37 CHAPTER 10 KEY ACTORS FOR WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY: MONITORING AND ACCOUNTABILITY 236 Chapter 10. Key Actors THE ROLE OF KEY ACTORS In the first decade of the implementation of Security concrete change in areas where progress has been Council resolution 1325 (2000), few tools and data sluggish. Importantly, Security Council resolution were available to systematically track progress across 2122 (2013) recognized with concern that without a the women, peace and security (WPS) agenda. In significant implementation shift, women and women’s many areas the evidence available to inform policy- perspectives would continue to be underrepresented making and programming was limited, good practice in conflict prevention, resolution, protection and was not regularly recorded, and mechanisms for peacebuilding for the foreseeable future, and as such holding different stakeholders to account were largely encouraged Member States, regional organizations absent. In the build-up to the tenth anniversary of and United Nations entities to start reviewing existing resolution 1325, growing concerns were expressed implementation plans and targets. that, despite an expanding normative framework and a wide range of activities spurred by the adoption of the This chapter examines initiatives taken by different resolution, women’s and girls’ lives were still wrecked stakeholders to accelerate action, measure progress by violence, and women’s participation at all stages and deliver better results on the ground. It highlights of peace processes remained unacceptably low. This good practice and puts forward concrete proposals prompted a closer look at issues around monitoring for future action. As the review of the implementation and accountability, in particular because the more of resolution 1325 coincides with other major policy transformative and structural changes envisioned by all reviews and debates underway—including discussions actors contributing to the birth of resolution 1325 were linked to the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, far from achieved. targets and indicators; the 20-year review of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action; the In the lead up to the fifteenth anniversary of resolution 2015 High-Level Independent Panel on United 1325, policy makers, researchers and practitioners Nations Peace Operations; the 2015 Review of the looked back to assess what this resolution and United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture; and the related normative frameworks on women, peace and preparations for the World Humanitarian Summit—the security had achieved. They also looked ahead to chapter also explores linkages and synergies between see what needed to be done in the future to address the various agendas on issues concerning peace and emerging priorities and concerns, and bring about security from a gender perspective. 237 MEMBER STATES 238 Chapter 10. Member States HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE RESOLUTIONS Resolution 1325 Resolution 1889 Urges Member States Welcomes the efforts to ensure increased of Member States in representation of women at implementing its resolution all decision-making levels 1325 (2000) at the [...] in mechanisms for the national level, including the prevention, management, development of national and resolution of conflict action plans, and encourages Member States to continue to pursue such implementation 2000 2009 Resolution 1888 Encourages Member States to deploy greater numbers of female military and police personnel to United Nations peacekeeping operations, and to provide all military and police personnel with adequate training to carry out their responsibilities 239 Resolution 1889 Resolution 1889 Resolution 2106 Urges Member States, United Urges concerned Member Nations bodies and civil society, States to ensure full including non-governmental accountability, including organizations, to take all feasible prosecutions, in cases of measures to ensure women and [sexual exploitation and girls’ equal access to education abuse by UN personnel] in post-conflict situations, given involving their nationals the vital role of education in the promotion of women’s participation in post-conflict decision making 2013 Resolution 2122 Encourages concerned Member States to develop dedicated funding mechanisms to support the work and enhance capacities of organizations that support women’s leadership development and full participation in all levels of decision-making, regarding the implementation of resolution 1325 (2000) 240 Chapter 10. Member States NATIONAL ACTION PLANS “For this fifteenth UN agencies and donor countries have identified the formulation of national action plans (NAPs) as a critical anniversary I would like tool for moving forward Member State commitments in this area. These plans, when they are successful, to see more member provide an opportunity for national stakeholders to states develop and identify priorities, determine responsibilities, allocate resources, and initiate strategic actions within a defined adopt national action time frame. However, consultations in all regions for this Global Study indicated that this conception of an action plans…[N]ational action plan was sometimes based on an idealistic premise that all sectors within a country would work together plans that will have the regardless of diversity, division or polarity. Likewise, active participation bringing all groups under one umbrella, regardless of divergent agendas, could lead to unrealistic and of civil society, of unachievable action plans, especially when resources were limited. It is therefore essential to first understand local communities... ground realities in an armed conflict situation before National action plans pushing for national action plans and defining their content. that would have the As of July 2015, 54 countries have adopted a NAP (24 necessary budget and in Europe, of which several have already launched their third generation NAP; 17 in Africa; nine in Asia; three in technical resources the Americas; and one in Oceania).1 Several NAPs are so that we will not see due to be updated soon and close to 20 more countries are in the process of preparing their first action plan.2 governments napping…” Some of these are expected to be launched in time for the 15th year anniversary of resolution 1325 and the High-Level Review in the Security Council in October Mavic Cabrera-Belleza, 2015. Notably, among countries that have adopted or International Coordinator, Global Network are currently drafting NAPs, some are situations on the of Women Peacebuilders agenda of the UN Security Council, while others are hosting a peacekeeping or special political mission, have received funds from the Peacebuilding Fund, and/ or were included on the World Bank’s list of Fragile Situations in 2014.3 While the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) is the duty of multiple NAPs have evolved significantly since Denmark stakeholders, Member States have the primary launched the first one in 2005, followed by other responsibility to ensure that global commitments western European and Nordic countries. Côte d’Ivoire and obligations on women, peace and security are was the first post-conflict country to adopt a plan in integrated into domestic policies, laws, planning and 2007, followed by Uganda in 2008, and Liberia in 2009. budget processes. Nation states remain the most Most early NAPs had a stronger focus on processes influential actors in the implementation of the WPS rather than outcomes. Analyses of some of these agenda. early documents show the absence of a clear division 241 Number of National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security adopted by year4 Philippines, 1st Asian Iraq is first MENA Country with NAP Country with NAP Guinea & Guinea Bissau—first PBC Denmark adopts Norway adopts first countries with NAPs 3rd generation NAP with indicators NAP Chile only LAC Country with NAP 1st Generation WPS NAPs Cote d’Ivoire Denmark adopts 1 2nd Generation WPS NAPs adopts first NAP 2nd generation with indicators and NAP 3rd Generation WPS NAPs budget 2 Denmark adopts Denmark adopts first NAP 2nd generation 1 1 NAP 1 12 2 9 1 7 6 6 5 5 3 3 1 1 1 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 between comprehensive goals, strategic objectives • strong leadership and effective coordination; and actions, lack of clear lines of responsibilities, budget and timelines, and of coordinating and oversight • inclusive design processes; mechanisms.5 Since then, newly developed or second or third generation NAPs have attempted to address • costing and allocated budgets for implementation; these earlier deficiencies. • monitoring and evaluation; and WHAT MAKES A HIGH-IMPACT NAP? • flexibility to adapt to emerging situations. STANDARDS EVOLVING FROM LESSONS LEARNED AND GOOD PRACTICE Strong leadership and effective coordination The growth in the number of NAPs globally is often welcomed as an illustration of Member States’ growing Effective NAP development, implementation and commitment to implement resolution 1325. However, monitoring require clear government commitment it is important to bear in mind that these are simply and leadership, both at political and technical levels.7 processes and facilitators of action, not ends in The choice of government institution to conduct the themselves. In regional and country consultations for this coordination of the NAP is crucial, and ideally the process Study, civil society organizations echoed past lessons should be led by a high-level ministry that not only has learned in NAP reviews