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Boat Anchors Not OK: Loss of Dugong Grass (Halophila Ovalis)

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Boat Anchors Not OK: Loss of Dugong Grass (Halophila Ovalis) bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/642579; this version posted May 20, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Boat anchors not OK: Loss of Dugong grass (Halophila ovalis) population structure in 2 Havelock island of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 3 1Mishra, A.K., 1Sumantha, N., S., 1Deepak, A. 4 1Marine Conservation Department, Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Dr. 5 Salim Ali Chowk, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Opp. Lion Gate, Mumbai, 400001, India 6 Corresponding author: [email protected] 7 Abstract: 8 Anthropogenic disturbance due to deployment of boat anchors and loss of seagrass ecosystem 9 is not well understood in India. So, we used Govind Nagar beach of Havelock Island of 10 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI)to assess the impacts of boat anchors from traditional 11 fishing and recreational activities on the seagrass Halophila ovalis population structure. H. 12 ovalis density, biomass, morphometrics, canopy height and percentage cover were estimated 13 from two stations of Govind Nagar beach i.e., one highly impacted from boat anchors 14 (Station1) and a sheltered station (Station 2). A clear evidence in reduction of shoot density 15 of H. ovalis was observed at station 1, exception was similar apex densities between both 16 stations. H. ovalis morphometrics, such as number of leaves per shoot, leaf length, width and 17 horizontal rhizome length were observed with significant lower values at station 1 compared 18 to the sheltered station 2. Reduction in seagrass morphometrics also resulted in the loss of 19 seagrass canopy height and percentage cover. A clear evidence of loss of seagrass population 20 structure under the influence of physical disturbances caused by boat anchors were observed. 21 We report for the first time the impacts of boat anchors on seagrass ecosystems of India and 22 our results pitch for wider studies across India. The impact of boat anchors is small-scale, but 23 in long-term loss of seagrass ecosystem services will have dire consequences on fish habitat 24 and carbon storage. Therefore, proper management and conservation measures should be 25 taken to prevent the loss of important dugong grass habitats of ANI. 26 Keywords: Seagrass, anthropogenic disturbance, boat anchoring, morphometrics, density, 27 canopy height 28 Highlights: 29 • Physical disturbances caused by boat anchors decreased the shoot density of H. ovalis 30 by 1.2-fold. 31 • 1 to 2-fold reduction in canopy height and the morphological features of individual 32 plants were observed due to damage caused by boat anchors 33 • Habitat disturbance reduced 1.6-fold percentage cover of H. ovalis at Havelock Island 34 of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India 35 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/642579; this version posted May 20, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 36 Introduction 37 Seagrass ecosystems represent one of the richest and widely distributed coastal habitats in the 38 ocean, that support a range of keystone and ecologically important marine species from all 39 trophic levels (Short et al., 2011). These ecosystems provide 24 different types of ecosystem 40 services greater than many terrestrial and marine habitats (Short et al., 2011; Nordlund et al., 41 2016) and contribute significantly to the health of coral reefs, mangroves and salt marshes 42 (Unsworth et al., 2010). Seagrass ecosystems form important habitat and nurseries to1/5th of 43 25 commercially important fish population and endangered sea cows and seahorses (Cullen- 44 Unsworth et al., 2018) that directly support artisanal fisheries and the livelihoods of millions 45 of coastal communities (Nordlund et al.,2017). They sequester 35 times faster and store more 46 carbon (Duarte et al., 2013a) that helps in mitigation of climate change. Along with 47 supporting fisheries and acting as carbon sink, seagrass meadows protect the shoreline 48 (Boudouresque et al., 2016), diminishing wave energy and trapping sediments (Ondiviela et 49 al., 2014), regulating nutrient cycling (Costanza et al., 2014) and acting as bioindicators of 50 coastal pollution (Lewis and Devereaux, 2009). Though seagrass ecosystems provide 51 valuable ecosystem services, they have received less attention than coral reefs and mangroves 52 in terms of research, management and conservation practices (Nordlund et al., 2016). 53 Seagrass ecosystems are declining globally around 7% yr-1 under the influence of 54 anthropogenic pressure (Waycott et al., 2009; Lewis and Devereaux, 2009), which have led 55 to extinction risk of 11 species of seagrass worldwide and three under endangered category 56 (Short et al., 2011).The loss of biodiversity under the influence of anthropogenic pressure is 57 pushing the ecosystem boundaries and biodiversity towards mass extinction worldwide 58 (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 59 (IPBES), 2019) which emphasizes the importance of biodiversity conservation from 60 anthropogenic disturbances. 61 One of the major contributors of seagrass decline worldwide is coastal development and 62 modification caused due to human settlement (Bjork et al., 2008), which has led to significant 63 reduction of coastal water quality, nutrient enrichment leading to eutrophication (Unsworth et 64 al.,2015; Maxwell et al., 2016), increased sedimentation from land run-off, tourism activities 65 and destructive fishing practices (Dies, 2000; Duarte et al., 2004; Short et al., 2011). Both 66 tourism and fishing activities indulge the use of various boats, which are parked in the 67 shallow waters by deployment of boat anchors. Boat anchors are of serious concern (Okudan 68 et al., 2013) which represents a long-term small-scale physical disturbance to shallow water 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/642579; this version posted May 20, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 69 seagrass ecosystems (Macreadie et al., 2015) leading to permanent damage of seagrass root 70 and rhizome structure (Bourque et al., 2015) leading to loss of seagrass meadows. These loss 71 of seagrass meadows due to boat anchors are reported worldwide for species like Zostera 72 marina of San Francisco Bay, USA (Kelly et al., 2019) and Studland Bay, UK (Collins et al., 73 2010; Unsworth et al., 2017), Posidonia oceanica in Mediterranean Sea (Francour et al., 74 1999; Milazzo et al., 2004; Ceccherelli et al., 2007; Montefalcone et al., 2006, 2008), mixed 75 seagrass species of Western Australia (Walker et al., 1989)and Rottnest Island, Australia 76 (Serrano et al., 2016) and Halodule wrightii of Brazilian coast (Creed and Filho, 1999). Loss 77 of these seagrass meadows resulted in eventually loss of valuable ecosystem services, such as -2 78 release of stored carbon of 4.2 kg Corg m (Serrano et al., 2016) and loss of fish habitats and 79 herbivory for sea cows (Serrano et al., 2016; Unsworth et al., 2017). 80 India has an estimated cover of 517Km2 of seagrass beds consisting of 7 genera and 16 81 species (Patro et al., 2017; Thangaradjou and Bhatt, 2018) distributed along its coastline 82 along with Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) and Lakshadweep islands (Geevarghese et 83 al., 2016; Ramesh et al., 2018). The seagrass Halophila ovalis has a pan India distribution 84 and recorded around the east coast at Chilika lagoon, Odisha (Priyadarshini et al., 2014; 85 Ganguly et al., 2018), Gulf of Mannar, Tamilnadu (Patro et al., 2017) and Andaman and 86 Nicobar Islands (Ragavan et al., 2016). ANI has 13 seagrass species covering an area of 87 29.42 square Km (Nobi et al.,2013; Fortes et al., 2018) and distributed around mudflats and 88 sandy regions from intertidal zone to 10-15m depth (Jagtap et al., 2003; Ragavan et al., 2016; 89 Thangaradjou and Bhatt, 2018). H. ovalis has a frequent distribution around ANI mostly in 90 the intertidal regions, where the plant is found in individual patches or mixed with other 91 seagrass species such as Halodule uninervis and Thalassia hemprichii (Ragavan et al., 2016). 92 H. ovalis is fastest growing seagrass species in these regions (Vermaat et al., 1995; Bharathi 93 et al., 2014) and act as a preferred food source for the endangered Dugong dugon (Nakaoka 94 and Aioi, 1999). 95 Tourism is a major source of income in Havelock islands (Swaraj Deep) of ANI because of 96 its natural beaches and under water marine life, such as coral reefs and associated 97 biodiversity. Being a tourist hotspot, these islands have seen a rapid increase in number of 98 boats operating at this island for SCUBA diving, fishing (traditional and recreational) and 99 various other recreational activities. Saying that, the impacts of these increased boat 100 anchoring on seagrass species of ANI is not well understood. So, this proposed work will 101 evaluate the density, biomass, morphometrics and canopy structure of H. ovalis meadows of 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/642579; this version posted May 20, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 102 Havelock islands under the influence of human activities such as boat anchoring to 103 understand the population structure.
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