Koivunsiemenkarikkeen Vaikutus Hämähäkkiyhtei- Söön Ja Sen Aluellinen Vaihtelu Koivutaimistossa Sanna Leppänen

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Koivunsiemenkarikkeen Vaikutus Hämähäkkiyhtei- Söön Ja Sen Aluellinen Vaihtelu Koivutaimistossa Sanna Leppänen KOIVUNSIEMENKARIKKEEN VAIKUTUS HÄMÄHÄKKIYHTEI- SÖÖN JA SEN ALUELLINEN VAIHTELU KOIVUTAIMISTOSSA SANNA LEPPÄNEN Pro gradu -tutkielma Joensuun yliopisto Biotieteiden tiedekunta 2008 JOENSUUN YLIOPISTO Biotieteiden tiedekunta LEPPÄNEN, SANNA: Koivunsiemenkarikkeen vaikutukset hämähäkkiyhteisöön ja sen alueelli- nen vaihtelu koivutaimistossa. Pro gradu -tutkielma, 29 s., liitteitä 1 Huhtikuu 2008 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hämähäkit ovat tärkeä petoryhmä, joita esiintyy lähes kaikkialla. Osa hämähäkkilajeista esiintyy maaperässä, ja ne vaikuttavat maaperänhajottajayhteisön toimintaan. Hämähäkkien on havaittu säätelevän hyppyhäntäisten ja juoksujalkaisten populaatiota. Habitaatin rakenteella ja mikroil- mastolla on usein suuri vaikutus hämähäkkeihin, ja muutokset siinä vaikuttavat lajistoon. Erityi- sesti karikkeen syvyydellä on suuri merkitys hämähäkkilajistoon. Karikkeen määrä ja laatu voi- vat vaikuttaa hämähäkkeihin myös muuttamalla saalispopulaation tuottavuutta. Muurahaisten läsnäolo vaikuttaa hämähäkkien runsauteen maaperässä. Hämähäkkilajit poikkeavat ajallisessa esiintymisessään. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin koivunsiemenen käsittelyn vaikutusta hämähäkkiyhteisöön, ja alueellista vaihtelua yhteisössä. Tutkimuksessa oli viisi koealuetta, jotka sijoitettiin nuoriin kukkimattomiin koivutaimiin. Näillä koealueilla oli kaksi lohkoa, joissa kussakin oli neljä koe- ruutua. Jokaisella koeruudulla oli neljä kuoppapyydystä. Jokaisella koealueella oli yhteensä kah- deksan ruutua, joista neljälle lisättiin koivunsiemeniä ja neljälle ei. Kuoppapyydykset tyhjennet- tiin neljä kertaa vuodessa, joista tutkimukseen valitsin toukokuun ja syyskuun näytteenottoker- ran. Muurahaisten vaikutusta hämähäkkeihin tutkittiin kolmen vuoden seuranta aineistosta. Koivunsiementen lisäyksellä ei havaittu olevan vaikutusta hämähäkkien esiintymiseen. Sen sijaan koealueet erosivat toisistaan, ja Simpsonin diversiteetti-indeksit koealueilla erosivat mer- kitsevästi toukokuussa, mutta eivät syyskuussa. Näytteenottoajankohdat erosivat toisistaan siten, että toukokuussa lajien lukumäärän ja yksilömäärä oli runsaampi. Muurahaisten lukumäärän kasvaessa hämähäkkien lukumäärä kasvoi. Muurahaisten läsnäolo vaikutti negatiivisesti seitillä pyytäviin lajeihin ja puolestaan positiivisesti vaeltaviin lajeihin. Siemenlisäyksellä ei todennä- köisesti ollut riittävää vaikutusta hämähäkkien saalispopulaatioon eikä karikkeen syvyyteen. Vaikka koealueet muistuttavat ulkoisesti toisiaan, niin pienellä mittakaavalla ne eroavat toisis- taan. Muurahaisten runsaus alueella vaikuttaa hämähäkkiyhteisön rakenteeseen. Aineistosta löy- tyi Suomelle toistaiseksi julkaisematon laji Walckenaeria furcillata. Hämähäkkitutkimusten te- keminen Suomessa on tärkeää, jotta saadaan lisää tietoa harvinaisten ja uhanalaisten lajien esiin- tymisestä. 2 UNIVERSITY OF JOENSUU Faculty of Bioscience LEPPÄNEN, SANNA: The effect of artificial birch seed rain on spider community and its spa- tial variation. MSc Thesis, 29 pp., Appendices 1 April 2008 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Spiders are important predators which can be found all most everywhere. Some of the spiders live in the forest floor and litter, and they can affect decomposer community. Spiders can at least regulate springtails and centipede populations. The structure and microclimate of habitat can often have important influence on spiders and changes in the habitat will affect to the species assemblage. Especially the depth of the forest litter has great impact on spider species connections. The quantity and quality of the forest litter can also affect spiders by changing productivity of the prey population. The presence of ants affects to the amount of spiders in the forest floor. Spider species assemblage show remarkable seasonal variation. In this study I wanted to know how artificial birch seed rain affects on spider community and spatial changes in the community. In the research we had five study areas which were put in a young birch stand. Study areas were divided into two smaller areas and in those areas I sampled four subplots. In every subplot there were four pitfall traps. In each study area there were eight subplots which four of those squares we added birch seeds and four that we did not. The pitfall traps were emptied four times in a year which I selected sampling times May and September. In this research group we had three years follow-up study, which I used to find out how the pres- ence of ants affects on the spiders. Adding of birch seeds did not affect on the spider community. Study areas were different from each others. Simpson´s diversity index differed significantly in May but not in September. Phenological variation in spider assemblages were remarkable. Sampling times different from each other and in May there were more species and more individuals than in September. In addi- tion, ants affected spider community. When ants number increased so did spiders number. Ants had a negative effect on the web building spiders and positive to the wandering spiders. It is pos- sible that birch seeds did not have enough influence on the prey population and litter depth which are important to spiders. Although study areas resemble each others there are small scale differ- ences. Ants presence in the area affects on the spider community composition. New unpublished species Walckenaeria furcillata was found from the study area. It is important to study spiders in Finland so that we get more information on rare and endangered species distribution. 3 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO: 1. JOHDANTO 5 2. AINEISTO JA MENETELMÄT 7 2.1 Tutkimusjärjestelyt 7 2.2 Mittausmenetelmät 9 2.2.1 Määrittäminen 9 2.2.2 Tilastollinen analysointi 10 3. TULOKSET 11 3.1. Koivunsiemenkoe 12 3.2. Muurahaisten vaikutus hämähäkkien esiintymiseen 16 4. TULOSTEN TARKASTELU 19 4.1. Koivunsiementen vaikutukset 19 4.2. Alueiden väliset erot 21 4.3. Muurahaisten vaikutus 22 4.4. Ajallinen vaihtelu 22 5. JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSET 23 KIITOKSET 24 LÄHDELUETTELO 25 LIITTEET 4 1 JOHDANTO Hämähäkkejä tavataan noin 34 000 lajia, ja niitä esiintyy lähes kaikkialla merta ja ilmaa lukuun ottamatta (Foelix 1996). Hämähäkit ovat petoja, joiden ravinto koostuu lähinnä hyönteisistä, hyppyhäntäisistä ja kärpäsistä. Hyppyhäntäisiä esiintyy maaperässä suurina määrinä, ja ne ovat erityisen tärkeitä pienille hämähäkeille (Bristowe 1941 Foelix 1996 mukaan). Vain osa hämä- häkkilajeista esiintyy maaperässä vaikuttaen siten maaperäekosysteemin toimintaan. Hämähäk- kien runsaus eri maaperissä ja alueilla vaihtelee. Duffeyn (1962) tekemässä kenttätutkimuksessa kalkkikivipohjaisella ruohikolla esiintyi 141 lajia, joista noin puolet eli maaperäkerroksessa. Ka- rikkeessa elävistä lajeista 58 oli pieniä riippumattohämähäkkejä Linyphiidae heimosta, jotka viettävät paljon aikaa paikallaan. Niiden seitintekopäätökseen vaikuttaa todennäköisesti hyvin pienet erot habitaatissa ja ravinnon runsaudessa. Hämähäkkien määrä eri ruohikoilla vaihtelee, ja hoitamattomalla ruohikolla on usein satoja yksilöitä neliömetrillä (Curry 1994). Hämähäkit vaikuttavat maaperän hajottajayhteisöön (Clarke & Grant 1968). Hämähäkkien on havaittu säännöstelevän ainakin hyppyhäntäisten ja juoksujalkaisten populaatioita. Habitaatin rakenteella ja mikroilmastolla on suuri vaikutus hämähäkkeihin (Foelix 1996). Hämähäkkien ha- bitaatin valintaan vaikuttavat useat eri tekijät kuten lämpötila, kosteus, tuuli ja valonintensiteetti. Biologisista tekijöistä habitaatin valintaan vaikuttavat kasvillisuus, ravinnon runsaus, kilpailu ja viholliset. Muurahaisten on havaittu vaikuttavan hämähäkkien lukumäärään ja runsauteen (San- ders & Platner 2007). Hämähäkkien spatiaalinen jakautuminen perustuu enemmän ympäristöte- kijöihin kuin lajien väliseen kilpailuun (Schefer 1972). Sademäärä vaikuttaa sekä hämähäkkien että hyppyhäntäisten runsauteen ja spatiaaliseen jakautumiseen (Lensing et al. 2005). Hyppyhän- täisten lukumäärä laskee kuivissa olosuhteissa, kun hämähäkkien lukumäärä runsastui kuivissa olosuhteissa. Karikkeen merkitys hämähäkeille voi olla suuri. Ainakin karikkeen syvyys ja rakenne vaikut- tavat hämähäkkilajiston suhteisiin (Uetz 1979). Karikkeen tyyppi ja paksuus ovat tärkeitä tarjo- ten saalistuspaikkoja sekä suojaa saalistajilta ja kuivumiselta. Karike tarjoaa myös verkkohämä- häkkien verkoille kiinnittymispisteitä (Pearce & Venier 2006). Lehtikarikkeen määrä voi vaikut- taa hämähäkkeihin usealla eri tavalla: se voi muuttaa saalispopulaation tuottavuutta, mikroilmas- toa sekä lisätä piilopaikkojen määrää (Wise 1993). Yleisesti hämähäkkien runsaus ja monimuo- 5 toisuus korreloi positiivisesti ympäristön monimuotoisuuden kanssa eri alueellisissa mittakaa- voissa (Samu et al. 1999). Vaeltavat hämähäkit liikkuvat karikkeessa ja juoksevat tai hyppäävät saaliin kiinni sen koh- datessaan (Turnbull 1973). Nämä hämähäkit eivät kudo pysyvää seittiä, mutta voivat tehdä pysy- viä tai väliaikaisia piilopaikkoja. Tähän ryhmään kuuluu pussihämähäkit (Clubionidae), kivikko- hämähäkit (Gnaphosidae), juoksuhämähäkit (Lycosidae), kiitohämähäkit (Pisauridae), rapuhä- mähäkit (Thomisidae), ja joitakin lajeja mattohämähäkeistä (Agelenidae) ja pikkumattohämähä- keistä (Hahniidae) (Breymeyer 1966 Uetz 1977 mukaan). Vaeltavien hämähäkkien voi olla 43 % lajeista maaperästä tavattavista hämähäkki lajeista (Drew 1967 Uetz 1977 mukaan), ja suurin osa maaperässä elävin lajien biomassasta koostuu vaeltavista lajeista (Moulder & Reichle
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