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'Basin-Related' Uranium Deposits

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'Basin-Related' Uranium Deposits ReducingReducing MechanismsMechanisms PotentiallyPotentially InvolvedInvolved inin FormationFormation ofof AthabascaAthabasca BasinBasin UraniumUranium Deposits:Deposits: RelevanceRelevance toto ExplorationExploration GaryGary YeoYeo1 && EricEric PotterPotter2 1 Denison Mines Corp. 2 Geological Survey of Canada 1 Original Title – this would take a lot more than 20 minutes to cover! ReducingReducing MechanismsMechanisms PotentiallyPotentially InvolvedInvolved inin FormationFormation ofof ‘‘BasinBasin-- RelatedRelated’’ UraniumUranium Deposits:Deposits: RelevanceRelevance toto AthabascaAthabasca BasinBasin GaryGary YeoYeo1 && EricEric PotterPotter2 1 Denison Mines Corp. 2 Geological Survey of Canada 2 We’re just a couple of geologists Us geochemists? Narf! Note that this is not a geochemist’s review of the 3 Athabasca reductant problem 3 TheThe AthabascaAthabasca BasinBasin DepositDeposit ModelModel ThreeThree componentscomponents inin thethe conventionalconventional modelmodel forfor AthabascaAthabasca deposits:deposits: 1. At sub-Athabasca unconformity, 2. Associated with reverse faults 3. Associated with graphitic pelites QuestionQuestion (Mike(Mike Gunning):Gunning): AreAre graphiticgraphitic pelitespelites essentialessential toto thisthis model?model? If Yes: focus exploration along the Key Lake – Rabbit Lake corridor associated with basal Wollaston graphitic pelites; drill conductors If No: much more of Athabasca basin is prospective; deposits not necessarily associated with graphitic pelite conductors 4 From Cuney (2009) 5 HoeveHoeve && SibbaldSibbald (1978)(1978) DiageneticDiagenetic-- HydrothermalHydrothermal ModelModel “…“… oxidizingoxidizing diageneticdiagenetic solutionssolutions…… reactedreacted withwith graphiticgraphitic rocksrocks toto yieldyield reducingreducing solutionssolutions containingcontaining carboncarbon dioxidedioxide andand methanemethane…….. MineralizationMineralization resultedresulted fromfrom interactioninteraction ofof flowsflows ofof methanemethane--bearingbearing reducingreducing solutionssolutions andand ofof oxidizingoxidizing diageneticdiagenetic solutionssolutions carryingcarrying oreore constituentsconstituents……..”” 6 ImportanceImportance ofof GraphiticGraphitic PelitesPelites StructuralStructural Basement graphitic pelites localized Trans-Hudson ductile deformation as well as syn- and post- Athabasca brittle faulting PotentialPotential reducingreducing mechanismmechanism Graphite, or CH4/CO2 generated from graphite, considered the reductant for U6+ in oxidizing basinal fluids (Hoeve & Sibbald , 1978; Cuney, 2009; IAEA, fluids (Hoeve & Sibbald, 1978; Cuney , 2009; IAEA, 2009; Belyck, 2010) Many recent reviews, however, are (deliberately?) not specific about the reducing mechanism (e.g., Jefferson et al., 2007; Kyser & Cuney, 2008; Skirrow et al., 2009; Burrows, 2010) 7 WhyWhy thethe westernwestern WollastonWollaston graphiticgraphitic pelitespelites?? What is special about the Key L – Eagle Point corridor? 8 WhyWhy thethe westernwestern WollastonWollaston graphiticgraphitic pelitespelites?? WollastonWollaston StructuralStructural CrossCross--sectionsection (Tran,(Tran, 2001)2001) Structurally, Wollaston Domain is a broad synclinorium; hence basal Wollaston strata are structurally elevated along its western extent 9 WhyWhy thethe westernwestern WollastonWollaston graphiticgraphitic pelitespelites?? WollastonWollaston ChronostratigraphyChronostratigraphy Wollaston Supergroup is a classic foreland basin succession: 1. Starved basin facies: black shales, ironstone, carbonates & marls; 2. Flysch (pelites and psammopelites) 3. Molasse (meta-arkose) (Yeo & Delaney, 2007) 10 ReducingReducing MechanismsMechanisms suggestedsuggested forfor AthabascaAthabasca depositsdeposits CarbonCarbon--basedbased reducingreducing mechanismsmechanisms Intrabasinal fluid hydrocarbons (Alexandre & Kyser, 2006) Basement graphite or graphite-derived CH4 or CO2 (Hoeve & Sibbald, 1978; Wallis et al., 1985; Alexandre et al., 2005) InorganicInorganic--basedbased reducingreducing mechanismsmechanisms H2S from pyrite (Cheney, 1985; Ruzicka, 1993) Fe2+ from chloritization of biotite or illitization of hornblende (Wallis et al., 1985; Alexandre et al., 2005) 11 IntrabasinalIntrabasinal hydrocarbonshydrocarbons (fluid(fluid hydrocarbons)hydrocarbons) FluidFluid hydrocarbonshydrocarbons consideredconsidered potentialpotential reductantsreductants inin manymany sandstonesandstone--hostedhosted depositsdeposits South Texas coastal plain (Adams & Smith, 1981) Ordos & Tarim basins, China Late Cret.-Cenozoic Chu-Sarya & Syr-Darya basins in Kazakhstan (Jaireth et al., 2008) Kazakhstan (Jaireth et al., 2008) ProterozoicProterozoic hydrocarbonshydrocarbons (from(from 1.541.54 GaGa DouglasDouglas Fm)Fm) commoncommon inin AthabascaAthabasca Basin,Basin, butbut postpost--datedate 1.591.59 GaGa U1U1 mineralizationmineralization (Wilson(Wilson etet al,al, 2007)2007) Exception: At Dufferin Lake, 1.54 Ga hydrocarbons are intimately associated with 1.54 Ga uranium are intimately associated with 1.54 Ga uranium (Alexandre & Kyser, 2006) 12 BasementBasement--derivedderived hydrocarbons:hydrocarbons: 1.1. CHCH4 oror COCO2 associatedassociated withwith graphiticgraphitic pelitepelite CHCH4 stablestable inin CC--CHCH4--HH2OO--COCO2 systemsystem >800C>800C (Price,(Price, 1997)1997) SurvivalSurvival ofof prepre--metamorphicmetamorphic CHCH4 inin highhigh--TT metamorphismmetamorphism favouredfavoured by:by: Presence of water High fluid pressure Closed system CouldCould sufficientsufficient CHCH4 survivesurvive metamorphismmetamorphism toto bebe aa significantsignificant reductantreductant?? IfIf CHCH4 survivedsurvived metamorphism,metamorphism, couldcould itit bebe releasedreleased fromfrom graphitegraphite toto actact asas aa reductantreductant?? 13 BasementBasement--derivedderived hydrocarbons:hydrocarbons: 2.2. CHCH4 oror COCO2 derivedderived fromfrom graphiticgraphitic pelitepelite CHCH4 andand CO2CO2 potentiallypotentially alsoalso generatedgenerated byby hydrolysishydrolysis ofof graphitegraphite byby basinbasin--derivedderived fluids:fluids: 2C2C ++ 2H2H2OO == CHCH4 +CO+CO2 2H2H2OO +CO+CO2 == CHCH4 +2O+2O 2 13 lowlow δδ CC valuesvalues inin graphitegraphite andand pyrobitumenpyrobitumen atat AthabascaAthabasca depositsdeposits suggestsuggest bitumenbitumen waswas formedformed byby radiolysisradiolysis ofof graphite;graphite; notnot fromfrom CHCH4 ((KyserKyser etet al.,al., 1989)1989) 14 BasementBasement--derivedderived hydrocarbons:hydrocarbons: 2.2. CHCH4 oror COCO2 derivedderived fromfrom graphiticgraphitic pelitepelite AtAt McArthurMcArthur River,River, CHCH4 (ca.(ca. 11 mm fromfrom ore)ore) andand CC2 HH6 && COCO2 (ca.(ca. 1010 mm fromfrom ore)ore) werewere interpretedinterpreted toto bebe fromfrom postpost--oreore radiolysisradiolysis ofof CC ((DeromeDerome etet al.,al., 2003)2003) KyserKyser etet al.al. (1989)(1989) andand DeromeDerome etet al.al. (2003)(2003) concludedconcluded graphitegraphite andand potentiallypotentially derivedderived hydrocarbonshydrocarbons diddid notnot havehave aa majormajor rolerole inin reducingreducing uranium,uranium, butbut…… 15 BasementBasement--derivedderived hydrocarbons:hydrocarbons: 3.3. DirectDirect reductionreduction ofof UU6+ byby graphitegraphite 6+ AlexandreAlexandre etet al.al. (2005)(2005) suggestedsuggested thatthat UU6+ waswas directlydirectly reducedreduced byby radiolysisradiolysis ofof graphite:graphite: 6+ + UU ++ 3H3H2OO ++ 11⁄⁄2C2C →→ UOUO2 ++ 11⁄⁄2CO2CO2 ++ 6H6H IfIf thisthis isis thethe case,case, wewe shouldshould commonlycommonly seesee anan intimateintimate associationassociation betweenbetween graphiticgraphitic pelitepelite andand uranium.uranium. DoDo wewe seesee this?this? 16 BasementBasement--derivedderived hydrocarbons:hydrocarbons: 3.3. DirectDirect reductionreduction ofof UU6+ byby graphitegraphite LittleLittle oror nono graphiticgraphitic pelitepelite atat RabbitRabbit LakeLake (graphitic(graphitic arkosearkose present),present), EagleEagle Point,Point, RavenRaven--Horseshoe,Horseshoe, CluffCluff Lake,Lake, CentennialCentennial UraniumUranium moremore stronglystrongly associatedassociated withwith otherother lithologieslithologies atat KeyKey LakeLake && SheaShea CreekCreek ThisThis suggestssuggests graphitegraphite isis notnot aa directdirect reductantreductant forfor UU6+ 17 BasementBasement--derivedderived hydrocarbons:hydrocarbons: 3.3. DirectDirect reductionreduction ofof UU6+ byby graphitegraphite Key Lake: Deilmann Pit (Harvey, 2007) •Ore zone restricted to SE Ore zone side of graphitic Graphitic zone pelite •Associated with Key Lake Fault 18 BasementBasement--derivedderived hydrocarbons:hydrocarbons: 3.3. DirectDirect reductionreduction ofof UU6+ byby graphitegraphite Key Lake: Gartner Pit Graphitic pelites (Wheatley et al, 2006) •Ore zone mainly SE of graphitic pelites •Associated with Key Lake Fault 19 InorganicInorganic reductants:reductants: HH2SS fromfrom pyritepyrite H2S from breakdown of pyrite (e.g. pyrite to pyrrhotite) is a potential reductant: FeS2 + H2 = FeS +H2S H2S from pyrite suggested as the reductant in: Boomerang Lake prospect, NWT (Beyer et al., 2010) Athabasca deposits (Cheney, 1985) Wollaston graphitic schists are favourable because they are sulphide-rich (pyritic black shale protolith) 20 InorganicInorganic reductants:reductants: FeFe2+2+ fromfrom pyritepyrite Fe2+ from oxidation of pyrite is a potential reductant: 1. 2+ 2- + 1. FeS2 +7/202 +H2O = Fe + SO4 +2H 6+ 2+ + 2. U + 5H 2O + 2Fe = UO2 +
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