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ECSS-E-HB-32-20 Part1a ECSS-E-HB-32-20 Part 1A 20 March 2011 Space engineering Structural materials handbook - Part 1: Overview and material properties and applications NOTE: This pdf‐file does not contain automatic cross‐references. To make use of the cross‐references please use the MS Word version of this document. ECSS Secretariat ESA-ESTEC Requirements & Standards Division Noordwijk, The Netherlands ECSS‐E‐HB‐32‐20 Part 1A 20 March 2011 Foreword This Handbook is one document of the series of ECSS Documents intended to be used as supporting material for ECSS Standards in space projects and applications. ECSS is a cooperative effort of the European Space Agency, national space agencies and European industry associations for the purpose of developing and maintaining common standards. This handbook has been prepared by the ECSS‐E‐HB‐32‐30 Working Group, reviewed by the ECSS Executive Secretariat and approved by the ECSS Technical Authority. Disclaimer ECSS does not provide any warranty whatsoever, whether expressed, implied, or statutory, including, but not limited to, any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or any warranty that the contents of the item are error‐free. In no respect shall ECSS incur any liability for any damages, including, but not limited to, direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages arising out of, resulting from, or in any way connected to the use of this document, whether or not based upon warranty, business agreement, tort, or otherwise; whether or not injury was sustained by persons or property or otherwise; and whether or not loss was sustained from, or arose out of, the results of, the item, or any services that may be provided by ECSS. Published by: ESA Requirements and Standards Division ESTEC, P.O. Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands Copyright: 2011© by the European Space Agency for the members of ECSS 2 ECSS‐E‐HB‐32‐20 Part 1A 20 March 2011 Change log ECSS‐E‐HB‐32‐20 Part 1A First issue 20 March 2011 3 ECSS‐E‐HB‐32‐20 Part 1A 20 March 2011 Table of contents Change log.................................................................................................................3 Introduction..............................................................................................................34 1 Overview................................................................................................................35 1.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................35 1.1.1 General.......................................................................................................35 1.1.2 Polymer composites ...................................................................................35 1.1.3 Advanced materials....................................................................................35 1.2 Polymer-based composites ......................................................................................36 1.2.1 Background ................................................................................................36 1.2.2 European space industry perspective ........................................................42 1.3 Metal and ceramic-based composites......................................................................43 1.3.1 Background ................................................................................................43 1.3.2 Materials technology...................................................................................43 1.4 Structural materials ..................................................................................................48 1.4.1 General.......................................................................................................48 1.4.2 Materials.....................................................................................................48 1.4.3 Composite terminology...............................................................................50 1.4.4 Simultaneous material and part manufacturing ..........................................50 1.4.5 Case studies and examples .......................................................................51 1.5 References ...............................................................................................................51 1.5.1 General.......................................................................................................51 1.5.2 ECSS documents .......................................................................................52 2 Material characteristics and selection................................................................53 2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................53 2.1.1 General.......................................................................................................53 2.1.2 Material availability .....................................................................................53 2.2 Basic features of composite materials for space use ...............................................53 2.2.1 General.......................................................................................................53 2.2.2 Types of composites...................................................................................54 4 ECSS‐E‐HB‐32‐20 Part 1A 20 March 2011 2.3 Reinforcement fibres ................................................................................................54 2.3.1 General.......................................................................................................54 2.3.2 Carbon fibres for CFRP..............................................................................54 2.3.3 Aramid fibres for ARP.................................................................................55 2.3.4 Glass fibres.................................................................................................56 2.4 Matrix systems .........................................................................................................57 2.4.1 Epoxy resins...............................................................................................57 2.4.2 Cyanate esters ...........................................................................................57 2.4.3 Other thermosetting resins .........................................................................58 2.4.4 Thermoplastic matrix ..................................................................................58 2.4.5 Non-polymer matrix ....................................................................................58 2.5 Common fibre, prepreg and resin systems...............................................................59 2.5.1 Commercial products..................................................................................59 2.5.2 Prepreg.......................................................................................................60 2.5.3 Manufacturing aspects ...............................................................................60 2.6 Triaxial woven fabric.................................................................................................62 2.6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................62 2.6.2 TWF weave ................................................................................................62 2.7 References ...............................................................................................................64 2.7.1 General.......................................................................................................64 3 Materials data for laminate design......................................................................65 3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................65 3.2 Polymer matrices......................................................................................................65 3.2.1 General.......................................................................................................65 3.2.2 Epoxy: Mechanical properties ....................................................................66 3.3 Reinforcement fibres ................................................................................................69 3.3.1 General.......................................................................................................69 3.3.2 Carbon fibres..............................................................................................69 3.3.3 Mechanical properties ................................................................................71 3.3.4 Thermal properties .....................................................................................73 3.3.5 Composite manufacturing aspects .............................................................73 3.4 Woven cloths and fabrics .........................................................................................75 3.5 Weave types.............................................................................................................75 3.6 Areal weight..............................................................................................................76 3.7 Warp and weft characteristics ..................................................................................76 3.8 Single and unidirectional composite plies.................................................................77
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