook; tion should also include an integrated • WID approaches should be used III. Sources of data and techniques community-based approach, since most to consider the effects of structural for compiling and analysing statistics WID projects/programmes should be adjustment processes, the fight against on female and male participation in participatory. Such an approach should the feminization of poverty, the signifi­ the informal sector; start with an assessment of needs, in­ cance of women's work in the informal IV. Collection and analysis of data cluding identification of the extent to sector and the interrelationship of on income, production and time-use which present notions of women's roles socio-economic aspects with the envi­ in the informal sector; determined a need for attitudinal or ronment. V. Compilation of statistics on the re­ behavioural changes. Finally, she said • United Nations organizations lative contribution of women and men cost-benefit analysis could be useful, should include training on WID in to the informal sector within the frame­ but should not be applied too nar­ their programmes for project personnel. work of the national accounts; and rowly to WID projects; wider socio­ The meeting was attended by repre­ VI. Further work at national and economic objectives and developmental sentatives of 22 United Nations organi­ international levels. change should also be taken into ?ations. INSTRAW's representatives, The workshops will be attended by account. in addition to the Director, included Government-nominated officials with An INSTRAW survey paper entitled Borjana Bulajich, Associate Social experience in national accounts sur­ "The Women-in-Development Dimen­ Affairs Officer, and Alfred Stangelaar, veys, employment or establishment sion in · Evaluation Methodologies - a Social Affairs Officer.a

INSTRA W News 14 25 e INSTRAW ACTIVITIES FWOMEN Geneva, 13-16 November 1989

art-time employment, house­ could find only part-time jobs consti­ status. IN STRAW, in collaboration hold production, absenteeism tuted one type of underemployment. with the United Nations Statistical Of­ P from work and gender differ­ The need for statistics to be collec­ fice, is preparing a report to assist ences in time use were among the issues ted on a life-cycle basis to capture both countries in developing their own sta­ considered by participants at the sec­ the productive and reproductive phases tistics in the field; the report will also ond Economic Commission for Europe of women's lives was also expressed. provide national planners with a more (ECE)/INSTRAW Joint Meeting on Statistical data collection systems complete picture of production in the Statistics of Women. should be more flexible so as to better informal and household sectors. Due to the varying social and eco­ take into account changing values and New social trends are forcing sta­ nomic structures of different countries mores in society. tisticians to develop new definitions, the term "part-time employment" is in­ New initiatives in the measurement the meeting found. For example, terpreted in different ways, and its sta­ and valuation of labour inputs were surveys of informal care givers are in­ tistical treatment has varied accordingly. also presented at the meeting. These creasingly useful, given the growing In some circumstances, people choose included the development of satellite burden of care associated with the aging to work part-time, while in other situa­ accounts on household production and of much of Europe's population. tions, they have no choice but to do so. measurement and valuation of a house­ INST RAW was represented at the Therefore, a clear distinction between hold's productive activities that are meeting by Marie-Paul Aristy, Senior voluntary and involuntary part-time outside the boundaries of the System Economic and Social Affairs Officer; work should be reflected in data collec­ of National Accounts -the United Na­ Corazon Narvaez, Associate Social tion. Statisticians attending the meeting tions measurement of national eco­ Affairs Officer; then-President of the agreed that cases involving persons des­ nomic production, including GDP, Board of Trustees, Kristin Tornes; and iring full-time employment but who GNP, occupation and employment consultant Ann Chadeau.o

STATISTICS Quito, Ecuador, 27 Nov. -1 Dec. 1989

his national workshop on sta­ Other essential statistics include in­ present-day Ecuador, rather than rely­ tistics and indicators on wom­ formation on food, health, shelter and ing on European models. T en and development, co-spon­ education, community development, • Use of existing statistics in pro­ sored by INSTRAW and its focal point work productivity, legislation, and the jects for improving women's situation. in Ecuador, the lnstituto Ecuatoriano situation of rural, indigenous, urban Participants in this session stressed the de Investigaciones y Capacitaci6n de la poor and female heads of thousehold. importance of statistical analysis based Mujer (IECAIM), covered four main Participants considered the appropia­ on class and ethnic group, as well as on topics: teness of using the household as the sex. New approaches were needed to • Principal sources of statistical in­ basic unit of analysis. On the subject consider women~s multiple roles, and formation for measuring women 's of health, they called for consideration therefore required new data-gathering participation in development, with of the reproductive role, occupational techniques, such as life histories and special reference to Ecuadorian women. health hazards and the health conse­ participant-observation. Participants cited the inadequate dis­ quences of the "double working day" Greater participation by women in semination of published statistics and and of consumer society, which leads public life outside the family was urged. lack of access to unpublished data. Cri­ to the consumption of food with low The fact that data on violence against teria for data-gathering on women's sit­ nutritional value because it is readily women was relatively unquantified uation should be revised and specific available and well-publicized. should be rectified. Finally, with regard research undertaken to cover the • Women's economic contribution to the problems of peasant women, country's poorest provinces, where and statistics. Existing data tend to un­ participants said more conceptual im­ women's problems are most dramatic. derestimate drastically women's partici­ provements as well as data were need­ • Statistics on women needed for pation in the agricultural and artisan ed, particularly to document the pro­ planning national development. Statis­ sectors, participants said. Ecuadorian found deterioration in these women's tics should not deal with women as a ho­ women have been particularly hard-hit condition since the collapse of the ha­ mogeneous group but should consider by the regional economic crisis, with the cienda system. the various socio-economic strata they double working day affecting the Marie-Paul Aristy, INSTRAW's comprise, participants said. Social class poorest women most of all. Many of Senior Social Officer; consultant should also be considered in relation to the women presently identified only as M.ercedes Pedrero; and Fabiola Cuvi such factors as housing conditions, housewives are in fact farmers, artisans, Ortiz, IECAIM Director, were among fertility, marital status, educational vendors and service workers. Concepts the speakers at the plenary session. level, women's participation in the and data-gathering techniques should Alfonso Chan, INSTRAW's Chief Ad­ labour market and child survival rates. be revised according to the reality of ministrative Officer, also attended.a

26 INSTRA W News 14 WOMEN~S RIGHTS UNWOMEN"S DIVISION CONVENTION SENDS CELEBRATED MESSAGE Santo Domingo, 22January1990

articipants in a round table at the national level in providing direct he United Nations Division sponsored by INSTRAW called assistance to women were presented for the Advancement of for changes in the labour and by representatives of three Dominican T Women, based in Vienna, co­ P ordinates the dissemination of infor­ social laws of the Dominican Republic groups and of the Government. to comply with the Convention on the In the debate that followed more mation regarding the Convention Elimination of All Forms of Discrimi­ than 120 participants drawn from Do­ for the entire United Nations sys­ tem. Chafi ka Sellami-Meslem, Di­ nation against Women. The round table minican public life, women's organiza­ rector of the Division, sent the fol­ was held on 22 January as part of tions and the international community lowing message to INST RAW for celebrations marking the tenth anniver­ focused on the situation of Dominican the lnstitute's celebration of the sary of the Convention, which was women in the areas of employment, Convention's tenth anniversary : adopted by the United Nations General family life, health and education. They "On (this) occasion .. ., I am happy Assembly on 18 December 1979. stressed that labour laws must be to extend to you the full support Representatives of INSTRAW pro­ modified to secure women workers' of the Division for the Advancement vided the background on the work rights to paid maternity leave and day­ of Women. Our efforts and aims connected with implementing the care centres. A family court should be are the same in that we are endeav­ Convention from an international per­ established to deal with cases of di­ ouring to disseminate the word and spective. "Achievement of the principle vorce, sexual abuse and violence in the spirit of the Convention so that it may be universally accepted and all of equal pay for equal work is still in family. Better education was needed its provisions implemented to the the distant future," said Dunja Pastizzi­ to encourage the more equal distribu­ full. Ferencic, Director of the Institute. Te­ tion of household chores between the "We can use this tenth anniver­ resa Elvira Meccia de Palmas, Ambassa­ sexes. Participants also suggested that sary to celebrate some success but dor of Argentina to the Dominican Re­ both the public and private sectors not to become complacent. We can public and President of the Fundaci6n should be involved in research on the be proud of what has been accom­ por los Derechos de la Mujer Latino­ conditions of women working in the plished. Most of the women already americana, described the work of the country's free trade zones. Finally, they covered by the Convention are still Foundation, which attempts to co­ called for a common front to effect unaware of their rights under it and are not using them for their own ordinate work on the Convention at the necessary changes in legislation in betterment. Subject to poverty, the the regional level. Finally, experiences accordance with the Convention.a effects of past discrimination in education and employment, lack­ ing knowledge of the workings of their legal systems, lacking institu­ tion and services that would allow them to channel their demands into their legal systems, women are still kept behind. New measures must be taken to make the Convention, to­ gether with the Nairobi Strategies, accessible and relevant to these women .. .. "There are still over 60 (coun­ tries) whose women are not covered by this Magna Carta of emanicipa­ tion. The reasons for non-accession, justified on the basis of tradition or national practice, are not convincing, and efforts must be made inside those countries and on the interna­ tional level to complete the task of ensuring that all women can benefit More tban 120 people attended INSTRA W's lOtb anniversary celebration oftbe UN's women's from its provisions".o rights convention in Santo Domingo last January.

INSTRA W News 14 27 WID issues in the UN: the debate continues

Commission on the Status of Women Vienna, 26 February -9 March 1990

A world conference on women will on the advancement of women in em­ port programmes to improve the living be held in 1995, under a draft resolu­ ployment, education and health, giving conditions of women in the informal tion adopted last March by the United special attention to problems faced by sector. Nations Commission on the Status of women in extreme poverty, rural wom­ "These programmes should contrib­ Women, which is the Organization's en and women in the informal sector ute -among other things- to the incor­ major intergovernmental body for of the economy. poration into the informal sector of women's issues. The Commission, Among the Commission's recom­ appropriate technologies which can in­ whose actions will be submitted this mendations and conclusions on its re­ crease informal sector production and fall to its parent body, the economic view of implementation oftheForward­ make possible greater access to domes­ and Social Council (ECOSOC), also looking Strategies are the following: tic and international markets .... " recommended a target of 30 per cent • "In order to help revitalize eco­ • "Governments should... ensure by 1995 for women holding leadership nomic growth, international economic that new technologies are accessible to positions in Governments, political and social co-operation together with women and that women participate parties, trade unions, professional and sound economic policies should be in the design and application of those other representative groups. That pro­ pursued. Structural adjustment and technologies." posal is one of numerous recommen­ other economic reform measures should The Commission further called on dations on ways to increase imple­ be designed and implemented so as to Governments and financial institutions mentation of the Nairobi Forward­ promote the full participation of wom­ to support the establishment of co­ looking Strategies for the Advancement en in the development process, while operatives and rural banks for women of Women, which were appraised by the avoiding the negative economic and so­ to provide small- and medium-scale Commission during its extended ses­ cial effects. They should be accom­ production. sion. panied by policies giving women equal Other recommendations made by The Commission stated that imple­ access to credit, productive inputs, the Commission would ask Govern­ mentation of the Str:ategies had been markets and decisionmaking and this ments and non-governmental organiza­ "slow", and accordingly it approved should be incorporated fully into na­ tions to: another resolution by which ECOSOC tional economic policy and planning. - continue campaigns for women's would urge Governments to strength­ "The International Development "legal literacy"; en their national machineries and pro­ Strategy for the Fourth United Nations -establish offices of ombudsmen to grammes for the advancement of wom­ Development Decade should take full put legal equality into practice; en. Such machineries should be estab­ account of women's contribution and - promote the revision of textbooks lished in every State by 199 5, with an potential and this should be an impor­ to eliminate sex-biased presentations; institutional location allowing them tant part of monitoring its implemen­ - ensure women's equal access to to have a direct effect on government tation. Relevant organizations of the education and training, in order to re­ policy, the Commission recommended. United Nations system should continue move all gender-related differences in The United Nations would also, under to examine the effects of national and adult literacy by the year 2000; the terms of another resolution, carry international economic policies on so­ -increase the proportion of women on a world- wide campaign to increase cial progress, in particular the condition involved in economic decision-making awareness of the obstacles encountered ofwomen in developing countries." and paid employment; and in implementing the Strategies, focus­ • "Government policies, non-govern­ - promote issues concerning women ing on de facto equality in political mental action and international co­ and the environment, particularly nat­ participation and decision-making, and operation should be directed to sup- ural disasters. o

28 INSTRA W News 14 Global Consultation on Safe Water and Sanitation for the 1990s "A Safe Environment fora Healthy Life " New Delhi, 10-14September1990

Latin American The United Nations International The objective of the meeting is to Poverty Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation provide an opportunity for consulta­ Decade 1981-1990 (IDWSSD) is end­ tions between developing countries Quito, Ecuador, ing in 1990. The activities under the and external support agencies to for­ 31 August-1September1990 aegis of this concerted international mulate strategies for environmentally effort have led to the provision of safe sound and sustainable water supply water supplies to an estimated 700 and sanitation services for the 1990s UNIFEM's second regional confer­ million new users, while sanitation and beyond. The consultation is ex­ ence on poverty includes the topic of facilities were provided to some 250 pected to reach a consensus on strate­ million people during the Decade. women and poverty, within the frame­ gies which could be supported by the However, there is a great need to international community. The results work of the Organization's inter-agency continue the efforts of the internatio­ of the consultation will be brought to draft Regional Plan of Action for the nal community, together with indivi­ the attention of the United Nations improvement of the condition of poor dual countries, in order to achieve the General Assembly at its 1990 session. women in Latin America and the Ca­ aims and goals of the Decade during The agenda provides the framework for consultations on specific themes ribbean. The Plan is being drawn up by the 1990s. For this reason, the Unit­ ed Nations Development Programme and issues based on regional and global all United Nations agencies concerned (UNDP) is organizing a Global Consul­ characteristics for the 1990s, and with women in development, including tation on "Safe Water and Sanitation strategies will focus on an integrated INSTRAW. for the 1990s: A Safe Environment approach through country and local The idea of the Plan is to generate for a Healthy Life". It will be hosted level planning and programming. INSTRA W will be represented by a new strategy for the 1990s in light of by the Government of India in New Delhi, from 10-14 September 1990. its Director and a staff member. a the feminization of poverty that took place in much of the region during the previous decade. It will address areas in which action is urgently needed, such as the legal condition of women; ways WFUNA Recommendations to alleviate the high rates of maternal mortality, fertility and early mother­ for 1990-91 Programme hood; education and training, partic­ The World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA), at its ularly of young and poor women; in­ 1989 Assembly in Moscow, made a number of recommendations for action to creasing women's participation in the be taken by United Nations associations during 1990' 1991. These associations labour market and access to credit and should see to it that the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies are translated property; women's role as caretaker of into national languages and widely distributed; press Governments to imple­ the deteriorating environment; socio­ ment the Strategies in all member countries; ensure that Governments active­ cultural aspects of women's life, such ly support United Nations efforts to implement the Strategies internationally; and insist that the Strategies be integrated into the Fourth International as discrimination, the role of the me­ Development Strategy for the 1990s, which will be adopted by the United dia, and violence against women; and Nations General Assembly this fall. actions to improve and systematize sta­ WFUNA also recommended investigating what member associations and tistics on women. their national Governments have done since the Nairobi Conference in order INSTRAW's representative at the to implement the Strategies and the United Nations' women rights convention, conference will report on the Institute's as well as what the proportion is of men and women among the leadership, work regarding adjustment policies, sta­ board members and professional staff of the associations.a tistics and training.a

INSTRA W News 14 29 1990: International Literacy Year

he United Nations General As­ al and national plans of action by mo­ sembly has proclaimed 1990 as bilizing international public opinion in T International Literacy Year support of literacy efforts. In partic­ (ILY). Literacy is of great concern to ular, an effort will be made to alert women, since the literacy gap between public opinion to the rate of illiteracy men and women is increasing: the rate is among adult women and its implica­ currently 34.9 per cent for women to tions for the well-being of their chil­ 20.5 per cent for men, while in the devel­ dren, the lower rate of school partici­ oping world, where nearly 98 per cent pation among girls than among boys of the world's illiterates live, there is a and the association between literacy 21 per cent difference.Female illiterates and poverty, underdevelopment and over age 15 now account for two-thirds economic, social and cultural exclu­ of all illiterates world-wide. sion. To remedy t!"iis situation, IL Y is Among the major events planned UNESCO is the lead United Na­ linked to a Plan of Action to assist for ILY are a World Conference on Edu­ tions organization for ILY. For further countries in eradicating illiteracy by cation for All (Thailand, 5-9 March); information on its literacy programmes, the year 2000. One of the Year's prin­ the International Conference on Edu­ contact the ILY Secretariat, UNESCO, cipal objectives is to create favourable cation (Geneva); and International Lit­ 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, conditions for launching world, region- eracy Day (8 September). France.o

ILLITERACY FEMALE AGED IS+; 1980/85 Source: United Nations Wall Chart on PERCENTAGE HIGHS & LOWS The Situation of Women 1990: Selec­ ted Indicators. A collaborative effort by the Department of International 10 Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Office at Vienna, with 90 the assistance of UNICEF, UNFPA,. UNDP, UNIFEM and INSTRAW. Sales 80 Publication No. E. 90. XVII. 3A.

~ 7 ..:i Notes: < :?: 60 0High A series designated by a slash be­ ~ ~ tween years, e.g. 1985/87, refers to 50 • Low zf-< the latest year in that period for which u~ 40 data are available. i:i:: The designation "developed" coun­ ~ p... 30 tries, areas or regions is intended for statistical convenience and does not 20 necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular coun­ try or area in the development process. 0 Regions In this chart, "developed" regions or Developed Africa Latin America/ Asia and Countries Caribbean Pacific areas refers to countries and areas of and Areas Europe plus Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Soviet Union and United The illiteracy rates of women aged 15 or more vary dramatically within the regions. In States. Figures for Australia, Japan Asia and Pacific, for example, they range from 99 per cent (Yemen) to Tonga (1 per cent). The high for Africa is found in Burkina Faso, where 97 per cent of women in this age group and New Zealand are therefore shown are illiterate, while Reunion boasts the lowest rate (20 per cent). The contrast is also great under the heading "developed coun­ in Latin America and the Caribbean: from a 68 per cent illiteracy rate in Haiti to 4 per cent in Cuba. Among the developed countries, Portugal has the highest percentage of female il­ tries or areas", not under Asia and literates (20 per cent), and the Soviet Union, the lowest (0 per cent). Pacific.

30 INSTRAW News 14 News from the regions

ECA ECE Economic Commission Economic Commission for Africa for Europe

An international conference on the role of popular par­ ECE is engaged in a joint project with INSTRAW on time ticipation in development has explicitly identified the lack use, and has completed four of five case studies. The first of participatory processes as the primary cause of Africa's concerns "Everyday life in ECE countries: A comparative unyielding, decade-long economic catastrophe. Sponsored study of women's and men's time use''. Specifically, it looks jointly by ECA and non-governmental organizations, the at trends and changes in time use from the 1920s to the conference called on African peoples and Governments 1960s in the Soviet Union, the United States and the Unit­ to embark urgently on a series of far-reaching changes in ed Kingdom, as well as trends and changes in paid and un­ the structures, patterns and political context of decision­ paid work and free time. While men still have the principal making at all levels of society. responsibility for paid work and women for unpaid work, The conference, held in Arusha, Tanzar.ia, 12-16 Febru­ the general trend is for men's and women's time use struc­ ary 1990, adopted the African Charter for Popular Participa­ tures to converge. tion in Development Transformation, which asserts that The second case study is entitled "Economic activity "there must be an opening up of political processes to and women's time use". One section deals with women's accommodate freedom of opinion, tolerate differences ... employment, specifically age/participation rates in Europe, and ensure the effective participation of the people and while the second section uses time budget data to examine their organizations ... in designing policies and programmes". the relationship between employment status and the full A significant portion of the Charter is devoted to analysing range of women's and men's activities. the pivotal contribution made to development by women, The informal and domestic work of women in countries and it urges that attainment of equal rights by women in so­ with centrally planned economies is the topic of the third cial, economic and political spheres must be a central feature case study. It focuses on the determinants and forms of of any democratic and participatory pattern of development. work; time use; and the economic role of women in such INSTRAW Trustee Victoria Okobi presented a paper on countries, and discusses the concepts and evaluation of behalf of the Institute at the Fourth Regional Conference informal and domestic sectors. on the Integration of Women in Development and on the The fourth study, concerning variation in women's time Implementation of the Arusha Strategies for the Advance­ use by age and stage in family cycle, includes a longitudinal ment of Women in Africa (Abuja, Nigeria, 6-10 November analysis of such changes in Denmark, Norway and the 1989). "Since the beginning," she noted, "the Institute has United Kingdom. Data on the Netherlands, Hungary, concentrated a substantial part of its efforts in the African Canada and the United States are also provided. region." She cited INSTRAW's statistical project on African The Commission is interested in strengthening its collab­ women in the informal sector -on which the Institute is col­ oration with INSTRAW by making the Institute's European laborating with the Commission and the Organization of Afri­ focal points the nucleus for future parallel activities. Follow­ can Unity- field-testing of its training package on women, ing the ECE/INSTRAW joint meeting on statistics on women water and sanitation at national workshops in four African last November. (seep. 26), consultations will be held on the countries, and evaluation methodologies.a next meeting in 1991.o

INSTRA W News 14 31 The revised edition of the Directory of National Focal ECLAC Points for the Advancement of Women in Asia and the Pa­ Economic Commission cific contains charts on total population, economically active for Latin America and U10 Ca~ibbeai& population, fertility rate anc l ;f~ pxper~~- -~· ...,_ 0 ::? 1i 0£ 3'.' countries in the ESCAP region. Information on national In 1989, ECLAC reorganized its activities in order to focal points, including national policy, organizational struc­ systematize the relations of its Women and Development ture, functions, major programmes, and publications, is also Unit with regional Governments, with the help of a group provided, as are country maps and a fold-out map for the of Presiding Officers. In taking this action the Commission region. a followed the recommendations of the Fourth Regional Conference on the Integration of Women into the Economic and Social Development of Latin America and the Carib­ bean, which was held in Guatemala City, 27-30 September 1988. ESCWA The September 1989 meeting of the Conference's Presid­ Economic and Social Commission ing Officers highlighted Commission actions on behalf of the least protected sectors of women, and the actions intend­ for Western Asia ed to enhance theoretical and quantitative knowledge on the theme of women. The possibility of an interregional ESCWA has developed a project proposal aimed at increas­ proposal on that subject by the regional commissions and ing the economic participation of Arab women in the region INSTRAW was also underlined. through a culturally acceptable approach that takes women's ECLAC presented the Officers with the following new family responsibilities and economic contribution into ac­ studies: count. The proposal, which has already received preliminary -"Rural Women of Latin America and the Caribbean: funding from the United Nations Development Fund for Results of Projects and Programmes", which summarizes Women (UNIFEM), is entitled "Strategy for Western Asia: the main aspects of the recent situation of rural women in A Third Choice for Arab Women". the region, emphasizing the gender division of rural pro­ Women's participation in economic activities in the ductive work and women's recent incorporation into agro­ ESCWA region has been among the lowest in the world. At industry. the same time, the demand for labour in the Gulf countries -"Women and Politics in Latin America and the Carib­ has led to the influx of large numbers of expatriate workers, bean" analyses the political participation of women, linked including women. However, increased utilization of the to the concept of integral development. native female population to meet this demand will entail -"Latin America: The Challenge of Socializing the Do­ due consideration of the region 's predominantly Islamic mestic Environment" analyses changes in the situation of cultural values, which restrict women's access to remunera­ women and families in the region. This situation is the tive employment. product of inadequate development and the impact of the Three areas of action can be pursued to increase women's debt crisis, and requires the design of innovative and effective economic participation within existing norms and attitudes. policies to support women. First, the number of women working in secretarial and service The Fifth Regional Conference is tentatively scheduled positions, for which demand is high, could be increased. for September-October 1991. a Secondly, their representation in the statistical and profes­ sional occupations could be boosted. These first two alter­ natives, nonetheless, are not riecessarily the most desirable, since women secretaries and service workers only contribute ESCAP to sexual stereotyping, while few women in the region are sufficiently 'trained in professional skils. They also call for Economic and Social Commission women to choose between staying at home or sacrificing for Asia and the Pacific family duties and personal satisfaction in order to main­ tain a regular job - something· which goes against the grain Two ESCAP publications from 1989 are of interest to of their cultural orientation. WID. Guidelines on Upgrading the Legal Status of Women ESCWA is therefore advocating the "third choice" - "a is derived from an analysis and evaluation of legal literacy labour market response to new and emerging needs of the programmes for women carried out by the Commission in labour force". It has the same goal as the other two - great­ Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka. The er participation of women - but by adapting work require­ programmes covered women's political, civil/family and ments to the family needs of women, instead of the other economic rights, and general welfare, especially as paid way around. The Commission proposes to accomplish th.is workers. The programmes were implemented by national through four interlinked activities: data collection and anal­ counterpart agencies in each country on the basis of work­ ysis, to document the present situation of women; occupa­ shops, and legal literacy campaigns were conducted. The tional training; formulation of policy guidelines, to be pre­ Guidelines describe the scope and strategy of a legal literacy sented at a meeting of policy makers and women's groups; programme as well as the campaigns in each of the four and implementation of the strategy itself, through clearing­ countries. house and technical co-operation activities.a

32 INSTRA W News 14 NEW IDEAS OUTSIDE THE UN SYSTEM

Non-Aligned INSTRAW Represented Countries for First Time at Non-Aligned Summit DiscussWID ~1 Belgrade, 4-7 September 1989 Havana, 29 ]an. - 1 Feb. 1990 J

INSTRAW was invited for the first m collaboration with the Centre for The Ministerial Conference of Non­ time to attend in a guest capacity the International Co-operation and De­ Aligned Countries on the Role of Wom­ Ninth Conference of Heads of States velopment Studies, Harare, Zimbabwe, en in Development was intended to or Government of Non-Aligned Coun­ was distributed to delegates. coordinate the non-aligned countries' tries. During the Economic Committee INSTRAW was represented by its position on this issue, especially in session, a study on "Women and South­ Director, Dunja Pastizzi-Ferencic, and view of the 1990 session of the United South Co-operation: Bridge to the Borjana Bulajich, Associate Social Mainstream", prepared by INSTRAW Affairs Officer.a Nations Commission on the Status of Women (see "WID issues in the UN"). The Conference recommended that working relations within the framework • of the United Nations among the Divi­ aw sion for the Advancement of Women (DAW), the United Nations Develop­ International Women's ment Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and INSTRAW should be strengthened in Rights Action Watch order to incorporate activities designed New York City, 20-22 January 1990 to benefit not just women but the over­ all develoment of non-aligned and de­ "A Decade of the Women's Conven­ women's and law groups world-wide veloping countries. It also called on tion: Where We Are -What's Next?" is are implementing the principles of the United Nations Statistical Office, the title of the IWRAW's fifth annual the Convention at the grass-roots level. DAW and INSTRAW to strengthen conference, which celebrated the tenth IWRAW -commonly known as further their collaboration in the col­ anniversary of the United Nations' WATCH- is a global network of indi­ lection, analysis and use of statistics on Convention on the Elimination of All viduals and organizations that moni- · women. Forms of Discrimination Against Wom­ tors, analyses and promotes changes in "We reaffirm the valuable contribu­ en. The purpose of the conference was laws and policies affecting the status to appraise implementation of the Con­ of women. The organization uses the tion of all women, and strongly sup­ vention at national levels and to plan United Nations Convention as the port their aspirations towards the rec­ for a second productive decade. In focal point for its activities, and is the ognition of their rights. We particular­ addition, a special one-day forum on only NGO to focus on the Convention ly underscore the need for greater women's reproductive rights focused and its relation to human rights and efforts for the full integration of wom­ on how those rights are threatened development. en in our development processes. The world-wide since the recent U.S. Su­ INSTRAW was represented by con­ promotion of human rights and free­ preme Court Webster decision. sultant Nina Miness. For further infor­ dom is one of the basic objectives of Participants also focused on topics mation, contact: DLPP/ IWRAW, Cen­ our Movement." ter for Population and Family Health, considered by the Committee on the Marie-Paul Aristy, Senior Economic Elimination of Discrimination Against 60 Haven Ave . B-3,.New York, N. Y. and Social Affairs Officerof INSTRAW, Women, which reviewed country re­ 10032, USA, tel. 212/305-6980, fax represented tbe entire United Nations ports in January 1990. Sessions on legal 2121305-7024.a literacy and services illustrated how system at the conference.a

INSTRA W News 14 33 "Women Hold Up Half the Sky: Vision and Voices for the 1990s" Des Moines, Iowa, 3-5 May 1990

The United Nations Association of looking Strategies and the United Iowa sponsored this international col­ Nations Convention on the Elimina­ loquium, which was designed to en­ tion of All Forms of Discrimination courage dialogue between humanities Against Women; WoMEN scholars, researchers, planners, policy 2) promote a greater understanding hold up half the sky: makers, artists and community orga­ of the real problems as well as the com­ vision and voices for the 1990s nizers to promote institutional and monalities that link women across the cultural change. Sessions were high­ globe; lighted around the following themes: 3) provide a vision of what society access to information; access to popular might or ought to be like for wom­ culture, the media and afternative pub­ en in the 1990s; and lications; access to resources;and grass­ 4) explore methods for empower­ .,.3... roots networking and access to power. ment of individuals and women's A communications fair illustrated how organizations. to look at heritage through the lives of Dunja Pastizzi-Ferencic, INSTRAW women nationally and internationally; Director, spoke on "The Need for In­ showcasing art, masks, the media and novative Development Indicators and needlecrafts. Policy: Women's Work in the Informal Using the United Nations' non­ Sector of the Economy". The United governmental Nairobi grass-roots meet­ Nations system was also represented by ing, FORUM '85, as a model, the pro­ speakers from the United Nations Pop­ gramme was intended to: ulation Fund (UNFPA) and the United 1) further implement both locally Nations Development Fund for Wom­ and globally the Nairobi Forward- en (UNIFEM).o

Women and the Many Dimensions of Power Montreal, 3-8 June 1990

This first world- summit, organiz­ tegies in order to gain access to the latter aims to provide a critical analysis ed by the Canadian women's group corridors of power and to put in place and future perspectives on women's F.R.A.P.P.E. ("Femmes regroupees the means to give women their due work within the official and unofficial pour l'accessibilite au pouvoir politique place in all decision-making structures economy. et economique", or Women for Access of modern society. Filmmaker Margarethe von Trotta, to Political and Economic Power), will Four major workshops will be de­ author Shere Hite and politician Geral­ be held in commemoration of the fif­ voted to Power and the Economy; dine Ferraro are among the scheduled tieth anniversary of Quebec women's Power and the Media; Power and Pol­ speakers. right to vote. FRAPPE calls it "a Nai­ itics; and Power and Religion. Con­ For further information, contact: robi-type convention to pave the way current workshops also cover the rela­ FRAPPE, 822, rue Sherbrooke est, for the United Nations .meeting plan­ tion of power to such topics as the arts; Bureau 322, Montreal, Quebec, Cana­ ned for 1995". ecology; handicapped women; health; da H2L 1K4, tel. 514/521-0152, fax The objectives of the summit are, law; reproduction and choices; senior 514/521-7686.o accordingly, to draw up common stra- citizens; sexuality; and work. The

34 INSTRAW News 14 Indian Colleagues Request Support Women's Worlds: Realities and Choices The Indian Institute of Human Sciences is planning to organize an New York City, 3-7 June 1990 international conference on women and housing problems late in 1990. INSTRAW Director Dunja Pastizzi­ Congress, held every three years, aims It is also interested in undertaking Ferencic will be keynote speaker at to bring together scholars and practi­ an international, intercultural, mul­ the Fourth International Interdisciplin­ tioners from a wide range of disciplines tidisciplinary project on friendship, ary Congress on Women at Hunter Col­ to share insights, experience and re­ focusing on friendship among and lege (CUNY), New York City. The search, and to explore issues of impor­ between women, both in rural and tance to women throughout the world. urban settings, and in the work This year's Congress will explore place and domestic situations. women's realities and choices as they The Institute has requested intersect with analysis, research, theory financial assistance for the confe­ ' and action. rence and input from scholars for ·1 For further information, contact: the friendship study. Contact: Prof. Marsha Frankel, 4th IICW, Dept. of Samir K. Ghosh, Indian Institute of Anthropology, Hunter College-CUNY, Human Sciences, 114 Sri Aurobin­ I 695 Park Ave., New York, NY 10021, do Rd., Konnagar, W.B., India 712 USA.o 235.o

In this religious ceremony in Bali, UN PHOTO/John Isaac it is the women who carry the offerings to the temple.

INSTRA W News 14 35 Bookshelf selected INSTRAW publications

Report from the National Training The annexes include the agenda, and Renewable Sources of Energy Workshop on "Women, Water Supply a presentation on WSS aspects in (NRSE). Deliberations focused on such and Sanitation". Zonta International! Akwa lbom State and opening state­ areas as: an overview of United Nations INSTRAW, Santo Domingo, 1990. 47 ments by the Minister of Social De­ activities in the field of NRSE; the role pp., English.INSTRAWISER. A/19. velopment, Youth. and Sports and of women in the development, manage­ INSTRAW's representative, Stephani ment and utilization of NRSE; rele­ This repoi:t presen~s a s~mmary ~f Scheer. vant NRSE systems: characteristics and events and concise coverage of certain technologies; NRSE projects and pro­ substantive issues dealt with during the Report of the Regional Training Semi­ grammes: design and implementa­ workshop, which was held in Lagos, nar on "Women, New and Renewable tion; and education and training activi­ Nigeria, from 10-16 May 1989. These Sources of Energy", Santo Domingo, ties in NRSE projects and program­ issues include: the participation of INSTRA W, 1989. 38 pp., English. mes. women in planning water supply and INSTRAW/SER. A/18. The report also contains participants' sanitation (WSS) projects and pro­ recommendations, which include the grammes; women's activities in health This report summarizes the events recognition of the role of women in and hygiene education in WSS pro­ of the seminar, organized by INSTRAW national policy on NRSE; the involve­ jects and programmes; the role of in co-operation with the United Na­ ment of qualified women in project women as participants and beneficiar­ tions Economic Commission for Africa management, supervision, monitoring ies in the choice of technology and (ECA), and sponsored by the Govern­ and evaluation; an emphasis on tech­ training for WSS; women's activities in ment of Italy. The seminar took place nologies which contribute to alleviat­ the operational stage of WSS projects; in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 16-20 Octo­ ing the heavy burden of women's and communication/information stra­ ber 1989. work; and critical evaluation of NRSE' tegies in WSS projects. Also included The purpose of the seminar was to training programmes. A list of partici­ in the report are numerous recommen­ test INSTRAW-ILO/TURIN Centre's pants and observers, as well as the dations emanating from the work­ prototype multi-media modular train­ seminar's workplan, are provided as shop. ing packages on Women and New annexes. Among the recommendations are: the issuance of directives to all States Taller Subregional de Centroamerica JNSTRAW ® (9) \l"il

36 INSTRAW News 14 ta Rican National Centre for the enhance women's participation in co­ ized in the sub-region of Central Amer­ Development of Women and the operatives. ica and th e Caribbean on the topic of Family). The papers, presentd by experts in Women, Population and Or:veloprnent. The report summarizes the results co-operat1v1sm from both developing At the seminar (Santo Domingo, 22-26 of the discussion and the recommen­ and developed countries and from May 1989), development practitioners dations. It also compiles all the papers United Nations bodies and agencies, from 15 countries exchanged experi­ presented which, in keeping with the are reproduced in Part Two. They focus ences and views in order to influence workshop's objectives, dealt with sta­ on the co-operative approach to devel­ the formulation of programmes and tistical needs from the users' perspec­ opment; regional experiences in eco­ projects of direct benefit to women, tive; statistical data for measuring nomic and social policy; women's their families and society. women's participation in the develop­ involvement in the international co­ ment process; and the use of statistics operative movement; and organiza­ INSTRAW(@ (Q) G UHFPA in designing women-oriented policies. Un\ttd tl it tlons lnttrnatlon•\ Uniltd ll 1tlons tional and managerial aspects of co­ R11urch • nd Tr•ln'ng l ns tltutt Popuht\on Fund ·ror ttlt AdY.nct•ent of wo,un Recommendations highlighted the need operatives. Experiences from African, to adopt measures to improve tradi­ Asian, European and Latin American JO!llT TRA!NlllC SHllMH 0:1 tional statistics, and to facilitate access countries, as well as from govern­ to information. Also recommended mental and nongovernmental organiza­ Women, Population were a revision of occupational classifi­ tions and United Nations institutions, and Development cations in order to reflect more ade­ are presented. quate! y the situation of the region; the The participants formulated proto­ addition of the category of ethnic group type guidelines for future action at the as another relevant characteristic to be international, regional and national included in tabulations; and further levels. Some of these guidelines are: the research on the conditions and causes co-ordination of co-operative educat­ of internal and international migration. tion, training and exchange of infor­ Among the annexes are some of the mation for women in co-operatives by papers presented at the workshop, the the United Nations, its specialized agen­ agenda and lists of participants and cies and inter-governmental and non­ documents. governmental organizations; the collec- _ tion and classification of data at the, Proceedings of the Interregional Con­ national and regional levels on women's sultative Meeting on Women in Cooper­ participation in co-operatives; and fu­ Presentations included United Na­ atives: Implications for Development. ture research on obstacles to women's tions approaches to WID and popula­ INSTRA W, Santo Domingo, 1990. participation in co-operatives, as well tion and national experiences m 374 pp., English. INSTRAW!SER.A/17. as on existing co-operatives in which population programmes and develop­ women predominate. ment policies: Part One of the proceedings of Among the seminar's recommenda­ this meeting, which was held in Report of Training Seminar on Women, i:ions are the positioning of women in Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 20-24 June 1988, Population and Development. ] ointly decision-making roles and using the presents the report of the meeting, organized by United Nations Popula­ media to promote women's issues; whose main objective was to analyse, tion Fund (UNFPA) and INSTRAW, increased dissemination of information from the global and regional perspec­ Santo Domingo, 1990. 35 pp., English, on maternal mortality; and the inclu­ tives, women's participation in the INSTRAWISER . A/20. sion of time and place of work as in­ co-operative movement, particularly in dicators. There is also a bibliography developing countries, and to produce This report summarizes the deliber­ on women, population and develop­ long-term guidelines for action to ations of the seminar, the first organ- ment for the region.a 37 1989 World Survey on the Role of Wo­ World Economic Survey 1989: Current Multimedia Training Materials for Water men in Development. United Nations Trends and Policies in the World Eco­ Supply and Sanitation. World Bank, Office at Vienna, Centre for Social De­ nomy. United Nations Department of Economic Development Institute. velopment and Humanitarian Affairs. International Economic and Social Washington, D.C., n.d., English. Vienna, 1989. 301 pages, English. Affairs, New York, 1989. 186 pages, English. These new training tools comprise a This survey, an update of the first comprehensive collection of audiovi­ such survey published in 1986, com­ This volume reviews and analyses sual and written materials designed to prises 11 chapters, including annexes, the implications of such economic help managers and decision makers to tables and figures, and a bibliography. trends as the unexpectedly large expan­ plan, finance and implement water By mandate of the General Assembly, sion of world output, the vigorous supply and sanitation (WSS) projects. it focuses on selected emerging deve­ growth of international trade and in­ The collection focuses on the econom­ lopment issues that have an impact on vestments, and the fact that many de­ ic, financial and institutional consid­ the role of women in the economy at veloping countries, particularly in Afri­ erations essential to the success of any the local, national, regional and inter­ ca and Latin America, barely benefited WSS project. national levels. It also contains more from those developments. The materials are grouped into four data and information on the role of The survey has been divided into subject areas: economic feasibility, fi­ women in development -induding eight chapters: The State of the World nancial feasibility, institutional feasi­ their role in the informal sector- than Economy; Global Economic Trends bility and technical options. Topics the first survey did, and is closely linked and Prospects; International Trade; within each subject area are organized with the Nairobi Forward-looking Stra­ International Finance and Debt; The into self-contained training units. The tegies for the Advancement of Women. International Energy Situation; Eco­ collection consists of a total of 20 units After an overview of the role of nomic Reform and Integration of Cen­ including separate units explaining the women in development, the main part trally Planned Economies; Interest concepts of macroeconomics, sector of the survey deals with the substantive Rates in the 1980s; and Economic Ad­ planning and the project cycle. As a issues, divided into the following 10 justments and the Net Transfer of Re­ whole, the units form a complete two­ chapters: Women, Debt and Adjust­ sources from Developing Countries. week seminar, but they can also be or­ ment; Women, Food Systems and Agri­ The final portion of the survey is dered and used separately to focus on culture; Women in Industrial Develop­ devoted to three special issues, one of particular subjects. ment in Industrial Countries: Trends which concerns the socio-economic Each unit contains 35mm colour and Perspectives; Women and Services; attainments of women, with a special slides with an accompanying lecture Women in the Informal Sector; Policy focus on economic aspects of women's on cassette tape, 20 copies of a parti­ Response to the Creation of Equal situation and their contribution to eco­ cipant manual, and an illustrated tran­ Opportunities in the World of Work; nomic development, taking into ac­ script of the slide-sound presentation. Technology and Women; Culture and count their participation in the evo­ Instructor guides and notes for all units the Economic Role of Women; Statis­ lution of labour markets. Tables are are gathered into one notebook. tics and In.d icators on Women's Parti­ provided in this section on female-male The materials in this collection have cipation in the Economy; and Equa­ activity rates for different regions and been extensively reviewed by World lity, Development and Peace: An Inevi­ the economically active female popula­ Bank staff and field-tested in some 3 0 table and Irresistible Interdependence. tion in agriculture, industry and serv­ seminars. Modified versions in French The following United Nations bodies ices, 1970 and 1980. There is also a and Spanish are also under preparation. contributed the chapters: Division for discussion of the impact of technology For further information, or to place the Advancement of Women; FAO; on women. an order, contact: Edith A. Pena, Eco­ UNIDO; UNCTAD, ILO; C.Cntre for The other special issues covered by nomic Development Institute, 1818 H Science and Technology for Develop­ the survey are early identification, Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20433. ment; UNESCO; and the Statistical analysis and monitoring of world eco­ Prices for individual training units Office. INSTRAW contributed an annex nomic developments, and selected de­ range from US$140-240; the com­ to the chapter on women in the infor­ mographic indicators. Numerous sta­ plete collection of 20 units retails for mal sector, concentrating on the devel­ tistical tables and figures are also pro­ US$3,000. opment of statistics and indicators. vided.

38 INSTRA W News 14 "?) / /.J -J-

Poblacion y condicion de la mujer en educational system and the work place while differences between women as a la Republica Dominicana (Population in recent decades have redefined and group are expressed through their so­ and Condition of Women in the Domin­ further exacerbated the subordination cial status. ican Republic). I. Duarte, C. Gomez, C. of women. According to the authors, the shift Baez and M. Ariza. Santo Domingo. This study analyses the entire pro­ of women from the domestic sphere to lnstituto de Estudios de Poblacion y blem, presenting factors of sex and the labour market, the control women Desarrollo (IEPD), 1989, 170 pages, class as general explanations of wom­ have over their reproductive capacity Spanish. en's situation, relying on the method­ by means of contraception and the dif­ ological supposition that the differ­ ferent reproductive strategies tied to In the Dominican Republic, changes ences between men and women are social class have had a major impact on that have taken place in the family, the due primarily to their sexual condition, both the socio-demographic context and the family structure. In the area of fertility, a decline has MULTI-AGENCY been noted, from 7 .4 children per TASK FORCE DISCUSSES WOMEN mother in 1950-5 5 to 3 .8 in 1985-90, with women in the rural areas ac­ AND TROPICAL DISEASES counting for the highest averages. Such questions as whether women have different risks than men for infection and The study suggests that the impact disease in the tropics, and which periods of a woman's life represent the greatest risks, of the economic crisis could increase were discussed by medical specialists at the first meeting of the UN DP/World Bank/WHO the trend towards strengthening or Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TOR). Research on rebuilding the extended family among how tropical diseases affect women should take into account their unique social, eco­ the poor urban sector of the popula­ nomic and care-giving roles, experts stressed at the meeting, with took place on 1 May 1989. tion. Pregnancy is a risky time for diseases like leprosy, when increased estrogen levels As to education, women's participa­ lower immunity and can exacerbate the disease. The challenge for health planners, experts tion in the system has increased to the noted, is to find out how to convince women with leprosy to postpone pregnancy while point where it is now equal to that of their disease is active. Similarly, malaria puts pregnant women at risk -largely because it frequently leads to anemia, which is a major cause of maternal mortality. men. None the less, the sexual division However, malaria can be a more serious problem for women than for men when is still felt as strongly as in the past, cultural patterns make access to treatment more difficult. One expert at the meeting de­ particularly in technical/vocational ed­ scribed a situation in Thailand, where the ratio of men to women using a malaria clinic ucation. was six to one. This is not because men are more prone to malaria -in fact, there are no Unequal distribution of salaries in significant differences in frequency of malaria between the sexes- but because women may have less control than men over the resources needed to travel to a clinic, such as terms of sex has also been noted: wom­ cash, credit, means of transport o r the social ease and acceptability of travel. en's percentage share of salary decreases In rural areas of Colombia as well, where 75 per cent of women work outside the as salary scales increase. The process of home, women have less chance than men of receiving adequate malaria treatment. This urbanization, the growing importance is because when they are ill, there are few other household members willing or able to take care of them and because, in their self- and other-imposed role as primary caretakers, of the tertiary sector and the decline they are less likely to seek or obtain proper care. in real income have stimulated women's Meeting participants also discussed why males, who at conception outnumber fe­ participation in the economically active males by 120:100 and at birth by 105:100, end up being less disadvantaged by social population, particularly in commercial and environmental factors than women. "Perhaps the most striking reason for the loss of activities and the service sector. the female 'advantage' in the developing world," suggests the June 1989 issue of TDR News, "is the relative lack of protection given to women during... pregnancy and child­ The increase in remunerated work, birth... . Of the estimated half a million women who die each year during this period, conclude the authors, leads women to over 99 per cent are in developing countries." organize their household work differ­ Dr. carol Vlassoff, in an interview published in the same issue, states that "Women ently, to have fewer children and to are the key decision-makers in relation to their family's health and to the way family members seek health care in tropical countries .... Surprisingly few studies have attempted seek help from the extended family, to look at the sex differentials, both biological and social, in risks for TD R's target dis­ but it also means a greater emotional eases." burden and stress in order to cope As she points out, the TDR meeting emphasized the need for studies to begin pro­ with the incompatibility of their viding some answers. Accordingly, workshops are planned world-wide.D productive and reproductive roles. o

INSTRA W News 14 39 In-house news • In October 1989, INSTRAW of Volunteer Agencies, and stopped by • Two other interns were at was visited by Bolivian parliamentarian INSTRAW's headquarters. INSTRA W this winter. Pilar Gonzalez Emma Oblea Torres, who is also pre­ • Tatsuro Kunugi, Deputy Executive Laso came under the auspices ofSpain's sident of the Democratic Women's Fe­ Director ofthe United Nations Popula­ Instituto de la Mujer - INSTRA W's deration of Bolivia. Ms. Bolea discussed tion Fund (UNFPA), made a courtesy focal point in that country- to learn a possible collaboration on organizing visit to the Institute. about INSTRA W's work and to streng­ a national training workshop on statis­ • In order to strengthen co-ope­ then collaboration between the two tics and indicators. ration between IN STRAW and the Uni­ organizations. Ms. Gonzalez Laso is • Reinhart Helmke, Resident Re­ ted Nations Non-Governmental Liaison chief of planning for the International presentative of the United Nations De­ Service/Geneva, Thierry Lemaresquier Affairs Department of the Spanish Red velopment Programme (UNDP) in Hai­ met with the Institute's Director and Cross, and her stay was part of the first ti, came for an exchange of views and several staff members. course on Women and International to discuss various areas of co-operation • Carmen Bernado, a Spanish pain­ Cooperation for Development, presen­ between UNDP and INSTRAW. ter who lives in the Dominican Repu­ tly being organized by the lnstituto. • Anthropologist Stella Pieters blic, was briefed on INSTRA W's efforts • La Verne Hargett, New York­ Kwiers, advisor to the Federation of to disseminate the work of Dominican based anthropologist, also did an intern­ Curacao Women, came to INSTRAW artists. ship here with the support of the U.S. to learn about its operations. The visit • Dr. Mahendra Prasad Shrestha Council for INSTRAW. Ms. Hargett is was part of her research work, which arrived in February 1990 for a three­ supporting some INSTRAW research is supported by a grant from the Inter­ month internship with INSTRAW du­ efforts. national Development and Coopera­ ring which he has been working on • Gladys Lama and Fidelina tion Institute of Canada. Women and Development issues. Dr. Pimentel of the Dominican Associa­ • INSTR AW continuously receives Shrestha is programme officer at the tion of Executive Women in the Tou­ representatives of Dominican organiza­ United Nations Population Fund rism Industry paid a working visit to tions, including Miriam Perella and Divi­ (UNFPA)'s office in Kathmandu, Ne­ INSTRAW to expand the scope oftheir na Franco, of the Dominican Women's pal. activities. o Association and Book Foundation, res­ pectively. • Last November, Elke Warnke, wife of the Minister of Economic Co­ New Deputy Director Joins operation of the Federal Republic of Germany, who was in the Dominican INSTRAW Republic for an official state visit, stop­ ped by INSTRAW. The Institute orga­ Eleni Stamiris, from Athens, · Greece, became I~STRAW's new Deputy Director in February 1990. She nized an informal meeting for Ms. bnngs to the Institute many years of experience in th'e Warnke with Dominican women's field of women's studies and research including three groups. years of service as a member of INSTRAW's Board of • The secretary of the American Af­ Trustees from 1983-1986. fairs Commission of the International From 1982-1989, Ms. Stamiris was Director of the Mediterranean Women's Studies Institute in Athens. A Unit of Latin Notaries, Silvia Farina, non-governmental organization with consultative status to exchanged views with INSTRA W staff the Economic and Social Council, the Institute addresses • From Washington, D.C., Randy women's issues and problems throughout the Mediterra­ H. Grodman -co-ordinador of the Inter­ nean through its programmes in research, information and documentation, women's studies, peace and conflict resolution and training women from national Cooperation Department of developing countries. the Organization for Rehabilitation Ms ..Stamiris' varied and impressive career also includes teaching positions in sociology through Training- came to familiarize ~d social .anthropology, television production, community organization and immigrant ser­ herself with INSTRAW's training pro­ vices. She 1s a member of the Board of Directors of the European Network of Scientific and grammes. Technical Cooperation on Women's Studies under the Council of Europe; the EEC Erasmus Women's Studies Network; the Women's International Studies Europe (WISE); and Women's • Also in November, Sandra Pyke­ International Development Studies (WIDE). She has participated in numerous international Anthony and Janice Abraham of the committees and meetings, both within and outside the United Nations system. YMCA of Trinidad & Tobago visited Ms. Stamiris h~lds a. B.A. with honours in philosophy from Concordia University in INSTRA W to learn about the Insti­ Montreal, an M.A. m social anthropology from New York University and a diploma in ma­ nagement from Carleton University in Ottawa. tute 's operations and programmes. ~.esearch .and publication credits include work on women's participation in political • Representatives of several inter­ dec1s1on-making processes; the women's movement in Greece; and immigrant and rural national co-operation agencies were in women. Santo Domingo last December for a Ms. Stamiris is married and has one daughter.a meeting of the International Council

40 INSTRA W News 14 Former The IN STRAW Board Board Members of

INES ALBERDI (Spain) (1986-1989) Trustees G ULZAR BANO (Pakistan) DANIELA COLOMBO (1979-1985) Italy ESTER BOSERUP (Denmark) (1979-1985) FABIOLA CUVI ORTIZ Ecuador MARCELLE DEVAUD (France) (1979-1984) HAWADIALLO INGRID EIDE (Norway) Mali (1985-1987) SUAD IBRAHIM EISSA (Sudan) PENELOPE RUTH FENWICK (1983-1986) New Zealand VILMA ESPIN DE CASTRO (Cuba) - -: (1979-1985) TAWHIDA OSMAN HADRA Sudan EMMANUEL ESQUEA GUERRERO (Dominican Republic) (1979-1982) ELENA ATANASSOVA LAGADINOVA AZIZA HUSSEIN (Egypt) Bulgaria (1979-1984) MARIA LAVALLE URBINA (Mexico) A. SUDIARTI LUHULIMA (1983-1986) Indonesia ZHOR LAZRAK (Morocco) (1984-1987) GULE AFRUZ MAHBUB Bangladesh LILY MONZE (Zambia) (1979-1982) VICTORIAN. OKOBI SIGA SEYE (Senegal) Nigeria (1986-1989) LIN SHANGZHEN (China) VIRGINIA OLIVO DE CELLI (1986-1988) Venezuela ELENI STAMIRIS (Greece) (1983-1986) KRISTIN TORNES Norway NOBUKO TAKAHASHI (Japan) (1979-1984) IRENE TINKER (United States) Ex-Officio (1979-1983) Members VIDA TOMSIC (Yugoslavia) (1979-1985) A representative of the Secretary-General The Director of the Institute BERTA TORRIJOS DE AROSEMENA (Panama) Representatives of the five United Nations (1986-1989) Regional Economic Commissions DELPHINE TSANGA (Cameroon) A representative of the Government of the (1979-1985) Dominican Republic United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women INSTR AW

The main purpose of INSTRAW News is to report on the work of the Institute and, in doing this, to record research trends, disseminate training materials, and promote networking on women in development issues at a global level. The editorial policy of INSTRAW is to select events, news and items linked with its programmes and related activities. INSTRA W News is publish din English, French and Spanish, with a circulation of 14,500 and distributed to governmental and non-governmental organizations, research centres, women's groups and individuals in over 120 countries. Letters and comments of readers arc most welcome. Long letters may be edited for reason of space. Please address all inquiries on distribution and changes of addresses to: INSTRAW, P.O. Box 21747 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Telephone (809) 685-2111, facsimile 685-2117 Telex (326) 4280 WRA SD. Support Office in New York: Room S-3094 · United Nations;N.Y., N.Y., 10017, USA Telephone (212) 963-5684, facsimile 963-2978 Articles may be reproduced elsewhere provided the source is quoted as /NSTRAW News. INSTRA W, an autonomous body of the United Nations, conducts research, training and information activities to integrate women in development.

Printed P JJ014/8,500/Ellllish in the Dominican Republic Spring 1990