TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE NO. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... ES-1 1. INTRODUCTION...... 1-1 1.1 Plan Purpose...... 1-1 1.2 City of Fall River Location, History and Climate ...... 1-2 1.2.1 School System...... 1-5 1.3 City Government and Services...... 1-5 1.3.1 Emergency Management, Fire and Police...... 1-5 1.3.2 Water and Sewer...... 1-6 2. PLANNING PROCESS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION & OUTREACH...... 2-1 2.1 Previous Hazard MItigation Planning Effort...... 2-1 2.2 Planning Team ...... 2-3 2.3 Stakeholder Engagement...... 2-4 2.4 Project Kick-Off Meeting...... 2-9 2.5 Stakeholder Interviews ...... 2-10 2.6 Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey ...... 2-11 2.7 Public Meeting No. 1 ...... 2-12 2.8 Hazard Mitigation Risk Assessment, Goals & Objectives & Mitigation Project Meeting...... 2-13 2.9 Hazard Mitigation Team Meeting & Public Meeting No. 2...... 2-13 3. FALL RIVER CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT...... 3-1 3.1 Planning and Regulatory ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Additional Data and Reports Utilized for the Plan...... 3-2 3.2 Existing Mitigation Measures in Place...... 3-3 3.3 Administrative and Technical Support...... 3-4 3.4 Financial ...... 3-5 3.5 National Flood Insurance Rate Program ...... 3-5 4. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 4-1 4.1 Introduction...... 4-1 4.2 Hazard Identification...... 4-4 4.2.1 Natural Hazard Ranking ...... 4-5 4.2.2 Definition of Probability...... 4-6 4.3 Hazard Profiles...... 4-7 4.3.1 Flood...... 4-7 4.3.2 Hurricane ...... 4-15 4.3.3 Severe Winter Storm ...... 4-24 4.3.4 Coastal Storm/ Nor’easter ...... 4-29 4.3.5 Windstorm...... 4-32 4.3.6 Thunderstorm & Lightning ...... 4-36

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) i Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.7 Wildfire...... 4-40 4.3.7.7 Future Development Considerations ...... 4-44 4.3.8 Extreme Temperature (Heat and Cold) ...... 4-44 4.3.9 Ice Storm ...... 4-50 4.3.10 Dam Failure ...... 4-53 4.3.11 Tornado ...... 4-56 4.3.12 Earthquake ...... 4-60 4.3.13 Coastal Erosion ...... 4-74 4.3.14 Tsunami...... 4-77 4.3.15 Hailstorm...... 4-82 4.3.16 Drought...... 4-85 4.3.17 Urban Fire...... 4-91 5. GOALS & OBJECTIVES ...... 5-1 5.1 Goals and Objectives ...... 5-1 6. MITIGATION ACTIVITIES & ACTION PLAN ...... 6-1 6.1 Mitigation Action Plan...... 6-1 6.2 Mitigation Project Prioritization ...... 6-19 6.3 Potential Funding Sources ...... 6-40 7. PLAN IMPLEMENTATION, MAINTENANCE & ADOPTION ...... 7-1 7.1 Plan Maintenance and Revision...... 7-1 7.2 Revising the Plan...... 7-1 7.3 Integration Into Other Planning Mechanisms ...... 7-2

FIGURES Figure PAGE NO. Figure 1: Southeastern Massachusetts Emergency Equipment & Supplies...... 3-5 Figure 2: Historical Hurricane Tracks (1851 – 2013) ...... 4-15 Figure 3: Number of Hurricanes for a 100-year Return Period ...... 4-19 Figure 4: Probability of Hurricane or Tropical Storm Events across Massachusetts ...... 4-20 Figure 5: Hurricane Inundation Zones...... 4-21 Figure 6: New England Normal Annual Snow Totals (1981 – 2010)...... 4-25 Figure 7: Wind Zones of the United States ...... 4-33 Figure 8: Average Number of Thunder Storm Days in the U.S (NOAA) ...... 4-37 Figure 9: Cloud to Ground Lightning Incidence in the U.S. (Vaisala)...... 4-37 Figure 10: Lightning Fatalities by State, 1959 - 2013...... 4-39 Figure 11: Wildfire Hazard Areas...... 4-41 Figure 12: Locations of Historical Wildfires and Acres Burned in Massachusetts (2001-2009)...... 4-42 Figure 13: Wildfire Risk Areas...... 4-43 Figure 14: NOAA’s Massachusetts Climate Regions...... 4-45 Figure 15: NOAA’s National Weather Service Wind Chill Chart ...... 4-46

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) ii Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 16: NOAA’s National Weather Service Heat Index...... 4-46 Figure 17: U.S. Weather Fatalities...... 4-48 Figure 18: Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation Index ...... 4-51 Figure 19: Annual Average Number of Tornadoes (1991 – 2010)...... 4-56 Figure 20: Enhanced Fujita Scale...... 4-57 Figure 21: Bristol County Tornadoes (1950 – 2013)...... 4-58 Figure 22: Tornado Days Per Year in the United States...... 4-59 Figure 23: USGS Earthquake Hazard Map...... 4-61 Figure 24: USGS Peak Ground Acceleration Map...... 4-62 Figure 25: Earthquakes in New England, United States and Canada (1990 – 2010)...... 4-65 Figure 26: Massachusetts Seismicity (1973 – 2012) ...... 4-66 Figure 27: Massachusetts Seismic Hazards...... 4-67 Figure 28: Spatial Probabilities for New England...... 4-68 Figure 29: Earthquake Generated Tsunamis in the United States from 900 to 1964 ...... 4-79 Figure 30: Total Number of Tsunami Events ...... 4-80 Figure 31: Palmer Drought Index...... 4-85 Figure 32: US Seasonal Drought Outlook...... 4-86

TABLES Table PAGE NO. Table 1-1: Hazard Mitigation Plan Goals ...... 1-1 Table 1-2: Fall River National Register of Historic Places ...... 1-2 Table 1-3: Fall River Public School System...... 1-5 Table 1-4: Fall River Fire Stations...... 1-6 Table 2-1: Action Items Pertaining to Local Communities from 2004 SRPEDD Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan ...... 2-2 Table 2-2: Hazard Mitigation Planning Team...... 2-3 Table 2-3: Stakeholder Involvement Tracking...... 2-5 Table 2-4: Stakeholder Engagement Opportunities...... 2-9 Table 2-5: Topics Reviewed During Project Kick-Off Meeting ...... 2-9 Table 2-6: Fall River Stakeholder Interview Matrix ...... 2-10 Table 2-7: Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey Respondent Comments...... 2-12 Table 2-8: Topics Reviewed During Facilitated Review Meeting of the Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan...... 2-13 Table 3-1: Table: Existing Plans, Studies, Reports & Technical Information Utilized ...... 3-1 Table 3-2: Mitigation Measures in Place...... 3-3 Table 3-3: FEMA NFIP Insurance Report ...... 3-6 Table 4-1: Massachusetts Major and Emergency Disaster Declarations 1953 - Present...... 4-1 Table 4-2: Fall River Critical Facilities...... 4-3 Table 4-3: Natural Hazard Ranking - City of Fall River...... 4-6 Table 4-4: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) – Fall River ...... 4-8 Table 4-5: Massachusetts Flooding Major Disaster Declarations (1995 – Present) ...... 4-9 Table 4-6: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 100 Year Flood Event...... 4-12 Table 4-7: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 500-Year Flood Event...... 4-13

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) iii Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-8: Expected Building Damage by Type for the 100-Year Flood Event...... 4-13 Table 4-9: Expected Building Damage by Type for the 500-Year Flood Event...... 4-13 Table 4-10: Risk Assessment - Flood ...... 4-14 Table 4-11: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Flood Hazard...... 4-14 Table 4-12: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS)...... 4-16 Table 4-13: Massachusetts Hurricane Major Disaster Declarations (1954 – Present) ...... 4-17 Table 4-14: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 100-Year Hurricane Event...... 4-22 Table 4-15: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 500-Year Hurricane Event...... 4-22 Table 4-16: Expected Building Damage by Building Type for the 100-Year Hurricane Event ...... 4-23 Table 4-17: Expected Building Damage by Building Type for the 500-Year Hurricane Event ...... 4-23 Table 4-18: Risk Assessment - Hurricane...... 4-23 Table 4-19: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Hurricane Hazard ...... 4-24 Table 4-20: NCDC Regional Snowfall Index (RSI)...... 4-26 Table 4-21: Massachusetts Winter Storm Disaster Declarations (1954 – Present)...... 4-26 Table 4-22: Winter Storm/ Blizzard Data for Bristol County (2003– Present) ...... 4-27 Table 4-23: Risk Assessment – Severe Winter Storm...... 4-28 Table 4-24: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Severe Winter Storm...... 4-29 Table 4-25: Massachusetts Coastal Storm Major Disaster Declarations (1953 – Present) ...... 4-30 Table 4-26: Risk Assessment – Coastal Storm/Nor’easter...... 4-32 Table 4-27: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Coastal Storm/Nor’easter...... 4-32 Table 4-28: High Wind Event Data for Bristol County January 1, 2005 – September 2015...... 4-34 Table 4-29: Risk Assessment – Windstorm ...... 4-35 Table 4-30: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Windstorm ...... 4-35 Table 4-31: Lightning Event Data for Bristol County (January 1, 2000 – September 30, 2014) ...... 4-38 Table 4-32: Risk Assessment – Thunderstorm/Lightning ...... 4-40 Table 4-33: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Thunderstorm/Lightning ...... 4-40 Table 4-34: Risk Assessment – Wildfire ...... 4-44 Table 4-35: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Wildfire ...... 4-44 Table 4-36: Risk Assessment – Extreme Temperature ...... 4-49 Table 4-37: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Extreme Temperature ...... 4-49 Table 4-38: Risk Assessment – Ice Storm...... 4-52 Table 4-39: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Ice Storm...... 4-52 Table 4-40: Fall River Owned Dams...... 4-53 Table 4-41: USACE Hazard Potential Classification...... 4-54 Table 4-42: Risk Assessment – Dam Failure...... 4-55 Table 4-43: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Dam Failure...... 4-55 Table 4-44: Massachusetts Tornado Major Disaster Declarations (1954 – Present)...... 4-58 Table 4-45: Risk Assessment – Tornado...... 4-60 Table 4-46: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Tornado...... 4-60 Table 4-47: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale – Earthquake Intensity...... 4-62 Table 4-48: Earthquake Magnitude Scale...... 4-63 Table 4-49: Recent Earthquake Events in Massachusetts ...... 4-66 Table 4-50: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for 100-Year Earthquake Event ...... 4-70 Table 4-51: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for 500-Year Earthquake Event ...... 4-70

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) iv Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-52: Expected Building Damage by Type for 100-Year Earthquake Event ...... 4-70 Table 4-53: Expected Building Damage by Type for 500-Year Earthquake Event ...... 4-71 Table 4-54: Expected Damage to Transportation System for 100-Year Earthquake Event...... 4-72 Table 4-55: Expected Damage to Transportation System for 500-Year Earthquake Event...... 4-73 Table 4-56: Risk Assessment - Earthquake...... 4-74 Table 4-57: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Earthquake...... 4-74 Table 4-58: Risk Assessment – Coastal Erosion...... 4-77 Table 4-59: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Coastal Erosion...... 4-77 Table 4-60: Risk Assessment – Tsunami...... 4-81 Table 4-61: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Tsunami...... 4-81 Table 4-62: Hail Descriptions and Diameter Sizes...... 4-82 Table 4-63: Hail Event Data for Bristol County (1973 – Present)...... 4-83 Table 4-64: Risk Assessment – Hailstorm ...... 4-84 Table 4-65: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Hailstorm ...... 4-84 Table 4-66: Drought Index Indices (Massachusetts Drought Management Plan, 2013)...... 4-88 Table 4-67: Risk Assessment – Drought...... 4-91 Table 4-68: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Drought...... 4-91 Table 4-69: Risk Assessment – Urban Fire ...... 4-92 Table 4-70: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Urban Fire ...... 4-92 Table 5-1: Goals & Objectives ...... 5-1 Table 6-1: Fall River Mitigation Projects ...... 6-2 Table 6-2: Fall River Non-Mitigation Projects...... 6-18 Table 6-3: STAPLEE Criteria ...... 6-20 Table 6-4: Fall River Project Prioritization...... 6-22 Table 6-5: Potential Funding Sources...... 6-40

APPENDICES Appendix A: Public Outreach Appendix B: Maps Appendix C: HAZUS-MH Analysis Documents Appendix D: Certificate Of Adoption

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) v Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The City of Fall River, MA (Fall River or City) prepared this Hazard Mitigation Plan with the overall purpose of reducing loss of life and property in the future that could result from a natural hazard event. The City has been impacted by natural hazard events in the past and during the development of this plan, has focused on engaging the public, evaluating those impacts and developing action items that can be completed to mitigate future impacts. Fall River developed this Hazard Mitigation Plan so that it can be utilized as guidance in reducing current and future natural hazard risks by having resources, risk reduction strategies, responsible entities and historical information located in one place. This plan will also serve to inform other planning efforts, including Capital Improvement Planning, and emergency management decisions. Fall River received funding from Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), administered by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA), through the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program for the development of this plan. Local contributions to the planning effort were made through in-kind labor contributions of staff members. Public Participation Fall River designed and implemented a planning process that included outreach to a variety of stakeholders at the local, regional and state level as well as local citizens and neighboring communities. The effort was led by Terry Sullivan, Administrator of Community Utilities, Paul Ferland, Community Utilities Project Manager and hired consultant Woodard & Curran. The other key Hazard Mitigation Plan team members include:  John Friar – Director, Water Division  Robert Viveiros – Fire Chief  Richard Aguiar – EMA Director  Daniel Racine – Police Chief  Byron Holmes – City Engineer The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team met on a regular basis and was responsible for the following planning activities:  Providing relevant information, plans, documents and data that were utilized during the preparation of the plan,  Identifying natural hazards and assessing their past and potential future impact,  Reviewing and evaluating the hazard ranking and assessment,  Evaluating goals and objectives for mitigation activities,  Developing potential projects to help the City demonstrate progress in meeting goals and objectives,  Participating during public meeting events,  Reviewing and commenting on the plan draft, and  Revising, adopting and maintaining the City of Fall River Hazard Mitigation Plan.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) ES-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Hazard Identification For the purposes of this Hazard Mitigation plan, identifying hazards included detailing geographically where an event has occurred historically, where it is likely to occur in the future, and how substantial the event may be. The natural hazards that are identified and included in this plan received their initial consideration from FEMA Guidance documentation. The hazards were then filtered by utilizing current and historical data points from various sources including but not limited to NOAA, US Census, FEMA Disaster Declarations and other regional/state planning documents. The City of Fall River analyzed the findings of each natural hazard and cross referenced the information with anecdotal data points and then developed a final list of natural hazards that have and will continue to impact the City of Fall River. These hazards include:  Flood  Hurricane  Severe Winter Storm  Nor'easter/Coastal Storm  Windstorm  Thunderstorm & Lightning  Urban Fire  Wildfire  Extreme Temperature (Cold and Hot)  Ice Storm  Dam Failure  Tornado  Earthquakes  Coastal Erosion  Tsunami  Hailstorms  Drought  Urban Fire Each hazard has been thoroughly profiled and discussed within the plan. Main Goals Prior to developing goals for this plan, the planning team considered what hazards were identified as impacting the community, what the risks associated with each hazard are, where vulnerabilities exist and what concerns local citizens have. Five main goals were developed, they include:  Promote and implement projects, programs, policies and plans that reduce the City’s vulnerability to natural hazards.  Implement cost-effective mitigation actions that protect structures, hazard prone areas and infrastructure from all hazard events.  Increase coordination between City, State, and Federal partners to effectively carry out long-term mitigation activities.  Encourage protection and preservation of coastal and natural areas.  Communicate information on natural hazards and the need for hazard mitigation to the public.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) ES-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 1. INTRODUCTION

In 2014, Fall River, MA (the City) received a Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) administered by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) to prepare an update for its local Hazard Mitigation Plan. The City is undertaking this endeavor to identify and reduce its risk from natural hazards, identify actions that can be taken to prevent damage to property and loss of life and prioritize mitigation efforts for potential future funding. The term hazard mitigation is defined by FEMA as “any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards.” Natural hazards may include flooding, tornadoes, winter storms, earthquakes, drought, coastal storms, hurricanes, wildfire, etc. Hazard mitigation actions are wide ranging and some examples may include public education and outreach, modifying regulatory requirements to prevent development or redevelopment in identified hazard areas or designing and installing improved drainage systems to minimize or prevent flooding. An important aspect of hazard mitigation planning is to identify and understand what vulnerabilities a community has in particular to its critical infrastructure (police, fire, water and wastewater plants and infrastructure, shelters, hospitals, etc.). Major activities involved in the development of this plan consisted of hazard identification and rankings, hazard event profiles, hazard vulnerability assessments and loss estimates, development of hazard mitigation goals and objectives, and formulation of hazard mitigation projects. Each step in this process involved stakeholder engagement across several municipal departments. 1.1 PLAN PURPOSE The purpose of local hazard mitigation planning is for a community to identify policies and actions that can be implemented over the life of the plan, and beyond, to reduce or eliminate long-term risk and future losses. Through the local mitigation planning process, a municipality develops a framework and strategy that, when implemented, can guide decision making to reduce damages to lives, property and the environment from future natural hazard events. Fall River has prepared this Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the FEMA Local Mitigation Plan Handbook dated March 2013 and with 44 CFR §201.6. The main goals that were defined during this planning effort are listed in Table 1-1. Table 1-1: Hazard Mitigation Plan Goals Promote and implement projects, programs, policies and plans that reduce the City’s Goal 1 vulnerability to natural hazards. Implement cost-effective mitigation actions that protect structures from all hazards, in Goal 2 particular properties with repetitive and severe repetitive loss. Increase coordination between City, State and Federal partners to effectively carry out long- Goal 3 term mitigation activities. Goal 4 Encourage protection and preservation of coastal features and natural areas. Goal 5 Communicate information on natural hazards and the need for hazard mitigation to the public.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 1-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 1.2 CITY OF FALL RIVER LOCATION, HISTORY AND CLIMATE The City of Fall River is located in the southeastern area of Bristol County, Massachusetts and is less than 50 miles from the City of Boston and within a short drive to the City of Providence, RI. Fall River was incorporated in 1803 and is approximately 33 square miles in size. The City was developed along the eastern edge of Mount Hope Bay, which connects and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Often called the city of hills, Fall River is built on steep hillsides 150-200 feet in elevation above the waterfront. Fall River is well served by two regional highways, Route 24 and I-195 and is home to a deep-water port along the Taunton River. In the 1600s, colonial settlers moved into the area establishing industries that relied on the Taunton River. Fall River’s proximity to other major ports along the New England coastline encouraged rapid development and industrialization throughout the 1800s. Even though much of the textile industry that initially grew the city has left, Fall River remains one of the two largest urban areas in southeastern Massachusetts. As of 2010, Fall River’s population totaled 88,857 occupying approximately 42,750 housing units (Census 2010). While the southeast region of Massachusetts has been one of the fastest growing areas, Fall River has experienced a population decline in the past few decades. Fall River is home to over 4,800 businesses and the median household income is $33,211. Fall River’s climate characteristics are similar to their neighboring coastal communities. Average annual rainfall and snowfall amounts are 46 inches and 33 inches respectively. An average high temperature for the summer months is between the upper 70s and lower 80s and during the winter, the average temperature stays in the low to mid 20s. As a coastal community, Fall River’s average temperatures are slightly cooler than other inland Massachusetts locations. A map showing notable Environmental Features in the City is located in Appendix B. Fall River has 104 locations listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which is the official database of historic places to be preserved across the country. Fall River recognizes the importance of these designated historic places, buildings, districts and objects, and they are listed in Table 1-2. Table 1-2: Fall River National Register of Historic Places Name Street Name Street Roughly bounded by June, Cherry, and Weetamae Sts., Academy Building South Main Street Highlands Historic District Lincoln, Highland, President, N. Main, and Hood Avenues Al Mac's Diner-- 135 President House at 108-112 Quarry 108-112 Quarry Street Restaurant Avenue Street Algonquin Printing Bay Street Jesus Marie Convent 138 St. Joseph's Street Co. American Printing Bounded by S. Main St., Bradford Co. and Metacomet Anawan Street Kennedy Park Ave., Middle, and Bay Streets Mill Anthony, David M., 368 N. Main Street King Philip Mills Kilburn Street House Ashley House 3159 Main Street Lafayette-Durfee House 94 Cherry Street

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 1-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Name Street Name Street 641-657 Quarry Barnard Mills Lindsey, William, House 373 N. Main Street Street Belmont Club/John Lower Highlands Historic Roughly bounded by Cherry, Main, 34 Franklin Street Young House District Winter, and Bank Street Blossom, Barnabus, 244 Grove Street Manley, William M., House 610 Cherry Street House Boguslavsky Triple- 53-87 Albion Street Massasoit Fire House No. 5 83 Freedom Street Deckers Borden Flats Light Taunton River Mechanics Mill 1082 Dawol Street Station Borden, A.J., 91-111 S. Main Narragansett Mills 1567 N. Main Street Building Street Borden, Ariadne J. N. Main St. between Brightman 92 Globe Street North Burial Ground and Mary A., House and Cory Streets Borden, N. B., North Christian 43 Morgan Street 3538 N. Main Street School Congregational Church Borden-Winslow 3063 N. Main Street Notre Dame School 34 St. Joseph's Street House Border City Mill No. One Weaver Street Oak Grove Cemetery 765 Prospect Street 2 Bourne Mill 844 State Avenue Osborn House 456 Rock Street Brayton Methodist 264 Griffin Street Osborn Street School 160 Osborn Street Episcopal Church Brightman, 205 Crescent Street Picard, Israel, House 690 County Street Hathaway, House Bristol County 441 N. Main Street Pilgrim Mills 847 Pleasant Street Superior Court Canedy, Squire 2634 N. Main Street Pine Street School 880 Pine Street William B., House Cataract Engine 116 Rock Street Pocasset Firehouse No. 7 1058 Pleasant Street Company No. 3 Central PT BOAT 796 (torpedo Congregational 100 Rock Street Battleship Cove boat) Church Lewiston and Salem Chace Mills Queguechan Club 306 N. Main Street Streets Queguechan, Jefferson, and Chace, A. B., 655-685 Middle Queguechan Valley Mills Stevens Sts. between I-195 and Rowhouses Street Historic District Denver Street Charlton Mill 109 Howe Street Read, Nathan, House 506 N. Main Street 1281-1291 New Bounded by Seabury, Robeson, Chase-Hyde Farm Ruggles Park Boston Road Pine, and Locust Sts. Chase's, Oliver, 505 Bay Street Sacred Heart School 90 Linden Street Thread Mill Children's Home 427 Robeson Street Sagamore Mill No. 2 1822 N. Main Street

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 1-3 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Name Street Name Street Church of the Sagamore Mills No. 1 and 160 Rock Street Ace Street Ascension No. 3 Collins, William, 3775 N. Main Street Sanford Spinning Co. Globe Mills Avenue House Connell, William M., 650 Plymouth Santo Christo Church 240 Columbia Street School Avenue Roughly bounded by Corky Row Historic Plymouth Ave. I195 Seaconnett Mills E. Warren Street District and 2nd Street Cornell Mills Alden Street Smith, John Mace, House 399 N. Main Street St. Anne's Church and Coughlin School 1975 Pleasant Street 780 S. Main Street Parish Complex Crescent Mill 30 Front Street St. Joseph's Church 1355 N. Main Street Davol School 112 Flint Street St. Joseph's Orphanage 56 St. Joseph's Street Davol, William C., 252 High Street St. Louis Church 440 Bradford Avenue Jr., House N. and S. Main, Downtown Fall River Bedford, Granite, St. Mary's Cathedral and 407 Spring Street Historic District Bank, Franklin, and Rectory Elm Streets 359-479 Pleasant Durfee Mills St. Patrick's Church 1588 S. Main Street Street Durfee, B.M.C., High 289 Rock Street Stafford Mills County Street School Earle, John M., 352 Durfee Street Truesdale Hospital 1820 Highland Avenue House U.S.S. JOSEPH P. Fall River Bleachery Jefferson Street Battleship Cove KENNEDY JR. (DD-850) Fall River Bedford Street U.S.S. LIONFISH Battleship Cove Waterworks 200-228 N. Main First Baptist Church U.S.S. MASSACHUSETTS Battleship Cove Street Flint Mills Alden Street Union Mills Pleasant Street Foster Spinning Co. Cover Street Unitarian Society, The 309 N. Main Street USS LIONFISH (SS0298) Globe Yarn Mills Globe Street Battleship Cove National Historic Landmark USS MASSACHUSETTS 1270-1288 Pleasant Greany Building (BB-59) National Historic Battleship Cove Street Landmark Hargraves Mill No. 1 Quarry Street Valentine-French House 5105 N. Main Street Hathaway, James 311 Pine Street Wampanoag Mills Queguechan Street D., House

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 1-4 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 1.2.1 School System The Fall River educational system consists of the 17 schools listed in Table 1-3. Table 1-3: Fall River Public School System Name Address Type Spencer Borden 1400 President Avenue Elementary John J. Doran 101 Fountain Street Elementary William S. Greene 409 Cambridge Street Elementary Alfred S. Letourneau 323 Anthony Street Elementary Frank M. Silvia 1899 Meridian Street Elementary James Tansey 711 Ray Street Elementary Samuel Watson 935 Eastern Avenue Elementary Mary L. Fonesca 160 Wall Street Elementary Carlton M. Viveiros 525 Slade Street Elementary Henry Lord Community School 151 Amity Street K-8 Edmond P. Talbot 124 Melrose Street Middle James Madison Morton 1135 North Main Street Middle Matthew J. Kuss 52 Globe Mills Avenue Middle Stone Therapeutic Day School 1207 Globe Street Middle Resiliency Middle School 290 Rock Street Middle B.M.C Durfee High 360 Elsbree Street High Resiliency Prep 276 Maple Street High

1.3 CITY GOVERNMENT AND SERVICES Fall River is governed by an elected Mayor who works collaboratively with nine City Council members. The City Council has established committees on finance, economic development & tourism, health & environmental affairs, health, housing & elder affairs, ordinances & legislation, public safety, public works & transportation, real estate, and regulations.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 1-5 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 1.3.1 Emergency Management, Fire and Police The Fall River Fire Department is comprised of career firefighters who are under the direction of the Fire Chief. There are six engine companies, three ladder companies with 164 personnel operating out of six fire stations (Table 1-4). Fire Department staff trainings are conducted both in-house and at the City’s training facility to ensure that all federal and state mandated training requirements are met. Table 1-4: Fall River Fire Stations Name Address Globe/ Kosior Fire Station 659 Globe Street Candeias Fire Station 1010 Plymouth Avenue Flint Reney/Eastwood Fire Station 400 Eastern Avenue Central Fire Station 165 Bedford Street Stanley Street Fire Station 229 Stanley Street North End Fire Station 711 Ray Street

The Fire Chief is responsible for overseeing the City’s Division of Emergency Medical Services. The Division has 38 personnel under the Fire Chief, Director of EMS, one Deputy Director, one Principal Paramedic, and 32 paramedics. The City has four Advanced Life Support (ALS) Medical Rescues used to respond to approximately 12,500 calls annually. Under the Fire Chief is also the EMA Director. The mission of the Fall River Police Department is to enhance the quality of life for the people of Fall River. The Department is led by the Chief of Police who oversees approximately 224 officers, including special operations teams. Department staff is responsible for responding to calls for assistance 24/7. The Fire Department has had issues with water access in the past. If a large fire does occur in the City, the Fire Department coordinates closely with the Water Treatment Plant to request that they increase the amount of water being pumped in the system. In emergency situations where shelter is needed, Fall River has 7 local shelters that have been certified by the Red Cross. Durfee High School is the largest designated shelter and can house approximately 2,000 people. The City also has a trained emergency response group who is able to open a shelter until the Red Cross arrives and can further manage the situation. The Police and Fire Departments do have plans in place for assisting handicapped individuals during an emergency event. 1.3.2 Water and Sewer The City of Fall River has two protected reservoirs, the North Watuppa Pond and Copicut Reservoir that provide high quality, clean drinking water to the City. The Division has extensive holdings of water rights in the Greater Fall River area including the two protected reservoirs. Both reservoirs are city-owned and no activity is allowed around the North Watuppa Pond and shoreland fishing is allowed on Copicut Reservoir in order to protect the high quality water supply.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 1-6 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The average daily water demand in Fall River, Tiverton, Freetown, and Westport is 10MGD with a peak capacity of 24MGD. The majority of the water system infrastructure was installed before the 1930s and today, consists of over 250 miles of pipe and serves approximately 100,000 customers. Fall River has 7 water storage tanks that can hold 21.2 million gallons of water. The Watuppa Water Board governs the Fall River Water Division. The Board’s responsibilities includes policy and oversight while the Water Division is responsible for Photo: North and South Watuppa Pond water treatment, water main replacement and distribution maintenance. Fall River’s Wastewater Treatment Plant was upgraded in 2005 and has a capacity of 50 MGD dry weather and 110 MGD wet weather. The facility serves portions of Westport, Freetown and Tiverton, RI. The wastewater collection and treatment system are mainly served by a Combined Sewer System that holds and transfers wastewater and stormwater from Fall River and other surrounding towns. An average of 31 million gallons of wastewater are treated on a daily basis. The Fall River Sewer Commission is responsible for the City’s Wastewater Collection and Treatment System. The majority of Fall River’s system is a Combined Sewer System transporting both sanitary and stormwater from about 75% of the City’s sewered areas. The Fall River Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility provides secondary treatment and is designed to service the City and portions of neighboring communities. The facility has the capacity to process commercial, domestic and industrial waste.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 1-7 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 2. PLANNING PROCESS, PUBLIC PARTICIPATION & OUTREACH

In 2014, the City of Fall River received funding from the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) through the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program to prepare a Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. Fall River had been previously included in the 2004 Southeastern Regional Planning & Economic Development District’s (SRPEDD) regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Recognizing the importance of having a FEMA approved plan in place, Fall River sought the grant assistance to prepare a single-jurisdictional plan in accordance with 44 CFR Part 201. The City contracted with Woodard & Curran to assist with the development of the plan. Woodard & Curran worked closely with City staff on the following activities:  Address the requirements and standards outlined by FEMA for the preparation of Hazard Mitigation Plans,  Data gathering and analysis,  Preparation for and interviews with key stakeholders,  Facilitation of public participation events and assisted with public outreach material for distribution during the public participation process including the development of a survey,  Utilizing HAZUS for vulnerability and risk assessment information,  Producing draft and final presentations,  Preparing a final plan document and coordinating State and Federal review efforts. The main purpose of preparing and adopting a Hazard Mitigation Plan in the City of Fall River is to be better prepared and mitigate as much as possible the impacts of natural hazard events in the past, present and future. 2.1 PREVIOUS HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING EFFORT In 2004, the Southeastern Regional Planning & Economic Development District (SRPEDD) prepared a Natural Hazard Pre-Disaster Regional Mitigation Plan for southeastern Massachusetts. The plan worked with all 27 communities, including Fall River, to assess hazards, evaluate vulnerable areas, and recommend planning and infrastructure improvements. Due to the regional framework of the plan, recommendations and action items were not specific to Fall River. The SRPEDD Commission voted to adopt the Pre-Disaster Regional Mitigation Plan for southeastern Massachusetts at the September 22, 2004 meeting and assumed the role for plan implementation. Some of the key areas highlighted in the 2004 regional plan with regard to community capacity were to identify more capital projects, match capital projects with federal funding opportunities, add local capacity for maintenance activities, develop new educational programs, funding training initiatives and promote mitigation thinking in planning documents. Previous mitigation actions and projects were grouped in six categories, including:  Capital/Structural  Administrative/Enforcement/Coordination  Education  Planning  Regulatory

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The majority of the action items from the 2004 regional plan were assigned to SRPEDD for implementation. Action items assigned to “local communities” including Fall River are highlighted in Table 2-1. Table 2-1: Action Items Pertaining to Local Communities from 2004 SRPEDD Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan Action Assigned to Local Communities Status Objective - Identify implementing body and pursue funding that builds local capacity and supports grant-writing for mitigation actions identified in the regional and local PDM plans.  Action: Consider use of SRPEDD municipal assistance hours for assistance.  Status in 2016: Fall River currently has a full-time Grant Writer on staff. Objective - Increase communication/coordination between federal, state, regional, county, municipal, private, and non-profit agencies in the area of pre-disaster mitigation. In particular, coordinate planning around prisons, colleges, and large employers.  Action: Develop or use existing town websites.  Status in 2016: Fall River has a website, which is used regularly for Town business and communication purposes. Objective: Maintain and enhance working relationships with the utilities including the annual meetings with emergency personnel, and satellite spaces within each community for temporary emergency headquarters.  Action: This exists – local communities need to maintain this relationship.  Status in 2016: Fall River maintains and enhances working relationships with utilities and emergency personnel and fosters these relationships. Objective: Improve hazard warning systems and notification to vulnerable populations.  Action: Coordinate this action with Homeland Security planning and implementation actions. Review Cable capabilities.  Status in 2016: Fall River has a multi-pronged approach (that includes but is not limited to) to warn the community and notify vulnerable populations regarding severe weather events including: Cable TV, text alerts, and the use of Twitter and Facebook. The Police Department has a list and locations of vulnerable populations in the community, and excellent communication channels with local support services. Objective: Combat complacency and foster appropriate individual responsibility for mitigating disaster impacts by educating all parts of the community including: school children, elderly, employers, school administrators, and municipal employees.  Action: Use all existing websites – town and SRPEDD.  Status in 2016: Fall River uses all existing websites to share information. Outreach now includes social media outlets as well. Objective: Promote use of full range of federal and state resources related to disaster mitigation such as educational materials, training, and National Weather Service forecasts.  Action: Set a goal of 5 communities certified as “Storm Ready” by 2010.  Status in 2016: Fall River is not currently a Storm Ready certified community. Objective: Incorporate disaster mitigation actions into appropriate local and regional plans – Master Plan, Open Space Plan, Transportation Plan, and Capital Programming.  Action: SRPEDD educate communities as they update all of these plans; local representatives also indicate a need for this.  Status in 2016: Fall River discussed this type of incorporation and it is reflected in several of the action items for this plan.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Action Assigned to Local Communities Status Objective: Integrate disaster mitigation concerns into transportation projects (drainage, infrastructure).  Action: SRPEDD and local representatives need to speak about these concerns during project development.  Status in 2016: Fall River discussed this type of integration and it is reflected in several of the action items for this plan. Objective: Identify PDM actions that are consistent with the objectives of other interest groups, and reach out to collaborate on achieving these initiatives. (For example conservation or environmental groups that support wetlands protection, river corridor acquisition, or reducing runoff.)  Action: Local representatives must identify these common goals – especially through the Open Space or Master Plan planning process.  Status in 2016: Fall River discussed this type of integration and collaboration during this planning effort.

Since the 2004 Plan was regional in nature, there were not specific references to development within Fall River that were modified for the 2016 Plan. This Plan is reflective of the community at present and considerations for future development are incorporated in Section 4 as they relate to specific hazards. While some of the objectives were met for the 2004 action items assigned to local communities, other actions were carried forward to this Plan as noted in Table 2-1 for consideration in the mitigation actions identified in Section 6. One of the drivers for Fall River developing its own Hazard Mitigation Plan, as opposed to the previous regional Plan, was to reflect a change in priority for increasing the importance of mitigation. This Plan reflects Fall River’s desire to have community specific mitigation actions that will address Fall River’s identified vulnerabilities. 2.2 PLANNING TEAM The City of Fall River Hazard Mitigation Planning effort was led by Terry Sullivan, Administrator of Community Utilities and Paul Ferland, Community Utilities Project Manager. Woodard & Curran managed the planning activities and technical aspects of the project. Table 2-2 lists the other key Hazard Mitigation Plan team members. Table 2-2: Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Name Title Terry Sullivan Administrator of Community Utilities Paul Ferland Community Utilities Project Manager John Friar Director, Water Division Robert Viveiros Fire Chief Richard Aguiar EMA Director Daniel Racine Police Chief Byron Holmes City Engineer Mary House Woodard & Curran

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-3 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team collaborated on a regular basis and was responsible for the following planning activities:  Providing relevant information, plans, documents and data that was utilized during the preparation of the plan,  Identifying natural hazards and assessing their past and potential future impact,  Reviewing and evaluating the hazard ranking and assessment,  Evaluating goals and objectives for mitigation activities,  Developing potential projects that would help the City demonstrate progress in meeting goals and objectives,  Participating during public meeting events,  Reviewing and commenting on the plan drafts, and  Revising, ensuring adoption of and maintaining the City of Fall River Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT A larger Hazard Mitigation Plan stakeholder group was identified to provide input, guidance, feedback and review during the planning process. Participants included local and county staff, the consulting team and members of neighboring communities. Table 2-3 illustrates who was initially invited to participate and in what meetings they actually participated.

Photo: Hazard Mitigation Plan Meeting – March 2015

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-4 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 2-3: Stakeholder Involvement Tracking

Name Title Entity Meeting Meeting Interviews Interviews 12/17/2014 Consultant Stakeholder Stakeholder State Contact State Local Local Contact Hazard Ranking Hazard 9/3/2014 Kick Off 9/3/2014 Off Kick Regional Contact Regional Public Meeting Meeting Public #1 Meeting Public #2 Presentation of Presentation Meeting Plan Draft C. Samuel Sutter Mayor Fall River X Community Utilities Project Paul Ferland Fall River X X X X X X X Manager Joseph Biszko Director Inspectional Services Fall River X X Daniel Racine Police Chief Fall River X X Paul Bernier Lieutenant – Police Department Fall River X X X Robert Viveiros Fire Chief Fall River X X Byron Holmes City Engineer Fall River X X X X Richard Aguiar EMA Director Fall River X X X Elizabeth Dennehy* City Planner (Former) Fall River X Michael Dion Community Development Fall River X X Administrator of Community Terry Sullivan Fall River X X X X Utilities John Friar Water Division Fall River X X X X X X Raymond Hague Director, Veterans Services Fall River X X Jane DiBiasio Grant Writer Fall River X X X Cathy Ann Vivieros City Administrator Fall River X X Project Manager, Dept. of Chris Gallagher Fall River X Community Maintenance

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-5 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Name Title Entity Meeting Meeting Interviews Interviews 12/17/2014 Consultant Stakeholder Stakeholder State Contact State Local Local Contact Hazard Ranking Ranking Hazard 9/3/2014 Kick Off 9/3/2014Off Kick Regional Contact Regional Public Meeting Meeting Public #1 Meeting Public #2 Presentation of Presentation Meeting Plan Draft Project Manager, Dept. of John Perry Fall River X Community Maintenance Captain Joseph Police Department Fall River X Cabral William Kenney City Planner Fall River X Kenneth Pacheco Community Maintenance Fall River X Ronald Bermier Sewer Commission Fall River X Ernest Forsy Sewer Commission Fall River X Michael Abrantes Sewer Commission Fall River X Ned Almeida Sewer Commission President Fall River X Renee Howayeck Attorney Fall River X Fall River Phil Sabatino Videographer/Editor Education X TV Program Manager Homeland Suzanne Dagesse SRPEDD X Security Ross Perry Director, Municipal Management SRPEDD X Deputy Director, Comprehensive Sandy Conaty SRPEDD X Planning Manager Stephen Smith Executive Director SRPEDD X Somerset, Dennis Luttrell Town Administrator MA

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-6 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Name Title Entity Meeting Meeting Interviews Interviews 12/17/2014 Consultant Stakeholder Stakeholder State Contact State Local Local Contact Hazard Ranking Ranking Hazard 9/3/2014 Kick Off 9/3/2014Off Kick Regional Contact Regional Public Meeting Meeting Public #1 Meeting Public #2 Presentation of Presentation Meeting Plan Draft Somerset, Scott Jepson Fire Chief MA Somerset, George McNeil Police Chief MA New Jon Mitchell Mayor X Bedford, MA Department Head, Emergency New Mark Mahoney X Management Bedford, MA Department Head, Public New Ronald Labelle X Infrastructure Bedford, MA New Michael Gomes Fire Chief X Bedford, MA New David Provencher Police Chief X Bedford, MA Jack Healey Town Administrator Assonet, MA X Freetown, Gary Silvia Fire Chief X MA Director, Emergency Westport, Brian Legendre X Management; Fire Chief MA Westport, Keith Pelletier Police Chief X MA Dartmouth, David Cressman Town Administrator X MA Dartmouth, Edward Pimental Emergency Management X MA

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-7 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Name Title Entity Meeting Meeting Interviews Interviews 12/17/2014 Consultant Stakeholder Stakeholder State Contact State Local Local Contact Hazard Ranking Ranking Hazard 9/3/2014 Kick Off 9/3/2014Off Kick Regional Contact Regional Public Meeting Meeting Public #1 Meeting Public #2 Presentation of Presentation Meeting Plan Draft Dartmouth, David Hickox Director, Public Works X MA Chief Lloyd Fire Chief Tiverton, RI X Hazard Mitigation Grants David Woodbury MEMA X Coordinator Marybeth Groff Hazard Mitigation Planner MEMA X Lead Hazard Mitigation Contract Sherry Leung MEMA X X Specialist Woodard & Dave White Client Manager X X X Curran Woodard & Mary House Project Manager X X X X X Curran Woodard & Mary McCrann Senior Planner X X Curran Woodard & Paul Jacques Project Engineer X Curran Nancy Beaton Environmental Engineer CDM Smith X X X X

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-8 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The City of Fall River sought to engage the public on a number of occasions during the preparation of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. Table 2-4 indicates when there were opportunities for the public to participate and provide feedback for this planning project. Table 2-4: Stakeholder Engagement Opportunities Task Timeframe Kick Off Meeting September 2014 Stakeholder Interviews December 2014 Public Meeting #1 December 17, 2014 Public Survey December 2014 – March 2015 Additional Stakeholder Interviews March 2015 Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment March 2015 Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan - Comments June 2015 Public Meeting #2 June 2015 Presentation of Final Plan Upon Plan Approval

Fall River utilized various forms of education and outreach, they include:  Posting information on the City of Fall River website (www.fallriverma.org)  Televising local meetings for residents who are unable to attend in person,  Coordinating with local media outlets to print information about the project (both print and online), and  Obtaining feedback from the public on the DRAFT Hazard Mitigation Plan during June 2015 when the plan was posted on the City of Fall River website for review. 2.4 PROJECT KICK-OFF MEETING On September 3, 2014, a project kick-off meeting was held at Fall River City Hall to engage the project planning team and discuss stakeholder engagement activities. The representatives in attendance are listed in Table 2-3. The meeting agenda, sign-in sheet and PowerPoint presentation are provided in Appendix A. The topics reviewed during this meeting are presented below in Table 2-5. Table 2-5: Topics Reviewed During Project Kick-Off Meeting Topic Details Reviewed the goals of the project, background of the grant funding, and Project Overview benefits to be achieved by the City of Fall River. Introduced the concept of hazard mitigation planning including the planning Hazard Mitigation phases, types of hazards to be included, and recent hazard events that Planning impacted Fall River.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-9 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Topic Details Reviewed the requirements and expectations of FEMA/MEMA in order to Approval Process and achieve plan approval. Topics included the importance for documentation, Requirements stakeholder engagement, and focus on the importance of the process. Components of Hazard Reviewed the planning process, hazard identification and risk assessment, Mitigation Planning mitigation strategy, and plan review, evaluation, and implementation. Roles and responsibilities consisted of participation in meetings, providing Team Roles and relevant documentation, identification and assessment of hazards, support Responsibilities outreach activities, review and comment on the draft Plan and support Plan implementation. The project schedule was reviewed with interim and final deadlines. Approval Project Schedule by MEMA/FEMA is necessary by August 2016 to meet the obligations of the grant.

2.5 STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS On December 17, 2014, stakeholder interviews were completed with key municipal officials at Fall River City Hall (see Table 2-6). Discussions included how hazards have either historically affected or could impact the city, potential vulnerabilities to those hazards and assets that may be impacted. Potential hazard mitigation projects were also discussed during the interviews. Three interviewers conducted the interviews with municipal department representatives. Municipal representatives were invited to participate in grouped interviews throughout the day. Sessions typically lasted between half an hour to an hour and a half. The open discussion interview format was selected by the interviewers to encourage the interviewees to focus on areas in which they had the most experience and promote non-restrictive discussion. Table 2-6: Fall River Stakeholder Interview Matrix Name Department Cathy Ann Vivieros City Administrator Terry Sullivan Water/Sewer Division John Friar Water/Sewer Division Paul Ferland Water/Sewer Division Joseph M. Biszko Inspectional Services Byron R. Holmes, P.E. Engineering Chris Gallagher DCM John Perry DCM Richard Aguiar EMA Captain Joseph Cabral Police Department

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-10 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Follow up interviews were conducted in March 2015 with additional municipal staff who were not available in December 2014. Woodard & Curran reached out to Mike Dion, Community Development Director, Jane diBiasio, Grant Writer and Raymond Hague, Veterans Affairs Director. Woodard & Curran did attempt to reach out to the City Planner, however the position was vacated in January 2015 and no interim Planner was in place. 2.6 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN SURVEY The City of Fall River prepared and posted a Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey to its website as a way for the public to participate in the development of the planning effort. The survey was communicated at all Sewer Commission and several City Council meetings that were held during the planning process. Please see Appendix A for a summary of questions that were asked during the survey. Approximately 32 responses were received and key information is provided below:  Over 80% of survey respondents feel somewhat to very prepared to respond to impacts from a natural hazard event.  40% of respondents have precautionary measures in place to protect personal property and 37% felt they have proper insurance to cover losses from natural hazards and risks.  Only 15% of respondents have a preparedness kit assembled at home that includes essential supplies that may be needed during an emergency.  Approximately 45% of respondents know where the closest severe weather shelter is located and 12% were familiar with local evacuation routes.  Over two thirds of the survey respondents know how to receive emergency notifications and information during a severe weather event or another type of emergency.  Natural hazards where over 45% of respondents said they had experienced impacts in Fall River include: Coastal Storm/Nor’easter, Flood, Hurricane, Ice Storm, Severe Winter Storm, Thunderstorm/Lightning and Windstorm.  Survey respondents indicated that they were most concerned about hurricanes, power outages, flooding, high wind events and winter storms.  Survey respondents indicated that they would like to receive communication about an emergency or natural hazard in the following ways: o Social Media o Text Alerts o Email o Cable TV Channels o Automated Phone Calls o Radio Announcements o Siren o Fall River Website o Fall River Newspaper  The majority of respondents did not know or weren’t sure if their property was located in a floodplain.  The majority (over 50%) of respondents felt that the following types of projects should receive priority consideration: o Retrofit infrastructure such as elevate roadways, improve drainage systems, and o Work on improving the damage resistance of utilities (electricity, etc.), and

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-11 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 o Provide more public information about hazard risks and high hazard areas of the City. Table 2-7 summarizes additional comments received from survey respondents. Table 2-7: Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey Respondent Comments Category Comment Emergency Communication Ensure that emergency communications are set up/geared toward & Services elderly residents. Emergency Communication During a 2015 blizzard, an emergency shelter opened, however it was & Services understaffed and underprepared. Emergency Communication Use social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) sites to transmit & Services emergency information, particularly during snow events. Prepare and publicize a Citywide directory of cell phone numbers to Emergency Communication that critical staff can be reached in an emergency situation since & Services landlines are less common if an emergency, staff is likely in the field. Flooding/Drainage System Keep storm drains clean and clear of debris.

Consider demolishing abandoned houses, buildings and mills to create Abandoned Buildings more open spaces and prevent fires from occurring and spreading. Concern about roads being safe during snow events and accidents Road Safety occurring near the Atlantis School where parents frequently drop off children. Encouragement was given for the City to complete and follow through Hazard Mitigation Plan on this HMGP effort.

Infrastructure Focus on maintaining and improving roads and bridges.

2.7 PUBLIC MEETING NO. 1 On December 17, 2014, the first public meeting on the City’s hazard mitigation plan was held in conjunction with the regularly scheduled Sewer Commission meeting at the Fall River City Hall. Members of the public and surrounding communities were invited and the meeting was advertised using a variety of methods including, but not limited to, posting the announcement on the City of Fall River website, personal mailed invitations, and internal bulletins. The Fall River hazard mitigation plan was an agenda item at the Sewer Commission’s meeting. A presentation was made to help explain the planning process and summary materials were provided for the meeting. Members of the planning committee were also onsite to elaborate on the plan’s purpose, summarize existing mitigation initiatives, and discuss resiliency strategies upon request. A description of each type of material is provided below and a copy of the public meeting materials are provided in Appendix A.  Hazard Mitigation Power Point Presentation: A Power Point presentation focused on the hazard mitigation planning process was presented with dialog and questions taken throughout.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-12 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Handout: A handout was presented that listed the main goals of the project and who within Fall River government to contact for further information.  Comments: Blank handouts with space to write comments, questions or thoughts were made available. The Sewer Commission meeting was attended by Fall River representatives, residents, a neighboring community member, and Woodard & Curran. The planning process was discussed during the presentation and among the attendees but there were no specific comments made by the public that were not previously captured in the municipal interviews.

2.8 HAZARD MITIGATION RISK ASSESSMENT, GOALS & OBJECTIVES & MITIGATION PROJECT MEETING On March 23, 2015, a meeting was held at City Hall in Fall River to review the hazard risk rankings, discuss goals and objectives and further specify potential mitigation projects for inclusion in the Hazard Mitigation Plan. The representatives in attendance are listed in Table 2-3. The meeting agenda and sign in sheet are provided in Appendix A. Table 2-8 outlines the topics discussed at the meeting.

Table 2-8: Topics Reviewed During Facilitated Review Meeting of the Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan Topic Details Hazard Risk Hazard rankings were reviewed and modifications were made based on Rankings & additional discussion of past events and collective experience of key Assessment departments. Goals & Objectives Goals and objectives were reviewed and agreed upon by the Planning Team. Hazard mitigation projects were reviewed for any additional comments. Mitigation Actions & Additional focus was placed on the estimated project cost, responsible party, Projects and project priority ranking.

2.9 HAZARD MITIGATION TEAM MEETING & PUBLIC MEETING NO. 2 On June 22, 2015, the Planning Team met to discuss the draft Fall River Hazard Mitigation Plan. The written draft plan was presented and the representatives in attendance are listed in Table 2-3. The meeting agenda and sign in sheet are provided in Appendix A. The written draft was issued prior to the meeting so that the team could have an opportunity to review the information prior to the larger group discussion. During the meeting, a facilitated review of the draft was provided and key areas to focus upon were highlighted. Feedback on the draft was noted and incorporated into the final version of the plan. Specific topics discussed at the meeting included:  Mitigation Actions & Funding Programs (including types of allowable mitigation projects and potential future funding programs)  Plan Implementation, Maintenance, Adoption & Approval Upon completion of the meeting, the team was encouraged to complete a final review of the Hazard Mitigation Plan with a specific focus on the topics specifically discussed.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-13 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 On June 22, 2015, the second public meeting presenting the draft Hazard Mitigation Plan was held at One Government Center in Fall River. The means for advertising consisted of:  Posting on Fall River website  Letters to surrounding communities  Press releases The draft Fall River Hazard Mitigation Plan was posted on the City website prior to the meeting to provide the public with an opportunity to review and prepare comments. The format of the public meeting was designed to be informative and focused on receiving input from attendees. The public meeting consisted of the following:  Hazard Mitigation Plan Power Point presentation: A brief Power Point presentation focused on the major components of the Hazard Mitigation Plan was given.  Hard Copy DRAFT Fall River Hazard Mitigation Plan: A hard copy of the full draft hazard mitigation plan was available for review.  Comments: Blank handouts with space to write any comments, questions or thoughts were available. Feedback from the public focused on understanding the assets that were included in the plan and why and questions were asked about mitigating power loss and generator availability and capacity. The public was asked to provide any comments or questions about the draft plan to Paul Ferland, Fall River Project Manager by June 29, 2015. Materials from the second public meeting are provided in Appendix A.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 2-14 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 3. FALL RIVER CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT

3.1 PLANNING AND REGULATORY The City of Fall River has a variety of ordinances, policies, plans and programs in place that relate to guiding and managing growth and development and natural hazard mitigation. Table 3-1 summarizes the documents that were either reviewed as a part of this mitigation planning process or were identified as having relevance to implementation of mitigation activities for the City. Table 3-1: Table: Existing Plans, Studies, Reports & Technical Information Utilized Local, Name of State or Relevance to Hazard Mitigation Planning Effort Document Regional Plan Current Hazard Mitigation Plan for Massachusetts that discusses vulnerabilities throughout the state to natural (and some human) hazards Massachusetts State and associated mitigation activities. Fall River could participate in any Hazard Mitigation State state Hazard Mitigation Planning efforts in the future. A designated City Plan (2013) staff member could represent the City. Communicating about the local HMGP at the state level would be valuable. The Fall River Master Plan was prepared to help the community evaluate existing resources, articulate a desired future and then City of Fall River Local identify steps that need to be taken to achieve the vision. The Master Plan (2009) plan’s purpose is to guide growth and development and facilitate decision making. The Fall River Open Space and Recreation Plan (OSRP) is focused on protecting and maintaining natural resources in the City, expanding and Fall River Open maintaining recreational facilities, creating a vision and developing tools Space and to realize that vision. The plan identifies and categorizes existing open Local Recreation Plan space and discusses potential additions in the future. The relevance to (2010) the HMGP is that areas impacted by hazard events may be identified (i.e. flooding) and should the City desire to turn repetitive loss areas into open space, integration/coordination with this plan and goals may be valuable. The Concept Summary Battleship Cove (CSBCA) was prepared to evaluate the potential redevelopment of the Battleship Cove District. The Concept Summary plan considers opportunities that could arise with the addition of Battleship Cove Area Local commuter rail service. The goal of the plan is to promote coordinated (2011) planning, infrastructure design and development initiatives for this area. The relationship to the HMGP is that this plan is informative for potential future development considerations in Fall River.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 3-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Local, Name of State or Relevance to Hazard Mitigation Planning Effort Document Regional Plan The Fall River Downtown and Waterfront Core Vision Plan (FRDWCVP) focuses on reviving the local economy, improving and reconnecting Fall River Downtown downtown with the waterfront and offering new ideas for the revitalization and Waterfront Core Local of the City’s core district. More specifically the plan highlights historic and Vision Plan (2011) cultural assets, sets a vision for outdated infrastructure and suggests connections the City can make beyond its own boundaries. This plan is informative for potential future development considerations in Fall River. The Massachusetts Climate Change Adaptation Report (MCCAR) presents information regarding observed and forecasted changes in Massachusetts climate and the known and expected impacts in Massachusetts. Climate Change State Guidelines are included that will help inform future development and Adaptation Report implementation of climate change adaptation strategies. The MCCAR is (2011) an informative state report that considered communities during the planning project. The Bristol County Flood Insurance Study (FIS) revises and updates information on the occurrence and severity of flood hazards in the Bristol County area, including Fall River. The study developed flood-risk data for Bristol County Flood areas of communities in Bristol County that are used to determine flood Insurance Study Regional insurance rates and promote floodplain management. Part of the analysis (FIS)(2012) conducted caused revisions to the Special Flood Hazard Areas within Fall River. The Bristol County FIS helps inform about flood hazards and determine flood insurance rates – both of which are noted in and pertain to a HMGP.

3.1.1 Additional Data and Reports Utilized for the Plan As a part of the Hazard Mitigation Planning process, the following additional documents, requirements and plans were reviewed and incorporated into the planning effort to the extent possible.  SRPEDD Region Natural Hazard Disaster Mitigation Plan - 2004  SRPEDD Community Quick Stats, City of Fall River – 2014  City of Fall River – Water System Improvements – February 2009-2014  Regional Land Use Plan – June 1996  State of Massachusetts Dam Safety Report  Massachusetts Sea Level Rise: Understanding and Applying Trends and Future Scenarios for Analysis and Planning – December 2013  Fall River Reconnaissance Report – October 2005  FFY2013 – State Homeland Security Program, Southeast Regional Plan  Southeast Regional Homeland Security Advisory Council Equipment Resource Guidebook – December 2012  Draft Stormwater Management Plan

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 3-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 3.2 EXISTING MITIGATION MEASURES IN PLACE Fall River’s Zoning Code1 includes local regulations that directly or indirectly address natural hazards like coastal erosion, coastal storms, and flooding. Table 3-2 summarizes applicable code chapters, the primary local office that administers the chapter, a description of the chapter, and how the chapter is related or supports hazard mitigation planning. Table 3-2: Mitigation Measures in Place Primary Relationship to Hazard Code Chapter Local Chapter Description Mitigation Planning Agency Chapter 10: Building Authorizes floodplain development  Chapter supports protection from Buildings and Inspector in accordance with construction increased flood hazards and Building standards for coastal high hazard ensures new development is Regulations areas to minimize public and constructed in a manner to private losses due to flood minimize effects to coastal high- Sections 10-246 – conditions. hazard areas. 10-248  Chapter addresses base flood information required for subdivision proposals.  Chapter identifies specific FIRM panels to the City and effective date.  Floodplain development is restricted to an area along the Taunton River and Mount Hope Bay which is zoned for industrial and unrestricted development. Chapter 26: Various Identified activities that are  Chapter supports protection of Environment prohibited on the city-owned land critical environmental areas. surrounding the shoreline of the  Addresses penalties for Section 26-42 Copicut Reservoir. environmental contamination or examples of prohibited activities in the public area. Chapter 74: Community Addresses the implementation of  Stormwater management is a Utilities Utilities the combined sewer overflow critical piece of local drainage program and subsequent control, particularly during storm stormwater service fee. events.

Fall River considered how they could expand on and improve the existing policies and programs noted in Section 3.0 and this is reflected in Table 6-1 and Table 6-2, which include mitigation activities and an action

1 City of Fall River, MA Code: http://ecode360.com/28845735

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 3-3 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 plan. Existing positions within the City as identified in Section 3.3 will be used to implement mitigation activities. These resources are well positioned to expand and improve mitigation efforts moving forward as they have been actively involved in the existing mitigation measures listed in Table 3-2. 3.3 ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT The City of Fall River is governed by a mayor-council form of government with a City Administrator managing the City’s daily operations. There are a number of City officials that are capable of supporting, expanding and/or improving mitigation and resiliency efforts as applicable to their departments:  Building Inspector  City Administrator  City Clerk  City Council Members  Corporation Counsel  Emergency Management Director  Engineer  Fire Chief  Grant Writer  Mayor  Parks Division Director  Police Chief  Department of Community Maintenance  Sewer Division Director  Streets and Highway Division Director  Engineering  Tax Assessor  Treasurer  Water Division Director Even though the Sewer Division led the development of the plan, it is expected that the City’s Mayor, Building Inspector, Grant Writer, Community Utilities staff, and Police and Fire Departments will be utilized for mitigation planning implementation efforts. Other support for Fall River is included in the Southeast Region Plan prepared by the State Homeland Security Council. The purpose of the plan is to detail regional goals and priorities that will utilize State Homeland Security Program grant funding. As a part of this planning effort, a list of critical/emergency equipment was prepared that communities and neighboring communities could utilize during a situation that would warrant additional resources (see Figure 1).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 3-4 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 1: Southeastern Massachusetts Emergency Equipment & Supplies

3.4 FINANCIAL The Treasurer’s Department is located within the Office of the Mayor whose mission is to improve management through program evaluation, creation of effectiveness/efficiency standards, and program analysis. This office also aims at strengthening budget controls, enhancing accountability and investigating lapses in established professional standards. In an effort to secure grants from State, Federal and other sources, the City supports a Grant Writer position. This staff member is responsible for identifying departmental needs and preparing and submitting grant applications to supplement the City’s budget. This position has been successful in securing significant awards for the City and with the approval and implementation of the hazard mitigation plan, Fall River will become eligible for additional Federal funding sources. To the extent possible and practical, the City will incorporate mitigation actions into the annual operating budget, and will provide funding support as recommended and necessary for hazard mitigation projects. In many cases, the City may not be have the financial or staffing resources available to complete all aspects of a mitigation project, therefore additional external funding may be needed to successfully implement a proposed project. Potential sources of external funds are identified in Section 6.3. 3.5 NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE RATE PROGRAM Congress established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in 1968 to provide flood protection to most residential or commercial property owners in communities that participate in the program. Participation

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 3-5 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 in the program is based on an agreement between a community and the Federal government. Through the NFIP, FEMA provides maps of flood prone areas and federally backed flood insurance. In return, communities agree to enforce and uphold floodplain regulations intended to minimize the threats to life, property and the environment. Fall River joined the NFIP on September 30, 1981 and continues to uphold the minimum floodplain management requirements outlined by FEMA. As necessary, the City also coordinates with neighboring communities to address open space, land use and development issues in the floodplain or flood prone areas. The NFIP tracks information about flood policies/ claims. Table 3-3 provides an insurance report for Fall River, MA from 1978 – December 1, 2014. Policy claims are listed in Table 3-4. Table 3-3: FEMA NFIP Insurance Report NFIP Insurance Report Total Total V-Zone A-Zone # of Total Total Paid Claims Premium Policies Policies Policies Coverage Since ‘78 Since ‘78 Fall River $163, 346 12 18 77 $22,237,900 73 $937,285 Bristol $5,811,171 344 2,274 3,990 $948,558,800 1,413 $11,791,481 County Percent of 2.8 3.4% <1 1.9 2.4 5.1 7.9 County

Table 3-4: FEMA Flood Policy Claims Flood Policy Claims CWOP Total Total Losses Closed Losses Open Losses Losses Payments Fall River 19 9 0 10 $93,645.04 Bristol County 1413 1003 0 410 $11,791,467 Percent of 1.3 <1 2.4 <1 County Actual Policy Information Policies In Insurance In Written Premium In n/a n/a Force Force Force Fall River 79 $22,968,800 $162,096 n/a n/a Bristol County 3897 $978,855,000 $5,799,818 n/a n/a Percent of 2 2.3 2.8 n/a n/a County Source: FEMA Loss Statistics (1978 – November 30, 2014) http://bsa.nfipstat.fema.gov/reports/1040.htm

Fall River has one residential repetitive loss structure in the community located on Atlantic Boulevard. Losses for this property were recorded in 1991 and 1997 and totaled more than $30,000.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 3-6 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT

4.1 INTRODUCTION Some key definitions that will be used throughout this section for common terminology associated with a disaster and emergency declaration include:  Major Disaster can be a result of hurricanes, earthquakes, flood, tornados or major fires; the President then determines which warrants supplemental federal aid. The event must be clearly more than state or local governments can handle alone. If declared, funding comes from the President's Disaster Relief Fund, managed by FEMA and disaster aid programs of other participating federal agencies.  Presidential Major Disaster Declaration puts into motion long-term federal recovery programs, some of which are matched by state programs and designed to help disaster victims, businesses and public entities.  Emergency Declaration is more limited in scope and without the long-term federal recovery programs of a Major Disaster Declaration. Generally, federal assistance and funding are provided to meet a specific emergency need or to help prevent a major disaster from occurring. From 1953 through the present, all but two of the disasters or emergencies that were declared major disasters or emergencies in the State of Massachusetts have been the result of damages from severe floods, fire, hurricanes, coastal storms, and severe winter storms. The two disaster declaration that do not fall into a hazard category are the Toxic Algae in Coastal Waters in 1972 and Massachusetts Explosions in 2013. Since 1953, there have been 29 Major Presidential Disaster Declarations, 17 Emergency Declarations and 1 Fire Management Declaration (Table 4-1) that have impacted Massachusetts. Table 4-1: Massachusetts Major and Emergency Disaster Declarations 1953 - Present Date Major Disaster Declaration Incident Description Incident Period Declared Number Severe Winter Storm, Snowstorm, and 1/26/2015 – 4/13/2015 DR-4214 Flooding 1/28/2015 Severe Winter Storm, Snowstorm, and 2/8/2013 - 2/10/2013 4/19/2013 DR-4110 Flooding 4/15/2013 – Massachusetts Explosions 4/17/2013 N/A 4/22/2013 10/27/2012- Hurricane Sandy (Major Disaster) 12/19/2012 DR-4097 11/8/2012 Hurricane Sandy (Emergency 10/27/2012 – 10/28/2012 N/A Declaration) 11/8/2012 10/29/2011 – Severe Storm And Snowstorm 1/6/2012 DR-4051 10/30/2011 10/29/2011 – Severe Storm 11/1/2011 N/A 10/30/2011 8/27/2011 – Tropical Storm Irene 9/3/2011 DR-4028 8/29/2011 Hurricane Irene 8/26/2011 – 9/5/2011 8/26/2011 N/A

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Date Major Disaster Declaration Incident Description Incident Period Declared Number Severe Storms and Tornadoes 6/1/2011 6/15/2011 DR-1994 1/11/2011 – Severe Winter Storm and Snowstorm 3/7/2011 DR-1959 1/12/2011 Hurricane Earl 9/1/2010 – 9/4/2010 9/2/2010 N/A Water Main Break 5/1/2010 – 5/5/2010 5/3/2010 N/A 3/12/2010 - Severe Storm and Flooding 3/29/2010 DR-1895 4/26/2010 12/11/2008 – Severe Winter Storm and Flooding 1/5/2009 DR-1813 12/18/2008 12/11/2008 – Severe Winter Storm 12/13/2008 N/A 12/18/2008 Severe Storms and Inland and Coastal 4/15/2007 – 5/16/2007 DR-1701 Flooding 4/25/2007 5/12/2006 – Severe Storms and Flooding 5/25/2006 DR-1642 5/23/2006 10/7/2005 – Severe Storms and Flooding 11/10/2005 DR-1614 10/16/2005 10/7/2005 – Severe Storms and Flooding 10/19/2005 N/A 10/22/2005 8/29/2005 – Hurricane Katrina Evacuation 9/13/2005 N/A 10/1/2005 1/22/2005 – Snow 2/17/2005 N/A 1/23/2005 Flooding 1/1/2004 – 1/30/2004 4/21/2004 DR-1512 12/6/2003 – Snow 1/15/2004 N/A 12/7/2003 2/17/2003 – Snowstorm 3/11/2003 N/A 2/18/2003 Severe Storms & Flooding 3/5/2001 – 4/16/2001 4/10/2001 DR-1364 Snowstorm 3/5/2001 – 3/7/2001 3/28/2001 N/A 12/3/1999 – Fire 12/6/1999 N/A 12/13/1999 Heavy Rain And Flooding 6/13/1998 – 7/6/1998 6/23/1998 DR-1224 10/20/1996 – Severe Storms/Flooding 10/25/1996 DR-1142 10/25/1996 10/20/1996 – Extreme Weather/Flooding 10/23/1996 N/A 10/25/1996 Blizzard 1/7/1996 – 1/13/1996 1/24/1996 DR-1090 Russell Fire 9/5/1995 9/12/1995 N/A Blizzards, High Winds and Record 3/13/1993 – 3/16/1993 N/A Snowfall 3/17/1993

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Date Major Disaster Declaration Incident Description Incident Period Declared Number 12/11/1992 – Winter Coastal Storm 12/21/1992 DR-975 12/13/1992 10/30/1991 – Severe Coastal Storm 11/4/1991 DR-920 11/2/1991 Hurricane Bob 8/19/1991 8/26/1991 DR-914 3/30/1987 – Severe Storms, Flooding 4/18/1987 DR-790 4/13/1987 Hurricane Gloria 9/27/1985 10/28/1985 DR-751 Urban Fire 12/3/1981 12/3/1981 DR-650 Coastal Storms, Flood, Ice, Snow 2/6/1978 – 2/8/1978 2/10/1978 DR-546 Blizzards and Snowstorms 2/7/1978 2/7/1978 N/A Fire (City of Chelsea) 10/16/1973 10/16/1973 DR-405 Toxic Algae in Coastal Waters 9/28/1972 9/28/1972 DR-357 Severe Storms, Flooding 3/6/1972 3/6/1972 DR-325 Hurricane, Floods 8/20/1955 8/20/1955 DR-43 Hurricane 9/2/1954 9/2/1954 DR-22 Tornado 6/11/1953 6/11/1953 DR-7 Source: FEMA Disaster Declarations - https://www.fema.gov/disasters?field_state_tid=2&field_disaster_type_term_tid=All&field_disaster_declaration_type_ value=All&items_per_page=10 For the purpose of this planning effort, it is important to also identify any critical facilities in the City of Fall River which includes government buildings, fire and emergency response facilities and emergency shelters. The loss of any of these from a natural hazard event would be a major setback for the City. Table 4-2 lists the critical facilities identified as part of the hazard mitigation planning effort. A map of the critical facilities can be found in Appendix B. Table 4-2: Fall River Critical Facilities Critical Facility Address City Hall One Government Center Fall River Water Treatment Plant 1831 Bedford Street Fall River Wastewater Treatment Facility 1979 Bay Street Fall River Police Department 685 Pleasant Street Townsend Street Water Tank Townsend Street Chicago Street Water Tank Chicago Street Bedford Street Water Tank Bedford Street

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-3 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Critical Facility Address Hood Street Water Tank Hood Street Haskell Street Water Tank Haskell Street Airport Road Water Tank Airport Road Water Pump Station Howe Street Water Pump Station Bedford Street Water Pump Station Commerce Drive Wastewater Pump Station 1901 Meridian Street Wastewater Pump Station 7 Watson Way Wastewater Pump Station 1696 President Ave Wastewater Pump Station 10 Ferry Street Wastewater Pump Station 222 Russell Brogan Boulevard Wastewater Pump Station 245 Alden Street Wastewater Pump Station 994 Jefferson Street Wastewater Pump Station 320 Joseph Drive Wastewater Pump Station 1 Cove Street Wastewater Pump Station 700 Wilson Road Wastewater Pump Station 755 Valentine Street Wastewater Pump Station 5 Devalles Boulevard Wastewater Pump Station 85 Central Street Wastewater Pump Station 1696 President Avenue Globe/ Kosior Fire Station 659 Globe Street Candeias Fire Station 1010 Plymouth Avenue Flint Reney/Eastwood Fire Station 400 Eastern Avenue Central Fire Station 165 Bedford Street Stanley Street Fire Station 229 Stanley Street North End Fire Station 711 Ray Street Charlton Southcoast Hospital 363 Highland Avenue St. Annes Hospital 795 Middle Street

4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION For the purposes of this Hazard Mitigation Plan, the term hazard is defined as an extreme natural event that poses a risk to people, infrastructure or resources. Identifying hazards means detailing geographically where an event has occurred historically, where it is likely to occur in the future, and how substantial the event may

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-4 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 be. The natural hazards that have been identified and included in this section received their initial consideration from FEMA Guidance documentation. The hazards were then filtered by utilizing current and historical data points from various sources including but not limited to NOAA, US Census and Bristol County. Finally, the City of Fall River analyzed the findings of each natural hazard and cross referenced the information with anecdotal data points and developed a final list of natural hazards that have and will continue to impact the City of Fall River. 4.2.1 Natural Hazard Ranking Each natural hazard in this section is profiled and its vulnerability has been assessed. The profile includes a description of the hazard, its location and extent, previous occurrences of the hazard, probability of future events, risk assessment and future development considerations. The natural hazards addressed in Table 4-3 were evaluated for this plan. The hazard list stems initially from FEMA guidance documentation, which was cross referenced with the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. The list was then expanded to consider specific natural hazards that would be of concern to the City of Fall River if they were not already being considered. This Hazard Mitigation Plan documents how the City intends to prepare, address, and mitigate relevant hazards to minimize risk and future losses. Following the identification of hazards that could impact the City, each hazard was evaluated individually and ranked using a ranking system developed to determine which hazards were low, medium, high or severe. The hazard ranking methodology presented in FEMA 386-2 was utilized for the purposes of this plan. Each hazard was assigned a rank between 0-5 for frequency, duration, severity and intensity. The probability of the hazard occurrence was weighted at 50% and determined by averaging the sum of frequency, duration and intensity. The consequence was also weighted at 50% and utilized the severity numerical value. A qualitative ranking for each hazard was assigned in reference to the following numerical ranges:  Low - < 2.0  Medium 2.0 - 2.5  High 2.5 – 3.0  Severe > 3.0 The result of the hazard ranking is provided in Table 4-3.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-5 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-3: Natural Hazard Ranking - City of Fall River Total Severity Ranking Duration Intensity Frequency Probability Consequence

(S), HAZARD 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I), 40% L, M, H, S 60% Flood 3 3 4 3 3.00 4.00 3.50 S Hurricane 3 3 4 3 3.00 4.00 3.50 S Severe Winter Storm 3 2 4 2 2.33 4.00 3.17 S Nor'easter/Coastal Storm 4 3 3 3 3.33 3.00 3.17 S Windstorm 3 2 3 3 2.67 3.00 2.83 H Thunderstorm & Lightning 3 2 2 2 2.33 2.00 2.17 M Urban Fire 2 2 4 4 2.67 4.00 3.33 S Wildfire 2 3 2 3 2.67 2.00 2.33 M Extreme Temperature (Cold and Hot) 2 3 2 2 2.33 2.00 2.17 M Ice Storm 3 2 2 2 2.33 2.00 2.17 M Dam Failure 1 1 2 2 1.33 2.00 1.67 L Tornado 1 1 2 2 1.33 2.00 1.67 L Earthquakes 1 1 3 2 1.33 3.00 2.17 M Coastal Erosion 2 2 2 2 2.00 2.00 2.00 M Tsunami 1 1 2 2 1.33 2.00 1.67 L Hailstorms 1 1 2 1 1.00 2.00 1.50 L Drought 1 2 1 1 1.33 1.00 1.17 L

Avalanche, Ice Jam, Landslide and Volcano, were not assessed in the City’s hazard mitigation plan as the likelihood of occurrence and potential impact on the City was minimal. These hazards will be reconsidered for inclusion during the next update cycle of this adopted plan. Should any events occur that correspond with the unincorporated hazards, information will be included in future versions of this planning document. 4.2.2 Definition of Probability The Fall River Hazard Mitigation Plan considers the probability of natural hazard events profiled in the plan and the potential for them to occur in the future. General descriptors to discuss the probability of these natural hazard events for the purposes of this planning effort include:  Highly likely – Hazard event occurs every 1-10 years.  Likely – Hazard event occurs every 10-50 years.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-6 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Unlikely – Hazard event occurs infrequently and greater than every 50 years. In some instances, a natural hazard event is more likely to occur during a specific time of year such as a winter storm or hurricane and this additional information is included in the individual hazard profiles. 4.3 HAZARD PROFILES 4.3.1 Flood Floods received a severe hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. A map of the floodplain locations relevant to Fall River can be found in Appendix B. 4.3.1.1 Description of the Hazard A flood is when there is a high flow or inundation of water that submerges land which is normally dry and causes or threatens damage. The most frequently flooded type of area is land adjacent to a water body and in a defined floodplain. Flooding can either be coastal, riverine or shallow flooding (associated with ponding or urban drainage). Flooding situations can develop slowly or very quickly in a situation known as a flash flood. Floods can be dangerous because the flow of water can be rapid and either impact a neighborhood, community or the larger watershed area. Varying types of floods can occur including2:  Coastal Flood: Flooding of coastal areas due to the vertical rise above normal water level caused by strong, persistent onshore wind, high astronomical tide, and/or low atmospheric pressure, resulting in damage, erosion, flooding, fatalities, or injuries. Coastal areas are defined as those portions of coastal land zones (coastal county/parish) adjacent to the waters and bays of the oceans. Farther inland, flood events are defined as Flash Flood or Flood. Terrain (elevation) features determine how far inland the coastal flooding extends.  Flash Flood: Rapid and extreme flow of high water into a normally dry area, or a rapid water level rise in a stream or creek above a predetermined flood level, beginning within six hours of the causative event (e.g., intense rainfall, dam failure, ice jam-related), on a widespread or localized basis. Ongoing flooding can intensify to flash flooding in cases where intense rainfall results in a rapid surge of rising flood waters. Flash floods do not exist for two or three consecutive days.  Riverine Flooding: Generally means the flooding of rivers and streams over their pre-defined banks. In coastal regions, the riverine floodplain is generally a flat area along a larger river or in low-lying coastal areas. The volume that is manageable depends on the watershed, and climate and land use characteristics.  Urban Flooding: In densely developed areas, heavy rains/precipitation can produce flooding when groundwater levels are high and there is insufficient drainage infrastructure in place.

2 National Weather Service Instruction 10-1605 (August 17, 2007), Operations and Services Performance, NWSPD 10-16 Storm Data Preparation document (http://www.nws.noaa.gov/directives)

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-7 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Other terminology frequently used to describe flood conditions includes:  Base Flood (100 Year Flood) – Flood that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. A 100 Year flood can occur more than once in a short period of time. The term measures the size of the flood, not frequency of occurrence.  500 Year Flood – Flood that has a .2% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. The 500-Year flood is an infrequent event and can occur between once in eight years to once in fifty years. The term does not mean a flood occurs once in 500 years. 4.3.1.2 Location of the Hazard In Massachusetts, flooding is a regular occurrence and often occurs due to other weather events such as a coastal storm, nor’easter, heavy rain, hurricane or winter storm. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, flooding affects the majority of communities in the state. The City of Fall River is susceptible to both coastal and riverine flooding. For reference, FEMA defines flood hazard areas on the FIRMs as Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHA). A SFHA is an area that will be inundated or impacted by the flood event that has a 1% chance of happening during the year. At times, the 1% annual chance of flood is called the base flood. The flood areas are defined as follows:  Special Flood Hazard Areas o Zone A, Zone AO, Zone AH, Zones A1-A30, Zone AE, Zone A99, Zone AR, Zone AR/AE, Zone AR/AO, Zone AR/A1-A30, Zone AR/A, Zone V, Zone VE, Zone V1-V30  Moderate Flood Hazard Areas o Zone X (areas between the base flood and the .2% annual chance (or 500 year flood)  Areas of Minimal Flood Hazard o Zone X (areas of minimal flood hazard, outside the SFHA and higher than the elevation of the .2% annual chance of flood) The NFIP tracks information regarding the number of flood insurance policies in force, the dollar value in force, total losses and total payments as shown in Table 4-4. Table 4-4: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) – Fall River # Policies in Force Premium Coverage Total Claims since ‘78 Total Payments since ‘78 77 $163,346 73 $937,285

4.3.1.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard The City of Fall River is prone to several kinds of flooding. Flood types include surge from coastal storms, inland flooding from rivers and streams, and urban flooding due to undersized or poorly maintained drainage systems. Populations and property are extremely vulnerable to flooding. Residential and commercial properties may suffer damage and are susceptible to collapse following heavy flooding. Floodwaters may contain chemicals, sewage, or toxins from roads or factories. Debris from vegetation and structures may also be hazardous following a flood. The water supply or quality may be threatened during a flood event.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-8 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 While most of Fall River lies above the coastal flood levels, some coastal areas in the City are susceptible to flooding from storm surge and wind-driven waves while inland areas are most at risk from flash flooding caused by intense rainfall over a short period. Areas in the City with significant impervious surfaces increase runoff amounts and may escalate stream flooding. 4.3.1.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events Flooding is a prevalent and frequent natural hazard that affects Massachusetts. Though there is no distinct flood season for the state, and major flooding can occur any time of year, NOAA has studied a number of past floods from 1990 to 20003 and has noted three times of the year of particular importance with regard to the potential for flooding to occur:  Late winter/spring melt;  Late summer/early fall; and  Early winter. Over the course of 50 years, there have been 20 major flood events in Massachusetts. The coastal counties experienced the greatest number of federal declarations. According to FEMA, there have been 14 Presidential Disaster declarations for a flooding incident in Massachusetts and eight of those have impacted Bristol County (Table 4-5: Massachusetts Flooding Major Disaster Declarations (1995 – Present)Table 4-5: Massachusetts Flooding Major Disaster Declarations (1995 – Present) Disaster Date Disaster Bristol County a Incident Period No. Declared Designated Area? Severe Winter Storm, 2/8/2013 – DR-4110 4/19/2013 Yes Snowstorm, Flooding 2/9/2013 10/27/2012- Hurricane Sandy DR-4097 12/19/12 Yes 11/8/2012 8/27/2011- Tropical Storm Irene DR-4028 9/3/2011 Yes 8/29/2011 Severe Storm and 3/12/2010 – DR-1895 3/29/2010 Yes Flooding 4/26/2010 Severe Winter Storm and 12/11/2008 – DR-1813 1/5/2009 No Flooding 12/18/2008 Severe Storms, Inland 4/15/2007 – DR-1701 5/16/2007 No and Coastal Flooding 4/25/2007 Severe Storms and 5/12/2006 – DR-1642 5/25/2006 No Flooding 5/23/2006

3 Source: NOAA, website: http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/flood%20climatology.htm

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-9 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Disaster Date Disaster Bristol County a Incident Period No. Declared Designated Area? Severe Storms and 10/7/2005 – DR-1614 11/10/2005 Yes Flooding 10/16/2005 4/1/2004 – Flooding DR-1512 4/24/2004 No 4/30/2004 Severe Storms and 3/5/2001 – DR-1364 4/10/2001 Yes Flooding 4/16/2001 6/13/1998- Heavy Rain and Flooding DR-1224 6/23/1998 Yes 7/6/1998 Severe Storms and 10/20/1996- DR-1142 10/25/1996 No Flooding 10/25/1996 Severe Storms and 3/30/1987- DR-790 4/18/1987 Yes Flooding 4/13/1987 Coastal Storms, Flood, 2/6/1978- DR-546 2/10/1978 No Ice, Snow 2/8/1978 Severe Storms, Flooding DR-325 3/6/1972 3/6/1972 No Hurricane, Floods DR-43 8/20/1955 8/20/1955 Unknown

The NCDC tracks storm events and the information below was available for Bristol County regarding flooding occurrences. The events highlighted below were not declared disasters:  July 7, 2011 - A strong cold front pushing through Southern New England, coupled with tropical moisture streaming into the area, produced showers and thunderstorms. These storms, in turn, produced torrential rainfall with rainfall rates of at least two inches per hour. This resulted in a few isolated areas of flash flooding in southern Bristol County causing two vehicles to be inundated with flood waters in Fall River.  July 2, 2009 - A slow moving front stretched south of Long Island moved northward, combining with an upper level disturbance to produce showers and thunderstorms across southern New England. Several streets in Fall River were closed due to flooding.  October 28, 2006 - A nor’easter brought damaging east to southeast winds to much of eastern Massachusetts. The event brought significant coastal flooding and several downed trees.  January 1, 1997 - A tidal surge reached 2 to 4 feet into Buzzards Bay and Mount Hope Bay. Peak wind gusts of 44 mph were recorded in Fall River. Flooding was reported in several Bristol County communities including Fall River. Other notable past damage that occurred due to three major rain storm events (the storms brought 5.4 inches, 3.1 inches and 7.7 inches of rain in a brief timeframe) during March 2010 include:  Damage on Mount Hope Avenue and Columbia Street (they were washed out and impassable). In addition,

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-10 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  The shoreline of Mount Hope Bay was washed away as the result of overland storm flow from Mount Hope Avenue.  Intermittent portions of Bell Rock Road were washed away or heavily rutted due to the cumulative rainfall events.  Portions of Cherry Street were damaged due to the stormwater flow from the rain events.  Collins Street underneath and adjacent to the railroad bridge was compromised/washed away during the storm events.  CSO tunnel facilities were overwhelmed. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of Fall River experiencing a flood event is highly likely. The historical record indicates that the State experienced 20 flood-related disaster declarations from 1955 to 2012. Therefore, based on statistics, a flood event of disaster declaration proportions may occur somewhere in Massachusetts once every three years. 4.3.1.5 Potential Impact and Vulnerability to the Hazard Flooding occurrences can have devastating impacts on life, property and operations in a community – particularly if the proper flood insurance is not in place. Throughout Massachusetts, there are no areas that are exempt from flooding impacts, what varies is the type of flooding. Flooding is frequently associated with coastal storms and storm surge, rivers and streams but it can also be an issue due to aging, undersized or poorly maintained infrastructure and drainage systems. Cleaning up homes, businesses and government operations, replacing belongings and recovering from the damage can be expensive and extensive. Flooding can also alter the natural landscape and habitat areas and in Fall River, a coastal community, depending on the size and nature of the flooding, this can be substantial as well. The effective FEMA Flood Insurance Study notes that Fall River is subject to periodic flooding and wave action that accompany coastal storms. The most flooding damage results when southern winds cause funneling through Narragansett Bay and Mount Hope Bay. Other notable information from the stakeholder interviews includes:  Street flooding is a known occurrence in many areas across the City (Stafford Square, Davol Street, Alden Street, Brayton Ave area, Cress Brook area, Middle Street, No. Main Street, Central, Cove Street, etc.),  The Quequechan River is subject to flooding,  In 2010 Remington Avenue was a flooded area,  In 2010, there were two major flood problems - Mount Hope Ave and Columbia Street. There was 30" of rain over several days. Sewers and the CSO tunnel backed up and severe flooding along South Watuppa Pond occurred. The South Watuppa water level is controlled, but with the heavy rain, water backed up and caused major flooding and the City was unable to let water out fast enough. No. Watuppa causeway was flooded limiting access to the area east of the reservoir. The National Guard was deployed to Fall River.  Mackenzie/Winslow is a location where perpetual flooding is an issue;  Davol Street is an area of regular flooding;  Major flooding occurs near the City Pier.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-11 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  In 2012, there were three storms with 1.25" of rain in 15 minutes, causing flash flooding. There is the perception that Fall River is getting more intense storm events more frequently. Intensity and duration are of concern. In 2012, there were three storms with 1.25" of rain in 15 minutes, and high intensity impacted the combined system. Fall River has a lot of 8" pipe that can manage heavy precipitation loads, however there are other significant flooding issues due to old and undersized infrastructure. 4.3.1.6 HAZUS-MH Analysis 100 Year – Flood Consistent with FEMA’s methodology, the City of Fall River used HAZUS-MH software to measure local level flood loss estimates for a 100-year storm. HAZUS-MH was utilized to estimate the economic losses for buildings, direct property damage losses, and for the business interruption losses that would make a business unable to operate due to damage sustained during a flood event. For the purposes of this evaluation, HAZUS-MH reported the use of the following information based on the data included in the program:  Over 38,000 households in the Fall River with a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data).  Estimated 18,887 buildings in Fall River with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of $10.6B.  Approximately 95% of the buildings are associated with residential housing. The HAZUS-MH flood loss estimation analysis included total losses for 100 and 500 years. Using the software, scenarios were conducted specifically for Fall River to evaluate potential economic and social losses should a flood occur. A summary of the HAZUS-MH 100 and 500 year flood analysis can be found in Table 4-6: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 100 Year Flood Event through Table 4-9 with the full HAZUS-MH analysis located in Appendix C. Table 4-6: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 100 Year Flood Event

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-12 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-7: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 500-Year Flood Event

Table 4-8: Expected Building Damage by Type for the 100-Year Flood Event

Table 4-9: Expected Building Damage by Type for the 500-Year Flood Event

Building losses that were totaled by the model were in two categories, direct building losses and building interruption losses. Direct building losses are estimated costs to repair or replace damage caused to the building and its contents while the business interruption losses are those associated with the inability to operate a business because of damage sustained during the flood event. Business interruption losses include the temporary living expenses for those residents displaced from their homes due to the flood. Total building losses were estimated to be $83.04M and $175.51M for a 100 and 500-year event respectively. 4.3.1.7 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a flood hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a quantitative analysis by using

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-13 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 HAZUS-MH. Fall River also prepared a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a flood utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-10). Table 4-10: Risk Assessment - Flood Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Risk Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Flood 3 3 4 3 3.00 4.00 3.50 S

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a flood event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-11):

Table 4-11: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Flood Hazard Flood - Qualitative Ranking Residents Severe Businesses High Buildings High Critical Infrastructure Severe

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained severe. 4.3.1.8 Future Development Considerations Flooding is one of the highest concerns in the City of Fall River regarding natural hazards. For future development or redevelopment in the community, the City will consider the following:  Require the elevation of homes in high impact coastal areas to minimize their vulnerability to coastal storms and associated flooding,  Consider the further development or redevelopment of high hazard coastal areas and place regulatory measures that will discourage it,  Evaluate structural and nonstructural approaches to maximize flood control,  Evaluate green infrastructure techniques that can be implemented to minimize flood occurrences,  Focus on protecting and maintaining natural habitats, wetlands and other features that protect against flooding during coastal storms,  Track, evaluate and plan for areas of the community frequently impacted by flooding and consider drainage/engineering solutions that would minimize future occurrences, and  Evaluate flooding impacts after storm events and plan for recovery and redevelopment once impacts are known.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-14 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.2 Hurricane Hurricanes received a severe hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.2.1 Description of the Hazard Hurricanes are characterized by a constant speed of 74 miles per hour or more, wind that blows in a large spiral motion around a rotating “eye” (calm center of the storm) and an expansive reach that can extend for hundreds of miles. Powerful in nature, hurricanes can be short in duration or last for several days impacting numerous states, counties and towns along the coastline. The aftermath of a hurricane frequently causes additional damage due to lasting high winds, storm surge and flooding. Storms that have associated wind speeds between 39 mph and 73 mph are classified as tropical storms. 4.3.2.2 Location of the Hazard Fall River is susceptible to experiencing hurricane events. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the entire state is susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms but the coastal areas are more susceptible due to the combination of high winds and surge. Inland reaches of Fall River are at risk for flooding due to heavy rain and wind associated with hurricane events. Figure 2 shows the historical hurricane tracks that have impacted Fall River through 2013. A map showing Hurricane Inundation Zones is located in Appendix B. Between 1851-2010, there have been 10 direct hurricane hits to the Massachusetts coastline. The only other New England state to have as many direct hits was Connecticut. A “direct hit” means that the core of strong winds and/or storm surge was experienced. Figure 2: Historical Hurricane Tracks (1851 – 2013)

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-15 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.2.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard For reference and tracking purposes, hurricanes are categorized by class in accordance with the Saffir- Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) summarized in Table 4-12. The SSHWS uses a 1-minute sustained wind speed at a height of 33 feet over open water as the sole parameter to categorize storm damage potential.4 A storm with organized circulation and sustained winds below a Category 1 Hurricane threshold (winds range from 39 to 73 mph) is categorized as a tropical storm. Table 4-12: Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS) Storm Surge Wind Category (feet above Expected Damage Speed normal sea level) Minimal: Damage is done primarily to shrubbery and trees, 74-95 1 4-5 feet unanchored mobile homes are damaged, some signs are mph damaged, damage to structures is minimal or none. 96-110 Moderate: Some trees are toppled, some roof coverings 2 6-8 feet mph are damaged, and mobile homes may have major damage. Extensive: Large trees are toppled, some structural roof 111-130 3 9-12 feet damage occurs, mobile homes are destroyed, structural mph damage to small homes and utility buildings is possible. Extreme: Extensive damage is done to roofs, windows and 131-155 4 13-18 feet doors; roof systems on small buildings completely fail; mph some curtain walls fail. Catastrophic: Roof damage is considerable and > 155 5 > 18 feet widespread, window and door damage is severe, there are mph extensive glass failures, and entire buildings could fall.

It is important to note that lower category storms, including tropical storms, can inflict greater damage than higher category storms depending on where and when the storm strikes. Tropical storms have been known to produce significant damage and loss of life, mainly due to flooding. NOAA, through the National Weather Service’s Hurricane Center, issues hurricane watches and warnings, forecasts hurricane track and wind field information, and offers locally specific chances of experiencing tropical storms, strong tropical storms, and hurricane force winds out to five days. Effective in 2013, NOAA has broadened the definition of hurricane and tropical storm watches and warnings to allow watches and warnings to be issued after a tropical cyclone (hurricane) becomes post-tropical. During the post-tropical stage, storms can pose a significant threat to life and property, as observed with Hurricane Sandy.

4 FEMA Coastal Construction Manual, 2011

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-16 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.2.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events Since 1954, there have been six Major Disaster Declarations in the State of Massachusetts due to a hurricane or tropical storm and four of those have resulted in Bristol County receiving a designated area status from FEMA (see Table 4-13).

Table 4-13: Massachusetts Hurricane Major Disaster Declarations (1954 – Present) Bristol Date Disaster Incident County a Disaster Notes No. Period Designated Declared Area? Second costliest hurricane in 10/27/2012 Hurricane U.S. history. Impacted 24 4097 – 12/19/2012 Yes Sandy states with severe damage in 11/08/2012 New York and New Jersey. Impacted most of east coast Tropical 8/27/2011 – and is ranked as 6th costliest Storm 4028 9/23/2011 Yes 8/29/2011 hurricane in United States Irene history. 60% southern MA and RI Hurricane residents lost power and the 914 8/19/1991 8/26/1991 Yes Bob storm surge in Buzzards Bay was 10-15 feet. Dramatic coastal impact Hurricane including beach erosion and 751 9/27/1985 10/28/1985 Yes Gloria many flooding issues caused over 2 million without power. Was a Tropical Storm when it reached New England, had Hurricane 43 8/20/1955 8/20/1955 Unknown heavy rain of 10” – 20”, Diane setting flood records for the time. There was heavy storm surge to Narragansett Bay and New Bedford Harbor, water up to Hurricane 22 9/2/1954 9/2/1954 Unknown 12 feet in downtown Providence, and massive power loss. Source: FEMA Major Disaster Declarations 1954 – Present

Some of the more notable hurricane events include:

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-17 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Hurricane Sandy (2012) – In the fall of 2012, Hurricane Sandy had a major impact on the New York and New Jersey coastline. The storm broke an all-time record for storm surge height in New York harbor, caused over 100 fatalities, and has reached a cost of over $79 billion for federal aid to cover damages, recovery and mitigation measures. In Massachusetts, Sandy knocked out power to over 200,000 customers, disrupted travel and closed schools. Downed trees, power lines and flooding were also present during and after the storm.  Hurricane Bob (1991) – This was a costly hurricane at approximately $1.5 billion and left extensive damage throughout New England. The loss of life and most of the damage occurred as a result of high winds and rough seas. There were six confirmed tornadoes during its passage.  Hurricane Gloria (1985) – A storm that hit Long Island, NY and New Jersey that caused minor storm surge, erosion damage and substantial wind damage.  Long Island Express Hurricane (1938) – This storm moved up the east coast from New York through New England and caused widespread storm surge and wind damage to buildings. It is used today as a benchmark for predicting worst-case scenario damage in the region. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of Fall River experiencing a hurricane is highly likely. Fall River’s proximity to the coast line gives it greater exposure to the risk of future hurricanes. A major hurricane, though infrequent, could strike the City. Based on NOAA’s Adapting to Climate Change Guide5, the power and frequency of Atlantic Ocean hurricanes has increased in recent decades and the intensity of Atlantic hurricanes is likely to increase over the extended long term. Figure 3 shows the Number of Hurricanes for 100-year Return Period along the eastern seaboard. The light blue area over Massachusetts represents that the state can expect 20 to 40 hurricanes over a 100- year return period.

5 Source: NOAA’s Adapting to Climate Change: A Planning Guide for State Coastal Managers (2010)

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-18 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 3: Number of Hurricanes for a 100-year Return Period

Source: 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan

NOAA published a map (Figure 4) showing the possibility that a tropical storm or hurricane will affect a given area during the hurricane season. Based on this research, Massachusetts has a 6 to 30 percent chance of a tropical storm or hurricane impacting the state in any given year. There is a greater probability along the coast.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-19 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 4: Probability of Hurricane or Tropical Storm Events across Massachusetts

Source: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G11.html 4.3.2.5 Potential Impact and Vulnerability to the Hazard Fall River is vulnerable to hurricanes due to its proximity to the coast. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, impacts to the state in addition to a direct hit can include effects from tropical remnants such as heavy rain, localized flooding and storm surge. In Bristol County, heavy rains associated with hurricanes (and flooding events that occur as a result) present the greatest risk to the area. The greatest impacts from hurricanes to property and infrastructure include wind and water damage: flooding, utility failure, building damage, shoreline erosion, natural resource damage; interruptions with emergency, fire, and police services, and economic loss due to business property damage and loss of inventory. A hurricane can have devastating effects on a large area if directly in the path of a hurricane causing long term affects to the local economy and environment. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has recently updated the hurricane inundation maps for coastal Massachusetts. Each community received a map created using a Sea, Land, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model developed by the National Weather Service. The model estimates the potential for storm surge for categories 1-4 hurricanes. Figure 5 shows the varying degrees of inundation the City may be able to expect from each type of hurricane. The maps were created to be a resource for local officials based on historical and hypothetical hurricane events.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-20 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 5: Hurricane Inundation Zones

Source: Source: http://www.mass.gov/eopss/agencies/mema/hurricane-inundation-maps.html Other relevant information regarding hurricanes that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  Concern over tree debris during a hurricane event - there are many trees in Fall River that need pruning/work.  In 1954 during Hurricane Carol, the entire City shut down for over a week.  Friendship/Riverview Street area has been evacuated in the past during hurricane events. Fall River does conduct hurricane practice drills and tabletop exercises. 4.3.2.6 HAZUS-MH Analysis – Hurricane Consistent with FEMA’s methodology, the City of Fall River used HAZUS-MH software to measure local level hurricane loss estimates. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the entire State is vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms but coastal areas are more susceptible to damage from high winds and storm surge. Using the HAZUS-MH software, scenarios were run specifically for the City to evaluate potential economic and social losses should a hurricane occur. For the purposes of this analysis, HAZUS-MH reported the use of the following information based on the data included in the program:

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-21 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Over 38,000 households in the region with a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data).  Estimated 18,000 buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of $10.6B.  Approximately 95% of the buildings are associated with residential housing The HAZUS-MH hurricane loss estimation runs included total losses for 100 and 500 year events. Using the software, scenarios were run specifically for Fall River to evaluate potential economic and social losses should a hurricane occur. A summary of the HAZUS-MH 100 and 500 Year hurricane analysis can be found in Table 4-14 through Table 4-17 with the full content located in Appendix C. Table 4-14: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 100-Year Hurricane Event

Table 4-15: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for the 500-Year Hurricane Event

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-22 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-16: Expected Building Damage by Building Type for the 100-Year Hurricane Event

Table 4-17: Expected Building Damage by Building Type for the 500-Year Hurricane Event

Building losses that were totaled by the model were in two categories, direct building losses and building interruption losses. Direct building losses are estimated costs to repair or replace damage caused to the building and its contents while the business interruption losses are those associated with the inability to operate a business because of damage sustained during the flood event. Business interruption losses include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes due to the flood. Total building losses were estimated to be $191M and $717M for a 100 and 500 year event respectively. 4.3.2.7 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a hurricane hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a quantitative analysis by using HAZUS-MH. Fall River also prepared a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a hurricane utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-18). Table 4-18: Risk Assessment - Hurricane Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Hurricane 3 3 4 3 3.00 4.00 3.50 S

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-23 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how an event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-19). Table 4-19: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Hurricane Hazard Hurricane - Qualitative Ranking Residents High Businesses High Buildings Severe Critical Infrastructure Severe

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained severe. 4.3.2.8 Future Development Considerations Fall River should include hazard scenario planning during their future development endeavors and continue to implement measures to mitigate the impact of hurricane occurrences. This includes the following mitigation measures:  Continued enforcement of the following Fall River Building Regulations that address environment, buildings and utilities: o Chapter 10: Buildings and Building Regulations o Chapter 26: Environment o Chapter 74: Utilities  Revise building code requirements based on updated FEMA policies and guidelines for coastal construction.  Coordinate weather and emergency information with Bristol County officials.  Coordinate outreach to public with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service, hurricane evacuation routes, and homeowner guidance for hurricane preparation. 4.3.3 Severe Winter Storm Severe Winter Storms received a severe hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.3.1 Description of the Hazard Winter storms typically consist of varying forms of precipitation including snow, sleet, freezing rain or a mix of these wintry conditions. Blizzards are the most dangerous and severe type of winter storm and are characterized by strong, sustained winds of at least 35 mph that last for a prolonged period of time – typically 3 hours or more. An ice storm is another form of winter storm that is defined as an event which results in the accumulation of at least .25-inch of ice on exposed surfaces and they occur when moisture falls and freezes

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-24 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 immediately upon impact on trees, power lines, roads, structures and other surfaces. These types of storms can down trees, cause lengthy, widespread power outages, damage property and even cause fatalities. 4.3.3.2 Location of the Hazard Winter storms are common on an annual basis throughout Massachusetts. Figure 6 represents the normal (30 year average) annual snow totals in New England. The entire State of Massachusetts is at risk of snow, higher snow accumulations appear to be more common at higher elevations in Western and Central Massachusetts. Despite the ocean moisture and coastal proximity, Fall River is susceptible to a combination of both snow and coastal flooding during a winter storm event. The average annual snowfall for the portion of Bristol County where Fall River is located is approximately 20 and 40 inches. Figure 6: New England Normal Annual Snow Totals (1981 – 2010)

4.3.3.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard Winter storms can include snow storms with strong winds (often referred to as blizzards), extreme cold spells that can cause rivers to freeze resulting in ice jams that can lead to flooding, ice storms that produce heavy accumulations of ice, and heavy snow storms that result in above average snow accumulations. A nor’easter includes a cyclonic storm that moves along the east coast that most often includes snow accumulations over nine inches, gale force winds, and storm surge that can cause severe flooding near the coastline. NOAA’s NCDC has recently implemented the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) to categorize significant snowstorms that impact the eastern two thirds of the United States. RSI includes a regional index for the northeast that includes Massachusetts and replaced with the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS) to

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-25 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 account for snowfall accumulations, population data, and area affected (see Table 4-20). The index is similar to the Fujita scale for tornadoes or the Saffir-Simpson scale for hurricanes.

Table 4-20: NCDC Regional Snowfall Index (RSI) Category RSI Value Description 1 1-3 Notable 2 3-6 Significant 3 6-10 Major 4 10-18 Crippling 5 18.0+ Extreme

4.3.3.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to FEMA, there have been eight Presidential Disaster Declarations in the State of Massachusetts due to some form of winter storms and three have resulted in Bristol County receiving a designated area status from FEMA (see Table 4-21). Table 4-21: Massachusetts Winter Storm Disaster Declarations (1954 – Present) Disaster Date Disaster Bristol County a Incident Period No. Declared Designated Area? Severe Winter Storm, 4214 Multiple Events 4/13/2015 Yes Snowstorm, Flooding Severe Winter Storm, 2/8/2013 – 4110 4/19/2013 Yes Snowstorm, Flooding 2/9/2013 Severe Storm and 10/29/2011 – 4051 1/6/2012 No Snowstorm 10/30/2011 Severe Winter Storm and 1/11/2011 – 1959 3/7/2011 No Snowstorm 1/12/2011 Severe Winter Storm and 12/11/2008 – 1813 1/5/2009 No Flooding 12/18/2008 Severe Storms and Inland 4/15/2007 – 1701 5/16/2007 No and Coastal Flooding 4/25/2007 1/7/1996 – Blizzard 1090 1/24/1996 Yes 1/13/1996 12/11/1992 – Winter Coastal Storm 975 12/21/1992 No 12/13/1992 Coastal Storm, Flood, Ice, 2/6/1978 – 546 2/10/1978 Yes Snow 2/8/1978 Source: FEMA Disaster Declarations 1954 - Present

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-26 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The NCDC tracks storm events and the information below was available for Bristol County regarding winter storm and blizzard occurrences (see Table 4-22). Table 4-22: Winter Storm/ Blizzard Data for Bristol County (2003– Present) Location (County) Date Type Death Injury Property Damage Southern Bristol 2/8/2013 Blizzard 0 0 245.00K Southern Bristol 1/12/2011 Winter Storm 0 0 30.00K Southern Bristol 12/26/2010 Winter Storm 0 0 0.00K Southern Bristol 2/10/2010 Winter Storm 0 0 30.00K Southern Bristol 2/12/2006 Winter Storm 0 0 10.00K Southern Bristol 3/1/2005 Winter Storm 0 0 0.00K Southern Bristol 1/22/2005 Winter Storm 0 0 0.00K Southern Bristol 12/26/2004 Winter Storm 0 0 0.00K Southern Bristol 12/5/2003 Winter Storm 0 0 0.00K Southern Bristol 3/6/2003 Winter Storm 0 0 250.00K Southern Bristol 2/17/2003 Winter Storm 0 0 0.00K Totals: 0 0 565.00K Source: NCDC Storm Events Database http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/

Specific details from the more significant events noted in the table above that have impacted Bristol County include:  February 8, 2013 – A historic winter storm deposited large amounts of snow over southern New England on February 8-9, 2013. Most locations received 2 to 2.5 feet of snow. The highest wind gust of 63 mph was reported in Fall River.  January 12, 2011 – 7 to 10 inches of snow fell across southern Bristol County. Strong winds combined with the heavy snow along the coast produced numerous downed trees and wires.  December 26, 2010 – Snowfall totals of 8 to 12 inches in southern Bristol County and 12 to 18 inches in northern Bristol County were recorded.  March 6, 2003 – A total of 5 to10 inches of snow fell across sections of south central and southeast Massachusetts. Damage included several vehicle accidents. Hundreds of people were also stranded for several hours after authorities shut down a ten-mile stretch of I-95 from Attleboro to the Rhode Island border. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of Fall River experiencing a winter storm is highly likely. Research indicates that the entire state is at risk for frequent winter storms. Even though Bristol County has had only three FEMA winter storm-related declarations since 1978, Fall River has experienced several non-disaster winter events.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-27 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.3.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard Fall River is vulnerable to winter storms, however, impacts may be less severe than elsewhere in the state because of the City’s proximity to the coast. Impacts to property and operations are usually temporary and include snow removal. However, heavy snow can lead to significant snow removal costs, infrastructure damages (such as weight of snow on roofs), and loss of business that can financially impact communities. Other potential impacts include knocked down trees, power lines, and utility poles. Freezing temperatures can result in downed trees, power lines, utility poles, ice jams that can cause flooding, and building pipe bursts due to poor insulation or lack of heat. Risks related to snow and ice are most often associated with automobile accidents followed by individuals caught outside in the storm. Winter storms can also result in fatalities that are most often not directly related to the storm itself. Fatalities due to traffic accidents on icy roads, heart attacks from excessive shoveling, and hypothermia from prolonged exposure to the cold are typical. Fatalities due to cold exposure are most often associated with infants and the elderly that are most susceptible. Other relevant information that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  In 2004, there were two major snowstorms back to back that shut down the City for a week and created major issues. The City had to truck snow out and school closed for a week - there was a 13" storm followed up by a 24" storm.  Excess snow storage is an issue - they need snow dumping locations, the City can't find a reasonable spot to put snow. 4.3.3.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a severe winter storm hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a severe winter storm utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-23). Table 4-23: Risk Assessment – Severe Winter Storm Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Severe Winter 3 2 4 2 2.33 4.00 3.17 S Storm

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how an event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-24).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-28 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-24: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Severe Winter Storm Severe Winter Storm - Qualitative Ranking Residents Severe Businesses Severe Buildings Severe Critical Infrastructure High

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained severe. 4.3.3.7 Future Development Considerations Fall River should include winter storm hazard scenario planning during their future development endeavors and continue to mitigate the impact of winter storm occurrences, which includes the following mitigation measures:  Coordinate weather and emergency information with Bristol County officials.  Coordinate outreach to the public with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service.  Coordinate outreach to homeowners for winter storm guidance preparation.  Identify critical facilities in Fall River that include fire, police, and emergency response locations, schools, and emergency shelters in the event emergency service locations are needed.  Upgrade when and if possible winter storm operation headquarters including storage of salt/sand. 4.3.4 Coastal Storm/ Nor’easter Coastal Storms/Nor’easters received a high hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.4.1 Description of the Hazard A coastal storm is a non-tropical storm that produces gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy rain or snow. Coastal Storms, sometimes called Nor’easters are common occurrences in the eastern United States. Events are capable of causing substantial damage to coastal (and at times, inland) areas due to strong winds (can be hurricane force), storm surge and substantial rainfall or snow amounts. A storm is specifically a Nor’easter when the wind blows in from the northeast and pushes the storm up the east coast of the United States. Due to the slow movement of these weather events, storm surge can be in excess of 2 feet above normal high tide and impact the coastline over multiple high tide cycles making coastal erosion and flooding a common secondary effect of these storm events. These types of storms can occur anytime of the year, but are more common in the winter months.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-29 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.4.2 Location of the Hazard Massachusetts falls within the designated area known as the North Atlantic Coast, which is typically considered the coastal area from Long Island, NY to northern Maine. Fall River and other coastal communities are most vulnerable to nor’easters, tropical storms and reduced strength hurricanes because the flooding, erosion and wind damage can be substantial to physical property and natural surroundings. One or two nor’easters typically impact the Massachusetts coastline per year between October and April causing shoreline erosion, flooding and property damage. 4.3.4.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard Coastal storm events can have a range of impacts on communities located along the shoreline. Heavy sustained winds and rainfall coupled with a high tide and wind driven storm surge can cause more of an impact than just a regular storm event. According to the Bristol County Flood Insurance Study, the low-lying coastal areas of Fall River are subject to periodic flooding and storm surge associated with coastal storms/hurricanes which if severe enough, can result in property damage. Contributing to the severity of coastal storms is climate change and sea level rise which increase the volume of water in the ocean from melting ice sheets and glaciers. According to a report by the CZM office “Preparing for the Storm” during the past 100 years, the relative sea level has risen nearly 10 inches. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted that sea level rise and the risks that is poses to the built environment and shorelines will continue to accelerate over the next 100 years as well. 4.3.4.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to the FEMA, there have been four Presidential Disaster Declarations made for “Coastal Storms” in the State of Massachusetts. In the City of Fall River, there have been varying degrees of impacts from the storms listed (Table 4-25). Table 4-25: Massachusetts Coastal Storm Major Disaster Declarations (1953 – Present) Disaster Date Disaster Bristol County a Incident Period No. Declared Designated Area? Severe Storms and Inland 4/15/2007 – 1701 5/16/2007 No and Coastal Flooding 4/25/2007 12/11/1992 - Winter Coastal Storm 975 12/21/1992 No 12/13/1992 10/30/1991 – Severe Coastal Storm 920 11/4/1991 No 11/4/1991 Coastal Storms, Flood, 2/6/1978 – 546 2/10/1978 Yes Ice, Snow 2/8/1978 Source: FEMA Disaster Declarations 1953- Present

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-30 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) track storm events and the information below was available for Bristol County regarding Nor’easter/Coastal Storm occurrences:  October 29, 2012 – Hurricane Sandy brought high winds and coastal flooding to the area with storm surge reports of 2.5 – 4.5 feet.  December 3, 2009 – A strong coastal storm resulted in damaging winds across the region causing moderate flooding in Bristol County.  April 15-16, 2007 – Nor’easter caused widespread impacts to portions of Massachusetts. Some areas were impacted by coastal flooding while others experienced debris, snow, river and stream flooding.  October 28, 2006 – A storm brought damaging east and southeast winds causing downed or uprooted trees. Widespread flooding also resulted from the event.  January 1, 1997 – A combination of new-moon tide and southeast winds that became southwest, gusted to 44 mph, resulting in storm surge which reached 2 to 4 feet in Mount Hope Bay. Several small streams that empty into Mount Hope Bay rose up 3 feet out of their banks. Flooding occurred in several Bristol County towns. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of Fall River experiencing a coastal storm is highly likely. The historical record for the State indicates that there have been three nor’easter-related federally declared disasters between 1954 and 2012. The State Plan notes that this figure likely underestimates how often nor’easters occur and impact Massachusetts. General reports have shown a range of nor’easters in a given year is from one to four. 4.3.4.5 Potential Impact and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to future coastal storm events. Coastal storms will continue to occur and impact the City of Fall River. In addition to impacts from rain and heavy winds, Fall River will continue to see storm surge impacts as well. These events may occur at any time of the year, however, they are most common from September through April. Coastal storms/ Nor’easters are a major concern because of the damage potential and frequent rate of occurrence. In Massachusetts, coastal storms are regular events that cover large geographic areas. Fall River’s coastal and adjacent low lying areas are most often inundated by storm surge during these events. High winds, erosion, heavy surf and heavy rain can all impact life, property and operations. Depending on the length and strength of the storm, death or serious injury, property damage and operations of local government and businesses can all occur. A common secondary impact of a coastal storm is short and long term electrical power outages. 4.3.4.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a coastal storm/nor’easter hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a coastal storm/nor’easter utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-26).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-31 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-26: Risk Assessment – Coastal Storm/Nor’easter Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Coastal Storm, 4 3 3 3 3.33 3.00 3.17 S Nor’easter

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how an event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-27). Table 4-27: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Coastal Storm/Nor’easter Coastal Storm/Nor’easter - Qualitative Ranking Residents Severe Businesses Severe Buildings High Critical Infrastructure Severe

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained severe. 4.3.4.7 Future Development Considerations Coastal storms/Nor’easters are a concern to the City of Fall River. For future development or redevelopment in the community, the City may want to consider the following:  Consider whether or not to require the elevation of homes in high impact coastal areas to minimize their vulnerability to coastal storms and associated flooding,  Consider the further development or redevelopment of high hazard coastal areas,  Evaluate nonstructural approaches to maximize protection of the shoreline,  Strengthen local regulatory requirements for inappropriate siting of structures in hazard areas (regularly review nonstructural measures like setbacks in flood hazard zones),  Focus on protecting and maintaining natural habitats, wetlands and other features that protect against erosion and flooding during coastal storms, and  Evaluate coastal storm impacts after storm events and plan for recovery and redevelopment once existing conditions are known. 4.3.5 Windstorm Windstorms received a high hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-32 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.5.1 Description of the Hazard In general, wind is the horizontal motion of the air past a given point. Wind is in constant motion and windstorms can occur suddenly and without warning. Differences in air pressure is how a wind event begins and pressure that is higher at one place versus another sets up a force that pushes from the high toward the low pressure. Wind is used to describe the prevailing direction from which the air is blowing with the speed given usually in miles per hour or knots. Extreme wind events are more often associated with a larger meteorological event such as a winter storm, hurricane, tornado, nor’easter or severe thunderstorm. In the absence of accompanying characteristics of these other events, the event would be considered a windstorm. 4.3.5.2 Location of the Hazard According to FEMA’s Winds Zone map (see Figure 7), the entire state of Massachusetts is susceptible to wind speeds. The map indicates various areas of the United States and their susceptibility to wind speeds in addition to highlighting Special Wind and Hurricane-Susceptible regions. Fall River is located in a Zone II, as is the rest of the state, which means the City is susceptible to winds of up to 160 mph and is also located in a hurricane susceptible region. Figure 7: Wind Zones of the United States

4.3.5.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard Windstorm occurrences may be classified by the NWS as a Wind Advisory (winds sustained at 31-39 mph for at least an hour or gusts of 46-57 mph) or a High Wind Warning (sustained winds 40+ mph or gusts of 58+mph). Wind that is measured at less than 30 mph does not typically create a hazardous condition.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-33 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.5.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events Windstorm events will remain a regular occurrence in Fall River. The entire State of Massachusetts is susceptible to both extreme wind events such as hurricanes and tornadoes but also just wind storms that do not have any other associated characteristics other than the movement of air (i.e. no precipitation). Impacts of a high wind event may include fallen trees or power lines, roof damage and dangerous marine conditions. According to the Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation Plan, the state is susceptible to high winds from extreme weather events and before and after frontal systems.

Windstorm occurrences may be classified by the National Weather Service as a Wind Advisory (winds sustained at 31-39 mps for at least an hour or gusts of 46-57 mph) or a High Wind Warning (sustained winds 40+ mph or gusts of 58+mph). Wind that is measured at less than 30 mph does not typically create a hazardous condition. The NCDC tracks high wind and strong wind events. The information in Table 4-28 was available for high wind (wind gusts greater than 55 knots) occurrences in Bristol County from January 2005 to September 2015.

Table 4-28: High Wind Event Data for Bristol County January 1, 2005 – September 2015 Wind Property Location Date Event Type Death Injury Speed Damage 58 knots Southern Bristol County 09/29/2005 Strong Wind 0 0 15k

58 knots Southern Bristol County 10/16/2005 Strong Wind 0 0 20k

58 knots Southern Bristol County 10/25/2005 Strong Wind 0 0 55k

65 knots Southern Bristol County 12/09/2005 Strong Wind 0 0 180k

67 knots Southern Bristol County 1/18/2006 Strong Wind 0 0 100k

56 knots Southern Bristol County 11/7/2012 Strong Wind 0 0 15k

56 knots Southern Bristol County 1/27/2015 Strong Wind 0 0 15k

According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future windstorms in Fall River is highly likely. The City is susceptible to other natural hazards that typically have wind associated characteristics.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-34 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.5.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to windstorms. The City is susceptible to future impacts based on the anecdotal and historic information shared throughout the plan. Impacts of a high wind event may include fallen trees or power lines, roof damage and dangerous marine conditions. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the state is susceptible to high winds from extreme weather events and before and after frontal systems. Two specific windstorm vulnerabilities were mentioned during the stakeholder interviews and they include the Old Church which is currently wrapped and collapsing downtown and the Kilburn Street properties which are located near a smoke stack that needs to be demolished as well. Other relevant information that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  Wind damage occurred during a 2010 storm throughout the City in residential areas.  Heavy winds have caused roof damage to school facilities including West Hall School in 2013.  Fall River is concerned over the old church downtown that is currently wrapped and has the potential for collapse during a high wind event. 4.3.5.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a windstorm hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a windstorm utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (see Table 4-29). Table 4-29: Risk Assessment – Windstorm Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Windstorm 3 2 3 3 2.67 3.00 2.83 H

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a wind event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-30).

Table 4-30: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Windstorm Windstorm - Qualitative Ranking Residents High Businesses High Buildings High Critical Infrastructure Medium

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-35 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained high. 4.3.5.7 Future Development Considerations Future development in Fall River should be constructed, updated and redeveloped with regard to the most up to date building codes and materials to minimize wind damage. 4.3.6 Thunderstorm & Lightning Thunderstorm and lightning received a high hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.6.1 Description of the Hazard According to NOAA, a thunderstorm is “a local storm produced by a cumulonimbus cloud and accompanied by lightning and thunder.” Lightning is defined as “a visible electrical discharge produced by a thunderstorm. The discharge may occur within or between clouds, between the cloud and air, between a cloud and the ground or between the ground and a cloud.” Compared to a hurricane or winter storm, thunderstorms impact smaller geographic areas and generally last a smaller period of time. Approximately 10% of the 100,000 thunderstorms that occur annually are classified as severe. Thunderstorms need moisture, unstable air and lift to form in the atmosphere. 4.3.6.2 Location of the Hazard Thunderstorms and lightning can occur in any part of Massachusetts. Figure 8 shows the average number of thunderstorm days in the United States. Massachusetts is divided into two shaded areas where the eastern half of the state averages approximately 20 thunderstorm days while the western half averages approximately 30 thunderstorm days. Fall River is predicted to experience approximately 20 thunderstorm days during the year.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-36 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 8: Average Number of Thunder Storm Days in the U.S (NOAA)

Figure 9 shows cloud-to-ground flash density (lightning) from 2005 to 2012 in the northeast states. For Massachusetts, less thunderstorm and lightning frequency are observed than in other parts of the United States. According to data compiled by Vaisala, during a seven year study period, they observed that lightning occurs less frequently over New England. When they do occur, the storms are less frequent and less intense.

Figure 9: Cloud to Ground Lightning Incidence in the U.S. (Vaisala)

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-37 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.6.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard Most thunderstorms and lightning occur during June, July, and August. NOAA uses wind speed and hail size to define severe thunderstorms. A thunderstorm with (1) wind gusts of 57.5 mph faster or (2) hail that is one inch or greater in diameter is defined as a severe thunderstorm. Non-severe thunderstorms include those with heavy rainfall that can cause flash flooding and those that produce lightning. NOAA issues a severe thunderstorm watch if conditions are favorable for the development of a severe thunderstorm. A warning is issued if a storm spotter or radar data indicates a severe thunderstorm is occurring. Severe thunderstorms also have the potential to produce tornadoes that may warrant tornado watches and warnings. 4.3.6.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to the FEMA, there have been no Presidential Disaster Declarations made for lightning in Massachusetts since 1954. The NCDC tracks storm events and the information in Table 4-31 was available for Bristol County regarding lightning occurrences. Table 4-31: Lightning Event Data for Bristol County (January 1, 2000 – September 30, 2014) Location Date Death Injury Property Damage NORTH BRISTOL 6/18/2014 0 0 5.00K WESTPORT 7/19/2010 0 1 0.00K WESTPORT 8/12/2008 0 0 17.00K SWANSEA 8/2/2006 0 0 15.00K DIGHTON 6/26/2002 0 0 5.00K SWANSEA 6/26/2002 0 0 20.00K Totals: 0 1 62.00 K Source: NCDC Storm Events Database http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/

According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of a future lightning occurrence in Fall River is likely. Fall River is in an area of Massachusetts that typically experiences 3 to 6 lightning flashes per square mile per year. Future lightning events may continue to cause minor property damage throughout Town and could threaten human life as well. Figure 10 shows that 30 fatalities have occurred in Massachusetts from 1959 to 2013.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-38 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 10: Lightning Fatalities by State, 1959 - 2013

4.3.6.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to thunderstorms and lightning. The City is located in a region that is vulnerable to thunderstorm and lightning events, however they are not as susceptible as other areas of the United States as shown in the previous figures in this section. The largest hazard associated with thunderstorms is wind damage that can have impacts on human life and outside structures. Thunderstorms can cause other hazards such as hail, winds, tornadoes, or flash floods discussed in other hazard profile sections. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the most common problems associated with thunderstorms are immobility and loss of utilities. Roads may become impassable or power lines may be downed and services such as water or phone may not be able to operate without power. Another hazard specifically associated with thunderstorms is lightning. Fatalities, although rare, can occur from lightning. In the United States, 99 percent of fatalities have occurred outside of a large substantial building or fully-enclosed metal-topped vehicle. For all of the United States, approximately 34 people were killed by lightning per year from 2003 to 2012 or 349 total fatalities. Massachusetts accounted for four of those incidents. 4.3.6.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a thunderstorm/lightning hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a thunderstorm/lightning hazard event utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-32).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-39 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-32: Risk Assessment – Thunderstorm/Lightning Probabilit Risk Frequenc Duratio Severit Intensit Consequenc y Rankin y n y y e Tota (F,D,I) g 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (S) 60% l 40% L,M,H,S Thunderstorm 3 2 2 2 2.33 2.00 2.17 M , Lightning

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a thunderstorm/lightning event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-33): Table 4-33: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Thunderstorm/Lightning Thunderstorm, Lightning - Qualitative Ranking Residents Medium Businesses Medium Buildings Medium Critical Infrastructure Medium

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained medium. 4.3.6.7 Future Development Considerations Fall River should include thunderstorm/ lightning hazard scenario planning during their future development endeavors and continue to mitigate the impact of thunderstorm/ lightning occurrences. This includes the following mitigation measures:  Coordinate weather and emergency information with Bristol County officials.  Coordinate outreach to public with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service.  Coordinate outreach to homeowners for the dangers of thunderstorms and lightning.  Identify critical facilities in Fall River that include fire, police, and emergency response locations, schools, and emergency shelters in the event emergency service locations are needed. 4.3.7 Wildfire Wildfires received a medium hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.7.1 Description of the Hazard Wildfires are typically non-structural fires that occur in vegetated areas such as grass, shrubs and forested areas. In Massachusetts, the cause of a wildfire can either be the result of human impacts or natural events such as a lightning strike. Drought and/or windstorm conditions can fuel wildfires or cause them to spread

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-40 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 rapidly. Wildfires not only destroy the vegetated areas where they occur, but they can also impact the built environment including structures, if in close proximity. 4.3.7.2 Location of the Hazard According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the southern part of Massachusetts is particularly susceptible to wildfire due to the availability of fuel, impact of offshore winds and increasing development. Areas from Plymouth County to the southern coast of Bristol County have the highest susceptible statewide. Fall River is located along the coastal Bristol area thereby increasing the likelihood of future wildfire instances. Figure 11 displays the wildfire throughout the state by Census block. Figure 11: Wildfire Hazard Areas

4.3.7.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard Wildfires can cause widespread devastation particularly in areas with canopy coverage or undeveloped land. Potential losses may include, but are not limited to, human life, structures and natural resources. There are fewer injuries and casualties resulting from wildfire events when they are responded to immediately. However, wildfires may also threaten the health and safety of those fighting the fires. First responders are exposed to immediate impacts from the incident and after-effects. 4.3.7.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to the FEMA, there have been no Presidential Disaster Declarations made for wildfire in Massachusetts since 1953. The NCDC tracks storm events and there have been no reported instances of wildfire in Bristol County.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-41 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan mapped the number of wildfire events statewide from 2001 to 2009 in Figure 12. The figure illustrates, based on best available data, there were between 0-20 fires burning less than 100 acres during the eight-year span. Figure 12: Locations of Historical Wildfires and Acres Burned in Massachusetts (2001-2009)

Source: 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future wildfires in Fall River is likely. This historical data available for Fall River may not represent the likelihood of future wildfire events. The low number of wildfires could underestimate how often fires occur or impact the City. The Copicut Woods, located in Fall River, serves as the gateway to the 13,600 Southeastern Massachusetts Bioreserve. Comprised of a 516-acre property it includes forests, wetlands and waterways. This area is the most susceptible to wildfire in the City considering the heavily developed areas in and directly beyond the downtown area. 4.3.7.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to wildfires because of the significant open space throughout the reservation. Impacts from a wildfire can be significant to human health, structures, natural and cultural resources and the economy. The type of wildfire can have an influence on the impact of the event. According to the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security, there are three classes of wildfires: surface fire, ground fire and crown fire. Crown fires would likely have the greatest probability of causing the

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-42 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 greatest losses because of the speed at which the fire spreads. A concern for Fall River that has been articulated during this Hazard Mitigation Planning process is the access to the reservation area in the City and the ability to quickly access the land due to the limited number of roadways and their condition. A recent study by the Northeast Wildfire Risk Assessment Geospatial Work Group resulted in the development of Figure 13 which illustrates the areas of greatest wildfire risk statewide. According to the assessment, Fall River is classified as a “very high” risk wildfire area. Figure 13: Wildfire Risk Areas

Other relevant information that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  Fall River is concerned over a fire in the reservation that protects the public water supply. The roads at this location are not in good condition and access could be an issue.  Fall River had a large wildfire that occurred in the 1970s and there have been a few smaller wildfires as well. 4.3.7.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a wildfire hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a wildfire utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-34).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-43 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-34: Risk Assessment – Wildfire Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Wildfire 2 3 2 3 2.67 2.00 2.33 M

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a wildfire event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-35): Table 4-35: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Wildfire Wildfire - Qualitative Ranking Residents Medium Businesses Medium Buildings Medium Critical Infrastructure Medium

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained medium. 4.3.7.7 Future Development Considerations Future development and redevelopment in Fall River should be constructed, updated and redeveloped with regard to the most up to date building and fire codes. 4.3.8 Extreme Temperature (Heat and Cold) Extreme temperatures received a medium hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.8.1 Description of the Hazard Extreme temperatures include both cold and hot events, which can have significant effect on human health, commercial businesses and primary or secondary impacts on infrastructure. An extreme cold event is recognized when temperatures drop below normal and increased wind speeds can cause harmful wind-chill factors. An extreme heat event is recognized when temperatures are ten degrees or more above the average high temperature for a region for an extended period of time. 4.3.8.2 Location of the Hazard The City of Fall River, as the rest of the state, is relatively climatically homogenous. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has identified 359 climate divisions nationwide, which typically coincide with county lines. Massachusetts has been divided into three regions; Fall River is located in Region 3 as shown in Figure 14.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-44 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 14: NOAA’s Massachusetts Climate Regions

Source: 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme temperatures can occur anywhere in Massachusetts. Colder temperatures are most common in higher elevations. Even though coastal areas may also have lower daily temperatures, they do not typically sustain them for as great an amount of time. Inland urban areas are more prone to extreme heat events due to the increased population, dark colored infrastructure and limited vegetation. 4.3.8.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard The severity of extreme cold temperatures is generally measured using NOAA’s National Weather Service (NWS) Wind Chill Temperature Index provided Figure 15. The index uses advances in science, technology, and computer modeling to provide an accurate, understandable and useful formula for calculating the dangers from winter winds and freezing temperatures. Extreme cold temperatures are characterized by the air temperature dropping to approximately 0 degrees Fahrenheit or below.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-45 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 15: NOAA’s National Weather Service Wind Chill Chart

The severity of extreme heat temperatures are generally measured using NOAA’s NWS Heat Index. The Heat Index provided as Figure 16 assigns indices of caution, extreme caution, danger, and extreme danger based on relative humidity and temperatures. The Heat Index is derived for shady, light wind conditions. Exposure to full sunshine can increase the index values by up to 15 degrees. Figure 16: NOAA’s National Weather Service Heat Index

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-46 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.8.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to FEMA, there has never been a Presidential Disaster Declaration made for an extreme temperature event in the State of Massachusetts. The NCDC Storm Events Database listed the following as extreme temperature events in Bristol County:  July 6, 2010 – The County experienced widespread heat and humidity with heat index values ranging between 100 to 106 degrees Fahrenheit.  July 22, 2010 – Southern New England experienced very hot temperatures. The heat index rose above 105 degrees Fahrenheit for less than a 12-hour period. Additional extreme temperature events were highlighted in the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Since 1994, there have been 19 cold weather events and 43 warm-weather events. However, at this time, there is insufficient data to provide additional details on most of the events and whether or not they impacted Bristol County. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future extreme temperature events in Fall River is likely. The CDC indicates that climate change will result in longer, more severe, and more frequent extreme temperature events. Studies have shown that by the end of the century, the number of days with temperatures reaching 100 degrees Fahrenheit or more is projected to increase dramatically in the United States. Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of heat waves, with significant increases in heat-related deaths. 4.3.8.5 Potential Impact and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to extreme temperature events. As shown in Figure 17, in 2013, cold weather events resulted in 24 fatalities with an average of 27 cases from 2004 to 2013. In the same year, there were 92 heat-related fatalities with 123 average cases from 2004 to 2013.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-47 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 17: U.S. Weather Fatalities6

The local vulnerability for this hazard in Fall River is most likely to be seen by the population sectors impacted by extreme temperature conditions. Based on the U.S. Census data from 2010, approximately 15% of residents are 65 years old or older and 6.5% are under the age of five. Based on this data, at least 21% of Fall River’s population is vulnerable to this type of event. The most prominent impact of extreme temperatures is on human health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified populations most at risk from extreme cold or heat to include the following: the elderly, infants and children under four years of age, individuals who are physically ill, low-income persons who cannot afford proper heating or cooling, and the general public who may overexert themselves during times of extreme heat or experience hypothermia during extreme cold events. 7 Extreme high temperatures have also resulted in power failures due to high demand for air conditioning. During extended power outages, the lack of refrigeration results in food spoilage, transportation problems, closure of schools and businesses, and places the sick at greater risk. Extended power failures associated with blackouts can result in significant property damage. Other relevant information that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  In 2004, Fall River was in a deep freeze and there is speculation that the long period of extreme cold caused over 100 water leaks in the region.

6 NOAA, website: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml 7 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, website: http://www.mass.gov/eopss/agencies/mema/hazard- mitigation/state-hazard-mitigation-plan/

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-48 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Extreme cold temperatures amplify roadway damage. The City has completed pothole/ roadway condition report that guides maintenance/ repairs. 4.3.8.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for an extreme temperature hazard event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of an extreme temperature event utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-36). Table 4-36: Risk Assessment – Extreme Temperature Probabilit Risk Frequenc Duratio Severit Intensit Consequenc y Rankin y n y y e Tota (F,D,I) g 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (S) 60% l 40% L,M,H,S Extreme Temperatur 2 3 2 2 2.33 2.00 2.17 M e

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how an extreme temperature event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-37): Table 4-37: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Extreme Temperature Extreme Temperature - Qualitative Ranking Residents Medium Businesses Medium Buildings Low Critical Infrastructure Medium

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained medium. 4.3.8.7 Future Considerations Fall River will monitor and participate in any Extreme Temperature Programs implemented at the regional or state level. Fall River will also consider developing a specific Extreme Heat Program, elements of which may include:8

8 Center for Disease Control, “Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events”

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-49 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  A written and publicly approved program plan that identifies program partners and vulnerable populations,  Clear criteria that define extreme heat events and help to evaluate weather forecasts and conditions,  Coordinated outreach to public and partners, with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media,  Strategic action plans that include formal check-in and buddy systems and in-person assessments for vulnerable persons,  Designated public cooling shelters,  Cancellation policies for outdoor activities and events,  Post-season reviews of program performance by partners, and  Obtaining public input on ways to improve the program. 4.3.9 Ice Storm 4.3.9.1 Description of the Hazard Ice storms are types of winter storms that consist of freezing rain and can create ice build ups which when they occur, can cause substantial damage. Ice storm warnings are issued by the NWS when there is more than ¼ inch of ice accumulation anticipated. 4.3.9.2 Location of the Hazard An ice storm can occur in any part of Massachusetts, but they are most frequent in higher elevations of the state. 4.3.9.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard An ice storm may occur as part of a winter storm and cause some of the same impacts such as temporary utility loss (power outages), treacherous traveling due to poor road condition, business/school cancellations and in some cases direct human impacts such as frostbite or freezing due to over exposure. The Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation (SPIA) Index is a scale for rating ice storm intensity, based on the expected footprint, expected ice accumulation, and expected damage. The tool (see Figure 18) is used by the NWS to provide forecasts nationwide. The maximum forecast period is 72 hours.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-50 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 18: Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation Index

The severity of the effects of an ice storm increases as the amount and rate of precipitation increases. In addition, storms with a low forward velocity are in an area for a longer duration and become more severe in their affects. Storms that are in full force during the morning or evening rush hours tend to have their affects magnified because more people are out on the roadways and directly exposed. 4.3.9.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to the FEMA, there has not been a Presidential Disaster Declaration made for ice storms in the State of Massachusetts since 1953. The NCDC Storm Events Database does not report ice storms occurring in any part of Massachusetts. Based on information from the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, between 1971 to 2012, eight of the 40 ice storms in Massachusetts have impacted Bristol County. Bristol County experienced fewer storms than the average statewide. The storms occurred between November and March most commonly from late December and early January.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-51 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future ice storms in Fall River is likely. Ice storms may occur in any part of the state on a regular basis throughout the winter months. 4.3.9.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to ice storms. Ice storms may have similar impacts to winter storms on life, property and operations and can result in fatalities that may be directly related to the storm itself. Fatalities due to traffic accidents on icy roads are possible. Risks related to ice are most often associated with automobile accidents followed by individuals caught outside in the storm. Instances of injury or death are considerably higher in the growing percentage of elderly citizens. The demographic has historically been considerably more vulnerable to the impacts of the hazard. Lower income populations are also vulnerable as resources may be less capable to withstand extreme impacts of the storm. Impacts to property and operations are usually temporary and include ice buildup removal. However, ice storms can lead to significant infrastructure damages, and loss of business that can financially impact communities. Freezing temperatures can result in downed trees, power lines, utility poles, ice jams that can cause flooding, and building pipe bursts due to poor insulation or lack of heat. 4.3.9.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for an ice storm event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of an ice storm utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-38). Table 4-38: Risk Assessment – Ice Storm Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Ice 3 2 2 2 2.33 2.00 2.17 M Storm

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how an ice storm event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-39): Table 4-39: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Ice Storm Ice Storm - Qualitative Ranking Residents Medium Businesses Medium Buildings Medium Critical Infrastructure Medium

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-52 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained medium. 4.3.9.7 Future Considerations Fall River should include ice storm scenario planning during their future development endeavors and continue to mitigate the impact of winter storm occurrences, which includes the following mitigation measures:  Coordinate weather and emergency information with Bristol County officials.  Coordinate outreach to public with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service.  Coordinate outreach to homeowners for ice storm guidance preparation.  Identify critical facilities in Fall River that include fire, police, and emergency response locations, schools, and emergency shelters in the event emergency service locations are needed. 4.3.10 Dam Failure 4.3.10.1 Description of the Hazard Dam failures are a catastrophic type of failure characterized by the sudden, rapid, and uncontrolled release of water. They can result from natural events, human-induced events or a combination of the two. Failures due to natural events such as prolonged periods of rainfall and flooding can result in overtopping, which is the most common cause of dam failure. 4.3.10.2 Location of the Hazard The City of Fall River currently maintains ownership of 10 dams, three of which are within City limits as shown in Table 4-40. There are also four other dams in the City that are privately owned. Specific information for the privately owned dams was unavailable. In total, there are seven dams located in Fall River. A map showing the location of dams in Fall River is located in Appendix B. Table 4-40: Fall River Owned Dams Dam Name Severity Location Noquochoke Lake Dam High Dartmouth, MA North Watuppa Pond Dam High Fall River, MA Copicut Reservoir Dam High Fall River, MA Quequechan Control Structure High Fall River, MA Terry Brook Reservoir Dam High Freetown, MA Sawdy Pond Dam Significant Westport, MA Lake Noquochoke Upper Dam Low Dartmouth, MA Rattlesnake Brook Dam Low Freetown, MA Stafford Pond Dam Low Tiverton, RI Westport River Dam Low Westport, MA

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-53 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.10.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard The Massachusetts Office of Dam Safety is responsible for maintaining records of dams statewide. The Office ensures compliance with practices pertaining to dam inspection, maintenance, repair and operation. As displayed in Table 4-41, the State utilizes the USACE classification system for the hazard potential of dam failures. The classification system outlines the expected impacts should a dam failure occur. Table 4-41: USACE Hazard Potential Classification Hazard Type Description Refers to dams located where failure will likely cause loss of life and serious damage to High Hazard home(s), industrial or commercial facilities, important public utilities, main highway(s) or railroad(s). Refers to dams located where failure may cause loss of life and damage home(s), Significant industrial or commercial facilities, secondary highway(s) or railroad(s) or cause Hazards interruption of use of service of relatively important facilities. Refers to dams located where failure may cause minimal property damage to others. Low Hazard Loss of life is not expected.

According to Massachusetts State law, dam owners are required to prepare, maintain, and update Emergency Action Plans for all High Hazard Potential dams and certain Significant Hazard Potential dams. The Emergency Action Plans include the following information:  Identification of equipment and materials required and available to execute the plan;  Notification procedures for informing local emergency agencies;  An inundation map that identifies potential flood areas; and  A process for warning nearby residents if failure of the dam is imminent including a list of addresses and phone numbers for property owners who may be affected in the event of a dam failure. 4.3.10.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to FEMA, there has not been a Presidential Disaster Declaration made for dam failures in the State of Massachusetts since 1953 nor have there been any instances in Fall River. Based on the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future dam failures in Fall River is unknown. Likelihood would increase if the following events did occur:  Natural hazards such as an earthquake/flood;  Deliberate acts of sabotage;  Structural failure of dam materials;  Dam structures are overtopped or about to be overtopped due to floodwaters;  Earth embankments breached by erosion or slope failure; and  Spillways are blocked or seepage exists downstream.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-54 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.10.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to dam failures. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, as infrastructure ages and maintenance and inspection costs increase, there is an increased likelihood of higher risk for full or partial dam failures. The City’s aging infrastructure contributes to its dam failure vulnerability. There are three dams located in Fall River which are designated as “high hazards.” Should a dam failure occur, it would likely cause serious damage and potentially loss of life to the surrounding area. A full list of dams owned by Fall River is available in Table 4-40. It was noted during the stakeholder interviews that Fall River has a concern over some failing granite retaining walls along North Watuppa. 4.3.10.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a dam failure event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a dam failure event utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system (Table 4-42). The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences. Table 4-42: Risk Assessment – Dam Failure Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Dam 1 1 2 2 1.33 2.00 1.67 L Failure

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a dam failure event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-43): Table 4-43: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Dam Failure Dam Failure - Qualitative Ranking Residents Low Businesses Low Buildings Low Critical Infrastructure Low

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained low. 4.3.10.7 Future Development Considerations City of Fall River key stakeholders should continue to communicate regularly with each other regarding the dams located in the City. Staying informed about condition, inspections and any maintenance work will be helpful to monitor for any potential impacts to residents and businesses.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-55 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.11 Tornado 4.3.11.1 Description of the Hazard Tornadoes are most commonly associated with a violently rotating visible funnel cloud that is a rotating air column, which has contact with the ground. Typically, a loud roaring noise, compared to the sound of a freight train, is associated with a tornado. Speeds of a tornado can range from 40mph to 300mph and are measured on what is known as the Fujita scale. Generation of a tornado can be associated with thunderstorm activity where cool, dry air meets warm, humid air. Damage from a tornado can vary widely and be minimal to completely catastrophic. On a local level, a tornado is the most destructive of all atmospheric conditions. In Massachusetts, tornadoes are not a common occurrence. 4.3.11.2 Location of the Hazard Based on the wind zone map provided earlier in the Extreme Wind Events section, Massachusetts is located in wind zone II that can include winds up to 160 mph that may be associated with tornadoes. Tornadoes can occur in any region of Massachusetts. According to Figure 19, Massachusetts experienced one tornado event annually between 1991 and 2010. Figure 19: Annual Average Number of Tornadoes (1991 – 2010)

Source: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/tornado/clim/ann-avg-torn1991-2010.gif

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-56 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.11.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard Tornadoes are rated using the commonly known Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-scale) which provides a rating of the wind speed from the tornado event to a category from EF0 to EF5. The degree of damage helps to define the rating of an individual storm. The EF-scale below (Figure 20) has been updated and in use since 2007. Figure 20: Enhanced Fujita Scale

NOAA Storm Prediction Center issues tornado watches and warnings. A watch means tornadoes are possible and a warning means a tornado has been sighed or indicated by weather radar. The current average lead time for tornado warnings is only 13 minutes resulting in greater emphasis being placed on a watch for tornado preparedness compared to other hazards. 4.3.11.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events Since 1950, approximately nine tornadoes have touched down in Bristol County. Figure 21 shows the locations of reported tornadoes in Bristol County and one reported incident of an EF0 tornado in Fall River on August 6, 1997. There were no fatalities or injuries associated with the event.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-57 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 21: Bristol County Tornadoes (1950 – 2013)

Source: Bristol County Tornadoes, 1950 – 2013, www.tornadohistoryproject.com Since 1954, there have been two Major Disaster Declarations in the State of Massachusetts for Tornadoes (see Table 4-44). Neither of these instances impacted Bristol County directly. The State Hazard Mitigation plan indicates that a tornado may occur anywhere in Massachusetts with the right atmospheric conditions. Table 4-44: Massachusetts Tornado Major Disaster Declarations (1954 – Present) Disaster Incident Date Disaster Bristol County a No. Period Declared Designated Area? Severe Storms and 1994 6/1/2011 6/15/2011 No Tornadoes Tornado 7 6/11/1953 6/11/1953 Unknown Source: FEMA Disaster Declarations 1954 – Present

As noted in the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, there are typically 1 to 3 tornadoes somewhere in southern New England per year. They usually occur in the late afternoon or evening hours between June and August. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future tornadoes in Fall River is unlikely. NOAA’s National Severe Storm Laboratory (NSSL) has estimated

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-58 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 the likelihood for a tornado on a given day in the United States. Figure 22 shows that the probability for a tornado in Massachusetts is 0.2 to 0.4 days per year based on tornado data from 1995 to 1999. Figure 22: Tornado Days Per Year in the United States

4.3.11.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to tornadoes. The 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan notes that there is vulnerability for tornadoes in Bristol County. While there are six tornado touch downs per year in New England, there are about 2.6 events per year that impact Massachusetts directly. In Bristol County, between 1951 – 2014, there have been 9 recorded tornadoes. Tornadoes can have significant impacts on human health, property, and City infrastructure. The most prevalent impact is excessive winds and wind damage. Injuries and fatalities most often result from flying debris. Other injuries and fatalities are associated with building damage and collapses, being trapped inside cars or trailers, or being outside without cover. After a tornado has passed, there are additional health hazards associated with downed power lines, damaged buildings that may be unsafe to exit or enter, and the inability to obtain emergency care. Property and operation impacts include damage to residential and commercial buildings, trees and vegetation, and exposed infrastructure that can be destroyed by a tornado. Damaged bridges and infrastructure may be weakened for use resulting in delays for individuals to move within the community to receive basic services. Although tornadoes are confined to certain areas, the impacts on communities affected can be devastating with major damage and destruction.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-59 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.11.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a tornado event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a tornado utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-45). Table 4-45: Risk Assessment – Tornado Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Tornado 1 1 2 2 1.33 2.00 1.67 L

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a tornado event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-46): Table 4-46: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Tornado Tornado - Qualitative Ranking Residents Low Businesses Low Buildings Medium Critical Infrastructure Low

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained low. 4.3.11.7 Future Development Considerations Fall River should include tornado hazard scenario planning during their future development endeavors and continue to implement measures to mitigate the impact of tornado occurrences. This includes the following mitigation measures:  Coordinate weather and emergency information with Bristol County officials.  Coordinate outreach to public with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service.  Coordinate outreach to homeowners for tornado guidance preparation.  Identify critical facilities in Fall River that include fire, police, and emergency response locations, schools, and emergency shelters in the event emergency service locations are needed. 4.3.12 Earthquake Earthquakes received a medium hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-60 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.12.1 Description of the Hazard Earthquakes are the result of a release of energy (which can be observed by shifting and fracturing of rock materials beneath the surface) in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic activity. Seismic activity is defined by the frequency, type and size of earthquakes that occur. Earthquakes are measured by the Richter magnitude scale or the Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI Scale) that assign a value number to each earthquake event as a form of measuring the energy released. Unfortunately, earthquakes can be large in magnitude, impact thousands of square miles and cause billions of dollars in damage to property. 4.3.12.2 Location of the Hazard Earthquakes are possible in Massachusetts, including the City of Fall River. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) map (prepared by the Earthquake hazard program) in Figure 23 indicates where earthquake hazard areas are in the central and eastern portion of the country and where specific events have occurred in the past. The earthquake hazard possibility is on the lower end of the spectrum in Massachusetts compared to other areas. Figure 23: USGS Earthquake Hazard Map

The 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan notes that the New England epicenters do not follow major mapped faults of the region, nor are they confined to specific geologic structures or terrain. In addition, past earthquakes in New England have not aligned along fault lines that are known or mapped by geologists. Due to the wide ranging occurrences of earthquakes in New England, it is suspected that a strong event could occur anywhere in the region.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-61 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.12.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard Earthquake impacts are measured by how much energy releases from the epicenter of the event and how far any given location is from the epicenter. Severity can be expressed for an earthquake by comparing the acceleration of the event to normal acceleration due to gravity. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is how the strength of the ground movements can be measured and is expressed as a percent of the established rate of acceleration due to gravity (see Figure 24. Figure 24). Magnitude (measure of total energy released) and intensity (measure of earthquake effects at a specific place) are the terms used to commonly describe severity of an earthquake. Figure 24: USGS Peak Ground Acceleration Map

A common method used to describe the severity of an earthquake is the MMI Scale (see Table 4-47). The MMI Scale has preceded the Richter Scale (used until 1970) to measure the size of earthquakes in terms of how much energy is released. The scale identifies 12 increasing levels of intensity which are designated by a Roman numeral. Table 4-47: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale – Earthquake Intensity MMI Scale Typical Earthquake Impacts Number I Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many III people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-62 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 MMI Scale Typical Earthquake Impacts Number Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, IV windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable V objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen VI plaster. Damage slight. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in VII well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary VIII substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Damage considerable in specially designed structures. Damage great in substantial IX buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures X destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. XII Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown into the air.

Earthquakes are also often referred to on a magnitude scale, which is noted in Table 4-48. Table 4-48: Earthquake Magnitude Scale Estimated Number Each Magnitude Earthquake Effects Year 2.5 or less Usually not felt, but can be recorded by seismograph. 900,000 2.5 to 5.4 Often felt, but only causes minor damage. 30,000 5.5 to 6.0 Slight damage to buildings and other structures. 500 6.1 to 6.9 May cause a lot of damage in very populated areas. 100 7.0 to 7.9 Major earthquake. Serious damage. 20 8.0 or Great earthquake. Can totally destroy communities near One every 5 to 10 years greater the epicenter.

4.3.12.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to FEMA, there has never been a Presidential Disaster Declaration made for an earthquake in the State of Massachusetts. Between 1668 - 2007, Massachusetts experienced 355 earthquakes of varying

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-63 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 magnitudes.9 According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the last major earthquake to affect Massachusetts was more than 200 years ago in 1755 with an estimated magnitude of about 6.0 to 6.25. The epicenter was probably located off the coast of Cape Ann, north of Boston. The area of greatest damage in Massachusetts stretched along the northern coast of the state from Cape Ann to Boston. There have been other damaging earthquakes centered in New England in the past. The 1727 earthquake in Newbury, Massachusetts caused local damage to masonry chimneys and buildings; its magnitude is estimated to have been about 5.6. In 1940, there was a pair of magnitude 5.5 earthquakes centered in the Ossipee Mountains of New Hampshire, and in 1904 there was a magnitude 5.7 earthquake in Eastport, Maine. Both of these earthquakes caused minor damage near their epicenters and were felt throughout Massachusetts. Figure 25 shows earthquakes in New England, the United States, and Canada from 1990- 2010. Other earthquake events relevant to the Fall River area are listed in Table 4-49. Figure 25: Earthquakes in New England, United States and Canada (1990 – 2010)

9 The Northeast States Emergency Consortium, “Earthquakes,” [http://www.nesec.org/hazards/earthquakes.cfm.html#history], May 2013

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-64 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-49: Recent Earthquake Events in Massachusetts Date Magnitude Location April 2012 4.4 Offshore December 30, 2012 1.2 Gardner May 15, 2011 2.1 Buzzard’s Bay July 22, 2003 3.6 Offshore October 25, 1965 5 Nantucket April 24, 1925 5 Wareham January 7, 1925 5.0 Cape Ann August 8, 1847 4.2 Brewster January 2, 1785 5.4 Off Shore November 18, 1755 6.0 Cape Ann

Figure 26: Massachusetts Seismicity (1973 – 2012)

Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/massachusetts/seismicity.php Figure 27 is an earthquake hazard map, commonly referred to as a PGA map, for Massachusetts that shows ground motion values with a 2% probability in 50 years. For moderate earthquakes, PGA is the best

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-65 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 determinate of damage. According to Figure 27, Fall River has a 2% probability of having ground movement with a severity of 10 to 14%g, equivalent to a VI on the MMI Scale. Figure 27: Massachusetts Seismic Hazards

Source: USGS, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/massachusetts/hazards.php The Weston Observatory at Boston College conducted an analysis on spatial probabilities in New England. According to the analysis there is a 66% chance that the next earthquake of magnitude 2.7 or greater in the region will occur in one of the greens areas in Figure 28. Fall River is located in a higher probability area.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-66 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 28: Spatial Probabilities for New England

Source: 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan The 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan reports there have been 366 earthquakes, of varying degrees, recorded from 1627 to 2012 in Massachusetts. Due to inferior recording and reporting instruments, prior to the 20th century, it is difficult to estimate the probability of future occurrences based on historical data. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future earthquakes in Fall River is likely even though they cannot be predicted and may occur any time of the day or year. As noted in the 2013 State Hazard Mitigation Plan, a 1994 USGS report found that the probability of a magnitude 5.0 or greater earthquake centered in New England in a 10-year period is about 10%-15%. The probability is expected to rise to 41% - 56% for a 50-year period. The last earthquake with a magnitude above 5.0 took place in New Hampshire’s Ossipee Mountains in 1940. 4.3.12.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to earthquakes according to data provided by Weston Observatory and USGS earthquake hazard maps. The City has a greater likelihood of activity than western parts of the state. The City’s coastal topography, dense population and older infrastructure that is not designed to withstand seismic activity increase Fall River’s vulnerability to an earthquake event. In general, earthquake vulnerability is based on cross referencing the built environment with the population for an area. Urban areas in high hazard zones are the most vulnerable due to their densely developed nature, age of structures and infrastructure and number of people. There are over 1,200 sites and buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Fall River demonstrating how the aging structures make the sections of the City more vulnerable to impacts of a seismic event than other municipalities. Structures that are newer

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-67 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 construction are more resistant to earthquakes than older construction due to updated building codes and enforcement. Common impacts of an earthquake may include building and infrastructure damage or failure, rupture of underground utilities, fire, landslides and other disruptions. Secondary impacts of earthquakes can be just as serious and may include dam failure or explosions. Other relevant information that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  Fall River is concerned about earthquakes (low probability but high impact) including water mains breaking - if that happens water service in Fall River is devastatingly impacted.  Fall River had a 3.6 earthquake in the past (2009-2010) and they speculate it caused regional water breaks. 4.3.12.6 HAZUS-MH Analysis – Earthquake Consistent with FEMA’s methodology, the City of Fall river used HAZUS-MH software to measure local level earthquake loss estimates. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan and information provided by the Weston Observatory, the northeastern portion of the State has the greatest vulnerability to potential earthquake activity. Using the software, scenarios were run specifically for the City to evaluate potential economic and social losses should an earthquake occur. For the purposes of this evaluation, HAZUS-MH reported the use of the following information based on the data included in the program:  Over 38,000 households in the region with a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data).  Estimated 18,000 buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of $10.6B.  Approximately 95% of the buildings are associated with residential housing, and  The replacement value of the transportation and utility lifeline systems is estimated to be over $2.5B. The HAZUS-MH model was used to determine loss information associated with earthquake damage for the 100 year and 500 year events. The analysis for Fall River selected and utilized an earthquake magnitude of 7.0 to analyze the potential events even though there is a lower probability of an earthquake with a magnitude over 5.0. Probabilistic events are modeled and they review the damage caused by an event that is likely to occur over a period of time. A summary of the HAZUS-MH 100 and 500 Year Earthquake probabilistic analysis can be found below with the full content located in Appendix C (Table 4-50 through Table 4-53).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-68 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-50: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for 100-Year Earthquake Event

Table 4-51: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy for 500-Year Earthquake Event

Table 4-52: Expected Building Damage by Type for 100-Year Earthquake Event

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-69 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-53: Expected Building Damage by Type for 500-Year Earthquake Event

The HAZUS-MH model does not anticipate substantial damage to essential facilities such as schools, police and fire stations. Expected damage to transportation systems would also be minimal damage and is noted in Table 4-54 and Table 4-55.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-70 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-54: Expected Damage to Transportation System for 100-Year Earthquake Event

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-71 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-55: Expected Damage to Transportation System for 500-Year Earthquake Event

4.3.12.7 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for an earthquake event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a quantitative analysis by using HAZUS-MH. Fall River also prepared a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of an earthquake utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-56).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-72 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-56: Risk Assessment - Earthquake Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Earthquake 1 1 3 2 1.33 3.00 2.17 M

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how an event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-57): Table 4-57: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Earthquake Earthquake - Qualitative Ranking Residents Medium Businesses Medium Buildings High Critical Infrastructure Medium

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained medium. 4.3.12.8 Future Development Considerations Fall River will include earthquake hazard scenario planning during future development and redevelopment efforts. Mitigation measures to lessen the impact of an earthquake occurrence for consideration include:  Stay familiar with changes to the International Code Council (ICC) building codes which are published every three years.  Continue to communicate with the campus population regarding consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for emergency information including safety information, the location of shelters, and additional information.  Coordinate emergency information with neighboring community officials and Bristol County officials as well. 4.3.13 Coastal Erosion Coastal erosion received a medium hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.13.1 Description of the Hazard Coastal zones are dynamic areas that are constantly changing in response to a multitude of factors including, but not limited to, sea level rise, waved patterns, hurricanes, nor’easters, coastal flooding or human influences. In general, coastal erosion refers to the wearing away of land that may result in the removal of beaches, dunes or other shoreline vegetation by substantial wave action, tidal currents or drainage. Coastal erosion may result in long-term sediment, rock and sand loss or the redistribution of these features. In severe cases, the shoreline can be temporarily displaced landward and cause damage to personal property.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-73 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Shoreline structures are a method of mitigation but while they may protect some structures and assets, they can also cause more damage in other areas as a result. 4.3.13.2 Location of the Hazard The City of Fall River has had a significant history with the shoreline. The City’s industrial growth came from use of and reliance on their valuable coastal resources and the majority of Fall River’s coastline has been hardened or developed extensively. The Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) is the lead agency for coastal policy and technical assistance as a part of the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. CZM has been collecting data, studying monitoring shoreline change and remains the authority for coastal erosion along the Commonwealth’s coastline through the StormSmart Coasts program. In 2013, CZM completed an update to the 2001 Shoreline Change Project The product demonstrates how the Massachusetts shoreline has changed from the mid-1800s to 2009.The report results incorporated shoreline data from 2007-2009 as delineated by USGS. The present shoreline was analyzed with other shorelines at 50-meter intervals to compute both short and long-term shoreline change rates. However, Fall River was not incorporated in this study due to protected coastal features and the likelihood of extensive erosion along the southern coastline. 4.3.13.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard The Massachusetts shoreline is eroding and has been over a long period of time at a rate of approximately .56 feet per year.10 A study of shoreline change in Massachusetts by the USGS survey, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Program, and Cape Cod Cooperative Extension reveals that approximately 68 percent, or 513 miles, of Massachusetts' ocean-facing shore exhibits a long-term erosion trend, 30 percent, or 226 miles, shows long-term accretion, and two percent, or 15 miles, shows no net change. 4.3.13.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to FEMA, there has never been a Presidential Disaster Declaration made for coastal erosion in the State of Massachusetts. The NCDC Storm Database does not keep record of erosion events, therefore, data provided for this section have been anecdotal and research based. The City of Fall River has experienced limited erosion due to its extensive coastal development. The coast has historically been protected from extensive coastal erosion from the protection afforded by Mount Hope Bay and Sakonnet River. However, the likelihood of coastal flooding may be amplified if the sea level were to rise thereby increasing the City’s vulnerability to this hazard. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of a future coastal erosion in Fall River is likely. High rates of coastal erosion occur most frequently along

10 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, “Shoreline Change and the Importance of Coastal Erosion,” http://www.whoi.edu/seagrant/page.do?pid=51817&tid=282&cid=88713, May 2013

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-74 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 long sections of shoreline which are consistently subjected to high wave energy and coastal storms. The factors that determine whether or not a community or area may exhibit greater probability for long term coastal erosion include:  Exposure to high-energy storms;  Exposure to high-energy storm waves;  Sediment size and composition of eroding coastal landforms adjacent to shorelines;  Relative sea level rise, and  Human interference with sediment supply (seawalls, jetties). 4.3.13.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to future coastal erosion. Even though the majority of the City’s coastline has been hardened, the modifications remain susceptible to damage over time. Coastal erosion has and can substantially impact coastal areas in the City of Fall River. As storms impact the City, the structures put in place to protect the coastal features may be compromised and make the coast more vulnerable to significant erosion. Generally, the shoreline of a community is an active area where nature and the built environment frequently interact. Coastal storms generate heavy rain and sustained winds and wave action that are forceful and impactful to the shoreline. Secondary impacts of these storms such as flooding, erosion and storm surge further complicate the lasting effects. Coastal erosion in general does not necessarily have an immediate impact on life, property or operations. The impacts of this hazard are a result of repeated occurrences over time of coastal storms that can result in property loss or severe consequences that often require hard infrastructure solutions to protect the built environment. However, coastal erosion and shoreline change can cause significant economic loss due to destruction of buildings, roads, infrastructure, natural resources and habitat areas either through one storm event or through repetitive storm events over time. Other relevant information that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  Heritage Park - state boat ramp erosion/sidewalk collapsed (unclear if this was related to coastal erosion).  Localized erosion occurs throughout the City, generally not coastal (coastal erosion is not a major issue).  Erosion concerns along Draper Street and Atlantic Avenue. 4.3.13.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a coastal erosion event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a coastal erosion event utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-58).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-75 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-58: Risk Assessment – Coastal Erosion Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Coastal 2 2 2 2 2.00 2.00 2.00 M Erosion

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a coastal erosion event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-59): Table 4-59: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Coastal Erosion Coastal Erosion - Qualitative Ranking Residents Low Businesses Low Buildings Medium Critical Infrastructure Medium

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained medium. 4.3.13.7 Future Development Considerations Fall River should continue to include coastal erosion hazard scenario planning during the future development endeavors of the City when and where it makes sense. Measures that may be considered to further address this hazard include:  Evaluate nonstructural approaches to maximize protection of the shoreline,  Focus on protecting and maintaining natural habitats, wetlands and other features that protect against erosion and flooding,  Formalize a maintenance and improvement program of natural features and resources in the City that protect against flooding and erosion,  Continue to conduct stabilization efforts where necessary such as planting native vegetation, and  Evaluate coastal erosion impacts after storm events and plan for recovery and redevelopment once existing conditions are known. 4.3.14 Tsunami Tsunamis received a low hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.14.1 Description of the Hazard A tsunami occurrence is typically characterized by a series of waves that are generated by an undersea disturbance such as an earthquake. According to NOAA, the speed of a tsunami can range from 500 miles

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-76 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 per hour to 20-30 miles per hour in shallower coastline conditions. A tsunami is different from a regular ocean wave because it is associated with a current that travels from the water surface down to the ocean floor. As tsunami waves approach shore, they slow down and cause a “wave pile-up” which causes wave heights to increase along with a continuously flowing “wall of water” which can cause devastating damage in coastal areas. Tsunamis are rare, but not unprecedented in the Atlantic Ocean. In order for a tsunami to cause major damage, there needs to be an earthquake of a magnitude of at least 7 which is rare on the East Coast and the earthquake also has to occur in the ocean. 4.3.14.2 Location of the Hazard The largest source region for tsunamis is the Pacific Ocean with approximately 70 percent of all world occurrences. Within the continental United States, the most vulnerable states are those located near the Pacific Ocean. Figure 29 shows seven earthquake events that have caused tsunamis in the United States, with some of these affecting the East Coast described below. The coastal areas of Massachusetts are exposed to the threat of tsunamis. Although tsunamis on the East Coast of the United States are rare, with about seven percent of all tsunami occurrences in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean, the threat still exists. The primary source of tsunamis for the East Coast is from landslides that occur along the continental slope in the Atlantic Ocean. Depending on the proximity of the slide, a tsunami could reach the coastline within one to four hours11. Another source is due to weather conditions and referred to as a meteotsunami.

11 “East Coast Tsunami Threats” Presentation, National Weather Service, http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/education.html

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-77 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 29: Earthquake Generated Tsunamis in the United States from 900 to 1964

Source: United States Geological Survey 4.3.14.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard A tsunami is classified according to its intensity; often characterized by one of the following types:  Microtsunami – tsunami with a small amplitude that must be observed with instruments but is not observed visually.  Local tsunami – tsunami with destructive effects confined to the coast, usually caused from a nearby source less than 200 km (124 miles) away. Tsunami is usually generated by a small earthquake or landslide.  Regional tsunami – tsunami capable of destruction in a geographic region, generally within 1,000 km (621 miles) of its source.  Pacific-wide tsunami – tsunami capable of widespread destruction in an immediate region or across the Pacific Ocean. Most destructive tsunamis are classified as local or regional and caused by earthquakes. For the United States, NOAA monitors sea height with a network of buoys and tide gauges to identify the height of a tsunami wave and when it will come onshore. This information is used by the NWS to issue watches and warnings for locations along the coast and potential impacts inland. 4.3.14.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to the FEMA, there has not been a Presidential Disaster Declarations made for tsunamis in the State of Massachusetts since 1953. The NCDC Storm Events Database does not report a tsunami occurring in any part of Massachusetts.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-78 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Figure 30 displays how many tsunami events have occurred in the Atlantic Ocean causing run-up heights of 0.01 m to greater than 3.0 m for U.S states and territories. The figure shows how there have been no occurrences of tsunamis along the Eastern continental U.S. Figure 30: Total Number of Tsunami Events

According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future tsunamis in Fall River is unlikely. The likelihood of damaging tsunami along the Massachusetts coastline is low compared to other hazards; however, the impacts could be very high. According to Boston College research, the most probable cause of a tsunami on the East Coast could be from eruptions or underwater landslides of volcanic islands on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, such as the Canary Islands.

4.3.14.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard Fall River is located in a region that is not as vulnerable to tsunamis as the West Coast. However, tsunamis are possible in the Atlantic Ocean and the Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation Plan notes that all of the coastal areas of the state are exposed to the threat of a tsunami event which could occur from a local offshore earthquake or from a major earthquake across the Atlantic Ocean. Tsunamis can have varying impacts on life, property, and local infrastructure. Approximately 255,000 fatalities and 50,000 injuries have been caused by tsunamis from 1900 to 2009, with 98 percent attributed to

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-79 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami12. The primary cause of deaths is drowning. Other impacts can include minor damage to boats and docks along the coast to complete destruction of buildings, infrastructure, and land erosion with significant, long-term social and economic impacts. 4.3.14.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a tsunami event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a tsunami event utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system. The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-60). Table 4-60: Risk Assessment – Tsunami Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Tsunami 1 1 2 2 1.33 2.00 1.67 L

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a tsunami event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-61). Table 4-61: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Tsunami Tsunami - Qualitative Ranking Residents Low Businesses Low Buildings Low Critical Infrastructure Low

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained low. 4.3.14.7 Future Development Considerations Fall River may consider tsunami hazard scenario planning during future development and redevelopment efforts. Mitigation measures may include:  Coordinate weather and emergency information with neighboring communities and State officials. Due to a potential wide spread effect on the East Coast, State and local resources may need to be involved.

12 Public Library of Science (PLOS), “The Human Impact of Tsunamis: a Historical Review of Events 1900-2009 and Systemic Literature Review”, April 16, 2013.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-80 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Coordinate outreach to the campus population with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service. 4.3.15 Hailstorm Hailstorms received a low hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.15.1 Description of the Hazard A hailstorm is considered to be associated with hail when irregular pellets or balls of ice more than 5mm in size are present. Hail is formed when an updraft in a thunderstorm carries rain into parts of the atmosphere where the temperature is below freezing. Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm. 4.3.15.2 Location of the Hazard Hail can occur anywhere in the City of Fall River and is typically a part of a larger storm system such as severe thunderstorms and tornado events. 4.3.15.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard In general, there are some common descriptive terms to describe hail and the associated diameter size, which are listed in Table 4-62. Table 4-62: Hail Descriptions and Diameter Sizes Description Diameter (inches) Pea 0.25 Marble or Mothball 0.50 Penny or Dime 0.75 Nickel 0.88 Quarter 1.00 Half Dollar 1.25 Walnut or Ping Pong Ball 1.50 Golfball 1.75 Hen's Egg 2.00 Tennis Ball 2.50 Baseball 2.75 Tea Cup 3.00 Grapefruit 4.00 Softball 4.5

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-81 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 The presence of large hail indicates very strong updrafts and downdrafts within a thunderstorm, which can also be a possible indicator for tornado activity. The NWS classifies a thunderstorm as severe is if the storm produces hail greater or equal to 0.75 inch in diameter. When hail does occur, it typically lasts for several minutes. 4.3.15.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to FEMA, there has not been a Presidential Disaster Declaration made for hailstorm in the State of Massachusetts. The NCDC tracks storm events and the information Table 4-63 in was available for Bristol County regarding hail occurrences. (). Table 4-63: Hail Event Data for Bristol County (1973 – Present) Location Date Size Death Injury Property Damage BRISTOL CO. 8/7/2014 0.75 in. 0 0 0.00K NORTH BRISTOL 7/24/2012 0.75 in. 0 0 0.00K BRISTOL CO. 6/8/2011 0.75 in. 0 0 0.00K BRISTOL CO. 6/8/2011 0.75 in. 0 0 0.00K NORTH BRISTOL 6/24/2008 1.00 in. 0 0 0.00K NORTH BRISTOL 6/24/2008 1.00 in. 0 0 0.00K FALL RIVER 6/22/1997 0.75 in. 0 0 0.00K BRISTOL CO. 7/27/1989 0.75 in. 0 0 0.00K BRISTOL CO. 7/7/1974 0.75 in. 0 0 0.00K Totals: 0 0 0.00K Source: NCDC Storm Events Database http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/

The 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan included information about a hail event in Bristol County caused by an intense thunderstorm on May 24, 2009. There was minor flooding, winds exceeding 70 mph, and quarter sized to golf-sized hail. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future hailstorms in Fall River is likely. NOAA’s Storm Prediction Center National Severe Storms Laboratory has created a tool using historical weather data to assist in identifying the likelihood of an event producing hail greater than 0.75 inches13. According to the output, Fall River is most susceptible to hail events between May and September.

13 NOAA Storm Prediction Center, website: http://www.spc.noaa.gov/new/SVRclimo/climo.php?parm=allHail

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-82 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.15.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to hailstorm events. Although not a frequent occurrence, hail can occur in any location of Massachusetts. Hail is discussed as part of thunderstorm events the Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation Plan which notes that the entire state is susceptible. It notes that one of the more damaging storms was in 1998 and it impacted Bristol County among others. According to NOAA, hail causes $1 billion in damage to crops and property each year in the United States. Agriculture is most affected due to crop damage, even from small size hail. Damage to vehicles, roofs, and landscaping are also common. The impact of hail on public safety is usually minimal unless large diameter hail occurs. 4.3.15.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results After careful consideration of the data available for a hailstorm event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a hailstorm event utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system (). The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-64). Table 4-64: Risk Assessment – Hailstorm Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Hailstorm 1 1 2 1 1.00 2.00 1.50 L

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a hailstorm event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-65): Table 4-65: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Hailstorm Hailstorm - Qualitative Ranking Residents Low Businesses Low Buildings Low Critical Infrastructure Low

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained low. 4.3.15.7 Future Development Considerations Fall River will consider hailstorm hazard scenario planning during their future development endeavors and continue to implement measures to mitigate the impact of hail occurrences. Preventing a hail event is not plausible. Future considerations include the following:

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-83 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Coordinate communication and tracking of weather and emergency information with neighboring community officials, and  Coordinate outreach to public with consistent messaging, information, and instructions via public broadcast, websites, email, and social media for watches and warnings issued by the National Weather Service. 4.3.16 Drought Drought received a low hazard ranking as noted in Table 4-3. The hazard ranking for the City was based on background research, knowledge of the community and facilities and past occurrences. 4.3.16.1 Description of the Hazard Drought occurs when there is an insufficient amount of moisture that has adverse impacts on people, animals or vegetation over a geographic area. Drought can occur over a prolonged period of time where the lack of precipitation directly impacts the hydrologic balance of the environment. Examples of impact include water supply shortages, dry soils which may result in crop failure and changed fish and wildlife behavior including death. Other weather characteristics like consistently high temperatures and low humidity can exacerbate the problem. Results of prolonged drought periods can also have a disastrous economic impact on communities and regions that rely upon water for agriculture and tourism type activities. 4.3.16.2 Location of the Hazard Massachusetts is often considered to be a “water-rich” state and regions throughout the state generally receive between 40 and 50 inches of precipitation on an annual basis. Massachusetts is not immune from experiencing drought conditions and they most often occur when there has been a dry winter. As of December 2014, the City of Fall River is not experiencing drought conditions (see Figure 31). Figure 31: Palmer Drought Index

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-84 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 NOAA also produces a seasonal drought outlook, which depicts large, long-term trends for the United States (see Figure 32). NOAA does not anticipate a drought to impact the City of Fall River within the date range listed below. Figure 32: US Seasonal Drought Outlook

4.3.16.3 Severity and Extent of the Hazard According to the Massachusetts Drought Management Plan, a number of drought indices are available to assess the various impacts of dry conditions. The state uses a multi-index system that takes advantage of several of these indices to determine the severity of a given drought or extended period of dry conditions. Drought Indices14  Palmer Drought Index (PDI) – an index that reflects soil moisture and weather conditions; available from the National Weather Service or National Climate Data Center.  Crop Moisture Index (CMI) – an index that reflects short-term soil moisture conditions as used for agriculture; available from the National Climate Data Center.

14 Massachusetts Drought Management Plan, 2013, website: http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/wrc/droughtplan.pdf

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-85 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  Fire Danger – the fire danger level reflects how favorable conditions are for brush fires. Data factored into the index include weather conditions and available fuel. This is a short-term index, which can change daily. The duration of the index will be used to determine relative drought levels.  Precipitation – a comparison of measured precipitation amounts to 30-year averages. Cumulative amounts for 3, 6 and 12-month periods are factored into the drought determination. This data is available from the DCR, Office of Water Resources.  Groundwater levels – a drought level determination is based on the number of consecutive months groundwater levels are below normal (lowest 25% of period of record). Groundwater conditions maps showing areas of above normal, normal and below normal are provided monthly by the USGS.

 Streamflows – a drought level determination is based on the number of consecutive months streamflow levels are below normal (lowest 25% of period of record). Streamflow condition maps showing areas of above normal, normal and below normal are provided monthly by the U.S Geological Survey.  Reservoirs – a drought level determination will be based on the level of small, medium and large index reservoirs across the state. The reservoir level relative to normal conditions will be considered. DCR and Office of Water Resources, as part of its monthly conditions report, will maintain a list of index water supply reservoirs and their percent full. Table 4-66 defines the drought indices for Massachusetts according to the 2013 Drought Management Plan.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-86 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 4-66: Drought Index Indices (Massachusetts Drought Management Plan, 2013) Drought PDI CMI* Fire* Precipitation Groundwater Streamflow Reservoir Level Reservoir levels at -1.0 to 0.0 to -1.0 2 consecutive months 1 month below Normal Low 1 month below normal or near normal for –1.99 slightly dry below normal** normal** the time of year -1.0 to –1.9 At least 2 out of 3 Small index -2.0 to 2 month cumulative 3 consecutive months Advisory abnormally Moderate consecutive months Reservoirs below -2.99 below 65% of normal below normal** dry below normal** normal 1 of the following criteria met: 3 month cumulative. < -2.0 to –2.9 4-5 consecutive At least 4 out of 5 Medium index -3.0 to 65% or Watch excessively High months below consecutive months Reservoirs below 3.99 6 month cumulative < dry normal** below normal** normal 70% or 12 month cumulative < 70% 1 of the following criteria met: 3 month cumulative < 65% and 6 month cumulative <65% 6-7 consecutive At least 6 out of 7 Large index -4.0 and < -2.9 Or 6 month cumulative Warning V. High months below consecutive months reservoirs below below severely dry <65% and normal** below normal** normal 12 month cumulative <65% Or 3 month cumulative <65% and 12 month cumulative <65%

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-87 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Drought PDI CMI* Fire* Precipitation Groundwater Streamflow Reservoir Level Same criteria as Warning Continuation of -4.0 and <-2.9 >8 months below >7 months below Emergency Extreme And Previous month was previous month’s below severely dry normal normal Warning or Emergency conditions

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-88 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.16.4 Previous Occurrences of the Hazard and Probability of Future Events According to FEMA, there has never been a Presidential Disaster Declaration made for drought in the State of Massachusetts. The NCDC Storm Events Database listed the following drought event in Bristol County:  April/ May 2012 – The U.S. Drought Monitor declared a severe drought across the eastern half of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and a portion of Connecticut from April 12 – May 15, 2012. Precipitation had been half of the normal amount between January 2012 and April 2012, which caused rivers and streams to run at low levels during the spring run-off season. One major impact of this meteorological drought was an increase in fire danger. The most severe drought, on record, in Massachusetts occurred from 1961 - 1969. The eastern portion of the state experienced two drought scenarios in the past ten years, or an average of .18 drought events per year. As noted in the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the nationwide drought in 2012 was the most extensive drought event in the U.S. since the 1930s. Massachusetts experienced the driest start to the year on record from January 2012 through March 2012 producing only six inches of total precipitation. According to the 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, the probability of future occurrences is defined by the number of events over a specified period of time. For the purpose of this plan, the probability of future drought events in Fall River is likely. The last major drought in Fall River occurred in 1981. The 2013 Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan designated drought as a low frequency hazard even though there is a potential for widespread impact. 4.3.16.5 Potential Impacts and Vulnerability to the Hazard The City of Fall River is vulnerable to drought. A drought event could have significant social impacts including mental and physical stress, public safety, health, quality of life and inequities in the distribution of impacts and disaster relief. Drought can substantially impact varying sectors like agriculture, wildfire and recreation, energy, municipal and fish and wildlife. Decreasing flow of streams and rivers due to a lack of precipitation can secondarily impact drinking water supplies, wildlife and recreational activities. It can also affect other users such as power generation and water and wastewater utilities. In a City setting, drought conditions could impact landscaping, and potable water for homeowner and business use. Long-term effects include impacts to the local economy and environment that have social implications. Fall River receives its water supply from two natural sources: the North Watuppa Pond and the Copicut Reservoir. Monitoring drought conditions for the state is important to Fall River not only directly, but also indirectly because the City’s water resources also provide services and support for surrounding municipalities. Other relevant information that was captured during the stakeholder interviews includes:  Fall River suffered from a drought event in the 1980s; levels were 9" below average. (1981 was the last big drought).  Fall River has a maximum of 24MGD they can pump for water (they currently pump 10 MGD).  In the drought they pumped 15-18 MGD – there is a significant concern about drinking water availability during future drought events.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-89 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 4.3.16.6 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results

After careful consideration of the data available for a drought event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of a drought event utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system (). The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-67). Table 4-67: Risk Assessment – Drought Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Drought 1 2 1 1 1.33 1.00 1.17 L

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how a drought event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-68): Table 4-68: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Drought Drought - Qualitative Ranking Residents Low Businesses Low Buildings Low Critical Infrastructure Low

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained low. 4.3.16.7 Future Development Considerations Fall River will consider drought hazard scenario planning during the future development endeavors of the City. Measures should be in place to position the community favorably should a drought scenario occur that would impact the water supply. The following considerations will be incorporated into future planning activities.  Adequate fire suppression ability for emergency response activities throughout the City,  Delivery of water in all new buildings,  Possibility of capturing and reusing water throughout the City for a variety of purposes,  Development of emergency procedures, refinement of the City of Fall River emergency procedures for back up or interim water supply options and connections should there be disruption of service to City or area served by the water supply. 4.3.17 Urban Fire While Urban Fire may not be a formal natural hazard occurrence according to FEMA, for the purposes of this Hazard Mitigation Planning effort, Fall River felt that it was extremely important to include. An urban fire is an

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-90 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 uncontrolled fire in an urban area affecting residential or commercial properties, which due to the dense nature of some areas, age of buildings and construction material of the buildings, can spread quickly. Notable fires that have occurred in Fall River include:  1987 Kerr Mill Complex Fire  1982 Norte Dame de Lourdes Church Fire  1981 Richard Borden Mill Fire  1973 Firestone Complex Fire During the stakeholder interviews for this planning effort, local officials expressed concern over fires occurring in one of the many abandoned mills in the City that do not have sprinkler systems. Another concern is the 100+ abandoned single and multi-family homes and the balloon frame three story houses with known faulty wiring. Between October 2014 – December 2014, there were 19 structure fires. 4.3.17.1 Risk Assessment Methodology, Limitations and Results

Fall River chose to prepare a risk ranking for an urban fire event. After careful consideration of the data available for an urban fire event and its impact to the City of Fall River, the risk assessment for this natural hazard has been developed as a qualitative assessment of the frequency, duration, severity, intensity, probability and consequence of an urban fire utilizing a low, medium, high and severe ranking system (). The ranking given for the City of Fall River was based on background research, knowledge of City facilities and past occurrences (Table 4-69). Table 4-69: Risk Assessment – Urban Fire Risk Frequency Duration Severity Intensity Probability Consequence Ranking 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 (F,D,I) 40% (S) 60% Total L,M,H,S Urban 2 2 4 4 2.67 4.00 3.33 S Fire

After reviewing the initial ranking and conducting further research, specific consideration was given to how an event would impact residents, buildings, businesses and critical infrastructure in the City of Fall River (Table 4-70): Table 4-70: Qualitative Risk Assessment – Urban Fire Urban Fire - Qualitative Ranking Residents Severe Businesses High Buildings Severe Critical Infrastructure High

As a result of considering these additional factors, the overall ranking remained severe.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 4-91 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 5. GOALS & OBJECTIVES

5.1 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES Fall River thoroughly assessed the each of the hazards profiled in Section 4.3 and developed the following long-term goals and objectives. According to the FEMA guidance, a goal serves as a general guideline that explains what a community would like to achieve and an objective defines a specific strategy or implementation step that will help reach a specific goal. A mitigation action is a specific task that the City can implement which directly relates to its goals and objectives and measure what has been achieved. The following goals in Table 5-1 were prepared to guide the implementation of this Hazard Mitigation Plan. Table 5-1: Goals & Objectives

Goal/Objective Explanation Promote and implement projects, programs, policies and plans that reduce the Goal 1 City’s vulnerability to natural hazards. Maintain and implement a hazard mitigation plan that encourages action by Objective 1-A stakeholders. Work collaboratively with stakeholders to integrate resiliency into project planning Objective 1-B efforts. Objective 1-C Execute hazard mitigation concepts and actions based on prioritization in the plan. Implement cost-effective mitigation actions that protect structures, hazard Goal 2 prone areas and infrastructure from all hazard events. Objective 2-A Establish strategy to mitigate properties in hazard prone areas. Objective 2-B Define criteria to measure losses avoided as a result of mitigation actions. Monitor the implementation of projects through closeout and beyond to establish Objective 2-C best practice strategies. Increase coordination between City, State, and Federal partners to effectively Goal 3 carry out long-term mitigation activities. Utilize existing resources and expertise to pursue future hazard mitigation funding Objective 3-A opportunities. Objective 3-B Promote communication about mitigation policies and procedures to stakeholders. Objective 3-C Increase and diversify membership of City’s Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee. Goal 4 Encourage protection and preservation of coastal and natural areas. Use appropriate measures to ensure new development or redevelopment will not Objective 4-A increase hazard threats. Support policies, procedures and regulations that promote resilient mitigation efforts Objective 4-B in the natural environment.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 5-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Goal/Objective Explanation Coordinate with coastal stakeholders to identify and prioritize viable actions to Objective 4-C mitigate future loss. Communicate information on natural hazards and the need for hazard Goal 5 mitigation to the public. Evaluate and enhance communication to the public during hazard events to increase Objective 5-A their understanding of (potential and/or actual) impacts to the City. Increase awareness on benefits of hazard resiliency through outreach and Objective 5-B education. Objective 5-C Conduct scenario-based activities and exercises with the public.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 5-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 6. MITIGATION ACTIVITIES & ACTION PLAN

6.1 MITIGATION ACTION PLAN The mitigation actions and projects noted in this section were identified based on the goals and objectives prepared during the planning process, past occurrences and Fall River’s ability and commitment to work closely with staff, residents, neighboring communities and other key stakeholders to ensure public safety. Most of the action items focus on mitigating flooding and hurricane impacts and also the need for additional pre-disaster preparation. Table 6-1 summarizes a list of mitigation projects for the City of Fall River. Each project is tied to the specific hazard addressed and objective achieved. An estimated project cost, duration, implementation timeframe and potential funding source for each mitigation project is identified. The project duration is intended to be the amount of time needed for the City to complete the project from start to finish. The implementation timeframe is the year from the Hazard Mitigation Plan approval date in which the City will try to move forward with the project. A short (within 1-2 years from Hazard Mitigation Plan approval date), medium (within 3-4 years from Hazard Mitigation Plan approval date) or long (5 years from the Hazard Mitigation Plan approval date) reference was used in Table 6-1 to indicate what year of the five year Hazard Mitigation Plan implementation the City will try to focus on the project. The specific funding sources are discussed in Section 6.3. Other projects were also discussed as a part of this planning effort, but they are not categorized as mitigation projects. These projects are listed in Table 6-2 in order to capture and document all projects identified as a part of this process. These projects however were not evaluated to the extent of the primary mitigation projects identified.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 6-1: Fall River Mitigation Projects Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Winter Storms, Ice Develop an ordinance for a new regulation that requires any new 1B, 1C, 4A, 1 $3k 6 months (short) 17 Storms, Nor’easter water line install to be a certain depth/number of feet to avoid 4B breaks/deep freeze impacts. Coastal Storms/Nor’easter, Hurricanes, Winter 1A, 1B, 1C, 1 year 2 Develop and institute a tree management plan and program. $10k 9, 17 Storm, Windstorm, 2C, 4B (short) Earthquakes, Tornado Flood, Hurricane, Winter Storm, Coastal 1A, 1B, 1C, 6 months 3 Storm/Nor’easter, Secure a backup generator/fixed generator for Townsend Hill $50k 9, 10, 17 2C Windstorm, Ice pump station. (short) Storm, Tornado, Earthquake Prepare a formal Shelter Plan that includes policies, procedures 1A, 1B, 1C, 6 months 4 All Hazards and a communication plan for residents regarding what to $25k 9, 10, 17 3B, 5A, 5C do/where to go when sheltering is needed. (medium) Flood, Hurricane, Winter Storm, Secure a generator for the Central Garage and Lewiston Street Coastal locations. Central Garage is used by the City as storm central. 1A, 1B, 1C, 9 months 5 Storm/Nor’easter, $100k 9, 10, 17 Currently, generators are borrowed during storm events. 2C Windstorm, Ice (short) Storm, Tornado, Earthquake

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Redevelop the Central Garage into a new DPW Facility that would 1A, 1B, 1C, 2 years 6 All Hazards also be retrofitted for emergency management/storm central. $2M 9, 10, 17 Currently, this location is a fueling station and it has the ability to 2C, 5A (long) use a generator to pump fuel for emergency vehicles. Evaluate and develop a plan to improve road conditions in the 1A, 1B, 1C, 6 months 7 Wildfire reservation area of Fall River. There is a general concern about 2A, 2C, 4B, $30k 9, 10, 17 the ability to access this area of the community should a wildfire 5C (long) scenario event occur. Evaluate and implement a wayfinding signage program focused 1B, 1C, 3B, 6 months 8 All Hazards on evacuation routes and where to obtain emergency information $50k 9, 10 5A (medium) during an emergency event. Evaluate the need for and secure signage that is informative and 1B, 1C, 3B, 3 months 9 Flooding designates flood hazard areas (i.e. “Subject to Flooding – Do Not $5k 9, 10 5A (short) Enter) 1B, 1C, 3B, 6 months 10 All Hazards Obtain emergency message boards that can be distributed $25k 9, 10 throughout the City and utilized during an emergency event. 5A (short) Coastal Storm/Nor’easter, Review existing regulations and develop additional measures that 1B, 1C, 4A, 6 months 11 Flooding, would foster safe future development from flooding in coastal and $15k 9, 17 4B (short) Hurricanes, inland flood hazard areas. Tsunami Coastal Storm/Nor’easter, With a general concern over Friendship/Riverview Street 1A, 1B, 1C, 1 year 1, 3, 9, 12 Flooding, residential properties, evaluate and determine whether it would 2A, 4A, 4C, $250k 10, 11, 8 Hurricanes, makes sense to acquire/demolish properties in this area and 5A, 5B (long) Tsunami convert the land into open space.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-3 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Coastal Storm/Nor’easter, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1 year 9, 10, 13, 13 Evaluate and install additional storm protection measures for $1M Flooding, Pump House 1 and 2 at the wastewater treatment facility. 2C (long) 14 Hurricanes,

1A, 1B, 1C, 6 months 14 All Hazards Evaluate the need for and secure a mobile power center that $500k 9, 10, 17 would run on diesel and/or natural gas. 2C, 5A (long) Upgrade the emergency communications system. Currently, emergency personnel use cell phones to communicate during 1A, 1B, 1C, 6 months 15 All Hazards emergency events. There is a need to evaluate options such as a $250k 9, 10, 17 formal radio system. Fall River does have some Nextel two way 2C, 5A (long) communication systems, but they do rely on cell phones at DPW to call police/fire. Evaluate and plan for repairs and upgrades to the North Watuppa 4, 8, 9, 1A, 1B, 2A, 1 year 16 Flooding interceptor drain. The drain intercepts flow/drainage and this is a $1M 10, 12, 2B critical infrastructure piece that protects the watershed area and is (long) 13, 14, 17 currently in disrepair and needs work. Evaluate and develop a plan to address tuberculated water mains. 4, 8, 9, 1A, 1B, 2A, 1 year 17 Flooding, Wildfire Fall River has 2,500 hydrants and if there is a large fire, the water $1.5M 10, 12, 2B treatment plant is called to increase the pumping water (long) 13, 14, 17 availability. Flooding, 4, 8, 9, The National Grid substation is in the floodplain. Evaluate 1A, 1B, 2A, 1 year 18 Hurricanes, Coastal potential storm hardening measures/flood proofing options for this $1M 10, 12, 2B (long) Storm/Nor’easter facility. 13, 14, 17 Durfee High School serves as a shelter and has a generator. This 1A, 1B, 1C, 9 months 19 All Hazards location is designated as a mass casualty shelter and can shelter $500k 9, 10, 17 2,000 people. During the high school renovation project – retrofit 2C, 5A (short) the location with additional components for its use as a shelter.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-4 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Winter Storm, Ice The City only has one salt loading location, which is in poor 1A, 2A, 2B, 6 months 20 condition. There is a need to identify and modernize salt storage $100k 9, 10, 17 Storm 5B (short) sheds and more than one location storage is needed. Highland Brook and Cress Brook Description: Cleaning of Route 24 culverts near confluence of Cress Brook and Highland Brook. Project to Address Issue: Route 24 and the Presidents Avenue Rotary (Route 6) are susceptible to flooding during 4, 8, 9, significant rainfall events. Route 24 is a major freeway linking 2 Year 21 Flooding southeastern Massachusetts with the Boston metropolitan area 1B, 2A, 2C $10M 10, 12, and Route 6 is a secondary roadway running parallel to Interstate (medium) 13, 14, 17 Route 195. The road closures present a risk to public health and safety by limiting emergency response routes along these important roadways. Project Resolution: Upgrade existing culverts and clean Highland and Cress Brooks. Mother’s Brook Description: Industrial Park swales need frequent cleaning to avoid backup/spilling at Riggenbach Road toward North Watuppa Pond. Project to Address Issue: Direct 4, 8, 9, discharge of stormwater runoff to the North Watuppa Pond, the 1 Year 22 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $8M 10, 12, City’s primary drinking water supply via reverse flows overtopping (medium) 13, 14, 17 Riggenbach Road. Project Resolution: Restore Mothers Brook to original design configuration and upgrade landfill culverts. Develop comprehensive O&M Plan. North Watuppa Pond Description: Handle catch basins on causeway. Project to Address Issue: Direct discharge of 4, 8, 9, stormwater runoff to the North Watuppa Pond, the City’s primary 2 Years 23 Flooding drinking water supply and flooding of the Causeway. Project 1B, 2A, 2C $12M 10, 12, Resolution: Reconstruction of the North Watuppa Pond (medium) 13, 14, 17 Causeway and approaches at a higher elevation and with new drainage infrastructure.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-5 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe North Watuppa Pond Intercepting Drain Description: Cleaning, repair. Clear heavy trees for maintenance. Project to Flooding, 4, 8, 9, Address Issue: Surcharging of the Drain could reduce the 2 Years 24 Windstorm, hydraulic capacity of upgradient drainage facilities and exacerbate 1B, 2A, 2C $4M 10, 12, (medium) Hurricanes flooding along the Cress and Highland Brooks. Project 13, 14, 17 Resolution: Upgrade and clean the North Watuppa Pond Interceptor Drain. Develop comprehensive O&M Plan. Quequechan River Description: Dredge River. Clean culvert portions. Project to Address Issue: The Quequechan River has a significant impact on upstream areas throughout the City of Fall River. The surface water elevation within the River and South Watuppa Pond directly affects the performance of the upstream brooks, culverts, and closed conduit roadway drainage systems discharging to each. Presently, the City is limited in its ability to 2, 3, 4, 8, 2 Years 25 Flooding lower the surface water elevation within the Quequechan River 1B, 2A, 2C $50M 9, 10, 12, and South Watuppa Pond; therefore limiting its ability to control (long) 13, 14, 17 flooding issues and the discharge of untreated stormwater to important resource areas throughout the City. The City’s inability to adequately control the surface water elevation within the South Watuppa Pond also results in the flooding of private properties located along the Pond. Proposed Resolution: Upgrade and clean existing infrastructure along the Quequechan River. Re- route downstream portions of the river.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-6 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Roads in State Forest Description: Rebuild with porous paving/deep catch basins/stormwater management. Project to Address Issue: The State Forest Roadways are in very poor 2, 3, 4, 8, condition and contain no existing drainage infrastructure resulting 3 Years 26 Wildfire, Flooding in public and emergency vehicle access limitations, untreated 1B, 2A, 2C $45M 9, 10, 12, (long) stormwater discharges to the North Watuppa Pond and erosion 13, 14, 17 and sedimentation control issues. Proposed Resolution: Reconstruct the State Forest Roadways with new drainage infrastructure. Steep Brook Description: Culvert near Collins Street has Flooding, 2, 3, 4, 8, Hurricane, insufficient capacity. Project to Address Issue: The Culvert is 1 Year 27 unable to convey Steep Brook during significant rainfall events 1B, 2A, 2C $4M 9, 10, 12, Coastal (long) causing the Brook to surcharge its banks and flood down gradient 13, 14, 17 Storm/Nor’easter areas. Proposed Resolution: Upgrade culvert. Terry Brook Description: Capacity issue of culvert at Meridian. Brook periodically overtops Meridian Street. Clear heavy trees. Flooding, 2, 3, 4, 8, Hurricane, Project to Address Issue: The City has experienced flooding 1 Year 28 during rainfall events along Meridian Street and at adjacent 1B, 2A, 2C $1M 9, 10, 12, Coastal residential properties resulting in significant damage to public and (long) 13, 14, 17 Storm/Nor’easter private infrastructure because of an undersized 24-inch Culvert. Proposed Resolution: Upgrade culvert. Alden Street Area. Frequent blockages at Choate Street. Clay sewer failure. Alden Street sewer needs to be replaced. 2, 3, 4, 8, Frequent SSO location at Alden Street/Merino Street 3 Years 29 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $13.4M 9, 10, 12, intersection. Project to Address Issue: Replace/upsize (long) 13, 14, 17 sewer along Alden Street from East Warren Street to Quequechan Street.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-7 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Bigelow Street Capacity/SSO Issue. Project to Address Issue: Replace/upsize sewer on Stetson Street and New Boston Road to Oak Grove Avenue. Possible sewer 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 30 Flooding separation (new drains to Cress Brook – requires analysis of 1B, 2A, 2C $6M 9, 10, 12, (long) Cress Brook capacity due to existing issues and scheduled 13, 14, 17 improvements). Install sewer backflow preventers on sewer service connections. Brayton Avenue Area/Rodman Street Area. Capacity/SSO issue with high intensity storms (Brayton Avenue/Rodman Street). Need drainage review. Sewer backups at multiple homes in the area. Project to Address Issue: Rodman Street sewer separation (Brayton Avenue west of Rodman 2, 3, 4, 8, 3 Years 31 Flooding Street)/Drainage improvements (new drain to Quequechan 1B, 2A, 2C $29.7M 9, 10, 12, (long) River along Brayton Avenue). Rodman Street sewer 13, 14, 17 separation also includes new drain to Chace Pond via Warren Street and new drain to Quequechan River between Lowell Street and Lawrence Street. Install sewer backflow preventers on sewer service connections. Carl Street and Tucker Street. Capacity issue with larger storms. Add drains to Sucker Brook or Cook Pond. Sucker Brook needs cleaning. SSO locations on Tucker Street, Carl 2, 3, 4, 8, 2 Years 32 Flooding Street, and Lawton Street. Project to Address Issue: 1B, 2A, 2C $12.4M 9, 10, 12, (long) Replace/upsize sewer along Carl Street, Tucker Street and 13, 14, 17 Laurel Street to Globe Street. Sewer separation (new drain to Sucker Brook under Route 24).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-8 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Easter Avenue. Eroding soil in median. SSO caused by sewer bottleneck near Eastern Avenue/Pleasant Street 2, 3, 4, 8, intersection in median. Project to Address Issue: 1 Year 33 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $900k 9, 10, 12, Replace/upsize sewer to remove bottleneck from Eastern (long) 13, 14, 17 Avenue along Pleasant Street and Webster Street to Alden Street. Gagnon Street to Horton Street. Pipe and/or inlet capacity issue/SSO. Flooding at low point on Barnes Street. Sewer backup. Project to Address Issue: Sewer separation (new 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 34 Flooding drain through cross-country easement to existing drain on 1B, 2A, 2C $4.1M 9, 10, 12, (long) Eastern Avenue), Additional catch basins to improve inlet 13, 14, 17 capacity at low points. Install sewer backflow preventers on sewer service connections. Highland Avenue. Street flooding at low point. SSO and stormwater flooding issues. Project to Address Issue: 2, 3, 4, 8, 2 Years 35 Flooding Sewer separation around Harvard Street (new drain to 1B, 2A, 2C $14.2M 9, 10, 12, (long) Highland Brook – contingent on Highland Brook 13, 14, 17 improvements). Langley Street and Nichols Street near Elsbree Street. Flooding during larger storms. Separated area. Project to Address Issue: Drainage improvements required: dredging 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 36 Flooding of Highland Brook wetlands upstream of Nichols Street and 1B, 2A, 2C $2.3M 9, 10, 12, (long) downstream of Langley Street, drainage 13, 14, 17 replacement/upgrades along Langley Street, construct new swale south of Langley Street.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-9 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Lindsey Street @ Ballard Street (Brownell Street Area). Flooding at low point near Ballard Street. Sewer backup/SSO. Project Issue: Sewer 2, 3, 4, 8, 2 Years 37 Flooding replacement/realignment/relocation along Lindsey Street, 1B, 2A, 2C $10.5M 9, 10, 12, (long) Sewer separation from Brownell Street sewer interceptor 13, 14, 17 (new drains to existing drainage along North Main Street/President Avenue). Miller Street. Flooding at housing authority dead end. Additional capacity/inlet capacity needed. Sewer backups at multiple homes along Miller Street/SSO. Project to Address Issue: Sewer separation (new drain to Cook Pond outlet 2, 3, 4, 8, stream via Dwelly Street) – requires detailed Cook Pond 2 Years 38 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $8.1M 9, 10, 12, stream capacity analysis. Install sewer backflow preventers (long) 13, 14, 17 on sewer service connections. Note: If sewer separation unattainable, sewer pipe upgrades will be required in this location: Replace/upsize sewer along Miller Street, Rhode Island Avenue, and Plymouth Avenue to Globe Street. New Development off Mariano Bishop Boulevard (Whitefield St/Frederick St/Bronson St/Lynwood St). Drainage issue. Drainage evaluation of 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 39 Flooding brooks/culverts/drains. Development built in low-lying, wet 1B, 2A, 2C $4M 9, 10, 12, (long) area. Project to Address Issue: Drainage improvements 13, 14, 17 required: New drain for subdivision with new outfall to Cook Pond.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-10 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe North Main Street Drainage (President Ave and Cove St Locations). Check inlet capacity on existing separated drains. Connect drain in President Avenue to outfall downstream of President Avenue CSO facility. Project to 2, 3, 4, 8, Address Issue: Additional catch basins required along 1 Year 40 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $1.8M 9, 10, 12, North Main Street in various locations. Redirection of (long) 13, 14, 17 President Avenue, separate drainage discharge from location near President Avenue CSO Regulator to new stub located near new President Ave CSO Screening & Disinfection Facility. Powell Street Area. Drainage issue. Pipe under Route 24 to Sucker Brook. Stormwater flooding in fall from leaf 2, 3, 4, 8, accumulation on two catch basins at low point. Project to 1 Year 41 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $900k 9, 10, 12, Address Issue: Additional catch basins and drainage (long) 13, 14, 17 extension required along Powell Street to improve inlet capacity during high intensity rainfall.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-11 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Walmart Entrance (Jefferson St/Warren Street/Quequechan St Intersection). Stormwater flooding along Jefferson Street and at Jefferson Street/Cambridge Street intersection (actual Walmart Plaza Entrance) and at Jefferson Street/Warren Street/Quequechan Street three- way intersection. Project to Address Issue: Dredging of 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 42 Flooding Chace Pond, clearing of existing drainage outfall locations. 1B, 2A, 2C $6M 9, 10, 12, (long) Additional catch basins required at three-way intersection 13, 14, 17 and pipe replacement/upgrade required from intersection toward outfall. See ‘Warren/Oman Street Drain’ location for Jefferson St drainage improvements (includes actual Walmart plaza entrance at Jefferson/Cambridge intersection). Warren/Oman Street Drain. Flooding on Warren Street. Tailwater issue. Expand drain. Coordinate with river dredging. Project to Address Issue: Dredging of Chace Pond, clearing of existing drainage outfall/swale locations. Additional catch basins required at Oman Street/Ryan Street 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 43 Flooding intersection. Additional catch basins required at Jefferson 1B, 2A, 2C $9M 9, 10, 12, (long) Street intersections with Oman Street, Grinnell Street, and 13, 14, 17 Cambridge Street (Walmart plaza Entrance) with drainage extension to Warren Street drain. Redirect stormwater flow coming from Brayton Avenue to proposed drain along Brayton Avenue toward the east. City Pier Area. Chronic flooding on Davol Street/SSOs. A 2, 3, 4, 8, portion of this area is in flood Zone AE. CSO control 10-15 Years 44 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $42M 9, 10, 12, required. Project to Address Issue: Sewer (long) 13, 14, 17 separation/drainage improvements

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-12 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Central Street/Heritage State Park Area. Located within 2, 3, 4, 8, flood Zone VE. Infiltration issue with high tides on Central 3 Months 45 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $600k 9, 10, 12, Street. Project to Address Issue: Sewer replacement or (short) 13, 14, 17 lining CSO Tunnel. Inspection and infrastructure renewal. Failure of this system can result in a significant SSO and damage. 2, 3, 4, 8, Project to Address Issue: Periodic cleaning/inspection of 9 months 46 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $250k 9, 10, 12, tunnel. Equipment renewal of gates/controls at drop shafts. (medium) 13, 14, 17 Equipment renewal of fan fault. Update SCADA/remote communication. East End Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. 2, 3, 4, 8, Remote PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs 18 Months 47 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $4M 9, 10, 12, with high flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: (medium) 13, 14, 17 Replace PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA. Ferry Street Pump Station. Located within flood Zone VE. Remote PS with limited communication. Aging 2, 3, 4, 8, 18 Months 48 Flooding infrastructure/equipment. Potential for SSOs with high 1B, 2A, 2C $3M 9, 10, 12, (long) flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: Replace 13, 14, 17 PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA Evaluate Sewer to Interceptor. Capacity/SSO issue. 2, 3, 4, 8, 6 Months 49 Flooding Project to Address Issue: Sewer pipe under the railroad 1B, 2A, 2C $3M 9, 10, 12, (long) tracks is too small. Replace/upsize. 13, 14, 17 Hancock/Norman/Wood/Newhall/Spencer/Dickenson 2, 3, 4, 8, Streets. Intermittent drainage channel/street flooding. 1 Year 50 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $2.5M 9, 10, 12, Project to Address Issue: Drainage improvements/Raise (long) 13, 14, 17 roadway

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-13 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Joseph Drive Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Remote PS with limited 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 51 Flooding communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power 1B, 2A, 2C $1.6M 9, 10, 12, (medium) failure. Project to Address Issue: Replace PS/replace 13, 14, 17 force main as necessary/add SCADA Kempton/Roosevelt Streets. Drainage problem at dead 2, 3, 4, 8, end streets that abut wastewater treatment facility (WWTF). 1 Year 52 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $1.1M 9, 10, 12, Project to Address Issue: Sewer extension/drainage (long) 13, 14, 17 improvements. Lowell/Rodman Streets. Street Flooding with higher 2, 3, 4, 8, 2 Years 53 Flooding intensity storms. Project to Address Issue: Sewer 1B, 2A, 2C $5M 9, 10, 12, (long) separation 13, 14, 17 Main Interceptor (Central Street to President Avenue). Main Interceptor river crossing is exposed to tidal flows and in questionable condition. Sediments in pipe. Chronic flooding 2, 3, 4, 8, $8M 1 Year 54 Flooding on Davol Street/SSOs. Project to Address Issue: Replace 1B, 2A, 2C 9, 10, 12, (long) interceptor at river crossing. Cleaning project from Davol 13, 14, 17 Street to Central Street PS. Install grit chamber. Coordinate with City Pier sewer separation project to address flooding. Martine Street PS. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Located on the shore of South Watuppa Pond/Flood Zone A. 2, 3, 4, 8, Remote PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs 6 Months 55 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $500k 9, 10, 12, with high flows/power failure. Limited access. No site (medium) 13, 14, 17 security. Project to Address Issue: Add SCADA/improved access/security

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-14 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe McMahon, Amity Street Pump Station. Aging infrastructure, equipment. Remote PS with limited 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 Months 56 Flooding communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power 1B, 2A, 2C $3M 9, 10, 12, (long) failure. Project to Address Issue: 13, 14, 17 Replace PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA. Meridian Street Pump Station. Aging 2, 3, 4, 8, infrastructure/equipment. Remote PS with limited 6 Months 57 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $500k 9, 10, 12, communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power (medium) 13, 14, 17 failure. Project to Address Issue: Rehabilitation/SCADA. Middle Street. Street flooding/basement flooding/SSOs. 2, 3, 4, 8, Recent flooding events resulted in temporary closures of St. 5 Years 58 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $15M 9, 10, 12, Anne’s Hospital emergency room. Project to Address (long) 13, 14, 17 Issue: Sewer separation/drainage improvements Middle Street Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. No generator. Remote PS with 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 59 Flooding limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high 1B, 2A, 2C $1.1M 9, 10, 12, (medium) flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: 13, 14, 17 Replace PS/replace force main, add SCADA and generator. Potter Street. Water jumps the berm to low-lying house. 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 60 Flooding Project to Address Issue: Address as part of Birch Street 1B, 2A, 2C $1M 9, 10, 12, (medium) sewer separation project. Additional inlet capacity. 13, 14, 17 President Avenue/Oak Grove Avenue/Bedford Street Area. Address SSOs between President Avenue and See See Project 2, 3, 4, 8, 61 Flooding Stafford Square. Project to Address Issue: Expand 1B, 2A, 2C Project 68 9, 10, 12, sewers/sewer separation downstream of President Avenue 68 (long) 13, 14, 17 PS to Stafford Square.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-15 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe President Avenue Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/failing equipment. Remote PS with limited 2, 3, 4, 8, 18 Months 62 Flooding communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power 1B, 2A, 2C $10M 9, 10, 12, (long) failure. Project to Address Issue: 13, 14, 17 Replace PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA. Riverview Street. Capacity issue/manhole pops/SSO. 2, 3, 4, 8, 3 Months 63 Flooding Project to Address Issue: Expand sewer to provide 1B, 2A, 2C $1.5M 9, 10, 12, (long) sufficient capacity. 13, 14, 17 Ross Matthews/Father Devalles Boulevard Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Remote PS with 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 64 Flooding limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high 1B, 2A, 2C $2.5M 9, 10, 12, (long) flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: Replace 13, 14, 17 PS/replace force main, add SCADA. Sewers on Bridges. Address issues with non-buried 6 Months 65 Flooding sewers. Project to Address Issue: Scheduled 1B, 2A, 2C $1M 6 (long) inspection/replacement as needed. So. Watuppa Pond Shoreline Area. Houses along the 2, 3, 4, 8, shoreline with septic systems. Drainage discharges. Project 6 Months 66 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $6M 9, 10, 12, to Address Issue: Expand collection system to Fall River (long) 13, 14, 17 “peninsula” and into Westport/Tiverton. South End Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. 2, 3, 4, 8, Remote PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs 18 Months 67 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $4M 9, 10, 12, with high flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: (long) 13, 14, 17 Replace PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA. Stafford Square and Upstream. Chronic Flooding/SSOs. 2, 3, 4, 8, 18 Months 68 Flooding Capacity limitation/sedimentation. Project to Address 1B, 2A, 2C $25M 9, 10, 12, (long) Issue: Need expanded sewer and drainage infrastructure. 13, 14, 17

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-16 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Project Potential Objectives Estimated Duration/ # Hazard Addressed Project Description Funding Addressed Cost Implementation Source Timeframe Sykes Road. SSO at low point in cross-country sewer to the 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 Months 69 Flooding Wilson Road PS. Project to Address Issue: I/I Study and 1B, 2A, 2C $1M 9, 10, 12, (long) sewer replacement. 13, 14, 17 Travassos Park Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. No generator. Remote PS with 2, 3, 4, 8, 1 Year 70 Flooding limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high 1B, 2A, 2C $1.1M 9, 10, 12, (long) flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: 13, 14, 17 Replace with low presser sewer or ejectors. Valentine Street Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. No generator. Remote PS with 2, 3, 4, 8, 18 Months 71 Flooding limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high 1B, 2A, 2C $1.6M 9, 10, 12, (medium) flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: 13, 14, 17 Replace PS/replace force main, add SCADA and generator. Wilson Road Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. 2, 3, 4, 8, Remote PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs 18 months 72 Flooding 1B, 2A, 2C $900k 9, 10, 12, with high flows/power failure. Project to Address Issue: (long) 13, 14, 17 Replace PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA. Wastewater Treatment Facility. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Limited SCADA for operations communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power 2, 3, 4, 8, 4 Years 73 Flooding failure. Located within Zones VE, AE and AO. Anticipate 1B, 2A, 2C $250M 9, 10, 12, (long) pending NPDES permit will require nitrogen removal. 13, 14, 17 Project to Address Issue: Rehabilitate/upgrade the WWTF/add SCADA throughout/address security.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-17 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 6-2: Fall River Non-Mitigation Projects # Project Description The City would like to improve its water holdings/ready to use water. The current situation is that there are 1 large water holdings, but not all of the water is ready to use. 2 Evaluate and develop a plan to better prepare for potential terrorism directed at the school system. Evaluate and develop a plan to better prepare for potential terrorism events directed at the watershed. The 3 water supply site security/gate condition needs to be evaluated and improved. There is a concern over the potential contamination of the public water supply. Evaluate and prioritize the potential purchase of snow guzzlers/snow melters which could be located at 4 Central Garage/DPW/storm central for use during Winter Storm events. (Snow storage has been an issue in the past.) Purchase a lot and develop it for snow holding/debris management. Consideration needs to be given to the 5 potential for contamination. 6 Upgrade Copicut Pump Station. North Wattupa Pump Station is expensive to pump water from. Conduct a study to evaluate this 7 issue. South Wattupa is an emergency water supply that is not really usable right now. Would like to 8 evaluate the potential for building a treatment plant at this location. Fall River does sell water to neighboring communities and they would like to understand the 9 potential for selling more water in the future due to excess capacity. 10 Secure bucket trucks and hire staff to manage a tree program/plan throughout the City. 11 Evaluate electric service/continuity along the waterfront. Develop a pavement management program and expand street repair. Fall River has a lot of older 12 streets that need work/improvement. Pot holes are an issue. Consider adopting a fuel force management system to track trucks, offer verification and 13 monitoring, etc. Fall River is home to numerous abandoned mills, which pose a risk for urban fire. There is limited 14 protection of the structures and their redevelopment has been piecemeal. Continued monitoring, redevelopment potential and/or demolition should be considered. 15 Advancement of all GIS/Asset Management Systems 16 Improve SCADA Water/Wastewater Remote Monitoring Cook Pond and Stream - Evaluation of outlet structure and downstream culvert to Taunton River. Project to Address Issue: Drainage study required. Rehabilitation/replacement of existing pond 17 outlet and control structure(s) and cleaning/inspection of open channel stream and conduits downstream. 18 Langley Street - Correct negative sewer slope at dead end. 19 President Avenue Near Davol Street - Replace sewer to Thompson Street. Warren Connector to QSI (Siphon) - Rehabilitation of the existing siphon under the Quequechan 20 River. Maintenance issue/poor access. 21 Alton Street Basin - CSO control required; likely a sewer separation project. 22 Asset Management - Recommend an asset management system.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-18 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 # Project Description 23 Birch Street Basin - Additional CSO control required; likely a sewer separation project Cove Street CSO Facility - Located in flood Zone AO. Dechlorination likely required in the future. 24 Total flow monitoring desired. 25 Ferry Street Basin - Additional CSO control required; likely a sewer separation project. 26 Hathaway Commons PS - Currently privately owned PS; likely to become City ownership. Highcrest Road - Potential sags in sewer. Add replacement to Alton Street CSO sewer separation 27 scope. Drainage Swales and Post-Development Detention Basin - Need to address maintenance issue. 28 General O&M discussion. 29 Joseph Drive - Groundwater breakout issue near Kyle Court 30 Main Interceptor (WWTF to Ferry Street) - Cleaning project (sediment removal) required. Mt. Hope Avenue - Increase connection between Mt. Hope Avenue sewer and Main Interceptor to 31 minimize CSOs at regulator. Repair CSO outfall. 32 Norman Street PS - Currently privately owned PS; likely to become City ownership. Norman Street/Wood Street Area - Complete service to this area. Coordinate with Norman Street 33 PS. 34 President Avenue Circle Area - I/I reduction needed. 35 President Avenue CSO Facility - New facility (on line summer 2015). 36 Royal Crest PS Currently privately owned PS; likely to become City ownership. 37 Staffing and Equipment Needs - Assess manpower and equipment needs. Wilson Road/No. Main Street - Expand sewer downstream of Wilson Road PS. Replace manholes 38 from Highland Street to Collins Street.

6.2 MITIGATION PROJECT PRIORITIZATION The projects and mitigation activities noted in the previous section that have been proposed meet the FEMA STAPLEE criteria. To meet the STAPLEE criteria, projects and activities must be socially acceptable to the community, technically feasible, protective of or beneficial to the environment and are backed by legal authority and consistent with current laws, consider economic benefits and costs and include environmental considerations. The goals and objectives proposed in this Plan are intended to fulfill at a minimum the following STAPLEE criteria identified in Table 6-3.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-19 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 6-3: STAPLEE Criteria STAPLEE CRITERIA Social Improve the quality of life and reduce neighborhood impacts.  Include public support and involvement.  Consider effects on selected segments of the population.  Compatible with present and future community.  Consider cultural impacts on the community. Technical Develop technically feasible mitigation efforts.  Effective in reduction of long-term losses, impacts and risks.  Effective in minimizing secondary losses.  Effective in solving the problem and not only the symptoms. Administrative Provide resources and staffing to implement proposed actions.  Jurisdiction and capability necessary to implement an action.  Ability to accomplish activities in a timely manner.  Ability to maintain and manage the mitigation measure. Political Acceptable to and supported by community politicians.  Have full support of the City Mayor and other key stakeholders.  Involve political leaders in the planning process.  Support and involvement of stakeholders.  Public support and involvement. Legal Legal authority to undertake an action.  Meet all applicable regulatory requirements.  Define the roles of Local, State and Federal governments.  Provide a legal basis for mitigation actions.  Assure laws, regulations, ordinances, and resolutions are in place.  Identify liabilities for an action or lack of an action.  Consider needs for legal counsel. Economic Develop affordable and cost effective mitigation efforts.  Obtain budget and funding for an action.  Economic costs and benefits of a mitigation action.  Burden to the tax base or local economy. Environmental Improve environmental quality.  Identify and evaluate environmental impacts.  Compliance with all environmental laws and regulations.  Benefit the environment from a mitigation action.

Implementation of projects and mitigation activities were prioritized by a qualitative ranking of high, medium or low. STAPLEE criteria was applied to the extent possible to all of the projects and mitigation activities that have been identified in the Hazard Mitigation Plan and priorities were evaluated based on need, cost- effectiveness, number of hazards addressed, number of objectives met and funding eligibility. Fall River utilized a qualitative assessment (high, medium, low) for prioritizing projects and mitigation activities for this plan.  High Priority – Denotes a project or mitigation activity that meets multiple plan objectives, addresses multiple hazards, has benefits that outweigh potential costs, has funding secured or is able to be

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-20 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 funded through the municipal budget and may be eligible for grant funding. Projects of high priority have the potential to be completed within the next 5 years.  Medium Priority – Denotes a project or mitigation activity that meets some goals and objectives, addresses some hazards, has benefits that outweigh potential costs, funding is not in place but could be through municipal allocation or grant funding.  Low Priority – Denotes a project that meets at least one goal/objective, addresses at least on hazard, costs may outweigh the benefits, funding has not been secured and grant eligibility is unclear and the timeframe for completion is probably long term. Plan implementation will focus on the projects and mitigation activities that have the highest level priority associated with them. Over time and as the plan is implemented, priorities may change due to new funding sources, information or future hazard events. During the annual review of this Plan there will be a specific review of the list of projects and mitigation activities to make sure that the prioritization ranking for each one is still the most appropriate. Table 6-4 indicates the project number, responsible party and whether or not the project meets each individual STAPLEE criteria at a high, medium or low level. After taking this information into consideration, each project was given a qualitative high, medium or low ranking.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-21 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Table 6-4: Fall River Project Prioritization

Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 1 Develop an ordinance for a new regulation that requires any Planning, Low Medium High High Medium Medium Medium new water line install to be a certain depth/number of feet to Water avoid breaks/deep freeze impacts. Division 2 Develop and institute a tree management plan and program. Public Works, High Medium High Medium Low High High Emergency Management 3 Secure a backup generator/fixed generator for Townsend Hill. Public Works Medium High Medium Low Low Low Medium 4 Prepare a formal Shelter Plan that includes policies, Emergency Medium High High Low Low Low Medium procedures and a communication plan for residents regarding Management what to do/where to go when sheltering is needed. 5 Secure a generator for the Central Garage and Lewiston Public Works Medium High Medium Medium Low Low Medium Street locations. Central Garage is used by the City as storm central. Currently, generators are borrowed during storm events. 6 Redevelop the Central Garage into a new DPW Facility that Public Works, Medium High Medium Low Low Medium Medium would also be retrofitted for emergency management/storm Emergency central. Currently, this location is a fueling station and it can Management use a generator to pump fuel for emergency vehicles.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-22 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 7 Evaluate and develop a plan to improve road conditions in the Public Works Medium Low Medium Medium Low Low Low reservation area of Fall River. There is a general concern about the ability to access this area of the community should a wildfire scenario event occur. 8 Evaluate and implement a wayfinding signage program Emergency Medium High High Low Low Low Medium focused on evacuation routes and where to obtain emergency Management information during an emergency event. 9 Evaluate the need for and secure signage that is informative Public Works, Medium High High Low Low Medium Medium and designates flood hazard areas (i.e. “Subject to Flooding – Emergency Do Not Enter) Management 10 Obtain emergency message boards that can be distributed Emergency High High High Medium Low Low High throughout the City and utilized during an emergency event. Management 11 Review existing regulations and develop additional measures Planning Medium Medium High Low Low Low Medium that would foster safe future development from flooding in coastal and inland flood hazard areas. 12 With a general concern over Friendship/Riverview Street Planning, Low Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low residential properties, evaluate and determine whether it Emergency would makes sense to acquire/demolish properties in this Management area and convert the land into open space. 13 Evaluate and install additional storm protection measures for Public Works, Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Low Pump House 1 and 2. Sewer Division

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-23 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 14 Evaluate the need for and secure a mobile power center that Emergency Medium High High Low Low Low Medium would run on diesel and/or natural gas. Management 15 Upgrade the emergency communications system. Currently, Emergency Medium High High High Medium Medium Medium emergency personnel use cell phones to communicate during Management, emergency events. There is a need to evaluate options such Public Works as a formal radio system. Fall River does have some Nextel two way communication systems, but they do rely on cell phones at DPW to call police/fire. 16 Evaluate and plan for repairs and upgrades to the North Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium Watuppa interceptor drain. The drain intercepts flow/drainage Sewer, Water and this is a critical infrastructure piece that protects the Division watershed area and it is in disrepair and needs work. 17 Evaluate and develop a plan to address tuberculated water Public Works, High Medium High High Low Medium Medium mains. Fall River has 2,500 hydrants and if there is a large Water fire, the water treatment plant is called to increase the Division pumping water availability. 18 The National Grid substation is in the floodplain and this is a Public Works, Medium Medium High High Medium Medium Medium major concern. Evaluate potential storm hardening Engineering measures/flood proofing options for this facility.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-24 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 19 Durfee High School serves as a shelter, there is a generator. Emergency Medium High High Medium Low Medium High This location is designated as a mass casualty shelter and Management can shelter 2,000 people. During the high school renovation project – retrofit the location with additional components for its use as a shelter. 20 The City only has one salt loading location, which is in poor Public Works Medium Medium High Medium Low Low Medium condition. There is a need to identify and modernize salt storage sheds and more than one location storage is needed 21 Highland Brook Description: Cleaning of Route 24 culverts Public Works, Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Medium near confluence of Cress Brook and Highland Brook. Project: Engineering Route 24 and the Presidents Avenue Rotary (Route 6) are susceptible to flooding during significant rainfall events. Route 24 is a major freeway linking southeastern Massachusetts with the Boston metropolitan area and Route 6 is a secondary roadway running parallel to Interstate Route 195. The road closures present a risk to public health and safety by limiting emergency response routes along these roadways. Resolution: Upgrade existing culverts and clean Highland and Cress Brooks.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-25 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 22 Mother’s Brook Description: Industrial Park swales need Public Works, Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Low Medium frequent cleaning to avoid backup/spilling at Riggenbach Engineering Road toward North Watuppa Pond. Project: Direct discharge of stormwater runoff to the North Watuppa Pond, the City’s primary drinking water supply via reverse flows overtopping Riggenbach Road. Resolution: Restore Mothers Brook to original design configuration and upgrade landfill culverts. Develop comprehensive O&M Plan. 23 North Watuppa Pond Description: Handle catch basins on Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium causeway. Project: Direct discharge of stormwater runoff to Engineering, the North Watuppa Pond, the City’s primary drinking water Water supply and flooding of the Causeway. Resolution: Division Reconstruction of the North Watuppa Pond Causeway and approaches at a higher elevation and with new drainage infrastructure. 24 North Watuppa Pond Intercepting Drain Description: Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Low Medium Cleaning, repair. Clear heavy trees for maintenance. Project: Emergency Surcharging of the Drain could reduce the hydraulic capacity Management, of upgradient drainage facilities and exacerbate flooding Water along the Cress and Highland Brooks. Resolution: Upgrade Division and clean the North Watuppa Pond Interceptor Drain. Develop comprehensive O&M Plan.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-26 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 25 Quequechan River Description: Dredge River. Clean Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Medium Low Medium culvert portions. Project: The Quequechan River has a Engineering, significant impact on upstream areas throughout the City of Sewer Fall River. The surface water elevation within the River and Division, South Watuppa Pond directly affects the performance of the Water upstream brooks, culverts, and closed conduit roadway Division drainage systems discharging to each. Presently, the City is limited in its ability to lower the surface water elevation within the Quequechan River and South Watuppa Pond; therefore limiting its ability to control flooding issues and the discharge of untreated stormwater to important resource areas throughout the City. The City’s inability to adequately control the surface water elevation within the South Watuppa Pond also results in the flooding of private properties located along the Pond. Resolution: Upgrade and clean existing infrastructure along the Quequechan River. Re-route downstream portions of the river.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-27 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 26 Roads in State Forest Description: Rebuild with porous Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium paving/deep catch basins/stormwater management. Project: Engineering, The State Forest Roadways are in very poor condition and Water contain no existing drainage infrastructure resulting in public Division and emergency vehicle access limitations, untreated stormwater discharges to the North Watuppa Pond and erosion and sedimentation control issues. Resolution: Reconstruct the State Forest Roadways with new drainage infrastructure. 27 Steep Brook Description: Culvert near Collins Street has Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium insufficient capacity. Project: The Culvert is unable to convey Engineering, the Steep Brook during rainfall events causing the Brook to Water surcharge its banks and flood down gradient areas. Division Resolution: Upgrade culvert. 28 Terry Brook Description: Capacity issue of culvert at Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium Meridian. Brook periodically overtops Meridian Street. Clear Engineering, heavy trees. Project: The City has experienced flooding Water during rainfall events along Meridian Street and at adjacent Division residential properties resulting in significant damage to public and private infrastructure because of an undersized 24-inch Culvert. Resolution: Upgrade culvert.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-28 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 29 Alden Street Area. Frequent blockages at Choate Street. Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Low Medium Clay sewer failure. Alden Street sewer needs to be replaced, Engineering, etc. Frequent SSO location at Alden Street/Merino Street Sewer intersection. Project: Replace/upsize sewer along Alden from Division East Warren Street to Quequechan Street CSO regulator, sewer separation (new drain to Quequechan River). 30 Bigelow Street Capacity/SSO Issue. Project Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Low Medium Replace/upsize sewer on Stetson Street and New Boston Engineering, Road to Oak Grove Avenue. Possible sewer separation (new Sewer drains to Cress Brook – requires analysis of Cress Brook Division capacity due to existing issues and scheduled improvements). Install sewer backflow preventers on sewer service connections. 31 Brayton Avenue Area/Rodman Street Area. Capacity/SSO Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Low Medium issue with high intensity storms (Brayton Avenue/Rodman Engineering, Street). Need drainage review. Sewer backups at multiple Sewer homes in the area. Project: Rodman Street sewer separation Division (Brayton Avenue west of Rodman Street)/Drainage improvements (new drain to Quequechan River along Brayton Avenue). Rodman Street sewer separation also includes new drain to Chace Pond via Warren Street and new drain to Quequechan River between Lowell Street and Lawrence Street. Install sewer backflow preventers on sewer service connections.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-29 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 32 Carl Street and Tucker Street. Capacity issue with larger Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Low Medium storms. Add drains to Sucker Brook or Cook Pond. Sucker Engineering, Brook needs cleaning. SSO locations on Tucker Street, Carl Sewer Street, and Lawton Street. Project: Replace/upsize sewer Division along Carl Street, Tucker Street and Laurel Street to Globe Street. Sewer separation (new drain to Sucker Brook under Route 24). 33 Easter Avenue. Eroding soil in median. SSO caused by Public Works, High Medium Medium High Low Low Medium sewer bottleneck near Eastern Avenue/Pleasant Street Engineering, intersection in median. Project: Replace/upsize sewer to Sewer remove bottleneck from Eastern Avenue along Pleasant Division Street and Webster Street to Alden. 34 Gagnon Street to Horton Street. Pipe and/or inlet capacity Public Works, High Medium Medium High Low Low Medium issue/SSO. Flooding at low point on Barnes Street. Sewer Engineering, backup. Project: Sewer separation (new drain through cross- Sewer country easement to existing drain on Eastern Avenue), Division Additional catch basins to improve inlet capacity at low points. Install sewer backflow preventers on sewer service connections. 35 Highland Avenue. Street flooding at low point. SSO and Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium stormwater flooding issues. Project: Sewer separation Engineering around Harvard Street (new drain to Highland Brook – contingent on Highland Brook improvements).

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-30 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 36 Langley Street and Nichols Street near Elsbree Street. Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium Flooding during larger storms. Separated area. Project: Engineering Drainage improvements required: dredging of Highland Brook wetlands upstream of Nichols Street and downstream of Langley Street, drainage replacement/upgrades along Langley Street, construct new swale south of Langley Street. 37 Lindsey Street @ Ballard Street (Brownell Street Area). Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Low Medium Flooding at low point near Ballard Street. Sewer Engineering, backup/SSO. Project: Sewer replacement, realignment, Sewer relocation along Lindsey Street, Sewer separation from Division Brownell Street sewer interceptor (new drains to existing drainage along North Main Street/President Avenue). 38 Miller Street. Flooding at housing authority dead end. Public Works, Medium High High High Low Low Medium Additional capacity/inlet capacity needed. Sewer backups at Engineering, multiple homes along Miller Street/SSO. Project: Sewer Sewer separation (new drain to Cook Pond outlet stream via Dwelly Division Street) – requires detailed Cook Pond stream capacity analysis. Install sewer backflow preventers on sewer service connections. Note: If sewer separation unattainable, sewer pipe upgrades will be required in this location: Replace/upsize sewer along Miller Street, Rhode Island Avenue, and Plymouth Avenue to Globe Street.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-31 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 39 New Development off Mariano Bishop Boulevard Public Works, Medium High Medium High Low Low Medium (Whitefield St/Frederick St/Bronson St/Lynwood St). Drainage Engineering issue. Drainage evaluation of brooks/culverts/drains. Development built in low-lying, wet area. Project: Drainage improvements required: New drain for subdivision with new outfall to Cook Pond. 40 North Main Street Drainage (President Ave and Cove St Public Works, Medium High Medium High Low Low Medium Locations). Check inlet capacity on existing separated Engineering, drains. Connect drain in President Avenue to outfall Sewer downstream of President Avenue CSO facility. Project: Division Additional catch basins required along North Main Street in various locations. Redirection of President Avenue separate drainage discharge from location near President Avenue CSO Regulator to new stub located near new President Ave CSO Screening & Disinfection Facility. 41 Powell Street Area Drainage issue. Pipe under Route 24 to Public Works, Medium High High Medium Low Low Medium Sucker Brook. Stormwater flooding in fall from leave Engineering accumulation on two catch basins at low point. Project: Additional catch basins and drainage extension required along Powell Street to improve inlet capacity during high intensity rainfall.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-32 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 42 Walmart Entrance (Jefferson St/Warren Street/Quequechan Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium St Intersection). Stormwater flooding along Jefferson Street Engineering and at Jefferson Street/Cambridge Street intersection (actual Walmart Plaza Entrance) and at Jefferson Street/Warren Street/Quequechan Street three-way intersection. Project: Dredging of Chace Pond, clearing of existing drainage outfall locations. Additional catch basins required at three-way intersection and pipe replacement/upgrade required from intersection toward outfall. 43 Warren/Oman Street Drain. Flooding on Warren Street. Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium Tailwater issue. Expand drain. Coordinate with river dredging. Engineering Project: Dredging of Chace Pond, clearing of existing drainage outfall/swale locations. Additional catch basins required at Oman Street/Ryan Street intersection. Additional catch basins required at Jefferson Street intersections with Oman Street, Grinnell Street, and Cambridge Street (Walmart plaza Entrance) with drainage extension to Warren Street drain. Redirect stormwater flow coming from Brayton Avenue to proposed drain along Brayton Avenue toward the east. 44 City Pier Area. Chronic flooding on Davol Street/SSOs. A Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium portion of this area is in flood Zone AE. CSO control required. Engineering Project: Sewer separation/drainage improvements.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-33 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 45 Central Street/Heritage State Park Area. Located within Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium flood Zone VE. Infiltration issue with high tides on Central Engineering, Street. Project: Sewer replacement or lining. Sewer Division 46 CSO Tunnel. Inspection and infrastructure renewal. Failure Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium of this system can result in a significant SSO and damage. Engineering, Project: Periodic cleaning/inspection of tunnel. Equipment Sewer renewal of gates/controls at drop shafts. Equipment renewal Division of fan fault. Update SCADA/remote communication. 47 East End Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium Remote PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs Engineering, with high flows/power failure. Project: Replace PS/replace Sewer force main as necessary/add SCADA. Division 48 Ferry Street Pump Station. Located within flood Zone VE. Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium High Remote PS with limited communication. Aging Engineering, infrastructure/equipment. Potential for SSOs with high Sewer flows/power failure. Project: Replace PS/replace force main Division as necessary/add SCADA 49 Evaluate Sewer to Interceptor. Capacity/SSO issue. Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium Project: Sewer pipe under the RR tracks is too small. Engineering, Replace/upsize. Sewer Division

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-34 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 50 Hancock/Norman/Wood/Newhall/Spencer/Dickenson Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium Streets. Intermittent drainage channel/street flooding. Engineering Project: Drainage improvements/Raise roadway. 51 Joseph Drive Pump Station. Aging Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium infrastructure/equipment. Remote PS with limited Engineering, communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power Sewer failure. Project: Replace PS/replace force main as Division necessary/add SCADA 52 Kempton/Roosevelt Streets. Drainage problem at dead end Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium streets that abut WWTF. Project: Sewer extension/drainage Engineering, improvements Sewer Division 53 Lowell/Rodman Streets. Street Flooding with higher Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium intensity storms. Project: Sewer separation. Engineering, Sewer Division 54 Main Interceptor (Central Street to President Avenue). Main Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium Interceptor river crossing is exposed to tidal flows and in Engineering questionable condition. Sediments in pipe. Chronic flooding on Davol Street/SSOs. Project: Replace interceptor at river crossing. Cleaning project Davol Street to Central Street PS. Install grit chamber. Coordinate with City Pier sewer separation project to address flooding.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-35 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 55 Martine Street PS. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Located Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium High on the shore of South Watuppa Pond/Flood Zone A. Remote Engineering, PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high Sewer flows/power failure. Limited access. No site security. Division Project: Add SCADA/improved access/security 56 McMahon, Amity Street Pump Station. Aging infrastructure, Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium equipment. Remote PS with limited communication. Potential Engineering, for SSOs with high flows/power failure. Project: Replace Sewer PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA. Division 57 Meridian Street Pump Station. Aging Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium infrastructure/equipment. Remote PS with limited Engineering, communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power Sewer failure. Project: Rehabilitation/SCADA. Division 58 Middle Street. Street flooding/basement flooding/SSOs. Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium High Recent flooding events resulted in temporary closures of St. Engineering, Anne’s Hospital emergency room. Project: Sewer Sewer separation/drainage improvements Division 59 Middle Street Pump Station. Aging Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium infrastructure/equipment. No generator. Remote PS with Engineering, limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high Sewer flows/power failure. Project: Replace PS, replace force main, Division add SCADA and generator.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-36 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 60 Potter Street. Water jumps the berm to low-lying house. Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium Project: Address as part of Birch Street sewer separation Engineering, project. Additional inlet capacity. Sewer Division 61 President Avenue/Oak Grove Avenue/Bedford Street Public Works, Medium Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium Area. Address SSOs between President Avenue and Stafford Engineering, Square. Project: Expand sewers/sewer separation Sewer downstream of President Avenue PS to Stafford. Division 62 President Avenue Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/failing Public Works, Low Medium Medium High Low Medium Medium equipment. Remote PS with limited communication. Engineering, Potential for SSOs with high flows/power failure. Project: Sewer Replace PS/replace force main as necessary/add SCADA. Division 63 Riverview Street. Capacity issue/manhole pops/SSO. Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium Project: Expand sewer to provide sufficient capacity. Engineering, Sewer Division 64 Ross Matthews/Father Devalles Boulevard Pump Station. Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium Aging infrastructure/equipment. Remote PS with limited Engineering, communication. Potential for SSOs with high flows/power Sewer failure. Project: Replace PS/replace force main, add SCADA. Division

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-37 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 65 Sewers on Bridges. Address issues with non-buried sewers. Engineering, Low Medium Medium High Medium Low Medium Project: Scheduled inspection/replacement as needed. Sewer Division 66 So. Watuppa Pond Shoreline Area. Houses along the Engineering, Medium High Medium High Medium Medium Medium shoreline with septic systems. Drainage discharges. Project: Sewer Expand collection system to Fall River “peninsula” and into Division, Westport/Tiverton. Dept. Health 67 South End Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium Remote PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs Engineering, with high flows/power failure. Project: Replace PS/replace Sewer force main as necessary/add SCADA. Division 68 Stafford Square and Upstream. Chronic Flooding/SSOs. Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium Capacity limitation/sedimentation. Project: Need expanded Engineering, sewer and drainage infrastructure. Sewer Division 69 Sykes Road. SSO at low point in cross-country sewer to the Engineering, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium Wilson Road PS. Project: I/I Study and sewer replacement. Sewer Division

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-38 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 Responsible Project

# Project Description Party Effectiveness Cost Activity of Socially Acceptable Technically Feasible Environment Protect/Benefit Legal Benefit Economic Priority 70 Travassos Park Pump Station. Aging Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium infrastructure/equipment. No generator. Remote PS with Engineering, limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high Sewer flows/power failure. Project: Replace with low presser sewer Division or ejectors. 71 Valentine Street Pump Station. Aging Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium infrastructure/equipment. No generator. Remote PS with Engineering, limited communication. Potential for SSOs with high Sewer flows/power failure. Project: Replace PS/replace force main, Division add SCADA and generator. 72 Wilson Road Pump Station. Aging infrastructure/equipment. Public Works, Medium Medium High High Low Medium Medium Remote PS with limited communication. Potential for SSOs Engineering, with high flows/power failure. Project: Replace PS/replace Sewer force main as necessary/add SCADA. Division 73 Wastewater Treatment Facility. Aging infrastructure, Engineering, Low Medium High High Low High High equipment. Limited SCADA for operations communication. Sewer Potential for SSOs with high flows/power failure. Located Division within Zones VE, AE and AO. Anticipate pending NPDES permit will require nitrogen removal. Project: Rehabilitate/upgrade the WWTF; add SCADA throughout/address security.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-39 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan April 2016 6.3 POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES Various funding sources may be available for the City of Fall River to pursue as they consider implementing various action items from this planning effort. Table 6-5 details various federal, state and local agencies and programs that may be available. Table 6-5: Potential Funding Sources # Agency Program Description For More Information FEDERAL 1 FEMA National Flood Formula grants to States to assist FEMA http://www.fema.gov/national Insurance communities to comply with NFIP floodplain -flood-insurance-program Program management requirements (Community Assistance Program). 2 DOD-USACE Beneficial Uses of Direct assistance for projects that protect, http://water.epa.gov/type/oce Dredged restore, and create aquatic and ecologically b/oceandumping/dredgedma Materials related habitats, including wetlands, in terial/beneficial_use.cfm connection with dredging an authorized Federal navigation project. 3 USDA-NRCS Emergency Provides technical and financial assistance http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wp Watershed Program for relief from imminent hazards in s/portal/nrcs/main/national/pr Protection (EWP) small watersheds, and to reduce vulnerability ograms/landscape/ewpp/ of life and property in small watershed areas damaged by severe natural hazard events. 4 DOD - USACE Section 205 of Resources for small flood damage reduction http://www.nww.usace.army. 1948 Flood projects. mil/Portals/28/docs/assistanc Control Act eprograms/sec205.pdf 5 Department of Federal Land Identifies federal real property available for http://www.nps.gov/ncrc/prog the Interior or Transfer / Federal open space transfer to states and local rams/flp/index.htm National Park Land to Parks governments for development of parks and Service Program recreation. 6 USDOT FHWA Bridge Funding for eligible bridges on any public http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/brid Replacement and road. ge/hbrrp.cfm Rehabilitation 7 USDOT FHWA Recreational Funding for trails used by motorized and https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/en Trails non-motorized recreational vehicles. vironment/recreational_trails/ 8 US Economic Disaster Relief The EDA program provides recipients with http://www.grants.gov/search Development Opportunity – flexible tools to develop and implement grants.html?eligibilities%3D0 Administration Economic regionally based long term economic 6%7CPublic%20and%20Stat (EDA) Adjustment development strategies in response to major e%20controlled%20institutio Assistance Federally declared disasters. The EDA ns%20of%20higher%20educ program provides a wide range of technical, ation disaster recovery, economic recovery planning, and public works assistance. It responds adaptively to pressing economic recovery issues and is well-suited to help address challenges faced by regions affected by natural disasters.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-40 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 # Agency Program Description For More Information STATE 9 FEMA, MEMA Hazard Mitigation Allows for the completion of post-disaster http://www.mass.gov/eopss/ Grant Program mitigation projects that will reduce and/or agencies/mema/hazard- eliminate losses due to natural hazards. mitigation/grants/hazard- Private non-profit entities are eligible to mitigation-grant-program- apply. hmgp.html 10 FEMA, MEMA Pre-Disaster The PDM grant program provides funds to http://www.mass.gov/eopss/ Mitigation Grants States, territories, Indian Tribal governments agencies/mema/hazard- and communities for hazard mitigation mitigation/grants/pre- planning and the implementation of disaster-mitigation-pdm- mitigation projects prior to a disaster. grant-program.html 11 FEMA, MEMA Flood Mitigation The goal of the FMA program is to http://www.mass.gov/eopss/ Assistance implement cost-effective measures that agencies/mema/hazard- reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of mitigation/grants/flood- flood damage to buildings, manufactured mitigation-assistance-fma- homes, and other structures insured under grant-program.html the National Flood Insurance Program. 12 Executive Office MassWorks The MassWorks Infrastructure Program http://www.mass.gov/hed/ec Housing and provides a one-stop shop for municipalities onomic/eohed/pro/infrastruct Economic and other eligible public entities seeking ure/massworks/ Development public infrastructure funding to support economic development and job creation. 13 Coastal Zone Green The Green Infrastructure for Coastal http://www.mass.gov/eea/ag Management Infrastructure for Resilience Grant Program is open to the 78 encies/czm/program- Coastal municipalities located within the areas/stormsmart- Resilience Massachusetts coastal zone, including Fall coasts/green-infrastructure- River. Projects must implement one (or grants/ more) of five living shoreline techniques that provide coastal storm damage protection and enhance natural resources. The most recent grant awards were made in December 2014. 14 Coastal Zone Coastal The Coastal Community Resilience Program http://www.mass.gov/eea/ag Management Community is open to the 78 municipalities located encies/czm/program- Resilience within the Massachusetts coastal zone, areas/stormsmart- including Fall River. Projects must focus on coasts/grants/ coastal resiliency. The most recent grant awards were made in 2014.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-41 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 # Agency Program Description For More Information 15 Coastal Zone Coastal Pollutant The Coastal Pollutant Remediation (CPR) http://www.mass.gov/eea/ag Management Remediation Grant Program was established in 1996 by encies/czm/program- Program the Massachusetts Legislature to help areas/coastal-water- communities identify and improve water quality/cpr/ quality impaired by nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. The CPR program provides funding to Massachusetts municipalities to assess and treat stormwater pollution from paved surfaces and to design and construct commercial boat waste pumpout facilities. The most recent grant awards were made in December 2014. 16 Coastal Zone Coastal and The Coastal and Estuarine Land http://www.mass.gov/eea/ag Management Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP) provides encies/czm/regional- Conservation matching funds to state and local offices/south-coastal/ Program governments to purchase threatened coastal http://coast.noaa.gov/czm/la and estuarine lands or obtain conservation ndconservation/media/celcp easements. planmafinal.pdf LOCAL 17 City of Fall River City Budget Through mechanisms such as the Capital Mayor of Fall River, Water Improvement Plan Budget or other means, Division, Sewer Division, fund the implementation of mitigation Engineering Division, City projects. Administrator

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 6-42 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 7. PLAN IMPLEMENTATION, MAINTENANCE & ADOPTION

The implementation of the Hazard Mitigation Plan will be overseen by Terry Sullivan, Administrator of Community Utilities and Paul Ferland, Community Utilities Project Manager. Mr. Sullivan and Mr. Ferland will be responsible for engaging key City staff (Emergency Management, Building Inspector, Water Division Director, Fire Chief, Chief of Police) on a regular basis to discuss how various action items might be implemented and to ensure that they are prioritized appropriately. Any meetings will be documented and include the status of mitigation project actions, risk assessments or needed plan revisions including hazards that may have impacted the community. 7.1 PLAN MAINTENANCE AND REVISION The City of Fall River will review the Hazard Mitigation Plan on an annual basis or upon the occurrence of a significant natural hazard event at a scheduled annual plan review meeting. The meeting will be led by Mr. Ferland and include key City staff. Together, the group will evaluate the progress of the plan and document any mitigation activities. Fall River residents will be notified about the annual review of the plan by an announcement being posted on the City’s website (www.fallriverma.org) where they will be offered an opportunity to participate or provide comment through the use of an email address or contact name assigned to receive feedback. The public will have an opportunity to comment on the plan at the annual review meeting which will be open to the public and during the 5-year plan update. After the annual review meeting, Fall River will issue a progress report and post it on the City website. Status reports include (but not be limited to):  Projects that have been scoped for FEMA grant applications;  Projects that have been submitted for FEMA funding programs;  Grant applications that have been either approved or denied FEMA funding;  Projects funded internally or by other grant programs;  Projects that have been initiated or are under construction; and/or  Completed projects. Fall River recognizes the importance of continued public outreach and public participation in this planning effort. Once the plan is finalized and approved, a link will be posted to the City’s website, a press release will be issued and the effort may be discussed at various meetings where the Mayor and Hazard Mitigation Planning team members can promote the plan and continue to make the public aware and encourage participation. A hard copy of the plan will be made available at City Hall, One Government Center, Fall River, MA. 7.2 REVISING THE PLAN The City of Fall River is planning to review and update the plan every five years. In January 2020, the Planning Team will reconvene and develop a schedule for reviewing the plan. The review and update will include:  Updating the plan to reflect any major changes in development in the City;  A discussion on new/changed regulatory requirements;  A discussion of recent hazard events;  A re-evaluation of the hazard ranking and any changes in City priorities;

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 7-1 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016  An update of any loss estimates,  A discussion of any new studies and technologies;  Revisiting potential projects; and  A discussion of projects that have been completed. The team will review any State or Federal changes made to guidance, plans, funding, and policies. The findings of this research and analysis will be compiled into an updated plan and submitted to MEMA and FEMA for review. The team will review existing goals and objectives and update them along with newer action items as needed. 7.3 INTEGRATION INTO OTHER PLANNING MECHANISMS The 2004 SRPEDD Natural Hazard Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan identified action items for local communities, including Fall River, which were actively tracked and measured over the duration of the Plan. While the 2004 Plan generated awareness regarding mitigation concepts, mitigation was not formally incorporated into existing planning mechanisms. Section 7.1 and the following, present the means in which mitigation will be integrated into existing planning mechanisms in the future. Fall River has a number of local plans that were previously discussed in Section 3.1 that are either directly or indirectly related to this Hazard Mitigation Plan. To the extent possible, requirements, actions or principles of these documents have been integrated into this Plan. Mitigation planning can be intertwined into those documents by making it a regular topic that is discussed through any new or updated document and during the associated planning effort to demonstrate progress toward mitigation activities and actions. Paul Ferland, Community Utilities Project Manager could be designated or assigned to advocate for Hazard Mitigation where specific activities may include:  Integrate the Hazard Mitigation Plan goals and objectives into any new, amended or updated planning/policy document to the extent possible,  Formalize and publicize a recognition of hazard mitigation planning and mitigation activities as a part of local and joint emergency management plans, efforts and operations,  Address sea level rise, climate change and hazard mitigation planning in any future versions of Waterfront Planning efforts, Zoning Regulation updates, Master/Comprehensive Plans, Open Space and Recreation Plans, Emergency Response Plans, etc.  Seek out opportunities to participate in other local Hazard Mitigation planning efforts, projects or initiatives to share local knowledge and also learn about other activities occurring in the region, and  Further integrate mitigation planning into the Capital Improvement Planning process by actively and regularly seeking alternative funding sources that have been highlighted in this plan.

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) 7-2 Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 APPENDIX A: PUBLIC OUTREACH

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016

FALL RIVER City of Fall River Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Ms. Jane DiBiasio Grant Writer One Government Center Fall River, MA 02720

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Ms. DiBiasio:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center . Fall River, MA 02722 . TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 . SEWER (508) 324-2320 . EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River II FALL RIVER I

s?,0 LA R Sy / c)C Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Raymond Hague Director Veterans Services Veterans Office One Government Center Fall River, MA 02720

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Hague:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Michael Dion Director Community Development Agency One Government Center Fall River, MA 02720

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Dion:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected]

City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Rich Aguiar EMA Director 140 Commerce Drive Fall River, MA 02720

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Aguiar:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Robert Viveiros Fire Chief Fall River Fire Department 140 Commerce Drive Fall River, MA 02720

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Chief Viveiros:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul F rland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER JI Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Daniel Racine Police Chief Fall River Police Department 685 Pleasant Street Fall River, MA 02723

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Chief Racine:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected]

City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Rich Aguiar EMA Director 140 Commerce Drive Fall River, MA 02720

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Aguiar:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Chris Gallagher Project Manager Dept. of Community Maintenance One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Gallagher:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

One Government Center . Fall River, MA 02722 . TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 . SEWER (508) 324-2320 . EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER . SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Kenneth Pacheco Administrator of Community Maintenance Dept. of Community Maintenance One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Pacheco:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center . Fall River, MA 02722 . TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 . SEWER (508) 324-2320 . EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER ] Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. John Perry Director of Solid Waste Collection Dept. of Community Maintenance One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Perry:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely, a /i4L-f Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River LFALL RIVER I 01..ARst/ Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J . FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. William Kenney City Planner Planning Department One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Kenney:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely, i 7 Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] FALL RIVER I City of Fall River Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Byron Holmes City Engineer Engineering Department One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Holmes:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

7 Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Joseph Biszko Director of Inspectional Services Code Enforcement One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Biszko:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] FALL RIVER I City of Fall River Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Lou Pacheco Chief of Staff One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Pacheco:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely, C Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mrs. Cathy Ann Viveiros City Adminsitrator One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mrs. Viveiros:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely

Paul erland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. John Friar, II Director Water Division Administrative Services Water Administration Division One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Friar:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul erland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I %0LA RS/ 0 Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER '7 -rgrrAD 1803 444 1,0 RArE D A .

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Terrance J. Sullivan Administrator of Community Utilities One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Sullivan:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland'-

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mayor C. Samuel Sutter City of Fall River One Government Center Fall River, MA 02722

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mayor Sutter:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We would like to extend an invitation to a Stakeholders meeting being held on June 22, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. We will also be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. in the Sewer Commission Office. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely / / CSC Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected]

City of Fall River Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Ms. Mary House Project Manager Woodard & Curran 980 Washington St., Ste 325N Dedham, MA 02026

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Ms. House:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER ji c,tioLARSH/p Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. David Woodbury Hazard Mitigation Grants Coordinator MEMA 400 Worcester Road Framingham, MA 01702

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Woodbury:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River FALL RIVER ) oLARSyi Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Jack Healey Town Administrator Town of Freetown 3 No. Main Street Assonet, MA 02702

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Healey:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

V Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] I FALL RIVER I City of Fall River Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL FERLAND J . Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Ross Perry Director Municipal Management SRPEDD 88 Broadway Taunton, MA 02780

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Perry:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Ms. Sandy Conaty Planning Manager SRPEDD 88 Broadway Taunton, MA 02780

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Ms. Conaty:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,V4/

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Stephen Smith Executive Director SRPEDD 88 Broadway Taunton, MA 02780

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Smith:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Dennis Luttrell Town Administrator Town of Somerset 140 Wood Street Somerset, MA 02726

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Luttrell:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. David Cressman Town Administrator Town of Dartmouth 400 Slocum Road Dartmouth, MA 02747

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Cressman:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Fer and

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL FERLAND J. Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Matt Wojcik Town Administrator Town of Tiverton 343 Highland Road Tiverton, RI 02878

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. Wojcik:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River FALL RIVER J Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Ms. Marybeth Groff Hazard Mitigation Planner MEMA 400 Worcester Road Framingham, MA 01702

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Ms. Groff:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Mr. Dave White Client Manager Woodard & Curran 980 Washington St., Ste 325N Dedham, MA 02026

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Mr. White:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Ferland

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I 0LARSHip Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL J. FERLAND Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Ms. Mary McCrann Senior Planner Woodard & Curran 980 Washington St., Ste 325N Dedham, MA 02026

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Ms. McCrann:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,

Paul Fe and

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 . TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected] City of Fall River I FALL RIVER I Massachusetts Department of Community Utilities WATER • SEWER

C. SAMUEL SUTTER PAUL FERLAND J. Mayor Project Manager

June 16, 2015

Ms. Nancy Beaton Senior Project Manager CDM Smith, Inc. 260 W. Exchange Street, Ste 300 Providence, RI 02903

Re: Fall River, MA — Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Dear Ms. Beaton:

The City of Fall River, MA is in the process of updating our local Hazard Mitigation Plan in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and as implemented by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA). As part of this process, it is important that we invite and include local, regional and state stakeholders to participate.

The City of Fall River has contracted with Woodard & Curran to develop this plan in accordance with all federal and state requirements. The draft plan has been completed and is ready for review/comments. Feel free to view this on the city's website or a hard copy in the Sewer Commission Office.

We look forward to developing this plan with your participation as you are available. We will be holding a public forum for the draft review on June 22, 2015 @ 5:30 p.m. at the Government Center, Sewer Commission Office, Room 326. I hope that you will be able to attend. Please feel free to contact me with any questions.

Sincerely,..., G Paul Fe land

One Government Center • Fall River, MA 02722 • TEL (508) 324-2320 WATER (508) 324-2330 • SEWER (508) 324-2320 • EMAIL [email protected]

City of Fall River

Hazard Mitigation Plan Public Meeting December 17, 2014

Meeting Agenda

▀ Project Overview

▀ Background and Goals

▀ Roles and Responsibilities

▀ Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

▀ Mitigation Strategy

▀ Next Steps

▀ Open Discussion/Questions and Comments

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

1 Examples of Types of Hazards

▀ Earthquake ▀ Thunder/Lightning

▀ High winds ▀ Hurricane

▀ Urban Fire ▀ Nor’easter

▀ Floods ▀ Tornado

▀ Dam Failure ▀ Drought

▀ Extreme Heat/Cold ▀ Coastal Erosion

▀ Winter storm

▀ Ice Storm

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Project Overview

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

2 Project Background

▀ The Disaster Mitigation Act was signed by the President in October 2000

▀ Incentive for states and local governments to undertake natural hazard mitigation planning.

▀ Promotes sustainability as a strategy for disaster resistance.

▀ Encourages state and local governments to work together, and facilitates cooperation between state and local authorities.

▀ Results in faster allocation of funding and more effective risk reduction projects.

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Project Background

▀ FallRiver receivedagrantfrom FEMA/MEMAto develophazard mitigation plan ▀ Plan willhelpidentifycost effective mitigationmeasures to reduceoreliminatelong-termrisk to lifeand propertyfromhazards ▀ AllowsFallRiver to be eligibleto receive non-emergency disaster assistance,including stateand federalfundingformitigationand recovery projects ▀ Projectsmustbe pre-identifiedin thehazardmitigationplansto receivefuturefunding

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

3 Hazard Mitigation Overview

▀ Hazard mitigation is defined as “any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards.”

▀ Hazard mitigation activities may be implemented prior to, during, or after an event; however, it is most effective when based on an inclusive, comprehensive, long-term plan that is developed before a disaster occurs.

▀ Hazard mitigation is often focused on reducing repetitive loss, as many damaging events tend to occur in the same locations over time (e.g. flooding). COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Project Goals

▀ Fulfill Federal, State, and Local and Hazard Mitigation Planning Requirements ▀ Promote the Safety of Community Members, Employees and Visitors ▀ Minimize Hazard Impacts to Physical Assets and Operations ▀ Reduce or Avoid Long-Term Vulnerabilities from Hazards ▀ Eligibility for Future Funding

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

4 Hazard Mitigation Planning

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

5 Comprehensive Methodology 1. Planning Process ▀ Community engagement ▀ Build upon existing information 2. Hazard Identification and RiskAssessment ▀ Systematicallyidentifying hazardsthrough theuse of GIS andothertoolstoassess/prioritizerisk 3. Mitigation Strategy ▀ Reachacrossbroadskillsetstoidentifyhazardmitigation goals ▀ Draw uponbroadexperiencetodevelopmitigationstrategies 4. Plan Review, Evaluation, and Implementation ▀ Work collaboratively and proactivelywith regulators

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

6 Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 1 – Organize Resources – identifies the resources available and necessary to complete the process.

▀ Assess community support

▀ Build the planning team

▀ Identifyandorganizeinterestedmembersofthecommunity

▀ Identify the necessarytechnicalexpertise

▀ Establish a steering committee

▀ Hold a projectkick-offmeeting

▀ Establishameetingscheduleandgoals

▀ Engagethepublic

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 2 – Assess risks – identify the hazards that present risks and the assets that are vulnerable to those hazards.

▀ Gather historicalinformation, reviewexisting plans/reports, communicatewithlocalplanningexperts,MEMAandFEMA.

▀ Determinewhichhazardspresentthegreatestrisktothe community

▀ Assess vulnerability

▀ Create a base map to profile potential hazard events

▀ Inventory community assets

▀ Show howhazard events could impactthe community (physically and operationally)

▀ Estimate losses

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

7 Hazard Identification

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Example - Hazard Profile Hurricane . Characterized by a constant speed of 74 mph or greater, wind blowing in spiral motion around an eye and an expansive reach (can be 100s of miles). . Hurricanes can be short in duration or last for several days impacting numerous states, counties and towns along the coastline. . Aftermath of a hurricane frequently causes additional damage due to lasting high winds, storm surge and flooding. . Hurricanes are categorized by class in accordance with the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and receive a number of 1-5.

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

8 Example - Risk Assessment Hurricane . Between 1851-2010, there have been 10 direct hurricane hits to the Massachusetts coastline. . Since 1954, there have been 6 Major Disaster Declarations in Massachusetts due to a hurricane or tropical storm . Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean makes it possible that a hurricane could make landfall directly in town – high winds, heavy rainfall. . City is certain to experience future hurricane events.

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Risk Assessment . Determine Hazard Susceptibility . Rank Hazards . Complete Hazard Profiles . Identify Critical Facilities . Qualitative/Quantitative Risk Assessment (buildings, residents, businesses, critical infrastructure, future development) . Loss Estimates

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

9 Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 3 – Develop the mitigation plan – lays out in detail the proposed mitigation actions.

▀ Establish priorities

▀ Comparecommunitygoals/prioritieswiththeresultsofthe hazard identification and risk assessment

▀ Develop hazard mitigation goals

▀ Minimize interruptionto operations and community objectives

▀ Determine appropriate mitigation actions

▀ Prioritize mitigations actions

▀ Prepare an implementation strategy

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 4 – Implement the plan and monitor progress

▀ Formally adopt the Hazard Mitigation Plan

▀ Implement mitigation measures

▀ Monitor, evaluate and update the plan as needed

▀ Continue to engage stakeholders from the community and region

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

10 Next Steps

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Fall River is preparing a single-jurisdiction plan for approval

▀ Hazard Mitigation Plan must be completed and approved by FEMA by August 2016

▀ Close coordination between the Fall River and MEMA is critically important

COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

11 What You Can Do! . Fill out the Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey! (You can find it on the Fall River website) https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/SGGM2DM

. Review the draft plan and provide comment (it will be posted on the Fall River website) . Send an email with your questions/concerns to [email protected] COMMITMENT& INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Thank You! Questions?

Paul Ferland Mary House ProjectManager ProjectManager City of FallRiver Woodard&Curran T: 508-324-2321 T: 800-462-4262 [email protected] [email protected]

12 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

The City of Fall River, MA is currently updating its local Hazard Mitigation Plan for the community. The purpose of this Hazard Mitigation Plan is to:

(1) assist the City in identifying and reducing its risk from natural hazards;

(2) identify actions that can be taken to prevent damage to property and loss of life,

(3) and prioritize funding for mitigation efforts.

The project is being funded by a grant allocated by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) and is being prepared in accordance with guidance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Paul Ferland, Project Manager City of Fall River Department of Community Utilities One Government Center, 3rd floor Fall River, MA 02722 T: 508-324-2321 [email protected]

HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN PUBLIC MEETING #2 AGENDA CITY OF FALL RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS JUNE 22, 2015

I. Project Update

a. Brief Project Overview

II. Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

a. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment b. Mitigation Strategy

III. DRAFT Hazard Mitigation Plan Overview

IV. Next Steps

V. Open Discussion / Questions and Comments

City of Fall River

Hazard Mitigation Plan Public Meeting June 22, 2015

Meeting Agenda

▀ Project Update

▀ Brief Project Overview

▀ Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

▀ Mitigation Strategy

▀ DRAFT Hazard Mitigation Plan Overview

▀ Next Steps

▀ Open Discussion/Questions and Comments

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

1 Public Engagement

▀ Project Background

▀ Brief Project Overview

▀ Discussion of Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan

▀ Why are we having this meeting?

▀ Public engagement is a critical component of hazard mitigation planning

▀ What do we need?

▀ Your thoughts, ideas, comments on how can Fall River reduce risks from natural hazards and what actions can be taken to prevent property damage and loss of life

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Project Background

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

2 Hazard Mitigation Overview

▀ Hazard mitigation is defined as “any action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards.”

▀ Hazard mitigation activities may be implemented prior to, during, or after an event; however, it is most effective when based on an inclusive, comprehensive, long-term plan that is developed before a disaster occurs.

▀ Hazard mitigation is often focused on reducing repetitive loss, as many damaging events tend to occur in the same locations over time (e.g. flooding). COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Project Background

▀ The Disaster Mitigation Act was signed by the President in October 2000

▀ Incentive for states and local governments to undertake natural hazard mitigation planning.

▀ Promotes sustainability as a strategy for disaster resistance.

▀ Encourages state and local governments to work together, and facilitates cooperation between state and local authorities.

▀ Results in faster allocation of funding and more effective risk reduction projects.

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

3 Project Background

▀ Fall River received a grant from FEMA/MEMA to develop hazard mitigation plan ▀ Plan will help identify cost effective mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to life and property from hazards ▀ Allows Fall River to be eligible to receive non-emergency disaster assistance, including state and federal funding for mitigation and recovery projects ▀ Projects must be pre-identified in the hazard mitigation plans to receive future funding

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

4 Comprehensive Methodology 1. Planning Process ▀ Community engagement ▀ Build upon existing information 2. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment ▀ Systematically identifying hazards through the use of GIS and other tools to assess/prioritize risk 3. Mitigation Strategy ▀ Reach across broad skill sets to identify hazard mitigation goals ▀ Draw upon broad experience to develop mitigation strategies 4. Plan Review, Evaluation, and Implementation ▀ Work collaboratively and proactively with regulators

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

5 Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 1 – Organize Resources – identifies the resources available and necessary to complete the process

▀ Assess community support

▀ Build the planning team

▀ Identify and organize interested members of the community

▀ Identify the necessary technical expertise

▀ Establish a steering committee

▀ Hold a project kick-off meeting

▀ Establish a meeting schedule and goals

▀ Engage the public

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 2 – Assess risks – identify the hazards that present risks and the assets that are vulnerable to those hazards

▀ Gather historical information, review existing plans/reports, communicate with local planning experts, MEMA and FEMA.

▀ Determine which hazards present the greatest risk to the community

▀ Assess vulnerability

▀ Create a base map to profile potential hazard events

▀ Inventory community assets

▀ Show how hazard events could impact the community (physically and operationally)

▀ Estimate losses

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

6 Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 3 – Develop the mitigation plan – lays out in detail the proposed mitigation actions

▀ Establish priorities

▀ Compare community goals/priorities with the results of the hazard identification and risk assessment

▀ Develop hazard mitigation goals

▀ Minimize interruption to operations and community objectives

▀ Determine appropriate mitigation actions

▀ Prioritize mitigations actions

▀ Prepare an implementation strategy

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Phase 4 – Implement the plan and monitor progress

▀ Formally adopt the Hazard Mitigation Plan

▀ Implement mitigation measures

▀ Monitor, evaluate and update the plan as needed

▀ Continue to engage stakeholders from the community and region

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

7 Goals and Objectives, Hazard Identification, Survey & Risk Assessment

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Goals & Objectives Goal/Objective Explanation Goal1 - Promote and implementprojects,programs,policies and plansthatreduce the City’s vulnerabilityto natural hazards. • Maintain and implement a hazard mitigation plan that encourages action by stakeholders. • Work collaboratively with stakeholders to integrate resiliency into project planning efforts. • Execute hazard mitigation concepts and actions based on prioritization in the plan. Goal 2 - Implementcost-effective mitigationactions thatprotectstructures,hazardprone areas and infrastructure fromall hazardevents. • Establish strategy to mitigate properties in hazard prone areas. • Define criteria to measure losses avoided as a result of mitigation actions. • Monitor the implementation of projects through closeout and beyond to establish best practice strategies. Goal3 - Increase coordination betweenCity,State,and Federalpartners to effectivelycarry outlong-termmitigation activities. • Utilize existing resources and expertise to pursue future hazard mitigation funding opportunities. • Promote communication about mitigation policies and procedures to stakeholders. • Increase and diversify membership of City’s Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee. Goal4 - Encourageprotectionand preservation of coastaland naturalareas. • Use appropriate measures to ensure new development or redevelopment will not increase hazard threats. • Support policies, procedures and regulations that promote resilient mitigation efforts in the natural environment. • Coordinate with coastal stakeholders to identify and prioritize viable actions to mitigate future loss. Goal5 - Communicate informationonnaturalhazardsandthe needforhazardmitigationtothe public. • Evaluate and enhance communication to the public during hazard events to increase their understanding of (potential and/or actual) impacts to the City. • Increase awareness on benefits of hazard resiliency through outreach and education. • Conduct scenario-based activities and exercises with the public. COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

8 Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey Results

▀ Majority feel somewhat to very prepared to respond to impacts from a natural hazard event

▀ 40% - precautionary measures in place to protect personal property

▀ 37% - feel they have proper insurance to cover losses from natural hazards and risks

▀ 15% - have a preparedness kit assembled at home that includes essential supplies that may be needed during an emergency

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey Results

▀ Survey respondents indicated that they were most concerned about hurricanes, power outages, flooding, high wind events and winter storms

▀ The majority (over 50%) of respondents felt that the following types of projects should receive priority consideration:

▀ Retrofit infrastructure such as elevate roadways, improve drainage systems,

▀ Work on improving the damage resistance of utilities (electricity, etc.), and

▀ Provide more public information about hazard risks and high hazard areas of the City COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

9 Natural Hazard Identification & Rankings

Hazard Hazard Natural Hazard Ranking for Natural Hazard Ranking for Fall River Fall River Hurricane Severe Dam Failure Low Urban Fire Severe Drought Low Nor’easter/Coastal Severe Wildfire Medium Storm Hailstorm Low Windstorm High Extreme Temperature Medium Flood Severe Tornado Low Winter Storm Severe Coastal Erosion Medium Tsunami Low Thunderstorm Medium Ice Storm Medium Lightning Earthquake Medium

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Example Potential Mitigation Projects

▀ Generators

▀ Tree management

▀ Development or redevelopment of emergency management/storm central location

▀ Update emergency communications

▀ Signage/wayfinding during emergencies

▀ Flooding/drainage improvement projects

▀ Pump station improvements/mitigation

▀ Road/access improvement to the Reservation

▀ Many others…

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

10 Hazard Mitigation Plan Maps

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan

▀ Draft plan is posted on Fall River’s website – please review and provide your comments to Paul Ferland

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

11 Next Steps

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Fall River will submit this DRAFT single- jurisdiction plan to the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) for review and approval

▀ Adopted Hazard Mitigation Plan is then reviewed by FEMA Region 1

▀ Hazard Mitigation Plan is finalized and effective (August 2016 anticipated)

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

12 Thank You! Questions?

Paul Ferland Mary House Community Utilities Project Manager Senior Project Manager City of Fall River Woodard & Curran T: 508-324-2321 T: 800-462-4262 [email protected] [email protected]

13 HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN

The City of Fall River, MA is currently updating its local Hazard Mitigation Plan for the community. The purpose of this Hazard Mitigation Plan is to:

(1) assist the City in identifying and reducing its risk from natural hazards;

(2) identify actions that can be taken to prevent damage to property and loss of life,

(3) and prioritize funding for mitigation efforts.

The project is being funded by a grant allocated by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) and is being prepared in accordance with guidance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Paul Ferland, Project Manager City of Fall River Department of Community Utilities One Government Center, 3rd floor Fall River, MA 02722 T: 508-324-2321 [email protected] PLEASE SHARE YOUR QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS

City of Fall River

Hazard Mitigation Plan Stakeholder Meeting June 22, 2015

Meeting Agenda

▀ Project Update

▀ Brief Overview of Project Status

▀ DRAFT Hazard Mitigation Plan Overview

▀ Discuss DRAFT Plan Highlights

▀ Next Steps

▀ Public Meeting June 22, 2015 (5:30pm)

▀ Open Discussion/Questions and Comments

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

1 Hazard Mitigation Planning

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Comprehensive Methodology 1. Planning Process ▀ Community engagement ▀ Build upon existing information 2. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment ▀ Systematically identifying hazards through the use of GIS and other tools to assess/prioritize risk 3. Mitigation Strategy ▀ Reach across broad skill sets to identify hazard mitigation goals ▀ Draw upon broad experience to develop mitigation strategies 4. Plan Review, Evaluation, and Implementation ▀ Work collaboratively and proactively with regulators

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

2 Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

DRAFT Plan Highlights

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

3 Goals & Objectives Goal/Objective Explanation Goal1 - Promote and implementprojects,programs,policies and plansthatreduce the City’s vulnerabilityto natural hazards. • Maintain and implement a hazard mitigation plan that encourages action by stakeholders. • Work collaboratively with stakeholders to integrate resiliency into project planning efforts. • Execute hazard mitigation concepts and actions based on prioritization in the plan. Goal 2 - Implementcost-effective mitigationactions thatprotectstructures,hazardprone areas and infrastructure fromall hazardevents. • Establish strategy to mitigate properties in hazard prone areas. • Define criteria to measure losses avoided as a result of mitigation actions. • Monitor the implementation of projects through closeout and beyond to establish best practice strategies. Goal3 - Increase coordination betweenCity,State,and Federalpartners to effectivelycarry outlong-termmitigation activities. • Utilize existing resources and expertise to pursue future hazard mitigation funding opportunities. • Promote communication about mitigation policies and procedures to stakeholders. • Increase and diversify membership of City’s Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee. Goal4 - Encourageprotectionand preservation of coastaland naturalareas. • Use appropriate measures to ensure new development or redevelopment will not increase hazard threats. • Support policies, procedures and regulations that promote resilient mitigation efforts in the natural environment. • Coordinate with coastal stakeholders to identify and prioritize viable actions to mitigate future loss. Goal5 - Communicate informationonnaturalhazardsandthe needforhazardmitigationtothe public. • Evaluate and enhance communication to the public during hazard events to increase their understanding of (potential and/or actual) impacts to the City. • Increase awareness on benefits of hazard resiliency through outreach and education. • Conduct scenario-based activities and exercises with the public. COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Natural Hazard Identification & Rankings

Hazard Hazard Natural Hazard Ranking for Natural Hazard Ranking for Fall River Fall River Hurricane Severe Dam Failure Low Urban Fire Severe Drought Low Nor’easter/Coastal Severe Wildfire Medium Storm Hailstorm Low Windstorm High Extreme Temperature Medium Flood Severe Tornado Low Winter Storm Severe Coastal Erosion Medium Tsunami Low Thunderstorm Medium Ice Storm Medium Lightning Earthquake Medium

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

4 Critical Facilities

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Profiles - Flooding

▀ Fall River prone to several types of flooding

▀ Surge from coastal storms

▀ Inland flooding from rivers, streams and the reservoir

▀ Urban flooding due to undersized or aging drainage systems

▀ Notable damage occurred during March 2010 rain events

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

5 Hazard Profiles - Hurricane

▀ Fall River as a coastal community is susceptible to hurricane events

▀ Surge from coastal storms

▀ High winds

▀ Hurricane associated flooding

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Profiles – Winter Storm

▀ Fall River vulnerable to winter storms

▀ Impacts may be less at times due to coastal location

▀ Biggest issues are property damage and operations, including snow removal and storage

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

6 Hazard Profiles – Urban Fire ▀ Urban Fire a serious concern for Fall River due to numerous abandoned mills and single/multi- family homes

▀ Notable Fall River fires:

▀ 1987 Kerr Mill Complex Fire

▀ 1982 Norte Dame de Lourdes Church Fire

▀ 1981 Richard Borden Mill Fire

▀ 1973 Firestone Complex Fire

▀ Between October - December 2014, there were 19 structure fires.

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Draft Hazard Mitigation Plan

▀ Draft plan is posted on Fall River’s website – please review and provide your comments to Paul Ferland

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

7 Mitigation Projects

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Mitigation Project Ideas

▀ Develop a tree management plan and program

▀ Back up generator Townsend Hill pump station

▀ Prepare a formal Shelter Plan

▀ Generator for Central Garage

▀ Redevelop Central Garage for Emergency Management/operations headquarters

▀ Emergency Message boards

▀ Storm protection measures for Pump House 1 and 2 at the WWTF

▀ Upgrade emergency communications

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

8 Mitigation Project Ideas

▀ Evaluate and develop a plan to address tuberculated water mains

▀ Fall River has 2,500 hydrants and if there is a large fire, the water treatment plant is called to increase the pumping water availability

▀ Numerous flooding/drainage projects

▀ Highland Brook

▀ Mother’s Brook

▀ North Watuppa

▀ Steep Brook

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Potential Funding

▀ MassWorks (economic development, infrastructure, job creation focus)

▀ Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program

▀ Coastal Zone Management

▀ Coastal Resiliency & Green Infrastructure

▀ Hazard Mitigation Grant Program

▀ Current open competitive grant round – applications due in August and November

▀ With an approved plan in place you are eligible to apply for project funding!

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

9 Next Steps

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

Hazard Mitigation Planning Process

▀ Fall River will submit this DRAFT single- jurisdiction plan to the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) for review and approval

▀ Adopted Hazard Mitigation Plan is then reviewed by FEMA Region 1

▀ Hazard Mitigation Plan is finalized and effective (August 2016 anticipated)

COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS

10 Thank You! Questions?

Paul Ferland Mary House Community Utilities Project Manager Senior Project Manager City of Fall River Woodard & Curran T: 508-324-2321 T: 800-462-4262 [email protected] [email protected]

11 APPENDIX B: MAPS

Map 1: General Location Map 2: Critical Facilities Map 3: Environmental Features Map 4: Floodplain Map Map 5: Dams Map 6: Hurricane Inundation Zones

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 F Maine

Vermont New Hampshire

New York

Massachusetts d x m . City of Fall River, MA n o i t a c o L

1 e r u g i

F Rhode Island \

D Connecticut X M \ S I G \ p i w \ s e c i v r e S g n i r e e n i g n E

-

A M r e v i R l l a F

5 5 6 7 2 2 \ s t c e j o r P \ d e r a h s \ c w \ \

: HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN g n i s U

City of Fall River, MA n r o b s o

r General Location

: y B

5 1

0 FIGURE 1 2 / 1 1 / 5

:

d SCALE: 1 " = 133,170 ' DOC: Figure 1 Location.mxd e t r 20 10 0 20 o p x DATE: MAY 2015 PROJECT #: 227655 E

e Miles r u g i DRAWN BY: RKO SOURCE: MASS GIS, ESRI F Legend F Facility Type FREETOWN .! Water Tank k Fire Station SWANSEA ® Hospital Ú[ v City Hall Airport Road Water Tank ^_ a Police Department .! W WTF . Wastewater Treatment Facility Haskell Street Water Tank Ú[ Q3 Water Treatment Plant Ú[ Ú[ Wastewater Pump Station .! Ú[ SOMERSET Ú[ Water Pump Station Ú[ Ú[ FALL RIVER 100 Year Flood Zone (FEMA) North End Fire Station 500 Year Flood Zone (FEMA) Stanley Street Fire Station k Hood Street Water Tank Town Boundary k .! Central Fire Station Ú[ v® Charlton Southcoast Hospital City Hall Ú[ Fall River Police Department Ú[ ^_k

d Bedford Street Water Tank x Úa[ m St. Annes Hospital . Ú[ s Q3.! e i t

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C Flint Reney/Eastwood Fire Station

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D .! Candeias Fire Station

X W WTF . M \ S I .! [

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\ Globe/ Kosior Fire Station p i Ú[ w \ s e c i Chicago Street Water Tank v r e S g n i r e e n i g Townsend Street Water Tank n E

- DARTMOUTH

A M

Fall River Wastewater r e v

i Treatment Facility R l l a F

5 5 6 7 2 2 \ s t c e j o r P

\ WESTPORT d e r a h s \ c w \ \

: HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN g n i s U

TIVERTON, RI City of Fall River, MA n r o b s o r Critical Facility Locations

: y B

5 1

0 FIGURE 2 2 / 2 1 / 5

:

d SCALE: 1 " = 6,660 ' DOC: Figure 2 Critical Facilities.mxd e t r 0 0.5 1 2 o p x DATE: MAY 2015 PROJECT #: 227655 E

e Miles r u g i DRAWN BY: RKO SOURCE: MASS GIS, ESRI F F FREETOWN

SWANSEA

SOMERSET

FALL RIVER d x m . s e c r u o s e R v n

E DARTMOUTH

3 e r u g i F \ D X M \ S I G

\ Legend p i w \ s e c

i Town Boundary v r e S

g NHESP Priority Habitats of Rare Species n i r e e n i NHESP Estimated Habitats of Rare Wildlife g n E

-

A Stream M r e v i Waterbody R l l a F

5 Mass DEP Wetlands 5 6 7 2 2 \ s t c e j o r

P TIVERTON, RI \ d e r a h s \ c w \ \

: HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN g n i s U

City of Fall River, MA n r o b WESTPORT s o

r Environmental Resources

: y B

5 1

0 FIGURE 3 2 / 1 1 / 5

:

d SCALE: 1 " = 6,660 ' DOC: Figure 3 Env Resources.mxd e t r 0 0.5 1 2 o p x DATE: MAY 2015 PROJECT #: 227655 E

e Miles r u g i DRAWN BY: RKO SOURCE: MASS GIS, ESRI F F FREETOWN

SWANSEA

SOMERSET

FALL RIVER d

x DARTMOUTH m . n i a l p d

o Legend o l F

4 Town Boundary e r u g i

F Flood Zone Designations \ D X

M A: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding, no BFE \ S I G \ AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding, with BFE p i w \ s e AE: Regulatory Floodway c i v r e

S AH: 1% Annual Chance of 1-3ft Ponding, with BFE g n i r

e AO: 1% Annual Chance of 1-3ft Sheet Flow Flooding, with Depth e n i g n VE: High Risk Coastal Area E

-

A D: Possible But Undetermined Hazard M r e v i X: 0.2% Annual Chance of Flooding R l l a F X: Reduced Flood Risk due to Levee 5

5 TIVERTON, RI 6 7

2 Area Not Included 2 \ s t c

e Area with no DFIRM - Paper FIRMs in Effect j o r P \ d e r a h s \ c w \

\ WESTPORT

: HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN g n i s U

City of Fall River, MA n r o b s o

r FEMA Flood Zones

: y B

5 1

0 FIGURE 4 2 / 1 1 / 5

:

d SCALE: 1 " = 6,660 ' DOC: Figure 4 Floodplain.mxd e t r 0 0.5 1 2 o p x DATE: MAY 2015 PROJECT #: 227655 E

e Miles r u g i DRAWN BY: RKO SOURCE: MASS GIS, ESRI F /" /" /"

/" FREETOWN /" F /" /" SWANSEA /" /"

SOMERSET

FALL RIVER

/" /" /" /" /" " / /" DARTMOUTH /"

d /" x m

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e r u g i F \ Legend D X M \

S /" High Hazard Dam I G \ p i /" Significant Hazard Dam w \ s e c i /" Low Hazard Dam v r e

S /"

g /" N/A Dam n i r e

e Town Boundary n i g n

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-

A M

r e v i " R /

l l a F

5

5 TIVERTON, RI 6 7

2 /" 2 \ s t /" c e j o r /" P \ d e r a h s \ c w \

\ WESTPORT

: HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN g n i s U

City of Fall River, MA

n r o b s o

r Dam Hazard Ratings

: y B

5 1

0 FIGURE 5 2 / 1 1 / 5

:

d SCALE: 1 " = 6,660 ' DOC: Figure 5 Dams.mxd e t r 0 0.5 1 2 o p

x DATE: MAY 2015 PROJECT #: 227655 E

e Miles r u g

i DRAWN BY: RKO SOURCE: MASS GIS, ESRI F

/"/" F FREETOWN

SWANSEA

SOMERSET

FALL RIVER d x m . s e

n DARTMOUTH o Z e n a c i r r u H

6 e r u g i Legend F \ D X M

\ Surge Inundation (Worst Case) S I G \ Category 1 Hurricane p i w \ s e Category 2 Hurricane c i v r e

S Category 3 Hurricane g n i r e Category 4 Hurricane e n i g n Town Boundary E

-

A M r e v i R l l a F

5

5 TIVERTON, RI 6 7 2 2 \ s t c e j o r P \ d e r a h s \ c w \

\ WESTPORT

: HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN g n i s U

City of Fall River, MA n r o b s o

r Hurricane Surge Inundation

: y B

5 1

0 FIGURE 6 2 / 1 1 / 5

:

d SCALE: 1 " = 6,660 ' DOC: Figure 6 Hurricane Zones.mxd e t r 0 0.5 1 2 o p x DATE: MAY 2015 PROJECT #: 227655 E

e Miles r u g i DRAWN BY: RKO SOURCE: MASS GIS, ESRI F APPENDIX C: HAZUS-MH ANALYSIS DOCUMENTS

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 Hazus-MH: Flood Event Report

Region Name: FallRiver_Flood_Coastal

Flood Scenario: 100-Year Flood Event

Print Date: Tuesday, March 31, 2015

Disclaimer: This version of Hazus utilizes 2010 Census Data. Totals only reflect data for those census tracts/blocks included in the user's study region.

The estimates of social and economic impacts contained in this report were produced using Hazus loss estimation methodology software which is based on current scientific and engineering knowledge. There are uncertainties inherent in any loss estimation technique. Therefore, there may be significant differences between the modeled results contained in this report and the actual social and economic losses following a specific Flood. These results can be improved by using enhanced inventory data and flood hazard information. Table of Contents

Section Page #

General Description of the Region 3

Building Inventory 4

General Building Stock

Essential Facility Inventory

Flood Scenario Parameters 5

Building Damage 6

General Building Stock

Essential Facilities Damage

Induced Flood Damage 8

Debris Generation

Social Impact 8

Shelter Requirements

Economic Loss 9

Building-Related Losses

10 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data 11

Flood Event Summary Report Page 2 of 11 General Description of the Region

Hazus is a regional multi-hazard loss estimation model that was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). The primary purpose of Hazus is to provide a methodology and software application to develop multi -hazard losses at a regional scale. These loss estimates would be used primarily by local, state and regional officials to plan and stimulate efforts to reduce risks from multi-hazards and to prepare for emergency response and recovery.

The flood loss estimates provided in this report were based on a region that included 1 county(ies) from the following state(s):

- Massachusetts

Note: Appendix A contains a complete listing of the counties contained in the region .

The geographical size of the region is 39 square miles and contains 1,772 census blocks. The region contains over 38 thousand households and has a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data). The distribution of population by State and County for the study region is provided in Appendix B .

There are an estimated 18,887 buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of 10,608 million dollars (2010 dollars). Approximately 95.05% of the buildings (and 68.14% of the building value) are associated with residential housing.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 3 of 11 Building Inventory

General Building Stock

Hazus estimates that there are 18,887 buildings in the region which have an aggregate total replacement value of 10,608 million (2010 dollars). Table 1 and Table 2 present the relative distribution of the value with respect to the general occupancies by Study Region and Scenario respectively. Appendix B provides a general distribution of the building value by State and County.

Table 1 Building Exposure by Occupancy Type for the Study Region

Occupancy Exposure ($1000) Percent of Total

Residential 7,228,711 68.1% Commercial 1,960,609 18.5% Industrial 1,047,470 9.9% Agricultural 20,579 0.2% Religion 126,224 1.2% Government 44,311 0.4% Education 180,285 1.7%

Total 10,608,189 100.00%

Table 2 Building Exposure by Occupancy Type for the Scenario

Occupancy Exposure ($1000) Percent of Total

Residential 352,017 47.2% Commercial 174,684 23.4% Industrial 205,753 27.6% Agricultural 1,983 0.3% Religion 6,086 0.8% Government 3,391 0.5% Education 1,752 0.2% Total 745,666 100.00%

Essential Facility Inventory

For essential facilities, there are 3 hospitals in the region with a total bed capacity of 909 beds. There are 47 schools, 1 fire station, 1 police station and 1 emergency operation center.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 4 of 11 Flood Scenario Parameters

Hazus used the following set of information to define the flood parameters for the flood loss estimate provided in this report.

Study Region Name: FallRiver_Flood_Coastal

Scenario Name: 100-Year Flood Event

Return Period Analyzed: 100

Analysis Options Analyzed: No What-Ifs

Flood Event Summary Report Page 5 of 11 Building Damage

General Building Stock Damage

Hazus estimates that about 41 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 5% of the total number of buildings in the scenario. There are an estimated 18 buildings that will be completely destroyed. The definition of the ‘damage states’ is provided in Volume 1: Chapter 5 of the Hazus Flood Technical Manual. Table 3 below summarizes the expected damage by general occupancy for the buildings in the region. Table 4 summarizes the expected damage by general building type.

Table 3: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy

1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 Substantially Occupancy Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Commercial 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Education 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Government 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Industrial 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Religion 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Residential 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 7.69 18 46.15 18 46.15

Total 0 0 2 3 18 18

Table 4: Expected Building Damage by Building Type

Building 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 Substantially Type Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Concrete 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 ManufHousing 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Masonry 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 66.67 1 33.33 Steel 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Wood 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 8.57 15 42.86 17 48.57

Flood Event Summary Report Page 6 of 11 Essential Facility Damage

Before the flood analyzed in this scenario, the region had 909 hospital beds available for use. On the day of the scenario flood event, the model estimates that 909 hospital beds are available in the region.

Table 5: Expected Damage to Essential Facilities

# Facilities

At Least At Least Classification Total Moderate Substantial Loss of Use Fire Stations 1 0 0 0 Hospitals 3 0 0 0 Police Stations 1 0 0 0 Schools 47 0 0 0

If this report displays all zeros or is blank, two possibilities can explain this. (1) None of your facilities were flooded. This can be checked by mapping the inventory data on the depth grid. (2) The analysis was not run. This can be tested by checking the run box on the Analysis Menu and seeing if a message box asks you to replace the existing results.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 7 of 11 Induced Flood Damage

Debris Generation

Hazus estimates the amount of debris that will be generated by the flood. The model breaks debris into three general categories: 1) Finishes (dry wall, insulation, etc.), 2) Structural (wood, brick, etc.) and 3) Foundations (concrete slab, concrete block, rebar, etc.). This distinction is made because of the different types of material handling equipment required to handle the debris.

Analysis has not been performed for this Scenario.

Social Impact

Shelter Requirements

Hazus estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the flood and the associated potential evacuation. Hazus also estimates those displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates 129 households will be displaced due to the flood. Displacement includes households evacuated from within or very near to the inundated area. Of these, 313 people (out of a total population of 88,857) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 8 of 11 Economic Loss

The total economic loss estimated for the flood is 83.25 million dollars, which represents 11.16 % of the total replacement value of the scenario buildings.

Building-Related Losses

The building losses are broken into two categories: direct building losses and business interruption losses. The direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and its contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the flood. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the flood. 30.94 30.94 30.94 30.94 The total building-related losses were 83.04 million dollars. 0% of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. The residential occupancies made up 37.17% of the total loss. Table 6 below provides a summary of the losses associated with the building damage.

Table 6: Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates

(Millions of dollars)

Category Area Residential Commercial Industrial Others Total Building Loss Building 19.34 8.65 5.35 0.40 33.74 Content 11.58 20.69 14.38 0.68 47.33 Inventory 0.00 0.60 1.30 0.07 1.96 Subtotal 30.93 29.94 21.02 1.15 83.04 Business Interruption Income 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.08 Relocation 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 Rental Income 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 Wage 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.08 Subtotal 0.02 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.21

ALL Total 30.94 30.13 21.02 1.15 83.25

Flood Event Summary Report Page 9 of 11 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Massachusetts - Bristol

Flood Event Summary Report Page 10 of 11 Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Building Value (thousands of dollars)

Population Residential Non-Residential Total

Massachusetts

Bristol 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Total 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Total Study Region 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Flood Event Summary Report Page 11 of 11 Hazus-MH: Flood Event Report

Region Name: FallRiver_Flood_Coastal

Flood Scenario: 500-Year Flood Event

Print Date: Tuesday, March 31, 2015

Disclaimer: This version of Hazus utilizes 2010 Census Data. Totals only reflect data for those census tracts/blocks included in the user's study region.

The estimates of social and economic impacts contained in this report were produced using Hazus loss estimation methodology software which is based on current scientific and engineering knowledge. There are uncertainties inherent in any loss estimation technique. Therefore, there may be significant differences between the modeled results contained in this report and the actual social and economic losses following a specific Flood. These results can be improved by using enhanced inventory data and flood hazard information. Table of Contents

Section Page #

General Description of the Region 3

Building Inventory 4

General Building Stock

Essential Facility Inventory

Flood Scenario Parameters 5

Building Damage 6

General Building Stock

Essential Facilities Damage

Induced Flood Damage 8

Debris Generation

Social Impact 8

Shelter Requirements

Economic Loss 9

Building-Related Losses

10 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data 11

Flood Event Summary Report Page 2 of 11 General Description of the Region

Hazus is a regional multi-hazard loss estimation model that was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). The primary purpose of Hazus is to provide a methodology and software application to develop multi -hazard losses at a regional scale. These loss estimates would be used primarily by local, state and regional officials to plan and stimulate efforts to reduce risks from multi-hazards and to prepare for emergency response and recovery.

The flood loss estimates provided in this report were based on a region that included 1 county(ies) from the following state(s):

- Massachusetts

Note: Appendix A contains a complete listing of the counties contained in the region .

The geographical size of the region is 39 square miles and contains 1,772 census blocks. The region contains over 38 thousand households and has a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data). The distribution of population by State and County for the study region is provided in Appendix B .

There are an estimated 18,887 buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of 10,608 million dollars (2010 dollars). Approximately 95.05% of the buildings (and 68.14% of the building value) are associated with residential housing.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 3 of 11 Building Inventory

General Building Stock

Hazus estimates that there are 18,887 buildings in the region which have an aggregate total replacement value of 10,608 million (2010 dollars). Table 1 and Table 2 present the relative distribution of the value with respect to the general occupancies by Study Region and Scenario respectively. Appendix B provides a general distribution of the building value by State and County.

Table 1 Building Exposure by Occupancy Type for the Study Region

Occupancy Exposure ($1000) Percent of Total

Residential 7,228,711 68.1% Commercial 1,960,609 18.5% Industrial 1,047,470 9.9% Agricultural 20,579 0.2% Religion 126,224 1.2% Government 44,311 0.4% Education 180,285 1.7%

Total 10,608,189 100.00%

Table 2 Building Exposure by Occupancy Type for the Scenario

Occupancy Exposure ($1000) Percent of Total

Residential 352,017 47.2% Commercial 174,684 23.4% Industrial 205,753 27.6% Agricultural 1,983 0.3% Religion 6,086 0.8% Government 3,391 0.5% Education 1,752 0.2% Total 745,666 100.00%

Essential Facility Inventory

For essential facilities, there are 3 hospitals in the region with a total bed capacity of 909 beds. There are 47 schools, 1 fire station, 1 police station and 1 emergency operation center.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 4 of 11 Flood Scenario Parameters

Hazus used the following set of information to define the flood parameters for the flood loss estimate provided in this report.

Study Region Name: FallRiver_Flood_Coastal

Scenario Name: 500-Year Flood Event

Return Period Analyzed: 500

Analysis Options Analyzed: No What-Ifs

Flood Event Summary Report Page 5 of 11 Building Damage

General Building Stock Damage

Hazus estimates that about 61 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 8% of the total number of buildings in the scenario. There are an estimated 44 buildings that will be completely destroyed. The definition of the ‘damage states’ is provided in Volume 1: Chapter 5 of the Hazus Flood Technical Manual. Table 3 below summarizes the expected damage by general occupancy for the buildings in the region. Table 4 summarizes the expected damage by general building type.

Table 3: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy

1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 Substantially Occupancy Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Commercial 0 0.00 1 50.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 50.00 0 0.00 Education 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Government 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Industrial 1 50.00 1 50.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Religion 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Residential 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 3.45 1 1.72 11 18.97 44 75.86

Total 1 2 2 1 12 44

Table 4: Expected Building Damage by Building Type

Building 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 Substantially Type Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Concrete 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 ManufHousing 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Masonry 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 25.00 6 75.00 Steel 1 33.33 1 33.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 33.33 0 0.00 Wood 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 4.08 1 2.04 9 18.37 37 75.51

Flood Event Summary Report Page 6 of 11 Essential Facility Damage

Before the flood analyzed in this scenario, the region had 909 hospital beds available for use. On the day of the scenario flood event, the model estimates that 909 hospital beds are available in the region.

Table 5: Expected Damage to Essential Facilities

# Facilities

At Least At Least Classification Total Moderate Substantial Loss of Use Fire Stations 1 0 0 0 Hospitals 3 0 0 0 Police Stations 1 0 0 0 Schools 47 0 0 0

If this report displays all zeros or is blank, two possibilities can explain this. (1) None of your facilities were flooded. This can be checked by mapping the inventory data on the depth grid. (2) The analysis was not run. This can be tested by checking the run box on the Analysis Menu and seeing if a message box asks you to replace the existing results.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 7 of 11 Induced Flood Damage

Debris Generation

Hazus estimates the amount of debris that will be generated by the flood. The model breaks debris into three general categories: 1) Finishes (dry wall, insulation, etc.), 2) Structural (wood, brick, etc.) and 3) Foundations (concrete slab, concrete block, rebar, etc.). This distinction is made because of the different types of material handling equipment required to handle the debris.

Analysis has not been performed for this Scenario.

Social Impact

Shelter Requirements

Hazus estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the flood and the associated potential evacuation. Hazus also estimates those displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates 319 households will be displaced due to the flood. Displacement includes households evacuated from within or very near to the inundated area. Of these, 793 people (out of a total population of 88,857) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.

Flood Event Summary Report Page 8 of 11 Economic Loss

The total economic loss estimated for the flood is 175.85 million dollars, which represents 23.58 % of the total replacement value of the scenario buildings.

Building-Related Losses

The building losses are broken into two categories: direct building losses and business interruption losses. The direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and its contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the flood. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the flood. 63.28 63.28 63.28 63.28 The total building-related losses were 175.51 million dollars. 0% of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. The residential occupancies made up 35.98% of the total loss. Table 6 below provides a summary of the losses associated with the building damage.

Table 6: Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates

(Millions of dollars)

Category Area Residential Commercial Industrial Others Total Building Loss Building 40.46 19.05 13.43 0.99 73.93 Content 22.79 38.60 33.69 2.66 97.74 Inventory 0.00 1.08 2.67 0.08 3.83 Subtotal 63.25 58.73 49.79 3.74 175.51 Business Interruption Income 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.12 Relocation 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.04 Rental Income 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 Wage 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.02 0.16 Subtotal 0.02 0.30 0.00 0.02 0.35

ALL Total 63.28 59.03 49.79 3.76 175.85

Flood Event Summary Report Page 9 of 11 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Massachusetts - Bristol

Flood Event Summary Report Page 10 of 11 Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Building Value (thousands of dollars)

Population Residential Non-Residential Total

Massachusetts

Bristol 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Total 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Total Study Region 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Flood Event Summary Report Page 11 of 11 Hazus-MH: Earthquake Event Report

Region Name: FallRiver_Earthquake

Earthquake Scenario: 100 Year Mag 7

Print Date: March 30, 2015

Disclaimer: This version of Hazus utilizes 2010 Census Data. Totals only reflect data for those census tracts/blocks included in the user’s study region.

The estimates of social and economic impacts contained in this report were produced using Hazus loss estimation methodology software which is based on current scientific and engineering knowledge. There are uncertainties inherent in any loss estimation technique. Therefore, there may be significant differences between the modeled results contained in this report and the actual social and economic losses following a specific earthquake. These results can be improved by using enhanced inventory, geotechnical , and observed ground motion data. Table of Contents

Section Page #

General Description of the Region 3

Building and Lifeline Inventory 4

Building Inventory

Critical Facility Inventory

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Inventory

Earthquake Scenario Parameters 6

Direct Earthquake Damage 7

Buildings Damage

Critical Facilities Damage

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Damage

Induced Earthquake Damage 11

Fire Following Earthquake

Debris Generation

Social Impact 12

Shelter Requirements

Casualties

Economic Loss 13

Building Losses

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Losses

Long-term Indirect Economic Impacts

Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 2 of 19 General Description of the Region

Hazus is a regional earthquake loss estimation model that was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Institute of Building Sciences. The primary purpose of Hazus is to provide a methodology and software application to develop earthquake losses at a regional scale. These loss estimates would be used primarily by local, state and regional officials to plan and stimulate efforts to reduce risks from earthquakes and to prepare for emergency response and recovery.

The earthquake loss estimates provided in this report was based on a region that includes 1 county(ies) from the following state(s):

Massachusetts

Note: Appendix A contains a complete listing of the counties contained in the region.

The geographical size of the region is 38.58 square miles and contains 25 census tracts. There are over 38 thousand households in the region which has a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data). The distribution of population by State and County is provided in Appendix B.

There are an estimated 18 thousand buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of 10,608 (millions of dollars). Approximately 95.00 % of the buildings (and 68.00% of the building value) are associated with residential housing.

The replacement value of the transportation and utility lifeline systems is estimated to be 2,632 and 460 (millions of dollars) , respectively.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 3 of 19 Building and Lifeline Inventory Building Inventory

Hazus estimates that there are 18 thousand buildings in the region which have an aggregate total replacement value of 10,608 (millions of dollars) . Appendix B provides a general distribution of the building value by State and County.

In terms of building construction types found in the region, wood frame construction makes up 78% of the building inventory. The remaining percentage is distributed between the other general building types. Critical Facility Inventory

Hazus breaks critical facilities into two (2) groups: essential facilities and high potential loss facilities (HPL). Essential facilities include hospitals, medical clinics, schools, fire stations, police stations and emergency operations facilities. High potential loss facilities include dams, levees, military installations, nuclear power plants and hazardous material sites.

For essential facilities, there are 3 hospitals in the region with a total bed capacity of 909 beds. There are 47 schools, 1 fire stations, 1 police stations and 1 emergency operation facilities. With respect to high potential loss facilities (HPL), there are 0 dams identified within the region. Of these, 0 of the dams are classified as ‘high hazard’. The inventory also includes 60 hazardous material sites, 0 military installations and 0 nuclear power plants.

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Inventory

Within Hazus, the lifeline inventory is divided between transportation and utility lifeline systems. There are seven (7) transportation systems that include highways, railways, light rail, bus, ports, ferry and airports. There are six (6) utility systems that include potable water, wastewater, natural gas, crude & refined oil, electric power and communications. The lifeline inventory data are provided in Tables 1 and 2.

The total value of the lifeline inventory is over 3,092.00 (millions of dollars). This inventory includes over 57 kilometers of highways, 59 bridges, 7,632 kilometers of pipes.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 4 of 19 Table 1: Transportation System Lifeline Inventory

# Locations/ Replacement value System Component # Segments (millions of dollars)

Highway Bridges 59 2,178.00 Segments 59 402.50 Tunnels 0 0.00 Subtotal 2,580.60

Railways Bridges 0 0.00 Facilities 0 0.00 Segments 3 30.90 Tunnels 0 0.00 Subtotal 30.90

Light Rail Bridges 0 0.00 Facilities 0 0.00 Segments 0 0.00 Tunnels 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00

Bus Facilities 4 5.10 Subtotal 5.10

Ferry Facilities 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00

Port Facilities 8 16.00 Subtotal 16.00

Airport Facilities 0 0.00 Runways 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 Total 2,632.50

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 5 of 19 Table 2: Utility System Lifeline Inventory

# Locations / Replacement value System Component Segments (millions of dollars)

Potable Water Distribution Lines NA 76.30

Facilities 0 0.00

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 76.30 Waste Water Distribution Lines NA 45.80

Facilities 1 77.30

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 123.10 Natural Gas Distribution Lines NA 30.50

Facilities 0 0.00

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 30.50 Oil Systems Facilities 0 0.00

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 Electrical Power Facilities 3 382.80 Subtotal 382.80 Communication Facilities 1 0.10 Subtotal 0.10 Total 612.80

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 6 of 19 Earthquake Scenario

Hazus uses the following set of information to define the earthquake parameters used for the earthquake loss estimate provided in this report.

Scenario Name 100 Year Mag 7

Type of Earthquake Probabilistic

Fault Name NA

Historical Epicenter ID # NA

Probabilistic Return Period 100.00

Longitude of Epicenter NA

Latitude of Epicenter NA

Earthquake Magnitude 7.00

Depth (Km) NA

Rupture Length (Km) NA

Rupture Orientation (degrees) NA

Attenuation Function NA

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 7 of 19 Building Damage Building Damage Hazus estimates that about 0 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 0.00 % of the buildings in the region. There are an estimated 0 buildings that will be damaged beyond repair. The definition of the ‘damage states’ is provided in Volume 1: Chapter 5 of the Hazus technical manual. Table 3 below summarizes the expected damage by general occupancy for the buildings in the region. Table 4 below summarizes the expected damage by general building type.

Table 3: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy

None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete

Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 3 0.02 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Commercial 626 3.31 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Education 7 0.04 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Government 27 0.14 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Industrial 232 1.23 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Other Residential 7,366 39.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Religion 40 0.21 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Single Family 10,586 56.05 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Total 18,887 0 0 0 0

Table 4: Expected Building Damage by Building Type (All Design Levels)

None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete

Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Wood 14,818 78.46 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Steel 661 3.50 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Concrete 371 1.96 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Precast 42 0.22 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 RM 755 4.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 URM 2,203 11.66 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 MH 37 0.20 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 18,887 0 0 0 0

*Note: RM Reinforced Masonry URM Unreinforced Masonry MH Manufactured Housing

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 8 of 19 Essential Facility Damage Before the earthquake, the region had 909 hospital beds available for use. On the day of the earthquake, the model estimates that only 894 hospital beds (98.00%) are available for use by patients already in the hospital and those injured by the earthquake. After one week, 100.00% of the beds will be back in service. By 30 days, 100.00% will be operational.

Table 5: Expected Damage to Essential Facilities

# Facilities

Classification Total At Least Moderate Complete With Functionality Damage > 50% Damage > 50% > 50% on day 1

Hospitals 3 0 0 3

Schools 47 0 0 47

EOCs 1 0 0 1

PoliceStations 1 0 0 1

FireStations 1 0 0 1

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 9 of 19 Transportation and Utility Lifeline Damage

Table 6 provides damage estimates for the transportation system.

Table 6: Expected Damage to the Transportation Systems

Number of Locations System Component Locations/ With at Least With Complete With Functionality > 50 % Segments Mod. Damage Damage After Day 1 After Day 7

Highway Segments 59 0 0 59 59

Bridges 59 0 0 59 59

Tunnels 0 0 0 0 0

Railways Segments 3 0 0 3 3

Bridges 0 0 0 0 0

Tunnels 0 0 0 0 0

Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Light Rail Segments 0 0 0 0 0

Bridges 0 0 0 0 0

Tunnels 0 0 0 0 0

Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Bus Facilities 4 0 0 4 4

Ferry Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Port Facilities 8 0 0 8 8

Airport Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Runways 0 0 0 0 0

Note: Roadway segments, railroad tracks and light rail tracks are assumed to be damaged by ground failure only. If ground failure maps are not provided, damage estimates to these components will not be computed.

Tables 7-9 provide information on the damage to the utility lifeline systems. Table 7 provides damage to the utility system facilities. Table 8 provides estimates on the number of leaks and breaks by the pipelines of the utility systems. For electric power and potable water, Hazus performs a simplified system performance analysis. Table 9 provides a summary of the system performance information.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 10 of 19 Table 7 : Expected Utility System Facility Damage

# of Locations with Functionality > 50 % System Total # With at Least With Complete

Moderate Damage Damage After Day 1 After Day 7

Potable Water 0 0 0 0 0

Waste Water 1 0 0 0 0

Natural Gas 0 0 0 0 0

Oil Systems 0 0 0 0 0

Electrical Power 3 0 0 0 0

Communication 1 0 0 0 0

Table 8 : Expected Utility System Pipeline Damage (Site Specific)

System Total Pipelines Number of Number of Length (kms) Leaks Breaks

Potable Water 3,816 0 0

Waste Water 2,290 0 0

Natural Gas 1,527 0 0

Oil 0 0 0

Table 9: Expected Potable Water and Electric Power System Performance

Total # of Number of Households without Service Households At Day 1 At Day 3 At Day 7 At Day 30 At Day 90

Potable Water 0 0 0 0 0 38,457 Electric Power 0 0 0 0 0

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 11 of 19 Induced Earthquake Damage

Fire Following Earthquake Fires often occur after an earthquake. Because of the number of fires and the lack of water to fight the fires, they can often burn out of control. Hazus uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the number of ignitions and the amount of burnt area. For this scenario, the model estimates that there will be 0 ignitions that will burn about 0.00 sq. mi 0.00 % of the region’s total area.) The model also estimates that the fires will displace about 0 people and burn about 0 (millions of dollars) of building value.

Debris Generation Hazus estimates the amount of debris that will be generated by the earthquake. The model breaks the debris into two general categories: a) Brick/Wood and b) Reinforced Concrete/Steel. This distinction is made because of the different types of material handling equipment required to handle the debris.

The model estimates that a total of 0.00 million tons of debris will be generated. Of the total amount, Brick/Wood comprises 0.00% of the total, with the remainder being Reinforced Concrete/Steel. If the debris tonnage is converted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require 0 truckloads (@25 tons/truck) to remove the debris generated by the earthquake.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 12 of 19 Social Impact Shelter Requirement Hazus estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the earthquake and the number of displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates 0 households to be displaced due to the earthquake. Of these, 0 people (out of a total population of 88,857) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.

Casualties Hazus estimates the number of people that will be injured and killed by the earthquake. The casualties are broken down into four (4) severity levels that describe the extent of the injuries. The levels are described as follows;

· Severity Level 1: Injuries will require medical attention but hospitalization is not needed. · Severity Level 2: Injuries will require hospitalization but are not considered life-threatening · Severity Level 3: Injuries will require hospitalization and can become life threatening if not promptly treated. · Severity Level 4: Victims are killed by the earthquake.

The casualty estimates are provided for three (3) times of day: 2:00 AM, 2:00 PM and 5:00 PM. These times represent the periods of the day that different sectors of the community are at their peak occupancy loads. The 2:00 AM estimate considers that the residential occupancy load is maximum, the 2:00 PM estimate considers that the educational, commercial and industrial sector loads are maximum and 5:00 PM represents peak commute time.

Table 10 provides a summary of the casualties estimated for this earthquake

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 13 of 19 Table 10: Casualty Estimates

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

2 AM Commercial 0 0 0 0

Commuting 0 0 0 0

Educational 0 0 0 0

Hotels 0 0 0 0

Industrial 0 0 0 0

Other-Residential 0 0 0 0

Single Family 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0

2 PM Commercial 0 0 0 0

Commuting 0 0 0 0

Educational 0 0 0 0

Hotels 0 0 0 0

Industrial 0 0 0 0

Other-Residential 0 0 0 0

Single Family 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0

5 PM Commercial 0 0 0 0

Commuting 0 0 0 0

Educational 0 0 0 0

Hotels 0 0 0 0

Industrial 0 0 0 0

Other-Residential 0 0 0 0

Single Family 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 14 of 19 Economic Loss

The total economic loss estimated for the earthquake is 0.01 (millions of dollars), which includes building and lifeline related losses based on the region's available inventory. The following three sections provide more detailed information about these losses.

Building-Related Losses

The building losses are broken into two categories: direct building losses and business interruption losses. The direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and its contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the earthquake. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the earthquake.

The total building-related losses were 0.00 (millions of dollars); 0 % of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 0 % of the total loss. Table 11 below provides a summary of the losses associated with the building damage.

Table 11: Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates

(Millions of dollars)

Category Area Single Other Commercial Industrial Others Total Family Residential Income Losses Wage 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Capital-Related 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rental 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Relocation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Capital Stock Losses Structural 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Non_Structural 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Content 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Inventory 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 15 of 19 Transportation and Utility Lifeline Losses For the transportation and utility lifeline systems, Hazus computes the direct repair cost for each component only. There are no losses computed by Hazus for business interruption due to lifeline outages. Tables 12 & 13 provide a detailed breakdown in the expected lifeline losses.

Hazus estimates the long-term economic impacts to the region for 15 years after the earthquake. The model quantifies this information in terms of income and employment changes within the region. Table 14 presents the results of the region for the given earthquake.

Table 12: Transportation System Economic Losses (Millions of dollars)

System Component Inventory Value Economic Loss Loss Ratio (%)

Highway Segments 402.51 $0.00 0.00 Bridges 2,178.04 $0.00 0.00 Tunnels 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 2580.60 0.00

Railways Segments 30.89 $0.00 0.00 Bridges 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Tunnels 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 30.90 0.00

Light Rail Segments 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Bridges 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Tunnels 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00

Bus Facilities 5.06 $0.00 0.06 Subtotal 5.10 0.00

Ferry Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00

Port Facilities 15.98 $0.01 0.06 Subtotal 16.00 0.00

Airport Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Runways 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00 Total 2632.50 0.00

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 16 of 19 Table 13: Utility System Economic Losses

(Millions of dollars)

System Component Inventory Value Economic Loss Loss Ratio (%)

Potable Water Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Distribution Lines 76.30 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 76.33 $0.00

Waste Water Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 77.30 $0.00 0.00

Distribution Lines 45.80 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 123.05 $0.00

Natural Gas Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Distribution Lines 30.50 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 30.53 $0.00

Oil Systems Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 0.00 $0.00

Electrical Power Facilities 382.80 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 382.80 $0.00

Communication Facilities 0.10 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 0.12 $0.00

Total 612.83 $0.00

Table 14. Indirect Economic Impact with outside aid (Employment as # of people and Income in millions of $)

LOSS Total %

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 17 of 19 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Bristol,MA

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 18 of 19 Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Building Value (millions of dollars) State County Name Population Residential Non-Residential Total Massachusetts Bristol 88,857 7,228 3,379 10,608 Total State 88,857 7,228 3,379 10,608 Total Region 88,857 7,228 3,379 10,608

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 19 of 19 Hazus-MH: Earthquake Event Report

Region Name: FallRiver_Earthquake

Earthquake Scenario: 500 Year 7 Mag

Print Date: March 30, 2015

Disclaimer: This version of Hazus utilizes 2010 Census Data. Totals only reflect data for those census tracts/blocks included in the user’s study region.

The estimates of social and economic impacts contained in this report were produced using Hazus loss estimation methodology software which is based on current scientific and engineering knowledge. There are uncertainties inherent in any loss estimation technique. Therefore, there may be significant differences between the modeled results contained in this report and the actual social and economic losses following a specific earthquake. These results can be improved by using enhanced inventory, geotechnical , and observed ground motion data. Table of Contents

Section Page #

General Description of the Region 3

Building and Lifeline Inventory 4

Building Inventory

Critical Facility Inventory

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Inventory

Earthquake Scenario Parameters 6

Direct Earthquake Damage 7

Buildings Damage

Critical Facilities Damage

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Damage

Induced Earthquake Damage 11

Fire Following Earthquake

Debris Generation

Social Impact 12

Shelter Requirements

Casualties

Economic Loss 13

Building Losses

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Losses

Long-term Indirect Economic Impacts

Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 2 of 19 General Description of the Region

Hazus is a regional earthquake loss estimation model that was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Institute of Building Sciences. The primary purpose of Hazus is to provide a methodology and software application to develop earthquake losses at a regional scale. These loss estimates would be used primarily by local, state and regional officials to plan and stimulate efforts to reduce risks from earthquakes and to prepare for emergency response and recovery.

The earthquake loss estimates provided in this report was based on a region that includes 1 county(ies) from the following state(s):

Massachusetts

Note: Appendix A contains a complete listing of the counties contained in the region.

The geographical size of the region is 38.58 square miles and contains 25 census tracts. There are over 38 thousand households in the region which has a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data). The distribution of population by State and County is provided in Appendix B.

There are an estimated 18 thousand buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of 10,608 (millions of dollars). Approximately 95.00 % of the buildings (and 68.00% of the building value) are associated with residential housing.

The replacement value of the transportation and utility lifeline systems is estimated to be 2,632 and 460 (millions of dollars) , respectively.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 3 of 19 Building and Lifeline Inventory Building Inventory

Hazus estimates that there are 18 thousand buildings in the region which have an aggregate total replacement value of 10,608 (millions of dollars) . Appendix B provides a general distribution of the building value by State and County.

In terms of building construction types found in the region, wood frame construction makes up 78% of the building inventory. The remaining percentage is distributed between the other general building types. Critical Facility Inventory

Hazus breaks critical facilities into two (2) groups: essential facilities and high potential loss facilities (HPL). Essential facilities include hospitals, medical clinics, schools, fire stations, police stations and emergency operations facilities. High potential loss facilities include dams, levees, military installations, nuclear power plants and hazardous material sites.

For essential facilities, there are 3 hospitals in the region with a total bed capacity of 909 beds. There are 47 schools, 1 fire stations, 1 police stations and 1 emergency operation facilities. With respect to high potential loss facilities (HPL), there are 0 dams identified within the region. Of these, 0 of the dams are classified as ‘high hazard’. The inventory also includes 60 hazardous material sites, 0 military installations and 0 nuclear power plants.

Transportation and Utility Lifeline Inventory

Within Hazus, the lifeline inventory is divided between transportation and utility lifeline systems. There are seven (7) transportation systems that include highways, railways, light rail, bus, ports, ferry and airports. There are six (6) utility systems that include potable water, wastewater, natural gas, crude & refined oil, electric power and communications. The lifeline inventory data are provided in Tables 1 and 2.

The total value of the lifeline inventory is over 3,092.00 (millions of dollars). This inventory includes over 57 kilometers of highways, 59 bridges, 7,632 kilometers of pipes.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 4 of 19 Table 1: Transportation System Lifeline Inventory

# Locations/ Replacement value System Component # Segments (millions of dollars)

Highway Bridges 59 2,178.00 Segments 59 402.50 Tunnels 0 0.00 Subtotal 2,580.60

Railways Bridges 0 0.00 Facilities 0 0.00 Segments 3 30.90 Tunnels 0 0.00 Subtotal 30.90

Light Rail Bridges 0 0.00 Facilities 0 0.00 Segments 0 0.00 Tunnels 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00

Bus Facilities 4 5.10 Subtotal 5.10

Ferry Facilities 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00

Port Facilities 8 16.00 Subtotal 16.00

Airport Facilities 0 0.00 Runways 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 Total 2,632.50

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 5 of 19 Table 2: Utility System Lifeline Inventory

# Locations / Replacement value System Component Segments (millions of dollars)

Potable Water Distribution Lines NA 76.30

Facilities 0 0.00

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 76.30 Waste Water Distribution Lines NA 45.80

Facilities 1 77.30

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 123.10 Natural Gas Distribution Lines NA 30.50

Facilities 0 0.00

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 30.50 Oil Systems Facilities 0 0.00

Pipelines 0 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 Electrical Power Facilities 3 382.80 Subtotal 382.80 Communication Facilities 1 0.10 Subtotal 0.10 Total 612.80

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 6 of 19 Earthquake Scenario

Hazus uses the following set of information to define the earthquake parameters used for the earthquake loss estimate provided in this report.

Scenario Name 500 Year 7 Mag

Type of Earthquake Probabilistic

Fault Name NA

Historical Epicenter ID # NA

Probabilistic Return Period 500.00

Longitude of Epicenter NA

Latitude of Epicenter NA

Earthquake Magnitude 7.00

Depth (Km) NA

Rupture Length (Km) NA

Rupture Orientation (degrees) NA

Attenuation Function NA

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 7 of 19 Building Damage Building Damage Hazus estimates that about 67 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 0.00 % of the buildings in the region. There are an estimated 0 buildings that will be damaged beyond repair. The definition of the ‘damage states’ is provided in Volume 1: Chapter 5 of the Hazus technical manual. Table 3 below summarizes the expected damage by general occupancy for the buildings in the region. Table 4 below summarizes the expected damage by general building type.

Table 3: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy

None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete

Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 3 0.02 0 0.03 0 0.03 0 0.03 0 0.02 Commercial 604 3.25 16 6.72 5 8.77 1 9.86 0 6.28 Education 7 0.04 0 0.07 0 0.08 0 0.09 0 0.07 Government 26 0.14 1 0.25 0 0.30 0 0.30 0 0.17 Industrial 224 1.21 6 2.27 2 2.97 0 3.10 0 1.64 Other Residential 7,193 38.73 129 52.49 39 64.74 5 69.99 0 71.80 Religion 39 0.21 1 0.40 0 0.57 0 0.67 0 0.64 Single Family 10,479 56.41 93 37.78 14 22.54 1 15.96 0 19.38

Total 18,575 245 60 7 1

Table 4: Expected Building Damage by Building Type (All Design Levels)

None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete

Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Wood 14,701 79.15 109 44.23 9 14.87 0 0.00 0 0.00 Steel 644 3.47 13 5.22 4 5.97 0 4.45 0 0.00 Concrete 361 1.95 8 3.18 2 3.07 0 1.13 0 0.00 Precast 40 0.22 1 0.54 1 1.21 0 1.68 0 0.00 RM 734 3.95 14 5.62 6 10.11 1 10.35 0 0.00 URM 2,059 11.09 99 40.42 38 63.70 5 82.22 1 100.00 MH 34 0.19 2 0.79 1 1.06 0 0.18 0 0.00 Total 18,575 245 60 7 1

*Note: RM Reinforced Masonry URM Unreinforced Masonry MH Manufactured Housing

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 8 of 19 Essential Facility Damage Before the earthquake, the region had 909 hospital beds available for use. On the day of the earthquake, the model estimates that only 807 hospital beds (89.00%) are available for use by patients already in the hospital and those injured by the earthquake. After one week, 96.00% of the beds will be back in service. By 30 days, 99.00% will be operational.

Table 5: Expected Damage to Essential Facilities

# Facilities

Classification Total At Least Moderate Complete With Functionality Damage > 50% Damage > 50% > 50% on day 1

Hospitals 3 0 0 3

Schools 47 0 0 47

EOCs 1 0 0 1

PoliceStations 1 0 0 1

FireStations 1 0 0 1

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 9 of 19 Transportation and Utility Lifeline Damage

Table 6 provides damage estimates for the transportation system.

Table 6: Expected Damage to the Transportation Systems

Number of Locations System Component Locations/ With at Least With Complete With Functionality > 50 % Segments Mod. Damage Damage After Day 1 After Day 7

Highway Segments 59 0 0 59 59

Bridges 59 0 0 59 59

Tunnels 0 0 0 0 0

Railways Segments 3 0 0 3 3

Bridges 0 0 0 0 0

Tunnels 0 0 0 0 0

Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Light Rail Segments 0 0 0 0 0

Bridges 0 0 0 0 0

Tunnels 0 0 0 0 0

Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Bus Facilities 4 0 0 4 4

Ferry Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Port Facilities 8 0 0 8 8

Airport Facilities 0 0 0 0 0

Runways 0 0 0 0 0

Note: Roadway segments, railroad tracks and light rail tracks are assumed to be damaged by ground failure only. If ground failure maps are not provided, damage estimates to these components will not be computed.

Tables 7-9 provide information on the damage to the utility lifeline systems. Table 7 provides damage to the utility system facilities. Table 8 provides estimates on the number of leaks and breaks by the pipelines of the utility systems. For electric power and potable water, Hazus performs a simplified system performance analysis. Table 9 provides a summary of the system performance information.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 10 of 19 Table 7 : Expected Utility System Facility Damage

# of Locations with Functionality > 50 % System Total # With at Least With Complete

Moderate Damage Damage After Day 1 After Day 7

Potable Water 0 0 0 0 0

Waste Water 1 0 0 0 0

Natural Gas 0 0 0 0 0

Oil Systems 0 0 0 0 0

Electrical Power 3 0 0 0 0

Communication 1 0 0 0 0

Table 8 : Expected Utility System Pipeline Damage (Site Specific)

System Total Pipelines Number of Number of Length (kms) Leaks Breaks

Potable Water 3,816 0 0

Waste Water 2,290 0 0

Natural Gas 1,527 0 0

Oil 0 0 0

Table 9: Expected Potable Water and Electric Power System Performance

Total # of Number of Households without Service Households At Day 1 At Day 3 At Day 7 At Day 30 At Day 90

Potable Water 0 0 0 0 0 38,457 Electric Power 0 0 0 0 0

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 11 of 19 Induced Earthquake Damage

Fire Following Earthquake Fires often occur after an earthquake. Because of the number of fires and the lack of water to fight the fires, they can often burn out of control. Hazus uses a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the number of ignitions and the amount of burnt area. For this scenario, the model estimates that there will be 0 ignitions that will burn about 0.00 sq. mi 0.00 % of the region’s total area.) The model also estimates that the fires will displace about 0 people and burn about 0 (millions of dollars) of building value.

Debris Generation Hazus estimates the amount of debris that will be generated by the earthquake. The model breaks the debris into two general categories: a) Brick/Wood and b) Reinforced Concrete/Steel. This distinction is made because of the different types of material handling equipment required to handle the debris.

The model estimates that a total of 0.00 million tons of debris will be generated. Of the total amount, Brick/Wood comprises 0.00% of the total, with the remainder being Reinforced Concrete/Steel. If the debris tonnage is converted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require 0 truckloads (@25 tons/truck) to remove the debris generated by the earthquake.

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 12 of 19 Social Impact Shelter Requirement Hazus estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the earthquake and the number of displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates 19 households to be displaced due to the earthquake. Of these, 12 people (out of a total population of 88,857) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.

Casualties Hazus estimates the number of people that will be injured and killed by the earthquake. The casualties are broken down into four (4) severity levels that describe the extent of the injuries. The levels are described as follows;

· Severity Level 1: Injuries will require medical attention but hospitalization is not needed. · Severity Level 2: Injuries will require hospitalization but are not considered life-threatening · Severity Level 3: Injuries will require hospitalization and can become life threatening if not promptly treated. · Severity Level 4: Victims are killed by the earthquake.

The casualty estimates are provided for three (3) times of day: 2:00 AM, 2:00 PM and 5:00 PM. These times represent the periods of the day that different sectors of the community are at their peak occupancy loads. The 2:00 AM estimate considers that the residential occupancy load is maximum, the 2:00 PM estimate considers that the educational, commercial and industrial sector loads are maximum and 5:00 PM represents peak commute time.

Table 10 provides a summary of the casualties estimated for this earthquake

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 13 of 19 Table 10: Casualty Estimates

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

2 AM Commercial 0 0 0 0

Commuting 0 0 0 0

Educational 0 0 0 0

Hotels 0 0 0 0

Industrial 0 0 0 0

Other-Residential 3 0 0 0

Single Family 0 0 0 0

Total 3 0 0 0

2 PM Commercial 2 0 0 0

Commuting 0 0 0 0

Educational 1 0 0 0

Hotels 0 0 0 0

Industrial 0 0 0 0

Other-Residential 1 0 0 0

Single Family 0 0 0 0

Total 4 0 0 0

5 PM Commercial 1 0 0 0

Commuting 0 0 0 0

Educational 0 0 0 0

Hotels 0 0 0 0

Industrial 0 0 0 0

Other-Residential 1 0 0 0

Single Family 0 0 0 0

Total 3 0 0 0

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 14 of 19 Economic Loss

The total economic loss estimated for the earthquake is 12.65 (millions of dollars), which includes building and lifeline related losses based on the region's available inventory. The following three sections provide more detailed information about these losses.

Building-Related Losses

The building losses are broken into two categories: direct building losses and business interruption losses. The direct building losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and its contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the earthquake. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the earthquake.

The total building-related losses were 12.10 (millions of dollars); 24 % of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 52 % of the total loss. Table 11 below provides a summary of the losses associated with the building damage.

Table 11: Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates

(Millions of dollars)

Category Area Single Other Commercial Industrial Others Total Family Residential Income Losses Wage 0.00 0.04 0.48 0.03 0.03 0.58 Capital-Related 0.00 0.02 0.38 0.02 0.01 0.42 Rental 0.02 0.54 0.31 0.02 0.01 0.89 Relocation 0.06 0.40 0.40 0.08 0.08 1.02 Subtotal 0.07 1.00 1.57 0.15 0.12 2.91 Capital Stock Losses Structural 0.17 0.99 0.70 0.30 0.13 2.28 Non_Structural 0.60 2.84 1.13 0.53 0.22 5.32 Content 0.15 0.51 0.45 0.33 0.08 1.53 Inventory 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.06 Subtotal 0.92 4.34 2.29 1.21 0.43 9.19 Total 0.99 5.34 3.86 1.36 0.55 12.10

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 15 of 19 Transportation and Utility Lifeline Losses For the transportation and utility lifeline systems, Hazus computes the direct repair cost for each component only. There are no losses computed by Hazus for business interruption due to lifeline outages. Tables 12 & 13 provide a detailed breakdown in the expected lifeline losses.

Hazus estimates the long-term economic impacts to the region for 15 years after the earthquake. The model quantifies this information in terms of income and employment changes within the region. Table 14 presents the results of the region for the given earthquake.

Table 12: Transportation System Economic Losses (Millions of dollars)

System Component Inventory Value Economic Loss Loss Ratio (%)

Highway Segments 402.51 $0.00 0.00 Bridges 2,178.04 $0.08 0.00 Tunnels 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 2580.60 0.10

Railways Segments 30.89 $0.00 0.00 Bridges 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Tunnels 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 30.90 0.00

Light Rail Segments 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Bridges 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Tunnels 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00

Bus Facilities 5.06 $0.11 2.18 Subtotal 5.10 0.10

Ferry Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00

Port Facilities 15.98 $0.35 2.19 Subtotal 16.00 0.40

Airport Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Runways 0.00 $0.00 0.00 Subtotal 0.00 0.00 Total 2632.50 0.50

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 16 of 19 Table 13: Utility System Economic Losses

(Millions of dollars)

System Component Inventory Value Economic Loss Loss Ratio (%)

Potable Water Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Distribution Lines 76.30 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 76.33 $0.00

Waste Water Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 77.30 $0.00 0.00

Distribution Lines 45.80 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 123.05 $0.00

Natural Gas Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Distribution Lines 30.50 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 30.53 $0.00

Oil Systems Pipelines 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Facilities 0.00 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 0.00 $0.00

Electrical Power Facilities 382.80 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 382.80 $0.00

Communication Facilities 0.10 $0.00 0.00

Subtotal 0.12 $0.00

Total 612.83 $0.00

Table 14. Indirect Economic Impact with outside aid (Employment as # of people and Income in millions of $)

LOSS Total %

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 17 of 19 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Bristol,MA

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 18 of 19 Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Building Value (millions of dollars) State County Name Population Residential Non-Residential Total Massachusetts Bristol 88,857 7,228 3,379 10,608 Total State 88,857 7,228 3,379 10,608 Total Region 88,857 7,228 3,379 10,608

Earthquake Event Summary Report Page 19 of 19 Hazus-MH: Hurricane Event Report

Region Name: FallRiver_Hurricane

Hurricane Scenario: Probabilistic 100-year Return Period

Print Date: Monday, March 30, 2015

Disclaimer: This version of Hazus utilizes 2010 Census Data. Totals only reflect data for those census tracts/blocks included in the user's study region.

The estimates of social and economic impacts contained in this report were produced using Hazus loss estimation methodology software which is based on current scientific and engineering knowledge. There are uncertainties inherent in any loss estimation technique. Therefore, there may be significant differences between the modeled results contained in this report and the actual social and economic losses following a specific Hurricane. These results can be improved by using enhanced inventory data. Table of Contents

Section Page #

General Description of the Region 3 Building Inventory 4

General Building Stock

Essential Facility Inventory

Hurricane Scenario Parameters 5

Building Damage 6 General Building Stock

Essential Facilities Damage

Induced Hurricane Damage 8

Debris Generation

Social Impact 8 Shelter Requirements

Economic Loss 9 Building Losses

Appendix A: County Listing for the Region 10

Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data 11

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 2 of 11 General Description of the Region

Hazus is a regional multi-hazard loss estimation model that was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Institute of Building Sciences. The primary purpose of Hazus is to provide a methodology and software application to develop multi-hazard losses at a regional scale. These loss estimates would be used primarily by local, state and regional officials to plan and stimulate efforts to reduce risks from multi-hazards and to prepare for emergency response and recovery.

The hurricane loss estimates provided in this report are based on a region that includes 1 county(ies) from the following state(s):

- Massachusetts

Note: Appendix A contains a complete listing of the counties contained in the region .

The geographical size of the region is 38.59 square miles and contains 25 census tracts. There are over 38 thousand households in the region and has a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data). The distribution of population by State and County is provided in Appendix B .

There are an estimated 18 thousand buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of 10,608 million dollars (2010 dollars). Approximately 95% of the buildings (and 68% of the building value) are associated with residential housing.

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 3 of 11 Building Inventory General Building Stock

Hazus estimates that there are 18,887 buildings in the region which have an aggregate total replacement value of 10,608 million (2006 dollars). Table 1 presents the relative distribution of the value with respect to the general occupancies. Appendix B provides a general distribution of the building value by State and County.

Table 1: Building Exposure by Occupancy Type

Occupancy Exposure ($1000) Percent of Tot Residential 7,228,711 68.1% Commercial 1,960,609 18.5% Industrial 1,047,470 9.9% Agricultural 20,579 0.2% Religious 126,224 1.2% Government 44,311 0.4% Education 180,285 1.7% Total 10,608,189 100.0%

Essential Facility Inventory

For essential facilities, there are 3 hospitals in the region with a total bed capacity of 909 beds. There are 47 schools, 1 fire stations, 1 police stations and 1 emergency operation facilities.

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 4 of 11 Hurricane Scenario

Hazus used the following set of information to define the hurricane parameters for the hurricane loss estimate provided in this report.

Scenario Name: Probabilistic

Type: Probabilistic

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 5 of 11 Building Damage General Building Stock Damage

Hazus estimates that about 501 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 3% of the total number of buildings in the region. There are an estimated 5 buildings that will be completely destroyed. The definition of the ‘damage states’ is provided in Volume 1: Chapter 6 of the Hazus Hurricane technical manual. Table 2 below summarizes the expected damage by general occupancy for the buildings in the region. Table 3 summarizes the expected damage by general building type.

Table 2: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy : 100 - year Event

None Minor Moderate Severe Destruction Occupancy Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 3 83.34 0 12.05 0 3.09 0 1.38 0 0.13

Commercial 551 88.03 60 9.60 13 2.11 2 0.26 0 0.00

Education 6 88.88 1 9.38 0 1.66 0 0.07 0 0.00

Government 24 89.47 2 8.96 0 1.52 0 0.06 0 0.00

Industrial 201 86.77 23 9.72 6 2.69 2 0.77 0 0.06

Religion 35 88.55 4 9.99 1 1.40 0 0.07 0 0.00

Residential 15,262 85.02 2,213 12.33 449 2.50 23 0.13 4 0.02

Total 16,083 2,303 470 27 5

Table 3: Expected Building Damage by Building Type : 100 - year Event

Building None Minor Moderate Severe Destruction Type Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Concrete 206 87.39 24 10.33 5 2.23 0 0.05 0 0.00

Masonry 1,947 81.58 277 11.60 155 6.49 8 0.32 0 0.01

MH 28 98.73 0 0.92 0 0.27 0 0.00 0 0.07

Steel 452 88.26 47 9.10 12 2.33 2 0.31 0 0.00

Wood 12,682 86.19 1,831 12.44 182 1.24 15 0.10 4 0.03

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 6 of 11 Essential Facility Damage

Before the hurricane, the region had 909 hospital beds available for use. On the day of the hurricane, the model estimates that 12 hospital beds (only 1.00%) are available for use. After one week, 100.00% of the beds will be in service. By 30 days, 100.00% will be operational.

Table 4: Expected Damage to Essential Facilities

# Facilities

Probability of at Probability of Expected Least Moderate Complete Loss of Use Classification Total Damage > 50% Damage > 50% < 1 day EOCs 1 0 0 1 Fire Stations 1 0 0 1 Hospitals 3 1 0 1 Police Stations 1 0 0 1 Schools 47 0 0 13

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 7 of 11 Induced Hurricane Damage

Debris Generation

Hazus estimates the amount of debris that will be generated by the hurricane. The model breaks the debris into four general categories: a) Brick/Wood, b) Reinforced Concrete/Steel, c) Eligible Tree Debris, and d) Other Tree Debris. This distinction is made because of the different types of material handling equipment required to handle the debris.

The model estimates that a total of 43,926 tons of debris will be generated. Of the total amount, 12,692 tons (29%) is Other Tree Debris. Of the remaining 31,234 tons, Brick/Wood comprises 85% of the total, Reinforced Concrete/Steel comprises of 0% of the total, with the remainder being Eligible Tree Debris. If the building debris tonnage is converted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require 1056 truckloads (@25 tons/truck) to remove the building debris generated by the hurricane. The number of Eligible Tree Debris truckloads will depend on how the 4,831 tons of Eligible Tree Debris are collected and processed. The volume of tree debris generally ranges from about 4 cubic yards per ton for chipped or compacted tree debris to about 10 cubic yards per ton for bulkier, uncompacted debris.

Social Impact

Shelter Requirement

Hazus estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the hurricane and the number of displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters . The model estimates 63 households to be displaced due to the hurricane. Of these, 10 people (out of a total population of 88,857) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 8 of 11 Economic Loss

The total economic loss estimated for the hurricane is 191.0 million dollars, which represents 1.80 % of the total replacement value of the region’s buildings.

Building-Related Losses

The building related losses are broken into two categories: direct property damage losses and business interruption losses. The direct property damage losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and its contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the hurricane. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the hurricane.

The total property damage losses were 191 million dollars. 1% of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 87% of the total loss. Table 4 below provides a summary of the losses associated with the building damage.

Table 5: Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates (Thousands of dollars)

Category Area Residential Commercial Industrial Others Total

Property Damage

Building 134,083.43 7,406.28 5,467.95 1,241.60 148,199.26

Content 17,242.22 1,752.49 3,294.13 268.53 22,557.37

Inventory 0.00 35.89 462.66 6.50 505.05 Subtotal 151,325.65 9,194.66 9,224.74 1,516.63 171,261.68

Business Interruption Loss

Income 0.00 1,011.33 56.24 143.83 1,211.40

Relocation 6,478.23 1,066.21 253.00 192.08 7,989.51

Rental 8,123.80 566.65 48.48 16.66 8,755.58

Wage 0.00 1,076.65 92.65 634.60 1,803.91 Subtotal 14,602.03 3,720.84 450.36 987.17 19,760.40

Total

Total 165,927.68 12,915.50 9,675.11 2,503.79 191,022.08

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 9 of 11 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Massachusetts - Bristol

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 10 of 11 Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Building Value (thousands of dollars)

Population Residential Non-Residential Total

Massachusetts

Bristol 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Total 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Study Region Total 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 11 of 11 Hazus-MH: Hurricane Event Report

Region Name: FallRiver_Hurricane

Hurricane Scenario: Probabilistic 500-year Return Period

Print Date: Monday, March 30, 2015

Disclaimer: This version of Hazus utilizes 2010 Census Data. Totals only reflect data for those census tracts/blocks included in the user's study region.

The estimates of social and economic impacts contained in this report were produced using Hazus loss estimation methodology software which is based on current scientific and engineering knowledge. There are uncertainties inherent in any loss estimation technique. Therefore, there may be significant differences between the modeled results contained in this report and the actual social and economic losses following a specific Hurricane. These results can be improved by using enhanced inventory data. Table of Contents

Section Page #

General Description of the Region 3 Building Inventory 4

General Building Stock

Essential Facility Inventory

Hurricane Scenario Parameters 5

Building Damage 6 General Building Stock

Essential Facilities Damage

Induced Hurricane Damage 8

Debris Generation

Social Impact 8 Shelter Requirements

Economic Loss 9 Building Losses

Appendix A: County Listing for the Region 10

Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data 11

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 2 of 11 General Description of the Region

Hazus is a regional multi-hazard loss estimation model that was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the National Institute of Building Sciences. The primary purpose of Hazus is to provide a methodology and software application to develop multi-hazard losses at a regional scale. These loss estimates would be used primarily by local, state and regional officials to plan and stimulate efforts to reduce risks from multi-hazards and to prepare for emergency response and recovery.

The hurricane loss estimates provided in this report are based on a region that includes 1 county(ies) from the following state(s):

- Massachusetts

Note: Appendix A contains a complete listing of the counties contained in the region .

The geographical size of the region is 38.59 square miles and contains 25 census tracts. There are over 38 thousand households in the region and has a total population of 88,857 people (2010 Census Bureau data). The distribution of population by State and County is provided in Appendix B .

There are an estimated 18 thousand buildings in the region with a total building replacement value (excluding contents) of 10,608 million dollars (2010 dollars). Approximately 95% of the buildings (and 68% of the building value) are associated with residential housing.

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 3 of 11 Building Inventory General Building Stock

Hazus estimates that there are 18,887 buildings in the region which have an aggregate total replacement value of 10,608 million (2006 dollars). Table 1 presents the relative distribution of the value with respect to the general occupancies. Appendix B provides a general distribution of the building value by State and County.

Table 1: Building Exposure by Occupancy Type

Occupancy Exposure ($1000) Percent of Tot Residential 7,228,711 68.1% Commercial 1,960,609 18.5% Industrial 1,047,470 9.9% Agricultural 20,579 0.2% Religious 126,224 1.2% Government 44,311 0.4% Education 180,285 1.7% Total 10,608,189 100.0%

Essential Facility Inventory

For essential facilities, there are 3 hospitals in the region with a total bed capacity of 909 beds. There are 47 schools, 1 fire stations, 1 police stations and 1 emergency operation facilities.

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 4 of 11 Hurricane Scenario

Hazus used the following set of information to define the hurricane parameters for the hurricane loss estimate provided in this report.

Scenario Name: Probabilistic

Type: Probabilistic

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 5 of 11 Building Damage General Building Stock Damage

Hazus estimates that about 2,540 buildings will be at least moderately damaged. This is over 13% of the total number of buildings in the region. There are an estimated 88 buildings that will be completely destroyed. The definition of the ‘damage states’ is provided in Volume 1: Chapter 6 of the Hazus Hurricane technical manual. Table 2 below summarizes the expected damage by general occupancy for the buildings in the region. Table 3 summarizes the expected damage by general building type.

Table 2: Expected Building Damage by Occupancy : 500 - year Event

None Minor Moderate Severe Destruction Occupancy Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Agriculture 2 51.14 1 27.61 0 13.03 0 6.92 0 1.30

Commercial 360 57.52 151 24.10 91 14.59 24 3.77 0 0.03

Education 4 58.45 2 23.48 1 14.59 0 3.48 0 0.00

Government 16 59.04 6 23.11 4 14.64 1 3.21 0 0.00

Industrial 131 56.52 49 21.28 36 15.48 14 6.11 1 0.62

Religion 23 58.09 11 27.00 5 12.52 1 2.39 0 0.00

Residential 10,150 56.54 5,442 30.31 2,057 11.46 217 1.21 86 0.48

Total 10,686 5,661 2,195 257 88

Table 3: Expected Building Damage by Building Type : 500 - year Event

Building None Minor Moderate Severe Destruction Type Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%)

Concrete 133 56.15 54 22.86 42 17.96 7 3.03 0 0.00

Masonry 1,279 53.59 558 23.40 498 20.89 47 1.99 3 0.12

MH 25 90.88 1 4.44 1 3.27 0 0.23 0 1.18

Steel 297 57.98 108 21.11 83 16.24 24 4.62 0 0.05

Wood 8,477 57.61 4,790 32.55 1,210 8.22 152 1.04 85 0.58

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 6 of 11 Essential Facility Damage

Before the hurricane, the region had 909 hospital beds available for use. On the day of the hurricane, the model estimates that 0 hospital beds (only 0.00%) are available for use. After one week, 1.00% of the beds will be in service. By 30 days, 100.00% will be operational.

Table 4: Expected Damage to Essential Facilities

# Facilities

Probability of at Probability of Expected Least Moderate Complete Loss of Use Classification Total Damage > 50% Damage > 50% < 1 day EOCs 1 0 0 1 Fire Stations 1 0 0 1 Hospitals 3 2 0 0 Police Stations 1 0 0 1 Schools 47 2 0 0

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 7 of 11 Induced Hurricane Damage

Debris Generation

Hazus estimates the amount of debris that will be generated by the hurricane. The model breaks the debris into four general categories: a) Brick/Wood, b) Reinforced Concrete/Steel, c) Eligible Tree Debris, and d) Other Tree Debris. This distinction is made because of the different types of material handling equipment required to handle the debris.

The model estimates that a total of 112,811 tons of debris will be generated. Of the total amount, 27,722 tons (25%) is Other Tree Debris. Of the remaining 85,089 tons, Brick/Wood comprises 87% of the total, Reinforced Concrete/Steel comprises of 0% of the total, with the remainder being Eligible Tree Debris. If the building debris tonnage is converted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require 2969 truckloads (@25 tons/truck) to remove the building debris generated by the hurricane. The number of Eligible Tree Debris truckloads will depend on how the 10,864 tons of Eligible Tree Debris are collected and processed. The volume of tree debris generally ranges from about 4 cubic yards per ton for chipped or compacted tree debris to about 10 cubic yards per ton for bulkier, uncompacted debris.

Social Impact

Shelter Requirement

Hazus estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the hurricane and the number of displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters . The model estimates 1,148 households to be displaced due to the hurricane. Of these, 283 people (out of a total population of 88,857) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 8 of 11 Economic Loss

The total economic loss estimated for the hurricane is 716.7 million dollars, which represents 6.76 % of the total replacement value of the region’s buildings.

Building-Related Losses

The building related losses are broken into two categories: direct property damage losses and business interruption losses. The direct property damage losses are the estimated costs to repair or replace the damage caused to the building and its contents. The business interruption losses are the losses associated with inability to operate a business because of the damage sustained during the hurricane. Business interruption losses also include the temporary living expenses for those people displaced from their homes because of the hurricane.

The total property damage losses were 717 million dollars. 2% of the estimated losses were related to the business interruption of the region. By far, the largest loss was sustained by the residential occupancies which made up over 76% of the total loss. Table 4 below provides a summary of the losses associated with the building damage.

Table 5: Building-Related Economic Loss Estimates (Thousands of dollars)

Category Area Residential Commercial Industrial Others Total

Property Damage

Building 407,159.00 47,482.54 35,169.16 8,597.32 498,408.03

Content 84,137.42 21,338.42 28,088.07 3,620.42 137,184.33

Inventory 0.00 397.21 3,667.09 42.16 4,106.46 Subtotal 491,296.42 69,218.17 66,924.32 12,259.90 639,698.82

Business Interruption Loss

Income 1.97 2,063.65 387.87 273.99 2,727.48

Relocation 29,605.27 7,282.37 1,989.89 1,586.07 40,463.61

Rental 25,394.34 3,763.60 368.29 129.34 29,655.57

Wage 4.61 2,232.19 638.53 1,254.62 4,129.95 Subtotal 55,006.19 15,341.81 3,384.58 3,244.02 76,976.61

Total

Total 546,302.61 84,559.99 70,308.90 15,503.92 716,675.42

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 9 of 11 Appendix A: County Listing for the Region

Massachusetts - Bristol

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 10 of 11 Appendix B: Regional Population and Building Value Data

Building Value (thousands of dollars)

Population Residential Non-Residential Total

Massachusetts

Bristol 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Total 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Study Region Total 88,857 7,228,711 3,379,478 10,608,189

Hurricane Event Summary Report Page 11 of 11 APPENDIX D: CERTIFICATE OF ADOPTION

City of Fall River, Massachusetts (227655.00) Woodard & Curran Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2016 woodardcurran.com COMMITMENT & INTEGRITY DRIVE RESULTS