BAN: Coastal Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Improvement Project Road and Market Subprojects in Madaripur Region (1)

Initial Environmental Examination

Project Number: 45084 Loans 2913(SF)/8258(SCF)/Grant 0310(SCF)

Prepared by the Local Government Engineering Department for the Asian Development Bank

This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Local Government Engineering Department Agargaon, Sher-E-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207

Coastal Climate Resilient Infrastructure Project

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report On Roads & Markets Sub-Projects in Madaripur Region

Upazila: Shibchar, Damuddaya, Kotalipara, Shariatpur Sadar, Kasiani, Rajoir, Kalkini, Goshairhat and Muksudpur

District: Madaripur, Shariatpur and Gopalganj

September 2014 Table of Contents

APPENDIX 2 : INITIAL ENVIRONEMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) REPORTS ...... v MADARIPUR REGION ...... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 Sub-Project 1: Upazila Road –R & H, Bypass road to Kahtaibari Ferryghat road via Kutubpur GC and Banglabazar ...... 8 1.1 Present Condition ...... 10 1.1.2 Recommendations ...... 12 1.1.3 Estimated Cost ...... 12 1.1.4 Traffic Counts ...... 13 1.1.5 Conclusions ...... 13 Sub-Project 2: Road Damuddaya GC Upazila to Dasherjungle CG ...... 14 1.2.1 Present Condition ...... 15 1.2.2 Recommendations ...... 16 1.2.3 Estimated Cost ...... 17 1.2.4 Traffic Counts ...... 17 1.2.5 Conclusions ...... 17 Sub-Project 3: Upazila Road: Radhagonj UPC – Doglashat H/S- Bangerhat GC road ...... 18 1.3.1 Present Condition ...... 19 1.3.2 Recommendations ...... 20 1.3.3 Estimated Cost ...... 20 1.3.4 Traffic Counts ...... 21 1.3.5 Conclusions ...... 21 Description of Market Development Sub-projects: ...... 22 2.1 Design and Climate Resilience Aspects ...... 22 2.1.1 Map of the Nine Markets ...... 23 2.3 Sub-Project 1: Chandrapur Growth Centre; Upazila – Sadar; District – Shariatpur...... 26 2.3.1 Present Condition ...... 26 2.3.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 26 2.3.3 Recommendation ...... 26 2.3.4 Estimated Cost ...... 27 2.3.5 Conclusions ...... 27 2.4 Sub-Project 2: Rahuthar Growth Centre; Upazila – Kasiani; District – Gopalganj ...... 28 2.4.1 Present Condition ...... 28 2.4.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 29

i 2.4.3 Recommendation ...... 29 2.4.4 Estimated Cost ...... 30 2.4.5 Conclusions ...... 30 2.5 Sub-Project 3: TakerhatShankardipar Bazaar; Upazila – Rajoir, District – Madaripur. .... 31 2.5.1 Present Condition ...... 31 2.5.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 33 2.5.3 Recommendation ...... 33 2.5.4 Estimated Cost ...... 34 2.5.5 Conclusions ...... 34 2.6 Sub-Project 4: Sreenadi Hat; Upazila – Sadar; District – Madaripur ...... 35 2.6.1 Present Condition ...... 35 2.6.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 35 2.6.3 Recommendation ...... 37 2.6.4 Estimated Cost ...... 37 2.6.5 Conclusions ...... 37 2.7 Sub-Project 5: Fasiatala Hat: Upazila – Kalkini; District – Madaripur ...... 38 2.7.1 Present Condition ...... 38 2.7.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders ...... 38 2.7.3 Recommendation ...... 40 2.7.4 Estimated Cost ...... 40 2.7.5 Conclusions ...... 40 2.8 Sub-Project 6: Dasherjungle Growth Centre; Upazila – Goshairhat – District – Shariatpur ...... 41 2.8.1 Present Condition ...... 41 2.8.2 Major Demands from Stakeholder ...... 43 2.8.3 Recommendations ...... 43 2.8.4 Estimated Cost ...... 44 2.8.5 Conclusions ...... 44 2.9 Sub-Project 7: PurboDamuddya Bazar – Upazila: Damuddya – District: Shariatpur ...... 44 2.10 Sub-Project 8: Takerhat - Uttarpara Hat; Upazila – Muksudpur; District - Gopalganj ...... 45 2.10.1 Present Condition ...... 45 2.10.2 Major Demands from Stakeholder ...... 45 2.10.3 Recommendations ...... 45 2.10.4 Estimated Cost ...... 46 2.10.5 Conclusions ...... 46 2.11 Sub-Project 9: Modhumoti Market; Upazila – Sadar; District – Gopalganj ...... 47 3. Description ofthe Environment (Baseline Data) ...... 48

ii 3.1 Physical Resources ...... 48 3.2 Biological (Natural Environment) ...... 49 3.3 Socio-economic ...... 52 4. ANTICIPATED Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 53 4.1 Environmental Impacts of Road Sub-projects ...... 53 4.1.1 Project 1: Sub-Upazila Road–R &H, Bypass road to KahtaibariFerryghat road via Kutubpur GC and Banglabazar ...... 53 4.1.2 Sub-Project 2: Upazila Road Damuddaya GC to Dasherjungle CG ...... 54 4.1.3 Sub-Project 3: Upazila Road: Radhagonj UPC – Doglashat H/S-Bangerhat GC road ..... 54 4.2.1 Environmental Impacts on Market Development Sub-projects ...... 54 4.2.2 Sub-Project 1: Chandrapur Growth Centre; Upazila – Sadar; District – Shariatpur...... 55 4.2.3 Sub-Project 2: Rahuthar Growth Centre; Upazila – Kasiani; District – Gopalganj ...... 55 4.2.4 Sub-Project 3: TakerhatShankardipar Bazaar; Upazila – Rajoir, District – Madaripur ..... 56 4.2.5 Sub-Project 4: Sreenadi Hat; Upazila – Sadar; District – Madaripur ...... 56 4.2.6 Sub-project 5: Fasiatala Hat, Upazila-Kalkini, District- Madaripur ...... 57 4.2.7 Sub-Project 6- Dasherjungle Growth Centre; Upazila – Goshairhat – District – Shariatpur ...... 57 4.2.8 Sub-Project 7: Takerhat - Uttarpara Hat; Upazila – Muksudpur; District - Gopalganj ...... 57 5. Physical ...... 58 5.1 Soil Quality, Erosion and Siltation ...... 58 5.2 Regional hydrology ...... 58 5.3 Drainage congestion ...... 59 5.4 Water quality ...... 59 5.5 Air and Noise Pollution ...... 59 6. Natural environment ...... 60 7. Human Interest Component ...... 60 7.1 Navigation/ boat communication ...... 61 7.2 Employment opportunities ...... 61 7.3 Access of goods to markets ...... 61 7.4 Traffic ...... 61 7.5 Cultural features...... 61 7.6 Landscape/ Aesthetics ...... 62 7.7 Growth Center market improvements ...... 62 7.8 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies/ Options ...... 62 8. Information Disclosure, Consultation And Participation ...... 63 9. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 64 9.1 Grievance Redress Committees...... 65

iii 9.2 Grievance Redress Procedures ...... 66 10. Environment Management Plan ...... 68 10.1 Environmental Monitoring ...... 68 11. Institutional Requirements for Implementing EMP ...... 81 APPENDIX 4: CLIMATE CHANGE IN MADRIAPIR REGION ...... 83 1.1 Introduction ...... 84 2 Climatic characteristics of the subproject area ...... 86 2.1 General climatology ...... 86 2.2 Current climate change and impacts ...... 89 2.3 Disasters of the region ...... 91 2.4 Floods ...... 91 2.5 Tropical cyclones ...... 93 2.6 Salinity...... 94 2.7 Climate Change projection for 2050 ...... 94 2.8 Guidance for achieving climate resilience to infra-structures ...... 95 2.9 Conclusion ...... 96

APPENDIX 2 : INITIAL ENVIRONEMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) REPORTS MADARIPUR REGION

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS as of 10 July 2014

Currency unit Taka (Tk) Tk.1.00 = $0.0122 $1.00 = Tk. 81.80

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank BCCSAP - Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan BWDB - Bangladesh Water Development Board CCA - climate change adaptation CCRIP - Coastal Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Project DOE - Department of Environment DRR - disaster risk reduction EA - Environmental Assessment ECA - Environment Conservation Act ECoP - Environmental Codes of Practice ECR - Environment Conservation Rules EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMAP - Environment Management Action Plan EMP - Environmental Management Plan GCM - growth centre market GDP - gross domestic product GRM - grievance redress mechanism IEE - Initial Environmental Examination LCS - labor contracting societies LGED - Local Government Engineering Department MOEF - Ministry of Environment and Forest MOLGRD&C - Ministry of Local Government Rural Development & Cooperatives NGO - Non-Government Organization PIC - Project Implementation Consultant PIU - Project Implementation Unit RRA - Rapid Rural Appraisal SLR - sea level rise UNDP - United Nations Development Program

GLOSSARY

Baor An oxbow lake or wetland formed in an abandoned arm of a river

Beel A saucer-shaped depression which generally retains water throughout the year

Haor A back swamp or bowl-shaped depression located between the natural levees of rivers and may comprises of a number of beels

Khas land Public lands not registered in the name of any individual or corporate body, regarded by land administration officials as belonging to the state

Union Parishad Lowest administrative unit in the rural areas

Upazila Sub-district

The Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature

vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Introduction

The project is included in the Government of Bangladesh’s Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR), prepared under the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). Within the framework of SPCR, the project will enhance climate resilience in the 12 rural coastal districts.1 The main project outputs include (1) improved road connectivity; (2) improved market services; and (3) enhanced climate change adaptation capacity.

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) covers three subprojects: (i) R&H, Bypass road to Kahtaibari Ferryghat road via Kutubpur GC and Banglabazar, Upazilla Sibchar, Dist. Madaripur (ii) Damuddaya GC to Dasherjungle CG, Upazila Damuddaya, Dist. Shariatpur, and (iii) Radhagonj UPC – Doglashat H/S- Bangerhat GC road, Upazila Kotalipara, Dist. Gopalgonj.

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) also covers feasible seven subprojects: (i) Chandrapur, large growth centre of Sariatpur Sadar Upazila, (ii) Rahutpur, large growth centre of Kasianiuz of Gopalganj. (iii) Taker Hat Shankardirpar Bazar, Large Growth Centre of Rajoir Upazila of Madaripur district, (iv) Sreenadi, growth centre, Madaripur Sadar Upazila, (v) Fasiatala hat, large rural market, Kalkini Upazila, Madaripur, (vi) Dasherjungle, growth centre, Goshairhat Upazila, Shariatpur Upazila and (vii) Takerhat-uttarpur, Muksudpur Upazila, dist’ Gopalgonj. The remaining two hats under SARs i.e.(a) Purba Damuddya, Upazila Damuddya and (b) Modhumati market, Gopalgonj Sadar Upazila have been postponed due to land issue and erosion problem respectively as such those two hats were not included in the IEE examination.

The subprojects included in the IEE are categorised as category B for environment as per ADB guidelines and ‘Orange B’ as per Department of Environment, Bangladesh’s categorization. ADB categorizes all projects according to the magnitude or scale of their anticipated environmental impact. Projects with limited potential adverse environmental impact require an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), and are classified as Category B.

The scope of the IEE includes:

(i) a review of the policies and guidelines of ADB and the Government of Bangladesh relevant to environmental safeguards and compliances; (ii) an examination of the salient biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of the project area; (iii) an identification of the relevant environmental and climatic parameters in the project area through scoping and literature review;

(iv) an assessment of the magnitude of the potential impacts of the project actions; (v) assessment of the potential climate and disaster risks on the project, and suggestion for feasible adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures; (vi) identification of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements during implementation; and (vii) description of consultation and disclosure requirements.

The IEE was conducted following ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 and relevant policies and guidelines of the Department of Environment (DOE) of the Government of Bangladesh.

1.2 Methodology The period of preparing the IEE was initially from 16 March 2014 to 15 July 2014, and field visits for data collection were done in February 2014. However, the IEE has been updated at the end of August and first week of September-2014. The task of preparing the IEE report consisted of the following sequential components:

(i) Familiarization with and review of various project actions of the LGED projects; (ii) Identification and screening of the environmental parameters relevant to the proposed project actions in the CCRIP area through a scoping process; (iii) Assessment of the categorization of the sub-project based on magnitude of the potential negative impacts for relevant environmental parameters through the use of rapid environmental assessment checklists Formulation of avoidance/ mitigation measures to address the potential negative impacts, and preparation of an environmental management plan during the period of project implementation; (iv) Outlining a set of recommendations / suggestions for institutional strengthening of the LGED to develop its in-house capability in environmental assessment tasks, especially issues of climate change and disaster risks.

1.3 Conclusion The potential environmental impacts of the subprojects covered by the IEE are insignificant, and temporary, which will mostly occur only during the construction stage. All the potential environmental impacts can be mitigated to an acceptable level by adequate implementation of the measures as stated in the EMP.

Figure 1: Map of Bangladesh showing CCRIP project area

2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

Bangladesh has a wide range of laws and regulations related to environmental parameters. The most recent and the most important of the environmental laws are the Environment Conservation Act (ECA) of 1995, Environment Conservation Rules (ECR) of 1997 and Environmental Court Act of 2000. The ECR spells out rules and regulations for the enforcement of the ECA. Under the ECR, various development interventions are grouped into ten main categories: Green (no environmental assessment required), Orange A (IEE required), Orange B (IEE required) and Red (EIA required) – in accordance with increasing potentials for adverse environmental impacts. The project interventions under the CCRIP fall into Orange category, and thus require the preparation of the IEE report. Both the ECA and the ECR cover a wide range of environmental issues, but they are neither fully comprehensive nor clear, and comprised of adhoc rules. A more recent legislation for enforcement has been the formulation of the Environment Court Act of 2000, which is authorized to try cases related to offences under the ECA/ ECR. The Cabinet has also approved the Environment Court Bill 2010.

Since the mid-1980s, there had been a growing awareness and understanding in Bangladesh that the natural resources and the environment of the country are being degraded. The Government of Bangladesh recognizes the importance of environmental sustainability as the basis for long-term development in the country. Bangladesh is a signatory to Agenda 21 of the 1992 Earth Summit, and it is committed to implement the international legal instrument in its national policies and programs. A National Conservation Strategy was prepared by the Government in 1991, which formed the basis for the formulation of the National Environment Policy (NEP) in 1992.

The Government has so far signed, ratified and acceded to over 25 environment-related international conventions, protocols and treaties. Some of the notable ones are the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Montreal Protocol on Ozone Layer Depletion, Agenda 21, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol, Convention on Biological Diversity, and Convention to Combat Desertification. The close relationship between environment and national development planning is embodied in the National Environment Management Action Plan (NEMAP), completed in 1995 with assistance from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). As a follow-up of the NEMAP and to concretize its vision, the Government executed a UNDP funded Sustainable Environment Management Program (SEMP) between 1998 and 2004, which emphasized several capacity building components of environmental management.

The Government has prepared a National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) in 2005 and further revised in 2009, which outlines several climate change adaptation options for the country. A more comprehensive document on climate change, titled ‘Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan’ (BCCSAP), released in 2008 and further revised in 2009 with 44 programs under six thematic areas. The Government has set up climate change cells in several relevant ministries and line agencies to monitor the activities to mitigate climate change impacts and suggest remedial programs. The Government is planning to set up a climate change department under the MOEF.

3. Description of the Project

3.1 Scope of the Project

The Project will upgrade about 130 kilometres (km) of Upazila roads, 174 km of Union roads, 233 km Village roads, 15 km cyclone shelter access tracks, 88 growth centre and rural markets, 186 community markets, 37 boat landing stages, and 25 cyclone shelters. Improving rural roads and associated infrastructure will provide local inhabitants with efficient transport to markets and trading centres and access to social and welfare services. The project will help reduce poverty in the rural communities it covers. The beneficiaries will be (i) road users, namely bus and truck owners and operators, passengers, and businesses using freight services; (ii) market operators, traders, and market users; and (iii) communities in the areas of influence of subprojects who will have improved access to services and increased employment opportunities. An estimated 3.5 million people will directly benefit from the project. The analysis of subproject roads indicates that the proportion of poor benefiting is 40%-46% for the roads. In addition to the direct and indirect benefits from subprojects, there will be a creation of jobs due to subproject construction. This is estimated at 10,200 person-years, of which at least 2,040 will be for women. The project components have been designed to ensure involvement and benefits for women as well as a reduction of gender inequality. A gender action plan has been prepared integrating action areas, targets and indicators for gender equality and women’s benefits within the various components of the project.

3.2 Need for the project

The road network in the coastal districts covered by the project, under present climate conditions, is seriously damaged during extreme climatic events. The maintenance and damage repair requirements of such road sections will increase with climate change and vehicle operating costs will also rise, unless appropriate improvements are undertaken. For many road sections the cross-drainage systems are inadequate under present climate conditions, with poorly maintained canals and drains not having enough hydraulic capacities to efficiently discharge flows to sluice gated outlets through embankments. Poor drainage causes substantial “water-logging” of adjacent land, adversely affecting land-use, and this situation may worsen under climate change. Similarly, for rural markets, maintenance and damage repair requirements, together with spoilage/wastage of perishable goods will also increase with climate change. As demonstrated by recent cyclone events, the present number and capacities of existing cyclone shelters and livestock refuge facilities are inadequate, even under present extreme climatic events. The risks associated with extreme events will increase with climate change. Many existing cyclone shelters also have vulnerable access roads and power supplies, together with inadequate water supply and sanitation facilities, which often are not usable during the emergency conditions.

The rural producers, especially the poor and the small producers, suffer from two sets of constraints that limit their livelihoods: a) poor transport and market infrastructure that limits their access to markets, increases cost of production because of higher input and transportation costs, and lowers commodity price due to remoteness; and b) limited access to demand-driven financial services, especially seasonal agricultural credit and loan for microenterprises, and limited access to good technology and inputs, knowledge and support services such as vaccination services for livestock. Similar rural infrastructure development projects have demonstrated that paved roads and markets improve communication and benefit households income through higher farm prices, increased wages, enhanced investment in agri- business and trade, better access to higher quality inputs, support services, credit and reduced cost of production and transport. Access to child education and primary health care also improves due to better transport facilities, especially in wet season. During extreme climatic events the poor lose their assets as well as livelihood options. Often after extreme conditions men tend to migrate leaving the families behind. In the coastal areas fisher folk family’s poverty is high and many families are headed by widows and single mothers. Therefore, connectivity and mobility for women is equally important as for men for

5 livelihoods. Climate-resilient infrastructure is a priority for recovery and long-term protection and can facilitate mobility for employment, income and livelihoods.

3.3 Location of the project

The Project covers 12 districts of south western Bangladesh. These districts are (i) Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat and Perojpur in Khulna Division, (ii) Madaripur, Jhalokathi, Patuakhali, Barguna and Bhola in Madaripur Division and (iii) Madaripur, Gopalganj and Shariatpur in Dhaka Division. This IEE is performed for 3 roads improvement subprojects and 7 market development sub-projects situated in Madaripur Region, consisting of Madaripur, Shariatpur and Gopalgonj districts.

3.4 Major components of the project

The main outputs of the project are: (1) improved road connectivity; (2) improved market services; and (3) improved climate capacity and protection including increased availability of climate disaster shelters, improved knowledge management and improved facilities of existing climate disaster shelters.

3.5 Description of Road Subprojects of Madaripur Region The IEE covers following ten subprojects, which have been preliminary selected for implementation under the project. Under the road subprojects of region will be upgraded and strengthened for making them climate resilient. The roads will improve the local connectivity to the growth centres, markets, educational and religious/social/cultural centres and improve the livelihood of the local people in various ways. The standard cross section that will be used for these sub projects is shown below

25mm BITUMINOUS CARPETING WITH 7mm SEAL COAT

5500 125mm BRICK EDGING

3700 SPECIAL TYPE SLOPE PROTECTION SPECIAL TYPE SLOPE PROTECTION BY SPECIAL GRASS/SURB/HURB 900 ? 900 BY SPECIAL GRASS/SURB/HURB Shoulder Shoulder GEOTEXTILE 3% SLOPE 3% SLOPE 5% SLOPE 5% SLOPE Adaptive freeboard 1.5 Adaptive freeboard

200 1 1.5 200 950 250 1 Normal 150 Normal

600 Freeboard Freeboard 600 HFL HFL

1400 GL GL

Filter Material Aggregate and Sand Mix 150mm COMPACTED AGGREGATE BASE

150mm COMPACTED MIX AGGREGATE SUBBASE

300mm COMPACTED SAND IMPROVED SUBGRADE LAYER

SUB GRADE PREPARATION

COMPACTED EMBANKMENT TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF CLIIMATE RESILIENT UPAZILA ROAD (AT DRAIN) (CLIMATIC SCENARIO TYPE-C) Scale: Not to Scale

Rev. No. Date Description

PROJECT : NAME, LOCATION & ROAD ID : CLIENT : CONSULTANTS : DRAWING TITLE : Designed by : Azaharul Islam APPROVED BY : Name : Line Ministry : TYPICAL CROSS SECTION Coastal Climate Resilient Government of Joint Venture of Hifab International Upazila : Ministry of LGRD Checked by : Md. Aftabuzzaman Infrastructure Project Peoples Republic of AB(Sweden) along with Drg. No. : CCRIP/ BG/ RD-MISC.-001 District : Implementing Acting Team Leader A. K.M Lutfur Rahman (CCRIP) Bangladesh SMEC(Australia),RPMC,Kranti,ACE Sheet No. : ST - 9 of 11 Road ID : Agency : LGED Date : September, 2014 Drawn by : Mehedi Hasan Project Director . Printed on Oct 08, 2014

All three roads in Madaripur region were developed under WFP in early nineties region with taking full consideration of governed HFL.

Therefore, design profile grade line level is close to the existing profile. A minimum embankment raising is needed. As shown in the above drawing the embankment slope will be 1: 1.5. Under WFP the crest width was apox 7.2 metres, under CCRIP the crest width will be 5.3 m so that this can fit within the existing toe line and to the required slope. The toe line of new embankment accommodated within existing toe line. Further land acquisition is not required. Within toe line no encroachment by the cultivators therefore compensation for loss of cultivation does not arise. The locations of the road subprojects of Madaripur Region are shown in Figure-2.

Figure-2: Road subproject locations of Madaripur region

Legend of Madaripur Road subproject No District Upazila Road Name 1 Madaripu Sibchar R & h, Bypass road to r Kahtaibari Ferryg hat road via Kutubpur GC and Banglabazar 2 Shariatp Damud Damuddya GC to Desher ur daya Jungle CG 3 Gopalga Kotalipa Radhagonj UPC-Doglashat nj ra H/S- Banger hat GC road

Sub-Project 1: Upazila Road –R & H, Bypass road to Kahtaibari Ferry ghat road via Kutubpur GC and Bangla bazar

Maps

PROJECT ROAD - Bypass road to Kahtaibari Ferry ghat road via Kutubpur GC

PROJECT ROAD - Bypass road to Kahtaibari Ferry ghat road via Kutubpur GC and Bangla bazar

1.1 Present Condition

The proposed Upazila road starts from Shibchar Upazila H.Q and ends at Kathalbari Ferry ghat. The existing road consists of 12.120 km bituminous carpeting road, out of which 4.000 km was proposed to be taken up in CCRIP. This portion of road (4.000 km) comprises of only one R.C.C bridge of 30.00 m span. Only one such bridge is not adequate for drainage purpose. The condition of BC road is distorted at many places and depression occurs. The condition of the bridge is good. Earthen shoulder has been washed out more or less throughout the length. Padma Bridge approach road having width of 120 m is being implemented and crossed the proposed road at chainage 9.000 km. The total road runs through 04 unions of Shibchar Upazila. The four kilometer runs through two unions and connects Kutubpur Growth Centre and Bangla bazaar. About 125 permanent road side shops are existed at Bangla bazaar. At this market, road side drain is required to be provided for stability of road as well as improvement of drainage system of the market.

Existing bituminous carpeting road

Existing 30.00 m span R.C.C Bridge

Existing road requires widening

Road requires surface drain at Bangla Bazar

Road Name Location Type of land use Ch. From Ch. to Upazila Road –R &H, Bypass road to 0+00 1+00 Starting from the existing Upazila Kahtaibari Ferry ghat road via Roads Kutubpur GC and Bangla bazar B/S- Paddy land, Borrow pit

1+00 2+00 B/S- Paddy land, Borrow pit

2+00 3+00 B/S- Paddy land, Borrow pit

3+00 4+00 B/S- Paddy land, Borrow pit Ends at Kathalbari Ferry ghat

1.1.2 Recommendations

Road improvement of 4 (four) kilometer includes the following components: 1. Earthworks for widening road, 2. Pavement and surfacing works, 3. Construction of 3 nos 1 X 4.00m X 4.00 m box culverts. 4. Construction of 400 m surface drain at Bangla bazaar, and 5. Reconstruction of 4 no cross drain adjacent to the R.C.C Bridge at both ends.

On the other hand, 8.120 km is being improved from GoB sources. The width of the carpeting of ongoing 8.120 km road has been designed as 4.88 m with 0.90 m soft shoulder at both sides. For continuation, the width of the proposed road should be 4.88 m instead of 3.70 m.

1.1.3 Estimated Cost

The summary of civil work and tree plantation including maintenance cost of the Sub-Project is BDT 73,949,454. The estimates given above are preliminary and may be subject to minor variations on completion of the final design for individual components of the sub project. The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each component. All Costs are tentative estimates.

1.1.4 Traffic Counts

Daily Traffic Count (12 hrs from 8 am to 8 pm) Survey Conducted on Hat day

District: Madaripur Survey Date: 02.04.2014 Upazila: Shibchar Surveyed By: UISE, Shibchar Counting Station: Bangla Bazar Road Name: R & H Bypass road to Kathalbari Ferryghat road via Kutubpur Growth Centre & Bangla Bazar. Road ID: Road ID 354872005, Road Type: UPZ

Sl.N Traffic Type Time Time Time Time Time Time Total o. 8 am-10 am 10 am-12 12 noon- 2 pm- 4pm 4pm-6 pm 6 pm-8 pm noon 2 pm 01 Heavy Truck 13 6 5 9 14 4 51 02 Medium Truck 3 2 3 -- 1 2 11 03 Light Truck 2 1 1 2 1 -- 7 04 Bus Heavy 14 14 13 14 11 3 69 05 Bus mini 2 3 3 3 2 1 14 06 Bus Light ------07 Utility 7 4 2 7 3 2 25 08 Delivery Vehicle 37 28 19 33 37 11 165 09 Car 5 4 8 6 10 3 36 10 Auto Rickshaw 75 80 90 53 92 50 440 11 Tempo 30 24 19 22 37 8 140 12 Motorcycle 110 93 53 65 71 37 429 13 Bicycle 33 14 24 24 25 33 153 14 Rickshaw ------15 Rickshaw Van 115 42 25 45 50 42 319 16 Animal cart ------

1.1.5 Conclusions

The proposed road is an important bypass road for movement as well as transportation of goods from KathalbariFerryghat to Shibchar H.Q and is connected people of four Unions on both sides of the road and a portion of Shibchar Pourashava. After completion of the total length of the road, the volume of the traffic size will greatly increase and it will contribute for achieving the broad goals of the sub-project in poverty reduction and expanding opportunities for women. The livelihood and socio economic condition will also improve. It has also connected many educational institutions, growth centre/ markets, banks, small industries, health facilities, post office and other social institutions. The proposed road should be taken up as sub-project and is considered feasible to invest.

Sub-Project 2: Road Damuddaya GC Upazila to Dasherjungle CG

Maps

Damuddaya GC to Dasherjungle GC Road

1.2.1 Present Condition

The current road, Damuddaya (Damudya) GC to Dasherjungle GC is both HBB and earthen and is approximately 5.2 Km long. It is proposed that 3 Km of the road reconstruction to Climate Resilient Standards be taken up under the project and that the 2.2 Km will be taken using other LGED resources at a time in the future and will follow the climate resilient standards to ensure continuity.

Road Name Location Type of land use Ch. From Ch. to Road Damuddaya GC Upazila to 0+00 1+00 Starting from a river Dasherjungle CG R/S –Paddy land, homestead Maps L/S-Borrowpit and Homestead 1+00 2+00 B/S-Borrowpit, Paddy land and Home Stead

2+500 3+500 B/S-Ditches, Lowland, Homestead 3+500 5+300 B/S-Borrowpit, Paddy land and Home Stead

1.2.2 Recommendations

The following are the recommendations:  3Km of New earthen embankment duly improved for climate change resilience  Drainage layer of 25cm thick across full width of embankment  Sub – base 15 cm thick  Base course 15 cm thick  Bituminous course 32 mm thick  1 No New bridge 35m span 2 lane  Culverts 8 Nos 1 m Dia

1.2.3 Estimated Cost

Using LGED standard rates the build up of costs are:-

Road Construction = 53,436,489 Bridge 35 m span = 24,500,000 Culverts = 4,000,000 Totals = 117,936,489

1.2.4 Traffic Counts

The following table is the traffic counts:

1.2.5 Conclusions

The Damuddaya GC to Dasherjungle GC road connects two large Growth Centres and without the upgraded road transportation of Goods and People is very difficult in its present state. The existing road is narrow, with trees invading the width and there is a gap that requires a new bridge as the current one only allows pedestrian/cycle traffic. If upgraded the road will allow the two connected growth centres to prosper by means of trading excess agricultural produce. The new road will permit access for the local population to schools, Madrasa, clinics and the like.

Sub-Project 3: Upazila Road: Radhagonj UPC – Doglashat H/S- Bangerhat GC road

Maps

Project Road – Radhagonj H/S Bangerhat GC Road

1.3.1 Present Condition

The current road, Radhagonj GC to Bangerhat GC is earthen and approximately 5.2 Km long all of which is earthen. It is proposed that 3 Km of the road reconstruction to Climate Resilient Standards be taken up under the project and that the 2.2 Km will be taken using other LGED resources. The road as it stands is not trafficable over its complete length as they are breaks where a bridge is required. The road is becoming increasingly important as it connects two expanding growth Centres and if upgraded the general area would prospers in all aspects. The road is subjected to overtopping by water from adjacent canals.

Road Name Location Type of land use Ch. From Ch. to Radhagonj UPC – Doglashat H/S- 0+00 1+00 Starting from an wooden bridge Bangerhat GC road R/S –Homestead L/S-Canal

1+00 2+00 L/S-Paddy Land R/S-Canal

2+00 3+00 B/S-Ditches, Lowland, Paddy land, Homestead

1.3.2 Recommendations

The recommendations for up grading this road are: -  3Km of New earthen embankment duly improved for climate change resilience  Drainage layer of 25cm thick across full width of embankment  Sub – base 15 cm thick  Base course 15 cm thick  Bituminous course 32 mm thick  1 No New bridge 40m span 2 lane  Culverts 8 Nos 1 m Dia

1.3.3 Estimated Cost

Road Costs = 52,562,066 Bridge Cost = 28,000,000 Culverts = 4,000,000

Total Costs = 84,562,066

1.3.4 Traffic Counts

1.3.5 Conclusions

The Radhagonj UPC – Doglashat H/S- Bangerhat GC road is a vital part of the immediate rural areas in that it connects two growth centres and serves a large population along its length. It connects the Growth Centres to schools, Madrasas, clinics. It is also used extensively for transporting agricultural produce to and from the local markets and to the capital city and supplying general merchandise to the area.

Description of Market Development Sub-projects:

This Chapter provides information concerning the first year growth centre and rural market projects in the Madaripur Region. There are nine sub-projects included in the first year as indicated below

Name of Growth Centre or Rural District Upazila Type Market Sariatpur Sadar Chandrapur Large Growth Centre Gopalganj Kasiani Rahuthar Large Growth Centre Madaripur Rajoir Taker Hat Shankardirpar Bazar Large Growth Centre Madaripur Sadar Sreenadi Growth Centre Madaripur Kalkini Fasiatala Hat Large Rural Market Sariatpur Goshairhat Dasherjungle Growth Centre Large Rural Market. Sariatpur Damuddya Purbo Damuddya Postponed due to non- availability of land Gopalganj Muksudpur Taker Hat-Uttarpara Hat Large Rural Market Large Rural Market. Gopalganj Sadar Modhumoti Market Postponed due to erosion issue.

Growth Centres are markets which are located in such a way that they serve number of villages thereby benefiting a large number of people to buy and sell products. LGED categorises the Markets depending on the size as Large Growth Centres, Growth Centres, Large Rural Markets, Medium Village Markets and Small Village Markets. 2.1 Design and Climate Resilience Aspects

All market sheds will have RCC roof instead of conventional corrugated sheet roofing. RCC roofing will be less susceptible to the saline conditions in comparison to corrugated roofing. Further corrugated sheets can easily get blown loose at high wind speeds and cause harm to the people. These accidents could prove to be fatal and may result in casualties. RCC roofing will also form a base for future vertical extensions thereby avoiding high land acquisition costs.

The clear cover of reinforcements in RCC has been increased to safeguard the steel against potential corrosion due to saline conditions. All Markets will be constructed on Climate resilient plinths, i.e. this means that the plinths will be 20 cms higher than is normal used.

2.1.1 Map of the Nine Markets

Project Market- Purba Damuddya Bazar

Project Growth Centre- Chandrapur Hat

Project Growth Centre- Dasherjangol Hat

Project Rural Market-Takerhat- Uttarpara Hat

Project Rural Market-Rahuthar

Project Market- Modhumoti Market

Project Growth Center-Sreenadi Hat

Project Market- Takerhat Shankardipar Bazar

Project Market- Fasiatala Hat

2.3 Sub-Project 1: Chandrapur Growth Centre; Upazila – Sadar; District – Shariatpur

2.3.1 Present Condition

The proposed sub-project is categorised under Large Growth Centre. The surrounding area of the GC is over 15 acres of khas land. There are more than 700 permanent shops, school, college, banks and many other business centres. On bi-weekly hat days another 500 vendors come with their local commodities. Jute production is the main resource in the surrounding area of the GC. The sub-project has got potential importance for expanding commercial activities and it will contribute for achieving the broad goals of the sub-project in poverty reduction and expanding opportunities for women. Land is readily available to accommodate the components needed for improvement. The market is situated on the bank of Arialkha Branch River. Most of the internal roads are HBB and some are BC road of distorted condition. There are 2 no’s multipurpose sheds existing but in poor condition. These sheds should be replaced by new sheds. The prime modes of transportation are river and road. The union and village roads have approached to the GC for better communication. The catchment area of the GC is approximately a radius of 10 km serving a population of about 10,000 inhabitants. Though land is available there is no boat landing station. Some other basic facilities such as toilet and deep tube well are inadequate.

2.3.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities: -  Approach road about 1.500 km which should be included in the road component  Internal roads and proper drainage  Ghat/boat landing station  Toilet  Three Deep tube wells  Two Multipurpose sheds  Four Garbage Pits  Jute selling station cum passenger shed

2.3.3 Recommendation

The following components are recommended for improvement:

 Internal roads  Drain  Ghat or boat landing Station  Two multipurpose sheds  Toilets  Three Deep tube wells  Three Garbage Pits  Jute selling station cum passenger shed

2.3.4 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount

Boat landing Station 3,000,000.00

Internal Road-1 11,600,000.00

Internal Road-2 3,862,500.00

Drains 678,400.00

Multi-purpose sheds 1,800,000.00

Deep tube well with fire fighting facility 200,000.00

Toilets for Men & Women 2,340,000.00

Garbage Pits 50,000.00

Traders Platform 1,200,000.00

Sub –Total: 24,730,900.00

Contingencies and inflation 5% 1,236,545.00

TOTAL: 25,967,445.00

NOTES:

 The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each market component. All Costs are tentative estimates.

2.3.5 Conclusions

The recommended construction works proposed for the improvement of this market will lead to increased income and improved livelihood of the poor population in the area, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

2.4 Sub-Project 2: Rahuthar Growth Centre; Upazila – Kasiani; District – Gopalganj

2.4.1 Present Condition

The proposed sub-project categorized under Large Growth Centre does not have adequate land available for improvement as required by the stakeholders. This market is connected by 18.00 km length BC road from the highway. The market is surrounded by low-lying marshy land. Roadside shops on bamboo post are main resource of the market. The stakeholders demand many facilities like multipurpose sheds, Ghat, toilet, deep tube well etc. but land is not available to provide these facilities. There are about 200 permanent shops and 300 floating shops in the market on both sides of road. Fish market and vegetable market are in general conducted on the road. The market is situated on the bank of a big cannel named Simakhali Khal. There is no sanitary latrine and deep tube well.

Land proposed for Boat Landing Road side Shop on Bamboo Post

Existing Road side Shops Land proposed for Sheds

2.4.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities: -  Ghat or boat landing station  Multipurpose sheds  Toilet blocks  Paved open areas  Fish market  Garbage pits  Deep tube wells  Improvement of internal road.

2.4.3 Recommendation

Improvements as demanded by the Stakeholders are not possible to accommodate due to land constraint. Within the land available, the following components are recommended for improvement:  Ghat or boat landing station  One Multipurpose shed for women  One Multipurpose shed for men  Toilets for men and women  Two Garbage pits  Two Deep tube wells  Improvement of internal roads

2.4.4 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount Boat landing Station 3,000,000.00 Multipurpose shed 900,000.00 Multipurpose shed for women 400,000.00 Toilets for Men and Women 780,000.00 Deep tube well 220,000.00 Garbage Pit 38,000.00 Internal Road 278,100.00 Sub –Total: 5,616,100.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 280,805.00 TOTAL: 5,896,905.00

NOTES:

 The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each market component. All Costs are tentative estimates. 2.4.5 Conclusions

The recommended construction works proposed for the improvement of this market will result in increased income and improved livelihood of the poor population in the area, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

2.5 Sub-Project 3: Takerhat Shankardipar Bazaar; Upazila – Rajoir, District – Madaripur.

2.5.1 Present Condition

The Market categorized under large Growth Centres is a well known business centre in the region. Situated in the Rajoir Upazila of Madaripur district and on the banks of Kumar River and close to Madaripur-Barisal highway, it is gradually developed over the years on approximately 4.0 acres of khas land. The catchment area of the hat, with high buying and selling intensity, is approximately 10/12 km serving 18/20,000 population. The market is approached from Barisal to Faridpur highway through a bridge. Presently the market accommodates about 550 permanent shops which are mostly katcha and semi-pucca structures and 150 floating vendors on bi-weekly hat days. Internal roads are partly bituminous concrete (BC) and partly katcha. Modes of transportation are road and river. Main commodities are jute, rice and wood log. Deep tube-well is the main source of drinking water. Solid waste disposal is managed by MMC. The only approach is through the bridge and at times especially on weekly hat days becomes difficult due to mixture of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and the situation is likely to deteriorate with time. There is no Boat landing station to serve the market. This causes problem and long segment of riverbank becomes crowded for unorganized loading/unloading purpose. The major portion of internal roads is in bad shape. These two are the priority issues to address. Open yard for temporary stall is also damaged due to loaded truck movement. Existing drainage is insufficient and generally does not function. Some stall-sheds are in deplorable condition lying unsafe over the years and need replacement. In absence of a covered shed in goat market, problem becomes acute during rainy season. Due to absence of some basic amenities like toilets, urinals, ablution space etc. market users have to share with those of nearby mosque.

Workshop with stakeholders in progress Potential site for Boat Landing station

Unused areas Damaged sheds

Dilapidated and unsafe. Cluster of small mini temporary stalls

2.5.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Approach Road about 1 km. length which should be taken up in the road component  Internal roads  Boat landing station  Drainage system  Multi-purpose sheds  Open yard  Deep Tube wells  Toilets  Garbage Pits

2.5.3 Recommendation

Public (khas) land is not available; however, there is scope for limited development work at the periphery.  Boat landing station  Internal Roads  Storm drainage system  Drain outfall  Four Multi-purpose sheds including one for women  Goat shed  Open platform  Open yard for onion  Deep tube well  Three Toilet Blocks for men and women  Three Garbage pits

2.5.4 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount Boat landing Station 3,000,000.00 Internal road 6,090,000.00 Storm drainage system 1,251,000.00 Multi-purpose shed 1,200,000.00 Multi-purpose shed 1,800,000.00 Multi-purpose shed 1,400,000.00 Goat Shed including Toll Ghat 1,800,000.00 Open platform 150,000.00 Open Yard 1,137,500.00 Deep tube wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 2,340,000.00 Garbage Pits 75,000.00 Truck Turning, Loading etc. Bay 3,000,000.00 Sub –Total: 23,353,500.00 Contingencies and inflation 1,797,675.00 TOTAL: 25,151,175.00

NOTES:  The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each market component. All Costs are tentative estimates.

2.5.5 Conclusions

2.6 Sub-Project 4: Sreenadi Hat; Upazila – Sadar; District – Madaripur

2.6.1 Present Condition

The Market categorized under Growth Centre is situated in the Sadar upazila of Madaripur district. Western part is bounded by river. It is gradually developed over the years on approximately 2.86 acres of khas land. The market is approached from the Madaripur highway through a local road. The catchment areas are spreading about 12/14 km all around serving about 15,000 populations. There are about 450 permanent shops mostly katcha and semi-pucca structure and 550 temporary stalls on bi- weekly hat days. Development of stalls without planning led to wastage of land. Internal roads are partly earthen and partly bituminous concrete (BC) but in damaged condition. Principal modes of transportation are road and river. Trading commodities are mainly Jute and vegetable. Deep tube-well is the main source of drinking water. Market Management Committee (MMC) manages the Solid waste disposal. Normally adjoining riverbank is used for dumping. The approach road on weekly hat days becomes crowded. There is no Boat landing station to serve the market. For that reason longer segments of riverbank becomes crowded owing to unorganized loading and unloading. Like other bazaars condition of the internal roads are not good and the stakeholders demand overall upgrading. No drainage system is provided in this market. These are the priority issues to consider. Out of 6 multi-purpose sheds, one is dilapidated and unsafe for use. That needs reconstruction or replacement. As a result due to total absence of major three services (boat landing station and drainage system) the market cannot function as it should be. As in most of other hats and bazaars, due to absence of some basic amenities like toilets, urinals, and ablution space etc. market users have to share with those of nearby mosque. There is no awareness among the local members for separate facilities for the women users. 2.6.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Internal Roads  Ghat/boat landing station  Drainage system  Multi-purpose Sheds  Open yard  Deep Tube Wells  Toilets  Garbage Pits

 Toilets  GarbagePits

Dilapidated areas need rehabilitation One heavily damaged stall-sheds

2.6.3 Recommendation

Development of this rural bazaar without proper planning has resulted in pockets of unused spaces with a mixture of pucca-kutcha structures. Still limited expansion and upgrading is possible in these unused spaces. Our recommendations are as follows:  Boat landing station  Internal Road  Storm drainage system  Multi-purpose shed  Open yard  Deep tube-well  Toilet for men & women  Garbage pits

2.6.4 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount Boat landing Station 3,000,000.00 Storm drainage system 180,000.00 Multi-purpose shed 900,000.00 Open platform 150,000.00 Deep tube wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men and Women 780,000.00 Garbage Pits 50,000.00 Sub –Total: 5,170,000.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 258,500.00 TOTAL: 5,428,500.00

NOTES:  The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each market component. All Costs are tentative estimates.

2.6.5 Conclusions

The recommended construction works proposed for the improvement of this market will translate into increased income and improved livelihood of the poor population in the area, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

2.7 Sub-Project 5: Fasiatala Hat: Upazila – Kalkini; District – Madaripur

2.7.1 Present Condition

The market under Large Rural Market category is situated in Kalkini Upazila of Madaripur district and is connected to Madaripur–Kalkini highway. The hat is approached from north through Kaliganj to Alinagar upazila road. The market is served mainly by two arteries (5m wide) north-south with perpendicular east-west (5.5m) earthen feeder roads. It is developed on approximately 2.5acresincluding 0.5 acre privately owned land bordered by Polari River on the West. The catchment area of the GC/RM is approximately a radius of 20 kms serving a population of 15,000 inhabitants. Principal modes of transportation are by road and river. Main commodities are vegetables and jute. There are about 300 permanent shops and 200 floating stalls on bi-weekly hat days. Major portion of internal roads are earthen and partly bituminous concrete (BC) but no drainage system exists in this market. There is no Road or Boat landing stations. Other basic amenities such as toilets, women’s facilities are also absent. The Market Management Committee (MMC) manages the Solid waste disposal which is totally unsatisfactory as normally the waste is disposed of in the Polardi River. As usual a single deep tube-well is the main source of drinking water and this should be augmented. The immediate impression is that although the development is haphazard as a result of unplanned growth, yet it is relatively more organized than the other bazaars in this region. Major portion of internal roads being kutcha (earthen) are damaged by usage in the wet season and now becomes totally unusable during rainy season. The bituminous concrete (BC) roads that exist in the Hat are also is damaged in some places. The main cause of this damage to the roads is the lack of a suitable drainage system. This demands overall rehabilitation / maintenance and upgrading. Although there are potential areas existing on the river bank, no Boat landing station is there to serve the market. That is why serious problems are faced on hat days for loading/unloading purposes. These are the priority issues to consider. As a result due to total absence of major two services (boat landing station and drainage system) the market cannot function properly. As in most of other hats and bazaars, due to insufficient basic amenities like toilets, urinals, ablution space etc. market users have to share with those of adjacent mosque. Although least awareness found among the local members for separate facilities for the women users, yet a section of people feels separate facilities provision for women is necessary.

2.7.2 Major Demands from Stakeholders

 Approach Road which should be implemented under road component  Internal roads  Ghat/ boat landing stations  Drainage system  Multi-purpose Sheds  Open yard  Women’s’ corner with Toilet  Deep Tube Wells  Toilets  Garbage Pits

Fallow lowland needs to bring under Onsite discussion is effective planning

Searching potential area for Boat Seeking possible link for drainage

2.7.3 Recommendation

There is controversy over the ownership of market land, yet opportunity is there for limited development/ improvement work within. Our recommendations are:  Boat landing station  Internal road  Drainage  Multi-purpose Shed  Open yard  Womens section  Deep tube wells  Toilets

2.7.4 Estimated Cost

Item Description Amount Boat landing Station 3,000,000.00 V – Drain 63,600.00 Multi-purpose shed 12m x 6m - RCC roof - 1 Men & 1 Women 900,000.00 Open paved yard for temp stalls HBB 75,600.00 Deep tube wells 110,000.00 Toilets for Men & Women 1,560,000.00 Sub –Total: 5,709,200.00 Contingencies and inflation 5% 285,460.00 TOTAL: 5,994,660.00

NOTES:  The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each market component. All costs are tentative estimates.

2.7.5 Conclusions

The recommended works proposed for the improvement of this market are essential and will lead to improved economic activity and livelihood of the rural poor, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

2.8 Sub-Project 6: Dasherjungle Growth Centre; Upazila – Goshairhat – District – Shariatpur

2.8.1 Present Condition

The proposed sub-project categorized under Growth Centre is the largest Growth Centre of the district having more than 2000 nos permanent shops, many agro based industries, banks ( 6 no’s), school, college and many business centres. The area covered by the market is over 50 acres of land. The market is situated on the bank of branch of Padma River. Friday & Monday are the weekly hat days. On hat day another 1000 vendors shops have come with their local commodities. Most of the internal roads are HBB and some are BC road of deplorable condition. There are 2 no’s multipurpose sheds existed but condition is poor. The MMC have demanded to construct 3-storied building in the place of existing deplorable sheds for better utilization of land as well as to meet up the market demands. The prime mode of transportation is through both river and road communication. The GC is connected by our proposed road sub-project named Damuddaya GC to Dasherjungle GC and another major road from the district HQ has connected the GC. Some other union and village road have also approached to the GC. The catchment area of the GC is approximately a radius of 25 km serving a population of about 30,000 inhabitants. Some other basic facilities such as suitable sanitary latrine and deep tube well are inadequate. Existing one boat landing station is not enough to meet up their demand and the condition is not good

HBB road needs improvement HBB road needs improvement

Existing sheds need replacement Proposed land for Boat Landing (No.01)

Proposed land for Boat Landing (No.02) Area inspecting for Toilet Block

2.8.2 Major Demands from Stakeholder

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities: -  Internal roads  Ghat/ boat landing  Multipurpose sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube wells

2.8.3 Recommendations

Though the proposed sub-project is categorised as a Growth Centre, ground reality is that it is a large market. It is one of the largest markets of the district which has vast scope for improvement. The surrounding area of the GC is over 50 acres of khas land. There are many agro-based industries, permanent shops, school, college, banks (six no’s) and many other business centres. The sub-project has got potential importance for expanding commercial activities and it will contribute for achieving the broad goals of the project in poverty reduction and expanding opportunities for women. So this GC is recommended for 25 million BDT investment with a view to meet up the market demands for improvement. Land is readily available to accommodate the components needed for improvement. The following components are recommended for improvement:  Internal roads  V-drain  Ghat/boat landing  Multipurpose sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube wells

2.8.4 Estimated Cost

Description Amount (Tk.) Internal road-1 11,078,000.00 Internal road-2 3,708,000.00 Drains 678,400.00 Boat landing 3,000,000.00 Multi-purpose sheds 1,800,000.00 Toilet blocks 1,560,000.00 Deep tube wells 220,000.00 Sub –Total: 22,044,400.00 Contingencies and inflation 1,732,220.00 TOTAL: 23,776,620.00

NOTES:

 The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each market component. All costs are tentative estimates.

2.8.5 Conclusions

The recommended works will broaden and expand commercial activities and it will contribute for achieving the overall goals of the RCCIP in terms of poverty reduction and increasing opportunities for women, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

2.9 Sub-Project 7: Purbo Damuddya Bazar – Upazila: Damuddya – District: Shariatpur

Land is not available for market development in Purbo Damuddya Bazar (Large Rural Market), as such, will be developed when the land becomes available.

2.10 Sub-Project 8: Takerhat - Uttarpara Hat; Upazila – Muksudpur; District - Gopalganj

2.10.1 Present Condition

The proposed sub-project categorised under Large Rural Market is physically one of the Largest Growth Centres of Gopalganj district which has vast scope for improvement. The surrounding area of the GC is over 30 acres of khas land. There are many agro based industries, about 1000 permanent shops, school, college, banks (six no’s) and many other business centres. The market is situated on the bank of Kumar River and beside Dhaka-Barisal highway at Taker hat. On bi-weekly hat day another 500 vendors shops have come with their local commodities. Most of the internal roads are HBB and some are BC and in deplorable condition. There are 3 no’s multipurpose sheds existing but condition is poor. The prime modes of transportation are river and road. The GC is connected to Dhaka-Barisal highway by an approach road for length of 100.00m which is required for improvement. The union and village road have also approached to the GC for better communication. The catchment area of the GC is approximately a radius of 20 km and serving a population of about 20,000 inhabitants.

2.10.2 Major Demands from Stakeholder

Stakeholders of the market have demanded to provide the following facilities: -  Internal road  Two Ghat/boat landing  Multi-purpose sheds  Toilets  Two Deep Tube wells

Market inspection with the stakeholders

2.10.3 Recommendations

The sub-project has got potential importance for expanding commercial activities and it will contribute for achieving the broad goals of the sub-project in poverty reduction and expanding opportunities for women. Therefore, this GC is recommended for 25 million BDT investment with a view to meet up the market demands for improvement. Land is readily available to accommodate the components needed for improvement.

The following components are recommended for improvement:  Internal Roads  Drain  Ghat/ boat landing  Multi-purpose Sheds  Toilets  Deep Tube Wells  Garbage Pits  Development of Approach Road/Entry.

2.10.4 Estimated Cost

Description Amount (Tk.) Internal road-1 11,600,000.00 Internal road-2 3,862,500.00 Drain 678,400.00 Boat landing 3,000,000.00

Multi-purpose sheds 1,800,000.00 Toilet 1,245,166.00 Deep tube wells 200,000.00 Garbage Pits 150,000.00 Approach road development 700,000.00 Sub –Total: 22,636,066.00 Contingencies and inflation 2,391,803.30 TOTAL: 25,027,869.30

NOTES:  The above rates are derived from LGED rates built up to form each market component. All costs are tentative estimates.

2.10.5 Conclusions

The recommended works proposed for the improvement of this market will improve livelihood of rural poor considerably, as such; it is an economically viable investment. In addition the sub-project meets the evaluation criteria, EIRR and Feasibility Scoring; hence it is recommended that this sub-project be taken up for implementation.

2.11 Sub-Project 9: Modhumoti Market; Upazila – Sadar; District – Gopalganj

This Large Rural Market has been subjected to severe erosion and development of the market can start only after resolving erosion problem.

Land proposed for Sheds

3. Description of the Environment (Baseline Data)

3.1 Physical Resources

The environmental baseline situation in the region including the three subproject areas are well documented in the regional environmental profiles produced by the Water Resource Planning Organization (WARPO), as part of the National Water Management Plan (NWMP).

Hydrology: Surface water hydrology is characterized by the river networks that are part of the Ganges-Jamuna delta system. The subproject area is in the flood plan of Ganges, Gorai River in the west and Arialkha River in the east. The later rivers are the braches of Ganges has been experiencing lower dry season flows in recent years. The dry season flow of the branch rivers are low. This is partly due to upstream abstraction from the Ganges system in India and also because of sedimentation in the mouth of its off take near Kushtia.

Geology: The Madaripur area consists of late Holocene to Recent Alluvium of the Ganges deltaic plain in north and tidal plain in south. The area is composed of sand, silt and clay in various proportions with small amount of coarse sand, which is classified into seven litho-stratigraphic units from base to top. Stratigraphic cross-sections and panel diagram through this area indicate presence of seven sedimentary cycles, each cycle resembling fining upward sequence. The entire area constitutes complexes of channels of fluvial origin, natural levees, bars, swamps and plains like floodplain, deltaic plains, estuarine plains or coastal plains.

Topography, Landforms and Soils: The subproject areas are located in the Ganges floodplain. The boundary between this unit and the Ganges floodplain is traditional. Local differences in elevation generally are 2-3m on the Ganges floodplain.

The river carries fresh water throughout the year in the northeast and east, but saltwater penetrates increasingly further inland towards the west, mainly in the dry season, but for most or the entire monsoon in the southwest. In the northeast, there is moderately deep flooding in the monsoon season, mainly by rainwater ponded on the land when the Ganges distributaries only in the monsoon, except in the extensive areas where tidal flooding is prevented by BWDB embankments. Within embankments, there is seasonal flooding with accumulated rainwater. The soils are non-saline throughout the year over substantial areas in the north and the east.

Climate: The climate of the project areas can be described as Tropical Monsoon – characterized by warm, humid summers and cool, dry winters. The areas, however, experience noticeable spatial variations in temperature and rainfall. Annual average maximum temperature for Madaripur is 34.2O C with average minimum temperature of 12.2 C. In April temperature often rises above 38O C. The average annual rainfall varies from 2007 mm. Nearly 80 percent of the rainfall is concentrated in the months of June to October. Norwesters (pre-monsoon thunderstorms) and tornadoes are other climatic hazards in the project area.

3.2 Biological (Natural Environment) a) Aquatic Faunas

Fish and Fisheries: In general there are five types of fish capturing, which are undertaken. These are: (i) River capture fishing- Fish are caught year round within all the main rivers and khals. However, catches tend to peak in May to June, with the mass migration upstream of hilsa (Tenulosailisha), and in October to November, when the floods subsides and fish start returning from the floodplain to the river (ODA 1994). Fish species caught in the rivers tend to consist of the major carps, catfish, hilsa and small shrimp.

(ii) Major carp spawn capture fishing- There is a high demand for major carp spawn for use in fishpond stocking. This high demand means that the spawn generates high value.

(iii) Floodplain subsistence capture fishing- During the flood season there is open access fishing across all flooded areas. Subsistence fishing is therefore undertaken by almost all rural households during this period. The capture of fish in this way is often crucial for these households, as it represents the main (and often the only) source of animal protein available to them during the year.

Fisheries: The fish habitats include ponds, borrow pits, closed channel, and rivers and canals. Capture fisheries are very common in the rivers and canals; and shrimp culture in local ghers are in many cases become the major source of foreign currency. There is controversy about the loss of agricultural productivity of the area due the increased rate of shrimp culture.

Improved fish feeds for fishes for use in Ponds/ dighi and in aquaculture are available in the local market. However, the farmers mostly use shell meat, pressed rice and oil cake as fish feed because these are cheaper than the balanced commercial feeds.

Fish Catch in October. Capture fisheries in the floodplains get higher nourishment during the monsoon due to movement of high amount of biomass energy through run-off to the open as well as in closed water bodies. Consequently fishes grow faster. Fish population in open and closed water bodies also increases during this season. The fresh water fish spawn during May-July period. These promote big catch of capture fisheries during November-December period. Usually captive fisheries are not explored until March-April period because of relatively low market price of fishes and spawns that are released in June-July are allowed time to grow.

Aquatic biology: The genetic dolphin (Plastanistagangetica), known locally as Sisu or Susok, occurs in all the main river systems of Bangladesh, particularly through the monsoon season. The Dolphin is identified as a threatened/ vulnerable species by the IUCN Red Book2.

2 IUCN Bangladesh. 2003. Bangladesher Bipanno Bonno Prani, IUCN-The World Conservation Union. 294 p, Dhaka

Also identified as an endangered species is the Peacock Soft-shelled Turtle (Tionyxhyrum). This turtle is a resident of beels and rivers. No information was obtained as to whether the turtle is resident in any of the surface water bodies present within the Project corridor.

The fresh water aquatic floras include hydrilla, vellisneria, bladderwort, water hyacinth, duckweed, water lettuce water lily, water fern, water plantain, halainchaipomea and many species of grasses. The hygrophytes that grow in swampy areas are aroids, ferns, begonias and several grass species. Freshwater wetland plant species e.g. hijal (baringtoniaacutangula), barun (crataeva magna), mandar (erithrinaindica), pitaly (trewianudiflora), jarul (lagerstroemia speciosa), etc. are not very much common in the project site. b) Terrestrial Flora

Forest and Plantation: Trees species in various ecosystems and the aquatic floral species at project site are given below. (i) Homesteads and Orchards: betel nut (areca catechu), kadam (anthocephalus chinensis), coconut (cocos nucifera), date palm (phoenix dactylifera), sofeda (achrassapota), mango (magnifera indica), jackfruit (artocarpus heterophyllus), fig, (pome granade, guava (psidium guava), grapefruit (citrus grandis), lemon (citrus spp.), blackberries (eugenia jambolana), plum, toddy palm, koroi (albizia sp.), shisoo (dalbergia shishu), shirish, rain tree (samanea saman), eucalyptus (eucalyptus spp.), bamboo (bambusa spp.), babla (acacia nilotica), jeol, neem (azadirachta indica), jamrul (jamrul (Syzygium javanicum), chalta (dillenia indica), bel (aegle marmelos), amra (spondias pinnata), amloki (phyllanthus embelica), segun (tectona grandis), etc. (ii) Roadside Plantation: date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), road chambol, koroi (albizia spp.), krishnachura (delonix regia), rain tree (samanea saman), shisoo (dalbergia shishu), babla (acacia nilotica), akashmoni (acacia moniliformis), banian (ficus bengalensis), mango (magnifera indica), blackberries (Eugenia jambolana), raj koroi (Samanea saman), etc. (iii) No natural forest exists in project site or in the surrounding areas. c) Terrestrial Faunas

Livestock: The livestock in subproject sites include cow, buffalo, goat, ship, pig, chicken, duck, geese and pigeon. This component of farming system is used as draft power, milk and meat source and as supplements to family nutrition and income. No classified grassland area virtually exists in the project site. The fellow lands, road, highway and embankment sides and homesteads are used as grazing fields for cattle. General health of cattle is deplorable because of low quality and inadequate nutrition. Livestock in project sites: Livestock health in the project site appeared to be poor. This was due to shortage of quality green feed during large part of the year, poor living condition and inadequate health care. Animals are mostly confined in the cattle sheds or on homestead platforms for most part of the year. Fallow croplands, roadside slopes and other wastelands are used for grazing the livestock under watch during the dry season. Wildlife: The subprojects will not pass through any areas designated as National Parks or Protected Areas. Terrestrial habitat through which the road passes through can be classified as:

(i) Agricultural Land; (ii) Strip Plantation; and (iii) Homestead Plantations

Birds: Crow, doves, pigeon, mynas, weaver bird, magpie robin, house sparrow, storks, herons and egrets, tailor bird, shama, kingfishers (blue lessor pied, white breasted, small fisher), wood packers, bulbul, parakeets, jungle babbler, Indian tree pie, vulture, water hen, owls (spotted owlet, fish owl, hutumpecha), kites (shabaz, koral, tisha, etc.), cormorant, kobo, oriolesm hawk cuckoo, green pigeon and koel.

Reptiles & Lizards: Snakes, tree tokey, wall gekko, lizards.

Other Vertebrates: Toads, rodents (mouse, mole, rates, squirrels), bull frog, green frog. d) Aquatic Faunas

Mammals: Gangetic dolphin, gharial, otter, shark. Birds: Kingfishers, storks, herons, egrets, watermen, snipe, pied wagtail, curlew, green shank, teals, pallas fishing eagle. Reptiles & Lizards: Snakes, lizards, monitors tortoises, turtles, green frog, bull frog, tree frog. Other Vertebrates: Crabs, snails, mollusc.

e) Wildlife Status in Project Site

Wildlife species identified and reported from the experience of the survey in the areas that includes the mammals such as jackal, jungle cat, fox and mongoose. In addition, there are reptiles like the water snake, Jat snake (dendroapis polylepis), and darash snake (xenochropis piscator); amphibians like the common toad and bullfrog, lizards such as monitors (water monitor, black monitor and golden monitor), tree gekko, house lizard and rodents (rat, mouse, squirrel, mole), etc. The survey of wildlife species of a small and densely populated area may not bring out a reliable result. Because, the wildlife species allocate their time spread over a territory where they are used to feed, rest and recreate.

The bird species reported from the field survey include crow, mynas, stork, brahmani kite, sparrow, weaver birds, water hen, parakeet, robin, bulbul, black drongo, vulture, hawk cuckoo, black cormorant, owl, snipe, etc. This is based on existing studies and field visits

Wetland: The project areas contain number of rivers, estuaries, mangrove swamps, canals, ponds, shrimp ghers, etc. The farmers generally are interested in draining the wetland during dry period to use for crop cultivation. In absence of large perennial flow many of these wetlands have dried up and lost their wetland features. Moreover sufficient cross drainage works would not impede water movement. Likewise, the flora and fauna of these seasonally flooded areas do not include any endangered or threatened species, and are not likely to be disturbed in their habitats.

3.3 Socio-economic

a) Agriculture

The scope for further intensification of agricultural crops in the project affected sites as well as in the adjacent areas is limited. This is because, the land and water (both surface and underground) is limited. Major crop during the kharif-2 season is rain fed transplanted aman paddy (local varieties). Culture fisheries technology locally known as shrimp gher on low land with availability of saline water is popular and brings hard currency from exports.

b) Crops Grown

The crops grown in different cropping seasons and on different land types are given in Table-6. Cultivation of rabi and kharif-I vegetables has gained popularity on highland and made lands in the down town areas of all district town due to availability and access to the local as well as Dhaka City market due to better communication.

Table: 1: Crops grown in different cropping seasons and on different land types

Land type Cropping Season Annual Kharif-I Kharif-II Rabi Perennial

Made-land, Non- Lemarenthus, long Lemaranthus, Maize, millet, potato, Papaya, banana, ginger, flooded bean, bitter gourd, cucumber, long bean sunflower, peanut, radish, turmeric, sugarcane, etc. snake gourd, sweet gourd, ash chili, coriander, onion, garlic, sweet gourd, ash gourd, ribbed gourd, carrot, tomato, cabbage, gourd, cucumber, snake gourd, fodder, cauliflower, egg plant and ribbed gourd, etc. spinach peanut, jute, sesame, sweet potato, aus and egg plant Medium B.aus, Sesame T. aman(local) Barley, millet, chilli and Highland, slightly (50- 70%). T. mung bean saline aman Medium B. aus & aman T. aman Barley, millet, chilli and Lowland, T. aman mung bean Irrigated boro (<5%) Homesteads/Orc Vegetables (10%) Vegetables (5%) Vegetables (10%) Betel nut, banana, coconut hards, Highland ipil-ipil, jeolbhadi, pome- granade, sofeda, eucalyptus, akshmoni, date plam mango, shisoo, jack fruit, plum, lemon, jarul, mehgani, koroi, babla, debdaru, shirish, etc.

4. ANTICIPATED Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.1 Environmental Impacts of Road Sub-projects

The three subprojects will focus on improving/rehabilitating existing rural roads. The potential generic environmental issues in the construction phase include: (i) soil erosion, silt runoff and gully erosion; (ii) drainage blockage/congestion, water logging and localized flooding; (iii) surface and ground water contamination; (iv) air (dust) and noise pollution; (v) contamination from storage and transportation of construction materials; (vi) hygiene, sanitation and safety of construction workers; and (vii) community disharmony or cultural problems.

Specifically the following environmental impacts are observed for the three sub-projects:

4.1.1 Project 1: Sub-Upazila Road–R &H, Bypass road to Kahtaibari Ferry ghat road via Kutubpur GC and Bangla bazar

The negative impact will be that unless carefully planned the hydrology of the area is going to be affected creating drainage congestion in the agricultural areas causing more flood. Other impacts are soil erosion, dust pollution, poor sanitation in the project site, water supply, etc.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (a) prevention of soil erosion (by bituminizing the pavement and planting trees on embankment slopes); (b) restoration of regional hydrology and drainage through reconstructing/rehabilitation bridges/culverts; (c) access to markets and health services; and (d) potential for establishment of new commercial activities at the markets as well as along the improved road.

4.1.2 Sub-Project 2: Upazila Road Damuddaya GC to Dasherjungle CG

The negative impact will be that unless carefully planned the hydrology of the area is going to be affected creating drainage congestion of the ghers and nearby agricultural areas causing more flood. Other impacts are soil erosion, dust pollution, poor sanitation in the project site, water supply, etc. The positive impacts of this subproject are: (a) prevention of soil erosion (by bituminizing the pavement and planting trees on embankment slopes); (b) restoration of regional hydrology and drainage through reconstructing/rehabilitation bridges/culverts; (c) access to markets and health services; and (d) potential for establishment of new commercial activities at the markets as well as along the improved road.

4.1.3 Sub-Project 3: Upazila Road: Radhagonj UPC – Doglashat H/S-Bangerhat GC road

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (a) prevention of soil erosion by bituminizing the pavement and planting trees on embankment slopes); (b) restoration of regional hydrology and drainage through reconstructing/rehabilitation bridges/culverts; (c) access to markets and health services; and (d) potential for establishment of new commercial activities at the markets as well as along the improved road. 4.2.1 Environmental Impacts on Market Development Sub-projects

The feasible seven subprojects will focus on improving existing rural markets. The potential generic environmental issues in the construction phase include: (i) soil erosion, silt runoff and gully erosion; (ii) surface and ground water contamination; (iii) air (dust) and noise pollution; (v) contamination from storage and transportation of construction materials; (vi) hygiene, sanitation and safety of construction workers. The adverse impacts may easily be minimised using appropriate mitigation options.There are several aspects common to all the markets.

 In all markets water for construction will be sourced from ground water wells.

 Sanitation facilities such as toilets will use a soak away and be located at a safe distance from ground water wells. Toilets are traditionally located at the market boundary.

 If the market has deep tube wells with the top 10 metres cased then a minimum safe distance between the wells and the toilet soak away is 10 metres. The construction of existing wells will be checked and the distance increased if it is found that they are not cased.

 The design of the facilities and their construcion under the project will have no negative impact on ground water quality

 Garbage Pits will be located at market boundaries and it is one of the roles of the Market Leaseholder to ensure that these are emptied regularly and the solid waste taken to appropriate designated dumping sites outside the market boundaries within the Union Parishad.

 During construction of new sheds in existing sales areas, even if this is open ground, there maybe a need to temporarily relocate traders. This will be done in consultation with the Market Management Committee and all traders who are not located in existing sheds, but use the open space will have to adjust to a smaller trading area whilst the sheds are being constructed. Once the new sheds are constructed the traders who were temporarily relocated will be given first choice to move into the new shed. This is the normal process that is used by LGED for such aspects.

 The actual number of traders affected during the construction will vary from market to market. Exact numbers are not known and will vary also depending upon when the shed construction will begin. If during the rains then the number of traders using open ground will be obviously less and also if it is harvest season on not for the goods they trade.

Specifically the following environmental impacts are observed for the seven feasible sub-projects:

4.2.2 Sub-Project 1: Chandrapur Growth Centre; Upazila – Sadar; District – Shariatpur

The area is situated in the flood plain of Ganges and is susceptible to flooding. Soil of the area is sandy clay. There are no archaeological sites near the subproject area. There is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste, however these will be minimal and not affect ground water quality.

The positive impacts of this subproject are: (1) improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities of the market; (2) removal of drainage conditions from market areas; and (3) enhancement of sales of commodities with subsequent improvement of socio-economic conditions of the beneficiaries.

The potential adverse impacts from subproject interventions may include flooding from drainage congestion, and the loss of agricultural land and other assets. All potential negative impacts will be minimized by adopting such mitigation

4.2.3 Sub-Project 2: Rahuthar Growth Centre; Upazila – Kasiani; District – Gopalganj

The area is situated in the flood plain of Ganges and is susceptible to flooding. Soil of the area is sandy clay. There are no archaeological sites near the subproject area. There is no need for land acquisition. The typical impacts expected during construction are localized impacts on air quality due to dust generated in earth works and material movement to site, erosion and silt run off, and noise from machinery working at site. Impacts during operation are impacts on water resources, due to extraction needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste., however these will be minimal and not affect ground water quality.

4.2.4 Sub-Project 3: Takerhat Shankardipar Bazaar; Upazila – Rajoir, District – Madaripur

4.2.5 Sub-Project 4: Sreenadi Hat; Upazila – Sadar; District – Madaripur

4.2.6 Sub-project 5: Fasiatala Hat, Upazila-Kalkini, District- Madaripur

4.2.7 Sub-Project 6- Dasherjungle Growth Centre; Upazila – Goshairhat – District – Shariatpur

4.2.8 Sub-Project 7: Takerhat - Uttarpara Hat; Upazila – Muksudpur; District - Gopalganj

needs and wastewater discharges from market, and solid waste, however these will be minimal and not affect ground water quality

5. Physical

5.1 Soil Quality, Erosion and Siltation

Soil erosion is one of the most common environmental impacts of the road projects, unless protective measures are undertaken. The degree of soil stability, erosion and siltation varies according to the soil texture, intensity of rainfall and the slope of the embankments. Clearing and grubbing of sites before initiating construction works degrade the soil surface with regard to loss of soils due to rain and wind, which increases the sedimentation in the nearby rivers, canals and streams. Improper disposal of construction debris results in scarred landscape and loss of aesthetic beauty. Poor operation and maintenance and wrong storage of fuel generate oil waste and fuel spillage causing soil and water pollution. Failure to render a site clean and safe during construction and at the end of the construction poses both sanitary and safety hazards. Hence, in the subproject areas, measures against soil quality and erosion should take into consideration the nature of the soil texture in specific locations. The risk of erosion will be limited or minimized if the improvement works are done in the dry season. The protective measures through vegetation and compaction on the improved roads will have high positive impact of the proposed road improvement measures.

5.2 Regional hydrology

Roads can contribute to changes in the flow and volume of surface water affecting regional hydrology. Field survey, however, confirmed that the existing roads do not impede local and regional drainage. And the potential for increased flooding is nil. Nevertheless, conditions in the low lying areas have to be dealt with separately and very carefully. The project areas, with the provision of additional cross- drainage will bring positive impacts on the drainage conditions. Surface water hydrology is characterized by the river networks that are part of the Ganges-Jamuna delta system. The subproject area is in the flood plan of Ganges, Gorai River in the west and Arialkha River in the east. The later rivers are the braches of Ganges. These rivers has been experiencing lower discharge during dry season flows in recent years. This is partly due to upstream abstraction from the Ganges system in India and also because of sedimentation in the mouth of its off take near Kushtia.

Groundwater is the main source of potable water in the subproject areas. However shallower aquifers in the coastal areas are saline, so abstraction has to be taken from deep (up to 300m) tube wells, which are relatively costly to construct. Groundwater abstraction north of the coastal area is from the shallower aquifers, but the discovery of natural arsenic in the shallower aquifers is a serious problem. A map of countywide ground water arsenic pollution sites exists and if any shallow tube wells are constructed under the CCRIP then these maps and information would be used to select safe locations

5.3 Drainage congestion

The impact issue of drainage congestion and resultant water-logging is essentially related to the above mentioned hydrologic parameters. In the context of the experience vis-à-vis the improved roads, it is likely that the rehabilitated and new culverts or cross-drainage structures will facilitate surface runoff and bring some positive impacts in terms of drainage and water logging. However, it is necessary to emphasize that provision should be given for adequate cross-drainage structures, and discussion should be made with the local people to define the requirement of drainage in the area. These cross drainage structures can be used to equalise water levels on either side of the road embankments and would allow the flow of water to downstream rivers and canals.

5.4 Water quality

Water quality on roadsides may be affected during the construction phase. Through adoption of simple erosion control measure, such as use of sand bags, rubble, erosion to water ways can be minimized. Even after the roads are carpeted with bitumen, the nature and volume of traffic on them will not be of such magnitude as to cause any significant water pollution problem. Nonetheless, it may be advisable not to locate drinking water intake points close to the road embankments in order to avoid chance of contamination from pollutants. Water resources are affected due to sedimentation process happening from the disposal of excavated materials. Besides dumping of solid waste from the construction camp, markets and construction sites destroy the water quality of adjacent rivers, canals and streams. Appropriate measures can mitigate these kinds of environmental impacts.

5.5 Air and Noise Pollution

The impact issue of air pollution from road improvements must be weighed against the existing situation on those roads. Dust, fumes and noise in the vicinity of the worksite impacts air quality and living environment, which disturbs daily life of community. Frequent use of quarries and borrow pits also produce dust in the adjoining areas. Cement mixing, bitumen mixing and brick crushing produce noises and objectionable odours, fumes and dust. Beside, operation of construction equipment, machine and vehicles generate harmful gashes, dust and noises. The bitumen surface of the improved roads will necessarily generate more traffic of motorized vehicles and cause certain amount of air pollution from exhaust emissions. But it will also produce positive impact of lesser dust than the present unpaved

earthen roads. Overall, air quality and living environment will not deteriorate significantly unless adequate measures are taken.

6. Natural environment

Fisheries: Since the proposed subprojects do not involve the construction of new roads, the potential for any adverse impact of fish migration and fish breeding/ spawning is nil. Moreover, the rehabilitation of cross-drainage structures and culverts on Upazila roads including provision of additional drainage capacity, in accordance with the design standard of the LGED, will ensure better fish passage and migration opportunities in the flood plain. Culture fishery in ponds has recently become very popular in the Project area, and the Project works are not expected to affect them adversely.

Impact on Trees: Land clearing for roadways causes displacement of trees and destruction of natural habitat as well as loss of habitats. Besides, operation of workers camp leads to fish hunting, collection of firewood from nearby forest and destruction of biological resources. The issue of tree plantation will have a high positive impact from the project actions. The practice established by LGED for planting and maintaining trees on the improved embankments more will enhances the environment of the project area. With proper care and nurturing, the improved roads will have adequate tree plantations along their sides and slopes, which will also help in reducing or preventing soil erosion.

Forest: The Forest Department is actively involved in social forestry programs involving the rural poor through participatory benefit sharing scheme in the project areas. The Forest Department is engaged in tree plantation along canals, railways and roads in association with the agencies owning those lands. Hence, the road improvements in the project areas will benefit the forestry sector through LGED’s continued collaboration and cooperation with social forestry programs of the Forest Department.

7. Human Interest Component

Agricultural Land loss: In the subproject areas, agriculture is the major use of land with a high cropping intensity. Hence, agriculture land loss in an infrastructure development project could be a significant negative effect. The land acquisition assessment has been carried out which shows that maximum of the land on roadsides is used for agricultural purpose and few for homesteads and other activities. The losses to individual farmers will be small because only narrow strips of land are required. In view of this small amount of potential agricultural land loss, the negative impact of the subprojects will be moderate. The affected persons will be compensated in accordance with the resettlement plan prepared under this project. On the other hand, a positive impact of the road improvement works will be an increase in land values (both farmland and homestead) in the adjoining areas.

7.1 Navigation/ boat communication

Field investigations did not reveal any conflict between the present route alignment and navigational facilities; however, some bridges and culverts, which are currently damaged, will provide better boat communication facilities after rehabilitation.

7.2 Employment opportunities

The proposed improvement works are expected to generate significant employment opportunities for the local people during the construction stage. This is in direct conformity with the concept of stakeholder and beneficiary participation, which is central to the design of the Project. Besides, improved roads will increase accessibility of the rural areas, and will thus have a cascade effect of encouraging commercial activities along the roads and in the connecting growth centre markets, and providing for long-term income-generating opportunities.

7.3 Access of goods to markets

Road improvement works would also have a concomitant high positive impact in terms of the accessibility of local goods to the markets through motorized and faster transport. Economic activities, including local trade and commerce, will be stimulated by these transport opportunities, which in turn, will help in rural poverty amelioration - a principal development objective of the project. Even though the economic benefits cannot immediately be fully quantified, the long-run positive impacts are undeniably high.

7.4 Traffic

Bitumen surfaced of the improved roads will facilitate increased traffic of both motorized and non- motorized transport modes. The better quality of the roads will also ensure greater vehicle safety and reduce travel discomfort, especially in the rainy season. Negative impacts of increased traffic on improved roads relate to the hazards for pedestrians, slow moving transport modes like cycle rickshaw/ vans, and cattle from neighbouring fields. Appropriate safety measures can adequately deal with this impact.

7.5 Cultural features

Cultural features, which include places of worship, burial grounds and historical sites, will be provided with better access through road improvement measures, which may also lead to their better protection and conservation. The project actions are not expected to have any negative impact on cultural features, provided any road realignment, if necessary, is adjusted to avoid encroaching upon such features or structures.

7.6 Landscape/ Aesthetics

The road improvement works together with tree plantations on roadsides, will also greatly enhance the visual landscape and aesthetic quality of the entire region.

7.7 Growth Center market improvements

Environmental issues related to growth centres market subproject relate to sanitation, safe drinking water, drainage, waste disposal, internal and access road conditions, and status of selling area. The current status of the market infrastructure is very poor and totally inadequate. Sanitation facilities are unhygienic and mostly non-existent. Under the project markets will have new toilet facilities and also where required additional garbage pits. The operation of these will be the responsibly of the Market Lease holder under the monitoring of the Market Management Committee. Solid waste will be removed from the market and taken to already designated locations within the Union Parisad. The improvement of physical infrastructure in and around the existing growth centres/ markets will have high positive impact on the general environment.

7.8 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies/ Options

The project aims to mainstream climate risk reduction into policy formulation and infrastructure development planning; capacity development to increase understanding of current and emerging climate risks and promote resilient decisions at central and local planning levels; and the demonstration of ways to effectively ‘climate-proof’ infrastructure with a view to systematically develop and apply climate-resilient building codes and standards. A central element of the project is to examine climate change related risks with local communities and officials, and to make the experiences gained from the climate-proofing of critical infrastructure work for vulnerability reduction at all levels, using entry points of policy and regulatory revisions as well as climate-resilient development planning. Beside these, adaptation in terms of raising the height and strength and protecting the roads from damages due to climate change is essential from economic and social points of view. Specific affected water–related road infra-structural components are: flood proofing of roads, raising of coastal embankments with concrete top to be used as roads, water management for the road-crossing water-courses, etc. In addition, there would be requirement of repairing and maintenance of existing vulnerable rural infrastructures.

Due to Construction of an extensive network of rural road by LGED, the hydrological regime of many low lying areas has changed. In addition to that protecting the land from flooding and river erosion, BWDB has constructed high embankments and polders in and around the LGED built rural infrastructures. Either LGED or BWDB should collect the necessary and relevant hydrological data for

designing the resilience structure that can mitigate and adapt climate change situation. Climate Change adaptability should consider more study on the change of hydrological regime that not only affects the hydrology of the wetland but also drainage congestion and creation of local flooding. Hydrological analysis were undertaken at design stage for constructing climate change resilience road embankment and other rural infrastructure. Care should be taken for the protection of the embankment due to possible rise of water level for climate change. The most vulnerable part is its slope. Protecting the slope by turfing with vegetation like grass is also good and inexpensive option. The other important aspect of embankment is that the soil should be compacted properly

8. Information Disclosure, Consultation And Participation

In the IEE studies of the 3 proposed road subprojects and 9 market subprojects, the IEE teams carried out consultations with local communities and related stakeholders during the field surveys to scope out any public concerns and encourage suggestions for subproject design. The public consultation was carried out from March to April 2014 as part of the field works. Public Consultation was done using various tools including, formal/ informal discussion with Union Parishad chairpersons and members, Government officials and other stakeholders. During the transect walk, consultations were held with the UP officials and villagers. Also during the reconnaissance survey and site visits, discussions were carried out informally drawing people into dialogue to obtain an overview of likely impacts and concerns of the community. Consultation was held at several locations along the rural roads alignment covering areas where public activity was intense and close to proposed alignment covering owners of houses located close to rural roads. The institutional level consultations were held with representatives of institutions having stakes in implementation of the project. The institutions contacted included fisheries, forest department, local DOE etc.

The participants generally appreciated the rural roads and markets upgrading; they realized the overall benefits to the community resulting from project development; they were aware of the increased access, less travel time in commuting after project implementation; and emphasized better management of traffic and necessary noise barriers at educational and health facilities during construction. However, some of the participants had a fear that construction of rural roads with new alignment may alter natural drainage pattern in the area and may cause flooding and water logging in the agriculture fields if adequate cross drainage structures are not provided. This is taken into consideration during the design stage; the project is not constructing new roads as such just rehabilitating existing ones with minimum realignment. In determining the road requirements the matter of additional cross drainage is also taken into account. The loss of fertile land will deteriorate their income sources. They stressed the safety issues; the women participants raised the issue of their children’s safety.

Some people were concerned about the land requirements of the project and impact on their agriculture land. They were also of the view that community should be consulted before the road designs are finalized. It was explained to the people there will be minimum land acquisition since the activities would be carried out in the existing land under use by the proposed subprojects. Respondents were of the opinion that trees cutting should be avoided or minimized. Some villagers expected additional plantation should be done. Separate consultation sessions were organized by social team to identify issues pertaining to health specifically for sexually transmitted diseases. The people demanded that locals should be given preference in employment during project implementation.

The environmental assessment process under the ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement requires the disclosure of the IEE in an accessible place and language to the public during the completion of the IEE. The LGED will provide before undertaking the construction a Bengali version of a summary IEE in public places with providing relevant environmental information, including information from the documents as above in a timely manner, in an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and other stakeholders. For illiterate people other suitable communication methods will be used. The LGED will also organize meeting/ seminar in the locality to inform people effectively. This process will be concluded with the EU providing copies of the IEE for display at the district and Upazila level during the same period when the IEE is disclosed on the ADB website.

9. Grievance Redress Mechanism

To facilitate the resolution of affected people’s concerns, complaints, and grievances about the social and environmental performance of the project, a grievance redress mechanism is established which aims to provide a time bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve social and environmental concerns. The EU of LGED has established a mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples’ concerns, complaints, and grievances about the project’s environmental performance. The grievance mechanism will be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project. It will address affected people's concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people at no costs and without retribution. The mechanism should not impede access to the country’s judicial or administrative remedies. The affected people will be appropriately informed about the mechanism.

The project management Office (PMO) and PIOs will make the public aware of the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) through public awareness campaigns. The contact phone number of the respective PIOs and the PMU will serve as a hotline for complaints, and shall be publicized through the media and placed on notice boards outside their offices and at construction sites. The project information brochure will include information on the GRM and shall be widely disseminated throughout the corridor by the safeguards officers in the PMO and PIOs. Grievances can be filed in writing or by phone with any member of the PMO or PIO.

Under the GRM, a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be formed with involvement of local stakeholders. The APs will be appropriately informed about the mechanism by the INGO. This GRC will help the APs to save time and money instead of proceeding for legal process which may be a lengthy procedure. To ensure that the GRM will be able to redress grievances within a short time at nominal cost, the Grievance Redress Committee members will comprise field level SMO officers, AP’s and public representatives. The GRC costs will mainly relate to communication, stationeries, etc. which would be covered by the RP’s contingency budget or a specifically allocated lump sum. The EA shall ensure that the GRC is working impartially through monitoring GRC activities on a regular basis.

Grievance Redress Committees (GRCs) will be established for each subproject or group of subprojects with social and environmental impacts, to ensure stakeholders’ participation in the implementation process. Through public consultations, the APs will be informed that they have a right to grievance redress from the LGED. The APs can also call upon the support of the INGO engaged to implement the RP to assist them in presenting their grievances or queries to the GRC. Other than disputes relating to ownership right and award of compensation by the Deputy Commissioner under the court of law, GRCs will review grievances involving all environmental, resettlement assistances, relocation and other supports. Grievances are to be redressed within 21 days from the date of lodging the complaints.

The GRCs are to be formed and activated during the implementation process to allow APs sufficient time to lodge complaints and safeguard their recognized interests.

Any AP wishing to lodge a complaint will be supported by the project. Assistance will be given to document and record the complaint, and if necessary, provide advocate services to address the GRC.

Any complaints of ownership or other suits, are to be resolved by the judicial system, not by GRCs. All APs can access the legal process at any time, without having to proceed through the Project GRM.

9.1 Grievance Redress Committees

GRCs will be formed for each subproject or group of subprojects to deal with grievances involving environmental aspects. This committee will also deal with resettlement benefits, relocation, and other assistance. A gazette notification on the formation and scope of the GRCs had been made already from the Ministry of LGRD. Accordingly, a small booklet outlining the whole procedure of GRC in Bangla had been circulated to the stakeholders in the project area. The GRC for a subproject comprises as follows: - Upazila Engineer, SMO, LGED – Convener; - Team Leader, RP Implementing NGO- Member Secretary; - Concerned U P Chairman or his designated U P member – Member; - Woman UP member of the concerned UP – Member;- - One representative of APs – Member Procedures for resolving grievances are described in the Table below.

9.2 Grievance Redress Procedures

An AP has a grievance about any part of the environmental aspects, and finds that it Step-1 cannot be resolved. The AP approaches the INGO field level officials for clarification. The INGO will provide Step-2 clarification to the AP as per RP within 1 day. If not resolved in 2, The AP approaches to the GRC. INGO staff will assist the AP in Step-3 producing the complaints and organize hearing within 21 days of receiving the complaints. GRC to scrutinize applications and cases are referred to DC through EA if beyond Step-4 their mandate. If within the mandate, GRC sessions held with aggrieved AP, minutes recorded. If Step-5 resolved, the Project Director approves. If not resolved: The AP may accept GRC decision, if not, he/she may file a case to the Step-6 court of law for settlement. The GRC minutes, approved by the Project Director, are received at the Convener’s Step-7 Office. The approved verdict is communicated to the complainant AP in writing.

APs will be able to submit their grievance/complaint about any aspect of EMP. Grievances can be shared with the LGED verbally or in written form, but in case of the verbal form, the INGO representatives in the GRC shall write it down in the first instance during the meeting at no cost to APs. The APs will sign and formally submit the grievance to the GRC at the respective office of the INGO.

Grievance Redress Flow Chart

Aggrieved Persons

GRC members: Application submitted to LGED Representative GRC through INGO •INGO Representative

• LGI Representative Scrutinization of • APs Representative Complaints by GRC

Referred to Complaints under Not under Arbitration or DC Law Arbitration or  to be settled as per RP policy Existing LA Law

GRC Hearing within 21days of Not Redressed Lodging the claim Redressed

PD for

Approval Recommendation for Claim Compensation

INGO for Payment

District Seeking Legal Decision Judge Settlement Accepted Court

10. Environment Management Plan

10.1 Environmental Monitoring

EMP is an important tool to ensure the implementation of mitigation measures for minimizing adverse impacts and maximizing the beneficial impacts. Environmental monitoring generates useful information and improves the quality of implementation of mitigation measures. The more important short term mitigation measures will include dry season construction work, erosion control from earthworks, careful location of borrow pits, temporary provision for drainage and traffic diversion, sanitation and hygienic provisions for the construction workers, and safe storage/ transportation of construction materials. Long term mitigation measures will include inter-alia efficient soil compaction, intensive scheme of roadside tree plantation, ensuring 1:1.5 ratio for the road and embankment slopes, rehabilitation of borrow pits by the contractors, careful design of cross drainage structures to allow flood water passage and prevent water-logging, minimizing agricultural land loss and prompt compensation for any acquisition, and adequate number of road safety signs and markings at vulnerable or hazardous sections.

Field investigations revealed that none of the impact issues would produce high degree of negative environmental effect. The potential short-term negative impacts relate to soil erosion, removal of strips of vegetation comprising bushes of shrubs and grasses, water logging or drainage congestion, air and water pollution, navigation and traffic/ road safety. There is no loss of agricultural lands and resettlement issues involved in the sub-projects. These have to be addressed through five sequential stages of the project cycle, viz., design, contracting, construction, supervision, and operation and maintenance. Most long-term adverse impacts can be mitigated by giving special emphasis on maintenance.

There is no agricultural land loss nor any land acquisition in the subprojects. Compensatory plantation (1:5) will be used in any locations that involve tree removal. The negative impacts are drainage congestion, pollution and road safety as well as short term (construction phase) effects which can be mitigated through appropriate measures, monitoring programs and fulfilment of institutional requirements. Table 9 shows summary of environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures

Table 2: Summary of Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on air quality and noise during construction 1 Excavating, Dust, fumes and Reduce ambient dust levels by Construction Supervising Environmental Included in cost of grading, noise regular zones for rural Engineer with Consultant construction finishing in the vicinity of the spraying of water on exposed earth in roads and the and DOE Contract Worksite. construction zone near settlement markets Contractor implementation. Temporary areas damage to adjacent where there land use and is potential for human exposure. exposure Remove construction debris and spoil to air and noise piles pollutants Impose traffic controls to reduce public exposure, Cover transport vehicles. 2 Borrow pits Air pollution Spraying of water in borrow pits Borrow pits Supervising Environmental Included in cost of Engineer with Consultant construction the and DOE Contract Contractor implementation. 3 Construction Blocks access, Select haul routes around/ outside Construction Supervising Environmental Included in cost of activity near disturbs community areas. Operate vehicles office and Engineer with Consultant construction community daily life of during restricted hours in construction the and DOE Contract areas community village limits. Introduce traffic controls zones for roads Contractor implementation. and produces noise, to reduce contact between the public and markets dust and congestion and construction activity. Complete

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion segments passing through populated areas before starting new construction. 4 Cement Noxious and Locate facilities at a sufficient Construction Supervising Environmental Included in cost of mixing, objectionable odors distance from human receptors to zone for roads Engineer with Consultant construction bitumen and eliminate the impact. and markets; the and DOE Contract mixing and fumes as well as Conduct activities during daylight brick crushing Contractor implementation. brick crushing dust hours if there are communities will allowed only nearby. Water areas where dust in locations accumulates regularly. Locations for approved by facilities approved by the LGED/ Consultant Consultant. 5 Operation of Air pollution from Regular maintenance of all Construction Supervising Environmental Included in cost of construction generation of machinery, zone Engineer with Consultant construction equipment, harmful gases equipment’s and vehicles. the and DOE Contract machineries Contractor implementation. and vehicles Impacts on Soil Resources during Detailed Design and Pre-construction 6 Identification Hazard due to Identify borrow pit locations in Design office Supervising Environmental Included in cost of of accident or slope conjunction with the selected Engineer with Consultant Contract. borrow pit failure during construction contractor. Prepare plan the and DOE locations and construction to estimate quantities and final Contractor estimates of contours. These will be outside the quantities of road alignment and with a minimum materials distance of at least 2 metres outside

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion the ROW

7 Recommendat Excess cutting and Incorporate environment friendly Design office Supervising Environmental Included in cost of ion of use construction techniques in the Engineer with Consultant design techniques for of poor techniques detailed design. These include but no the and DOE Contract. excavation resulting in limited to proper slope maintenance Contractor and earth landslides and slope and compaction and prompt planting cutting works failure of grass cover to reduce slope failure and erosion 8 Clearing and Degradation of Stop land clearing and excavation in Construction Supervising Environmental Included in cost of grubbing surface rainy periods. Use Log or boulder areas Engineer with Consultant construction contract before water quality. Soil barriers at the base of slopes subject the and DOE implementation initiating loss from exposure to erosion. Seed and stabilize slopes Contractor construction to rain and flowing and embankments. Include costs for works water, and sediment control in the contract bid increased sediment proposal. in rivers and streams 9 Identification Improper disposal of Contractor to identify suitable sites Along ROW of Supervising Environmental Included in cost of of disposal construction debris and obtain the engineers approval road within the Engineer with Consultant construction contract sites for resulting in scarred prior to disposing of debris. vicinity of market the and DOE implementation construction landscape construction Contractor debris

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on Soil Resources during Construction 10 Cutting and Unstable slopes Introduce appropriate/ bioengineering All along the road Supervising Environmental Included in cost of excavation of lead to soil loss techniques as recommended in construction Engineer with Consultant design the road bed detailed design to stabilize soils zones and the and DOE contract and during construction and for finishing market areas Contractor construction bid slopes. estimate 11 Placement of Damage to roadway Place road embankments above All portions of the Supervising Environmental Included in cost of roads parallel due to undercutting highest water level by 800 mm to road construction Engineer with Consultant design and of road foundation make it climate-resilient and use zones and the and DOE contract and transverse to palisade for canal/ river training as markets beside Contractor construction bid canals/ rivers given in detailed design and to canals/ rivers estimate prevent scouring 12 Disposal of Improper disposal of Prohibition of throwing of construction Construction Supervising Environmental Included in cost of construction construction debris debris in any sites other than the zones Engineer with Consultant design debris beside the road designated disposal sites identified the and DOE Contract alignment and during the design. Contractor around the market place resulting in scarring of landscape and loss of aesthetic beauty 13 Operation of Oily waste is Install secondary containment around Equipment yards Supervising Environmental Included in cost of equipment improperly disposed fuel tanks and at fueling stations. and fueling Engineer with Consultant design storage and of; fuel is spilled and Prevent oil and fuel spills, control stations the and DOE Contract repair yards, poor housekeeping runoff from contaminated areas. Contractor

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion and fuel causes soil and depots water pollution. 14 Closure of Failure to render a Remove above-grade structures, Construction and Supervising Environmental Included in cost of equipment site clean up labor camps Engineer with Consultant construction yards and clean and safe at construction camp debris and backfill the and DOE contract implementation camps the latrines; grade, re-vegetate the area Contractor end of use poses and tree planting under the both a sanitary and compensatory forest program. safety hazard

15 POL (liquid Waste improperly POL stage areas have impervious Equipment yards Supervising Environmental Included in the cost of and solid disposed of, causes lining, containment ditches, oil and Engineer with Consultant the contract waste/Hazard soil and water grease traps the and DOE ous Storage pollution and danger Contractor Areas to health Impacts on Soil Resources during Operation 16 Operation of Landslides/ rain cuts Adoption of appropriate engineering Specific road Maintenance XEN, LGED Cost to be borne by roadways and and other and bioengineering structures and sections and by LGED and and MMC LGED maintenance market places erosion issues techniques areas of market Market fund and Market Management beneficiaries Committee (MMC)

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on Water Resources and Water Quality during Detailed Design 17 Recommendat Extreme Take into account cost and historical Design office Design PMO, LGED Included in the cost of ion meteorological rainfall contract design contract and design of conditions due to data to determine size of structures, structures for climate change may stability enabling exceed capacity of of slopes and height of roadway proper structures, erode embankment drainage slopes and destroy under all pavement, weather structures conditions 18 Excavation Disposal of Use of log barriers or boulder barriers Construction Supervising Environmental Included in the cost of and cutting excavated at the base of slopes to hold any zone Engineer with Consultant construction contract works materials on nearby excavated material that may fall. No the and DOE streams and rivers dumping of excavated material or Contractor causing excess construction rubble into streams and sedimentation, rivers nearby. Reuse of excavated creation of material as far as possible and temporary dams disposal of unwanted material in (and hence small proper designated sites. floods thereafter), disturbances to aquatic ecology.

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion 19 Construction Insufficient roadside Develop downstream drainage Construction Construction Environmental Included in the cost of of drainage in channels to zone contractor Consultant construction contract road side community areas assure continuity of the drainage and DOE drainage leads to flooding of system. structures adjacent property. Construct proper lined drain Construction of particularly along improper drain the section that passes through paddy would damage field at specific locations. The drains paddy fields in will connect to canals or the down adjacent areas. stream river system 20 Operation of Plugging of culverts Maintain culverts and remove debris Roadway LGED XEN, LGED LGED maintenance roads from debris during that interferes with the flow in culverts locations maintenance fund heavy downpours; programs channelization and damage to the roadway. 21 Operation of Dumping of solid Proper management of solid waste of Markets MMC and XEN, LGED LGED maintenance markets waste from markets markets including arrangement for developed under LGED fund and contribution destroy water barrel composting CCRIP maintenance from beneficiaries of quality of adjacent program market ponds and canals

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on trees and vegetation during Pre-construction 22 Land clearing Displacement of Prepare an inventory and remove Construction Construction Environmental Cost is included in for roadways trees marketable timber prior to ROW of roads contractor Consultant construction contract and destruction of construction. Clear only and market place and DOE, implementation natural habitat; unmarketable trees and brush designated for representative clearing extends remaining in the road corridor. All development. from MOEF into valuable timber shall be handed over adjacent forests: to the proper authority; obtain loss of habitats necessary government permits for cutting trees. 23 Land clearing Displacement of Provide compensatory plantation (1:5) ROW of roads Construction Environmental Cost is included in for roadways trees to replace trees removed. Re- and market place contractor Consultant construction contract and and destruction of vegetation of slopes above and below designated for and DOE, implementation development natural habitat road through appropriate development representative of market area bioengineering techniques where from MOEF necessary. Re-vegetation of road shoulders to help recover some of the vegetated area lost 24 Clearing right- Excessive width Maintain minimum construction right- Construction Construction Environmental No cost of-way causes unnecessary of-way, remove only trees that ROW for roads contractor Consultant damage to adjacent interfere with construction and limit and areas for and DOE areas, increases access to adjacent land. development of need Improving of right-of-way to be markets for rehabilitation and approved by the PMO, LGED. leads to unstable Prohibit disposal of spoil materials slopes and any other forms of construction

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion debris over the sides of the roadway and adjacent area of market. 25 Operation of Workers fish, hunt Prohibit fishing, hunting and gathering Jobsites and Construction Environmental Cost included in Workers and of firewood among workers. Provide labor camps contractor Consultant construction contract camps gather firewood; construction camps with food supplies implementation destruction of from purchased stores. Provide biological resources firewood for warmth from legitimate sources or stockpiled from materials cleared from the roadway construction zone. 26 Operation of Failure in Adoption of alternate bioengineering Road ROW and LGED PMO, LGED Cost to be borne by roads and bioengineering or engineering measures. Regular market places maintenance LGED, GOB markets structures installed watering and monitoring of seedling schemes during construction survival and re-vegetation and taking Poor seedling of appropriate measures survival rate or Such as fencing, preventing of cattle regeneration rate to eat freshly planted seedlings. under compensatory tree plantation and re-vegetation activities Carried out in Construction stage

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on Socioeconomic Environment Impacts on Labor Rights during Construction 27 Employment of Rigorous living and Provide laborers and others resident Labor camps Construction Environmental Cost is included in the labor working conditions at the site lodging in a camp setting contractor Consultant construction contract affect workers’ outside of any danger zone, food health service facilities, safe drinking water, adequate washing and bathing facilities for maintaining personal hygiene, and access to health care 28 Set up of Sanitary waste and Camp facilities should be located at a Construction and Construction Environmental Cost is included in the construction litter degrade local distance from nearby communities. labor camps contractor Consultant construction contract camps environment around Provide sanitary facilities (dry pit or construction camps pour flush latrines) for workers using a soaking pit and arrange for disposal of solid waste/litter in accordance with local practice by collection and put into pits or burnt. 29 Operation of Threat of HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS awareness-raising Construction and Construction Environmental Cost is included in the construction and other STDs campaign among the construction labor camps and contractor Consultant construction contract camps workers and in the nearby local community communities.

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Public Liability of Contractors and Damage to Local Infrastructure during Construction 30 Water supply Water supply Devise a plan with necessary design Jobsites in road Construction Environmental Cost is included in the disruption systems along road features and market contractor Consultant construction contract (Targeted section a are put out to assure these water sources are implementation impacts during of commission maintained during construction and construction) during construction, left in as good or better condition after disadvantaging local construction is complete. people Provide prior notice of two weeks to the communities regarding possible disturbance and have measure to provide alternative supply such as via mobile tank during temporary disruption 31 Disruption of Passage is impaired Maintain a safe and accessible Beside the road Construction Environmental Cost is included in the foot path or for people with no pathway for both children and adults alignments and contractor Consultant construction contract mule tracks alternative path of that need to pass through the area inside the market (Targeted access to homes, during the period of construction under Impacts during schools and public implementation construction) facilities

Seria Action Resource Impact Mitigation Location Responsibility Cost l No. Implementat Monitoring ion Impacts on Archaeological Remains during Construction 32 Construction Damage to Halt nearby work upon discovery of Construction Construction Environmental Cost is included in the excavation: archaeological archaeological relics. Notify LGED to zone contractor Consultant construction contract archaeology monuments and contact relevant government authority unearthed evidence. to investigate and undertake recovery. Work to remain halted at the specific location until recovery is complete.

11. Institutional Requirements for Implementing EMP

PMO will be responsible to ensure adherence and implementation of the EMP at all stages of works by the contractors. An environmental consultant will assist PMO to undertake following tasks:

(i) Review of project design and specifications to ensure their adequacy and feasibility with respect to the implementation of EMP and or Environmental Code of Practices (ECoP).

(ii) Collection and dissemination of relevant environmental documents including amendments to environmental protection acts issued by the various agencies, namely, ADB, DOE and local bodies; (iii) Interact with the counterpart of the Contractor(s), review work progress/plans and ensure implementation of the EMP; (iv) Co-ordination with the nongovernment organizations(NGOs), community groups and Government departments on environmental issues, provide clarifications/ and obtain clearances during project implementation if any; (v) Monitoring sensitive environmental attributes during construction to ensure that the suggested mitigation measures in the EMP are implemented;

(vi) Documentation of the environmental management/monitoring activities for the regular project implementation progress report; and (vii) Conducting environmental training/awareness programs for the contractors, the project implementation personnel and the communities. (viii) Provide annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB

The Environmental Unit (EU) of LGED is now headed by a Superintending Engineer. EU has two full-time positions at present: one Executive Engineer and one Assistant Engineer. EU is being expanded into a team of environmental scientists/engineers with provision for mid- and junior level environmental scientists. The EU will also play a proactive role in environmental monitoring during project implementation as well asThe in v iewsundertaking expressed hereinpost-project are those evaluation of the consultant of projec and dots notin ordernecessarily to assess represent environmental those of ADB’s mecompliancembers, Board and of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. develop future strategies on the basis of `lessons learned’. The EU will also be entrusted with the task of organizing and administering training modular courses for the LGED staff and other stakeholders on environmental assessment and monitoring, social impact assessment, and public consultation/participation.

The LGED through its PMO is responsible to implement the overall EMP, and will use the services of the LGED Environmental Unit plus concerned LGED staff in the districts.Until the EU gets proper management strength, the EMP will be implemented and monitored by the PMO with the assistance of Environmental Specialist of Management Support Consultants.However, during the construction stage; the contractors are responsible to mitigate all environmental impacts related with the construction activities. In this context, the EMP will be included into the Bidding Documents (BD) of all the construction packages and funding has been allocated in the contracts for environmental issues

Table 3: Environmental Monitoring Control Matrix – Construction Phase

Monitoring Environmental Mitigation measures Frequency Attributes / (for detail description refer to EMAP of IEE) During Project Actions construction Existing Structures to be Alternate spaces would be provided to the existing vendors for Monthly demolished conducting business until the construction is completed. Borrow Areas Seek prior approval from local environmental regulatory agencies and Monthly compliance at all stages of operations. After borrowing ensure re- vegetation, drainage, erosion protection as per EMAP Work sites Comply with local Environmental regulations for air quality, noise, Weekly occupational hazard & safety procedures at all stages of work Ground water level in and Bore wells shall be away from human settlements; determine Monthly around construction tube sustainable yield and restrict withdrawal of water within yield wells recommended for region. Monitor depth of water below ground level in wells in and around construction tube wells before start and after completion of water withdrawal for the day Construction Ensure vehicles are regularly maintained; have pollution under control Quarterly Equipment/Vehicles certificates revalidated every month Noise at all operational Record noise levels at every 5 minutes for 24 hours (both day time & Monthly areas night time) POL (liquid & solid waste) POL storage areas have impervious lining, containment ditches, oil & Weekly /Hazardous Storage grease traps as per EMAP. Regular inspection & Areas Maintenance. Comply all local environmental regulations Soil erosion and Borrow areas shall have gentle slopes connected to nearby natural Monthly conservation water bodies, (as a temporary measure and especially needed for drainage during the rainy season) re-vegetated Water Supply Sanitation Adequate water supply as per norms septic tanks and soak away pits. Weekly & Health at camp sites Kerosene and LPG supply, health care facilities vaccination for work force camps

Monitoring Environmental Mitigation measures Frequency Attributes / (for detail description refer to EMAP of IEE) During Project Actions construction Construction of Noise Consult affected parties for eliciting opinion during constructing Quarterly Barriers barriers

APPENDIX 4: CLIMATE CHANGE IN MADRIAPIR REGION

Appraisal Report on Climate Resilience in the sub-projects of Madaripur, Gopalgonj and Sariatpur Districts for Coastal Climate Resilient Infrastructure Project

1.1 Introduction

The objective of the Coastal Climate Resilient Infrastructure Project (CCRIP) is to alleviation poverty and improve livelihood over the selected project areas through improvement of existing infrastructure and construct new ones and make them climate resilient so that the subproject infrastructures become sustainable against the risks of climate change. The 3 districts of Faridpur region namely Madaripur, Shariatpur and Gopalgonj are considered for climate resilient study as part of the subproject appraisal report for construction or improvement of a number of roads and growth centers under CCRIP. This region is located in the active zone of the Gangetic floodplain close to the southern bank of the river Ganges. The river Arial Khan, Modhumati and a number of small distributaries in the form of khals / canals constitute the drainage system of this region. The CCRIP aims at providing climate resilience actions that deliver a degree of climate proofing options like construction of embankment, roads, growth centers, cyclone shelters, market, health complex and housing constructions have their specific angle of vision of protecting risks of sea level rising, high wind waves, increasing temperature and ensuring likelihood from the impact of severe cyclone event. CCRIP has adopted suitable adaptation options to contribute to resist climate change adverse impacts and improve livelihood and reduce poverty. In the climate section of the appraisal report of Madaripur and adjoining districts, the climatic characteristics of the subproject area and current and future climate change projections for 2015 are discussed. The location of Madaripur region in the coastal zone map (Figure-1) indicates that this region as much away from the exposed coastal zone and is less affected by coastal the coastal processes.

This region has 3number of subproject roads (10 km), 3 large growth centers and 6growth centers and large markets (Table-1).

Figure-1: The exposed coastal zone and interior coastal zone are shown by ademarcator (re line). Madaripur region is around 50-60 km away from the northern boundary of the exposed coastal zone.

Table-1(a) List of Upazila subprojects Region Sl. District Upazila Road ID Road Name Total Propose No. Length d Length Road Road (km) (km) 10 Madaripu Shibchar 35487200 R&H, Bypass road to 12.12 4.00 r 5 Kahtaipari Ferry ghat road via Kutubpur Growth Centre Madaripu and Bangla Bazar r 11 Shariatpu Damudd 38625200 Damuddya GC to 5.20 3.00 r aya 4 Dasherjungle GC 12 Gopalgon Kotalipar 33551201 Radhagonj UPC-Doglashat 5.20 3.00 j a 9 H/S- Bangerhat GC road Total 22.52 10

Table-1(b) List of Large Growth Centres Region Sl. no. District Upazila Name of Growth Centre (GC) 7 Shariatpur Sadar Chandrapur Madaripur 8 Gopalgonj Kasiani Rahuthar 9 Madaripur Sadar Taker hat Shankardirpar Bazar

Table-1 (c) List of growth centre / large rural markets Region Sl. no. District Upazila Name of GC or Rural Market 13 Madaripur Sadar Sreenadi 14 Madaripur Kalkini Fasiatala Hat 15 Sariatpur Goshairhat Dasherjungle Madaripur 16 Sariatpur Damuddaya Purbo Damuddaya Bazar 17 Gopalgonj Muksudpur Takerhat-Uttarpara Hat 18 Gopalgonj Sadar Modhumoti Market

2 Climatic characteristics of the subproject area

2.1 General climatology

The Madaripur region has a meteorological station in Madaripur district head quarter. The climatology of the study districts has been computed using the monthly climatic data from 1977-2011. The annual variation of minimum and maximum temperature has been shown in Figure-1.It is seen that the annual pattern of temperature has bimodal character with highest peak in April (33.5 0C). The high temperature is maintained up to June, thereafter it slightly decreases during July and August with lowest summer temperature of around 310C. A secondary peak is observed in September and October with temperature of 31.50C. The lowest minimum temperature of 12.80C is found in January and highest minimum temperature of 25.90C is found to occur in June and August (Table-2 and Figure-2).

Climate Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Elements Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall (mm) 7 23 51 123 236 374 394 342 264 155 31 6 STD 12.9 23.3 52.6 94.7 109.4 163.8 125.6 151.7 150.1 105.2 41.7 10.1 Tmin (0C) 12.2 15.1 20.0 23.4 24.6 25.8 25.9 26.3 25.9 23.8 19.3 14.0 Tmax (0C) 25.2 28.5 32.6 34.2 33.9 32.6 31.8 32.0 32.2 32.1 30.0 26.5 Relative Humidity (%) 73.1 69.2 66.7 72.9 78.6 84.2 86.0 84.9 83.7 79.4 75.1 74.0 Table-2: Mean minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall

Table-3: Seasonal Rainfall (mm) in Madaripur

Pre- Post- Winter monsoon Monsoon monsoon Annual 36.5 409.5 1374.4 186.6 2007.0 1.8 20.4 68.5 9.3 100.0

C) 0 25

20 Tmin (0C) 15

Temperature( Tmax (0C) 10

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure-2: The annual pattern of minimum and maximum temperature

450 400 Rainfall (mm) 350 STD 300 250 200

Rainfall Rainfall (mm) 150 100 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure-3: The bar chart showing the annual distribution of rainfall

The annual distribution of monthly rainfall is shown in Figure-3 as bar diagram. The highest mean rainfall of 462 mm is obtained in the month of July. The annual rainfall of this area is 2007 mm (Table- 3). The monsoon rainfall amounts to 1374 mm, which contributes 68.5% of the annual rainfall. The pre- monsoon and post-monsoon receives about 20.4 and 9.3% of the total annual rainfall. The winter is dry and receives only 1.8% of the annual rainfall. The standard deviation of monthly rainfall shows high in the monsoon months (June-September). The project area is vulnerable to high astronomical tides, monsoon flooding and tropical cyclones and associated surges. The annual pattern of relative humidity of the area has been shown in Figure-3. High % of relative humidity is observed during the monsoon months (86-88.5%) with the highest level in the month of July. The lowest (74.7%) is obtained in March.

75 RH (%)RH

60 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure-4: Annual pattern of Relative Humidity (RH%)

2.2 Current climate change and impacts

The trends of minimum and maximum temperature and rainfall and the sea level rise have been shown in Table-4. It is seen from the table that the minimum temperature is increasing at the rate of 0.23-0.43 0C/decadeand maximum temperature from 0.04-.22 0C/decade which depicts that the minimum temperature is increasing at faster rate. This means that the difference of day and night temperature is shrinking. Considering the annual trends, the mean temperature has increased by around 1.1 0C during the last 50 years.The variation and trends of annual mean minimum and maximum temperature have been presented in Figure-5 (a,b). According this graphical presentation of temperature it is seen that the temperature fluctuates with period in the range 3-5 years and 7-10 years in addition to the warming trends. The rainfall has been found to decrease in all seasons except for the post-monsoon, when the rainfall is found to increase by 23.9 mm/decade. The post-monsoon rainfall is generally produced by the convective activities of the monsoon depressions and tropical cyclones that quite oftenpass over this region. Because of the decreasing of the rainfall, the frequency and severity of local floods is supposed to decrease, but monsoon floods that originate from large scale runoff from the GBM catchments are found to increase in the recent decades.

The analysis of the time series of tidal observations for the period 1977-1998 shows that sea level has been rising at the rate of 4 and 6 cm/decade at Hiron point and Char Change respectively. Analysis of more recent data also supports the earlier findings.

(a)

(b)

Figure-5(a,b): Trends of annual minimum and maximum temperature (0C/year) of Meteorological Station of Madaripur

3500

3000 y = -15.025x + 31967 2500 R² = 0.166

2000

1500

Annual rainfall Annual rainfall (mm) 1000

500

0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Figure-6: The trends of annual rainfall for Madaripur station.

Table-2: Trends of temperature (0C), rainfall (mm) and sea level (cm) per decade impacting on Madaripur area Climatic Parameters Winter Pre-monsoon Monsoon Post-mon Annual

Tmin 0.41 0.41 0.29 0.23 0.33 Tmax 0.04 0.13 0.22 0.03 0.11 Rainfall (mm/decade) -8.81 -80.55 -83.4 23.88 -150.2 Sea Level Rise+land subsidence at 1977- 4-6 cm 1998 (22 years)

2.3 Disasters of the region

The region is impacted by a number of disasters, namely, floods, cyclones and slight salinity. The latter problem has been reported in the recent decades. The river bank erosion is also a problem in the riverine part of the region. Below are some specific discussions of some disasters.

2.4 Floods

The study area is highly vulnerable to prolonged monsoon floods, which affect the resources, infrastructures and livelihood of the locality. Bangladesh experienced severe floods in 1974, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998, 2004 and 2007 of which the flood of 1998 was unprecedented in the history of Bengal. The floods are mainly caused by the excess monsoon rainfall runoff of 92% of the catchments of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) system and their tributaries outside Bangladesh that passes through 8% of the catchment area situated in Bangladesh. The situation aggravates if the monsoon rainfall is high also over Bangladesh. Sometimes floods occur if low pressure system in the form of monsoon depression passes over Bangladesh consecutively one after another or lasts over this area for a number of days producing heavy downpour. Such floods also affect the districts Gopalgonj, Madaripur and Shariatpur (Table-4 and Figure-7). The 1998 flood was extremely severe in terms of inundation depth, area and duration. The almost whole study area remained under water for around 120 days. Around 50% of study districts were flooded in 2004 and 2007. The floods of 1998 were mainly caused by upstream rainfall, while the floods of 2004 and 2007 were caused by rainfall due to depressions lasing over the country for around 2-3 days. The study region is characterized by astronomical tides of low amplitude. The sea level rise may not have a direct impact on this area, but it causes retardation of the flood discharge due to lowering of the gradient of the surface water level of the floods and the sea.

Table-4: Flood inundation in the years 1998, 2004 and 2007 Districts in Area of the Flooded Area (km2) Faridpur district 1998 2004 2007 Region (km2) Madaripur 1145 708 483 597 Shariatpur 1181 753 579 529 Gopalgonj 1490 1089 728 351

[Source: BWDB website and http://unosat-maps.web.cern.ch/unosat- maps/BD/Floods2007/UNOSAT_Bangladesh_Floods_Map_5Aug2007_Highres_v1.0.jpeg]

Figure-7: The flood affected area of Gopalgonj, Madaripur and Shariatpur in 2007 [Source:http://unosat-maps.web.cern.ch/unosat-maps/BD/Floods2007/UNOSAT_Bangladesh_Floods_Map_5Aug2007_Highres_v1.0.jpeg]

The rainfall exhibited decreasing trends in all the seasons expect the post-monsoon. However, because of the increase of rainfall in the catchments of Ganges and Brahmaputra inside and in the upstream of the country, Bangladesh especially the study area is highly vulnerable to long lasting monsoon floods. The floods have been more frequent in the recent decades which caused damages to infrastructures,

especially the housing, road network, agricultural crops, fisheries and ecology, environment and livelihood.

2.5 Tropical cyclones

The region is impacted by the passage of tropical cyclones. Being situated at a distance of 150-180 km inland from the coastline, the tropical cyclone intensity is reduced to some extent while it reaches this region; as a result the impact is relatively lower compared to the areas near to the coastline. The storm surge does not affect this area. A few tracks of tropical cyclones affected the region is shown in Figure- 8.

Figure-8: Map showing a few tracks of tropical cyclones affecting the study districts (Madaripur, Gopalgonj and Shariatpur [Quadir and Saha (2013)

2.6 Salinity

The salinity was not much of problem during the 1970s. But in the recent years sight salinity has been experienced in soil and surface water. Table-5 shows the status of soil salinity. According to Table-5, Gopalgonj has 4190 ha of salinity area of which 3660 ha belong to S1 type and the rest to S2 type. Maradipur has 1200 ha land with salinity of which 720 ha belongs to S1, 420 ha to S2 and 60 ha to S3 categories. Shariatpur is free from salinity. The future climate change and sea level rise may cause deterioration of the salinity situation. Table-6 shows the variation of salinity from 1971 to 2000 and 2009.

Table-5: Current Status of soil salinity of the study districts (SRDI 2012) District Total Uncultivated Cultivated Total Salinity class and area (ha) Area Area (ha) Area (ha) Saline S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 (ha) Area (2.0- (4.1- (8.0- (12.1- >16.0 (ha) 4.0 8..0 12.0 16.0 dS/m) dS/m) dS/m) dS/m) dS/m) Gopalgonj 87072 I0558 76514 4190 3660 530 0 0 0 Madaripur 22928 2864 20064 1200 720 420 60 0 0 Shariatpur No Salinity

Table-6: Variation of soil salinity for 1973, 2000 and 2009 (SRDI, 2012) District Salt affected Area (000, ha) 1973 2000 2009 Gopalgonj 0 1.20 1.20 Madaripur 0 1.19 0.72 Shariatpur No salinity

2.7 Climate Change projection for 2050

The MAGIC/SENGEN scenario-generating tool developed by Tom M.L. Wigley (2008) has been used for preparing the climate projection for 2050. The tool uses a data base of atmosphere/ocean GCM (AOGCM) results from the CMIP3/AR4 archive. The 4 default AOGCMs (GFDLCM20, GFDLCM21, GISS-EH, CCSM-30) and UKHADCM-3, a total of 5 AOGCMs have been used in generating the projections. The policy GHG emission scenario B2 (moderate emission) has been chosen. The results are expressed in 2.5x2.5 degree square grids. The generated scenarios have been interpolated to produce projections for 1.25x1.250Lat and Lon covering the study subproject area.

Table-7: Climate Change Scenario for Madaripur, Gopalgonj and Shariatpur districts prepared based on selected model results used for IPCC AR-4 report for 2050.

Parameters DJF MAM JJA SON Annual

Temperature 2.33 1.91 1.71 2.0 2.33 Rainfall (%) -7.4 14.6 10.2 9.5 5.6 Sea level Rise+ Land Subsidence 47 cm in the south-central coastal

The temperature is expected to increase from 1.71-2.330C varying over the seasons by 2050 with the year 2000 as the base line (Table-4). Though the rainfall indicates decreasing trend in Madaripur, the future projection shows an increasing trend. According to the projection the rainfall is likely to increase by 14.6% in pre-monsoon (MAM), 10.2% in monsoon (JJA), 9.5% in post monsoon (SON) seasons. The scenario of rainfall has high level of uncertainty and varies from model to model. The uncertainty is expected to be reduced in the future with the improvement physics of the atmospheric science and sophistication of computational techniques. This aspect needs more research with high resolution multi- model downscaling of the GCM results using regional dynamic models with continuous follow-up with computational sophistication and improvement of the science of climate. .

2.8 Guidance for achieving climate resilience to infra-structures

The climate change impacts on the infrastructure and livelihood are summarized as follows:

 The rise of temperature will cause higher evaporation, increasing demands of drinking, household utilization and irrigation requirements; high heat index will cause discomfort and severe health impacts.  More intense tropical cyclones will increase risks the agricultural resources, infrastructure and health in the future due to climate change.  Future Sea Level Rise may cause inundate of lands areas affecting agriculture,roadsandother infrastructures  Higher monsoon rainfall will cause increase of frequency and severity of floods. The sea level rise will retard the flood water discharge to the sea causing higher flood duration and severe impacts to infrastructure, resources, ecology, environment and livelihood. Guidance for climate resilience to road construction Considering the climate change the following resilient options are suggested for achieving climate resilience in the infrastructure and road development and make sustainable during the design life of the roads particularly for the mentioned subprojects.

Table-5: Climate Issues and General Adaptation Options

Climate Issues General Adaptation Options Sea level rise and storms  Increased Quality Control on construction Enhanced temperature  Using suitable materials Monsoon flooding and likely  Raising the level of the road increase of future salinity  Minor road realignment  Increasing maintenance effectiveness including additional longitudinal and transverse drainage systems  Improved cross drainage Increase in precipitation  Additional drainage capacity  The plantation of suitable grass, shrubs and plants are suggested for turfing with thickets of herbs/shrubs and grasses and plantation of economical and ecological values need to be planted to protect earthworks and slopes including the road slopes and development of livelihood.

Increase in wind strength  Appropriate wind-risk vegetation on road verges  Modifying the design of supports and anchorages for buildings Climate Mitigation  Increase plantation for improving ecological balance and livelihood development.

 The renewable energy sources should be deployed.

 Improved waste management Water supply and sanitation  The growth Centers should have adequate water-supply and sanitation arrangements.  Increase rain water harvesting and storage system Gender Issue  In all the climate resilient actions, the gender issues need to be adequately addressed and considered in the designs.

2.9 Conclusion

It is concluded that Madaripur regionisvulnerable to climate change impacts. The impacting processes are monsoon floods with moderate impacts of tropical cyclones and storm surge flooding, sea level rise and likely future salinity intrusion. The infrastructuredesigns should consider the impacts of climate

change, monsoon floods and sea level rise. It is recommended that the land surface of the market should be raised above the inundation level. The climate resilient slope management with turf and thickets of herbs/shrubs and grasses and suitable plants may the considered for economically viable options. The drainage system of the market should be properly designed and maintained. The market building may be used for cyclone and flood shelters. The market should be equipped with renewable power supply for mitigation of emissions. The market should have scientific waste management system reducing GHG emission. Provisions of sufficient plantation schemes with economically viable plants providing woods and fruits products and providing ecological balance should be undertaken. The rainwater harvesting may be practiced with proper management. The water supply and sanitation with adequate toilets are needed to improve the livelihood patterns in the subproject areas. Besides, the gender issues need to be adequately considered.