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Christians and Yazidis in Iraq: Current Situation and Prospects
OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS Published by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation Cover photo: © Ibrahim Shaba Lallo, Qaraqosh (currently Ashti Camp, Ankawa, Autonomous Region of Kurdistan) Caption of cover photo: Vertically: We work together Horizontally: We are proud Diagonally: We love, we forgive .(nun), stand for Nazara (Christ) ن The three Arabic characters, starting with The black IS flag bears the words: There is no God but Allah Allah Prophet Mohammed Islamic State in Iraq and As-Sham (i.e. Syria) Published by: Konrad Adenauer Foundation 2017, Sankt Augustin and Berlin, Germany This publication has been licensed under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE), website: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en Design: SWITSCH Kommunikationsdesign, Cologne, Germany Typesetting: Janine Höhle, Communications Department, Konrad Adenauer Foundation Printed by: Bonifatius GmbH, Paderborn, Germany Printed in Germany Printed with financial support from the German Federal Government ISBN 978-3-95721-328-0 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Legal Framework 2.1 International law 2.2 National law 3. Reduced scope for non-Muslim minorities after 2003 3.1 Drastic decline in the non-Muslim minorities’ share of the population 3.2 Changes in Baghdad’s religious power structure 4. Crucial for the future of Iraq: the recapture of Mosul 4.1 Capture of Mosul by the IS in June 2014 4.2 Capture of Yazidi settlements in Sinjar District by the IS in August 2014 4.3 Capture of Christian settlements in the Nineveh Plains by the IS in August 2014 4.4 Classification of the IS attacks on religious minorities as genocide 4.5 Campaign to retake Mosul 5. -
1. Eine Gruppenverfolgung Von Yeziden Im Distrikt Tilkaif Der Provinz Ninive I. S. D. § 3 Asylg Ist Derzeit Weiterhin Nicht Beachtlich Wahrscheinlich
1. Eine Gruppenverfolgung von Yeziden im Distrikt Tilkaif der Provinz Ninive i. S. d. § 3 AsylG ist derzeit weiterhin nicht beachtlich wahrscheinlich. 2. In dem Distrikt Tilkaif besteht keine außergewöhnliche Situation, die durch einen so hohen Gefahrengrad gekennzeichnet ist, dass praktisch jede Zivilperson allein aufgrund ihrer Anwesenheit in dem betroffenen Gebiet einer ernsthaften individuellen Bedrohung ausgesetzt wäre. 3. Die vom Bundesverwaltungsgericht etablierte und hier geteilte Rechtsprechung zur Zuerkennung subsidiären Schutzes gemäß § 4 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 3 AsylG nimmt eine allein an Opferzahlen orientierte Lageeinschätzung nicht vor. Vielmehr kommt es auf eine wertende, abschließende Gesamtbetrachtung der Gesamtsituation an (vgl. BVerwG, Urteil vom 20.5.2020 – 1 C 11.19 – juris Rn. 21). 4. Die humanitären Verhältnisse in der Autonomen Region Kurdistan-Irak begründen auch unter Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie für yezidische Einzelpersonen oder für yezidische Familien mit minderjährigen Kindern nicht generell einen Anspruch auf Feststellung eines Abschiebungsverbotes gemäß § 60 Abs. 5 AufenthG i. V. m. Art. 3 EMRK. (Amtliche Leitsätze) 9 LB 129/19 Oberverwaltungsgericht Lüneburg Beschluss vom 11.03.2021 T e n o r Auf die Berufung der Beklagten wird das auf die mündliche Verhandlung vom 22. Februar 2018 ergangene Urteil des Verwaltungsgerichts Hannover – Einzelrichter der 6. Kammer – geändert und die Klage abgewiesen. Der Kläger trägt die außergerichtlichen Kosten des gesamten Verfahrens. Gerichtskosten werden nicht erhoben. Der Beschluss ist hinsichtlich der Kosten vorläufig vollstreckbar. Der Kläger kann die Vollstreckung durch Sicherheitsleistung in Höhe von 110 % des aufgrund des Beschlusses vollstreckbaren Betrages abwenden, wenn nicht die Beklagte zuvor Sicherheit in Höhe von 110 % des zu vollstreckenden Betrages leistet. -
Iraq- Dahuk Governorate, Dahuk District
( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Iraq- Dahuk Govern( orate, Dahuk District ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Chalke Derishk Sararu Nurdina ( Pirbla Avlahe Shudin Bayguwah Sharanish ( ( Islam IQ-P09950 IQ-P10175 IQ-P09734 Sindi Sindi IQ-P09741 IQ-P09534 IQ-P09778 Kani Sarke Islam ( IQ-P09565 IQ-P09917 Turkey Nordina IQ-P09780 ( ( ( IQ-P10049 IQ-P09768 Begova Collective ( Sirara IQ-P09733 Bandru Mnin ( ( ( ( Shilan IQ-P09574 Hiroor Breefka IQ!-P10216 IQ-P09545 IQ-P09728 Sarku Ruse Gre Biye ( Mosul ! ( ( ( IQ-P09770 Narmke Baziv Settlement Center Bank Upper ( IQ-P09761 IQ-P09752 IQ-P09644 Narmke Erbil Dargal Bank Lower ( Shileen ( ( ( IQ-P10140 IQ-P10026 IQ-P09912 Qumri Nurdinah IQ-P09548 IQ-P09729 ( ( Syria ( Sarmake Sindava Bosal IQ-P09771 ( ( IQ-P10157 Ruibark(i Dargalke Iran IQ-P09735 IQ-P09547 ( ( ( IQ-P09763 IQ-P09602 IQ-P09586 Cham Kurk Sorya Demka Aqare Sorya IQ-P10169 IQ-P09943 ( ( Shive Bazif Baghdad ( ( ( IQ-P09783 IQ-P09619 Rewan Breefka IQ-P09815 ! IQ-P09589 IQ-P09774 RamBaedqi ulke Alkishk ( ( ( IQ-P09567 IQ-P09747 IQ-P09911( !\ Darkar [2] Darkar Khuk Guli ( ( ( IQ-P09886 Gundik Ayub Buhl Sarke ( ( ( IQ-P09813 IQ-P09610 IQ-P09609 Sindava Dere IQ-P09699 ( Teshish ( ( ( ( ( IQ-P09653 Ava Tuka Chaqala Girka ( J(ordan ! ( ( ( ( ( ( IQ-P09587 IQ-P09623 Beerke Zireza Besile Chameeke Najaf Rihani IQ-P09779 ( ( ( Kania Tuya IQ-P09936 IQ-P10242 Mamisa IQ-P09529 IQ-P09570 IQ-P09806 IQ-P09759 IQ-P09930 IQ-P09983 IQ-P09748 Yusifava ( ( IQ-P09677 ( Khishkhash Jdidke Safarya ( ( ( IQ-P09718 IQ-P09800 IQ-P10077 IQ-P10036 IQ-P10B1a7s2rah! -
Christen Und Jesiden Im Irak: Aktuelle Lage Und Perspektiven Otmar Oehring
OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTEN UND JESIDEN IM IRAK: AKTUELLE LAGE UND PERSPEKTIVEN OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTEN UND JESIDEN IM IRAK: AKTUELLE LAGE UND PERSPEKTIVEN Eine Veröffentlichung der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Umschlagfoto: © Ibrahim Shaba Lallo, Karakosch (z.Zt. Camp Ashti, Ankawa, Autonome Region Kurdistan) Bildlegende Umschlagfoto Vertikal: wir arbeiten zusammen Horizontal: wir sind stolz Diagonal: wir lieben, wir vergeben .(Nun) stehen für Nasara (Christ) ن Die drei arabischen Buchstaben Auf der schwarzen IS-Flagge ist zu lesen Es gibt keinen Gott außer Allah Allah Prophet Mohammed Der Islamische Staat im Irak und in as-Sham (= Syrien) Herausgeberin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. 2017, Sankt Augustin/Berlin Diese Publikation ist lizenziert unter den Bedingungen von „Creative Commons Namensnennung-Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 Deutschland”, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE (abrufbar unter: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/) Gestaltung: SWITSCH Kommunikationsdesign, Köln. Satz: Janine Höhle, KOM / Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Druck: Bonifatius GmbH, Paderborn. Printed in Germany. Gedruckt mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. ISBN 978-3-95721-328-0 INHALT 7 | 1. Einleitung 9 | 2. Der rechtliche Rahmen 2.1 Völkerrechtliche Bedingungen ............................................................................. 9 2.2 Nationalrechtliche Bedingungen .........................................................................10 13 | 3. Spielräume für nicht-muslimische Minderheiten werden nach 2003 stetig kleiner -
M O S U L D a H U K Reported Hazard Area and Type Of
REPORTED HAZARD AREA AND TYPE OF INCIDENTS L E G E N D Sanat Margahe Avaguze E Daily Recorded Incident (iMMAP 4-March-2015) Dashtatakh Derashish Hurke c Sule Ekmala Sole Kukhke ! Bahnuna Sindi Haftanin Mergamir Conflict Location Mergashish Kalok Zawita Dif Av Barzank Kilka Qasrok Ira Birka Confrontation Area (5km Buffer) Bazhawa Marsis Deshesh Sorink Ura Parakh Kurk Kesta Confrontation Area (7 km Buffer) Turkey Dahlik Malik Binekhre Kundok Havshin Dargal Sndava Bazngra Beduhe Rusi Kesta Hiroor Beduhe Confrontation Area (10 km Buffer) Hawrez Jume Bhere Kashan Chalke Nasara Sararu Bavne Betkar Shilan Qumri Dashmasak Jam Bhere Shudin Khishank Adin Maye Nasara Sindi Pirbla Chalke Islam Sirara Kani Sarke Nordina Tilar Derishk Islam Legacy Hazard Area (Source IKMAA) Dahlik Gundik Mnin Sorya Ruse Narmke Dashmasak Mala Bandru Shilan Hiroor Baziv Dargalke Astang Urmana Sarmake Avlahe SoryaDemka Shive Rewan Riwan Teshish Bequlke Number of Daily Incidents Kuzava Karne Barzur Merge Bosal Khuk Guli Alkishk Ravina Mitufa Darjalal Darkar Sindava Dere Zireza Jdidke Rabanka Ava Tuka Darkar Niri Darkar [2] Zireza Bejane Girka Khishkhash Sqria Tula 0 - 330 Merge Kurka Babire Asihe Gri Ava Khraba Chamsayda Ritika Avahe Bejane Zakariya Z a k h o Sarkur Avahe Bilejan Babir Beluizan Karik Avkani Batufa Hizawa Bilejan Baze Miska Khanka 340 - 950 Tuka Dahlik Mglana Dornakh Darhozan Khuk Sindi Warmel Kani Mazn Dargalke Ekmala Kapruk Sarke Barhol Warmel Bituza Tushk Tal Kabar Grk Sindi Lower Hese Chammishko Bahrava Sarke Gri Qasrka Mahmadi Sarsulav Pase 960 - 2,200 -
Page 1 Sumel 42°20'0"E 42°40'0"E 43°0'0"E 43°20'0"E Baquzjanbur Ayn
iMMAP-IHF, Humanitarian Access Response: Security Incidents Risk Level on Camps and Roads in Ninewa Governorate 01-31 July 2018 Sumel 42°20'0"E 42°40'0"E 43°0'0"E 43°20'0"E Ayn Zalah [2] BaquzJanbur BaadreÆQ Essian Bngali Grzangil Tal Warda Qasruna Legend Al-Hurriya Beban BeristakSarokani Ashti Garmishan Glgoran N Abu Qalah Village Mua'Skar Ronahi N " Grfir Badriya Sharafian " 0 Karanjik ÆQ Sheikhan Mamrashan 0 ' Tal Awena Khalilkan ' ÆQ IDPs Camp River 0 Al-Jazira AlmamanDushivan MamrÆQashan 0 4 4 ° Betnar Hizarjut ° 6 ÆQ Garmawa Pir Bub 6 3 Kubar Village Amlah Gulan Hasaniye 3 Kees Qale Shikhan Dinaran Kharmar Qaryat Abuwoni Tal Mus Dhawul Qamar Village Lake Muqri Tilkaif Babnit Nergizliya [1] Garmik Burghula Merg Lower Mujama' al Tali'A Tal Usquf Semala Baqufa Anjirok !P Governorate Center Governorate Boundary Sahl al-Bogha Rakaba Big Tal HugnaKarez Mehawer Shamal Qaranaz Qasr Alosh Filfel AmyanMamuzin Kurubel Batnay Ayn Nuran Primary Road District Boundary Wana Telafar Aski Mosul Musharraf Akre Qubuq Der Umtutha Khursabad ShiwanKurdistan Hay Ashor Magharat Maqloob Village Janjy Kanilan Secondary Road Avgani Qadisiya Tilkef RuhaiyaJanik Dubardan Rahat Aghawat Road Security level LishtaBarazif Bashiqa Qaryat Qoban Halabiya Village Mosul Doberdan Ashiq Darnajukh Qadhiya Shutaifa ZanazilIqbala Bir Banak Primary Risk Road Kharab KabirWailiya Buwayr [4] BadushShekh Muhammad Darawish Al Ma'Rifa Village Taiskharab Kabeer Baki Qot As Sabuniyah Secondary Risk Road Al-Kifah Abu Gaddur Abra Little Talafar 0 5 10 20 30 Mejarin Bazwaya Khazna N -
IRAQ Kurdistan Region of Iraq
IRAQ: Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) December 2019 Sanat Margahe Legend Avaguze Gue Dashtatakh Derashish Nizdor Hurke Bahnuna Sindi Haftanin Kukhke Mergamir Chamtui Mergashish Sule Shateenis Keluk Barzank Dif Av Kilka Jiniyuk Refugee Camps Ira Birka Turkey Surink Artees Dahlik Malik Bazhawa Kurk Bire Kesta Deshesh Ura Kie Lower Havshin Jume Ruse Agar Lower Hiroor Katola Chey Stune Bedar Hawrez Kashan Bavne Beduhe Titim Che Hawrez Police Post Sararu Adin Hidena Gre Himbe Nurdina Khishank Sarzeri Zakho Shudin Derishk Sirara Duskan Dasht Dudan Hetsh Harki IDP Camps Dercar Zakho Narmke Mnin Barwari Bala Dure Heshat Maidane Kuzava Sarmake Bosal Bandru Riwan Bequlke Hilwa Islam Dotaza Jarmanda Mam Esa Karne Barzur Beerke Shive Rewan Gara Urmana Shmaila Betkar Dizga Khware Stppe Mez Lata Isa Dre Ardawel Rabanka Mitufa Berseve 1 Batifa Girka Jdidke Tula Yate Khari Subhi Nerwa Upper Zewa Upper Khware [1] Hish Beda Mirwanis Biva Khizava Gri Babire Betnure Warsora Darkar Darishki Kurka Hatirshe Sqria Asihe Butara Spindar Saka Zer Mamisa Zahna Sra Ritika Avahe Garaguh Babir Keri Kani Sark Sarrne Bedfa Huse Sinje Hol Tuya Basyan Hizawa Batifa Beluizan Miska Avsarke Awke Hel Biyare Hinesh Chamar No longer Available Camps Chamishku Berseve 2 Dahlik Barhol Barhul Kani Balav Baze Khanka Mglana Baluka Sper Hawra Shabakama Zilan Dornakh Hizel Kapruk Bituza Tushk Hese Zewa Beznur Bashe Hora Rze Khalka Mahmadi Firqa Amar Agha Warmel Reshma Silura Bahrava Sarsulav Sarke BarhawPase Banka Qasrka Chamkurk Araz Dargale Maze Upper Warakhal Mazouri Bala Khalij Tawuk -
The Struggle to Exist: a Human Rights Report Concerning Assyrian Christians in Iraq
IRAQ The Struggle to Exist © £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¤ §£ £ § £ £ ¡ ¢ ¢¨ ¨ ¨ © ¦ § § £ § ¢ ¡ ¡ ¢ ¡ £ £ £ § § £ ¤ ¡ ¨ ¢¡ Assyria Council of Europe Hammurabi Human Rights Organization The Struggle to Exist Part I: An Introduction to the Assyrians and their Human Rights Situation in the New Iraq 2 February 2010 The Struggle to Exist Violence and Discrimination against Assyrian Communities in Nineveh Province’s Disputed Territories and in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region Methodology... 4 Map: The Iraqi Kurdistan Region and Disputed Territories Claimed by the Kurdistan Regional Government... 5 The Struggle to Exist... 6 I. Relevant Legal Standards... 8 Iraq and International Standards Protecting Minority Rights... 8 Other UN Standards Protecting Minority Rights... 8 Regional Standards Protecting Minority Rights... 9 National Standards Protecting Minority Rights... 9 Iraq’s New Constitution and the Disputed Territories... 10 II. Background Information... 12 “Arabisation” Policies... 14 The Anfal Campaign ... 14 “Arabisation” and “Nationality Correction” between 1991 and 2003... 15 III. Post-2003: Conflict in Assyria... 17 Regime-Change and Civil War... 17 Fighting over Nineveh... 19 Political Developments and the Situation in the Province... 20 Recommendations... 23 To the Kurdistan Regional Government... 23 To the Government of Iraq... 24 To the United States and Coalition Countries... 25 To UNAMI and International Human Rights, Humanitarian and Aid Organisations... 26 Appendix I: Tables showing the number of Assyrians and other Christians killed, wounded -
Peacebuilding and Social Cohesion in Nineveh Governorate
Peacebuilding and Social Cohesion in Nineveh Governorate 1 2 Peacebuilding and Social Cohesion in Nineveh Governorate By Vaheel Jabbar Chalabi Duhok – 2017 3 University of Duhok Center for Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution Name of Book: Peacebulding and Social Cohesion in Nineveh Governorate Author’s Name: Vaheel Jabbar Chalabi Designe: Hakar Findi Deposit Number at Baderkhanyeen Library: ( 17/ 2085 / - D ) Printed by: Khani Press – Duhok - 2017 This book was printed with support from the International Organization for Migration and the Government of Japan 4 Notice: This booklet is part from “Peacebuilding and Social Cohesion in Nineveh Governorate” project activities, which was carried out by Center for Peace and Conflict Resolution Studies at the University of Duhok, with support from the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The views and information included in this booklet do not represent the views of Center for Peace and Conflict Resolution Studies or the International Organization for Migration (IOM). 5 6 Contents Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Section One: Definition of Social Cohesion ………………..……… 12 First: Concept of Social Cohesion …………………………………………….………… 12 Second: Components of Social Cohesion ……………………………………… 16 Third: Effects of Social Cohesion ………………………………………………………… 24 Section Two: Peacebuilding and Social Cohesion 27 Activities in Nineveh ………………………………………………………….………………………… First - Areas in which peacebuilding and social cohesion 27 activities have been carried out …………………………….…………………………………… -
Nineveh Plain Needs Assessment Report Page 3
Nineveh Plains Needs Assessment Report The case of ChaldoAssyrians and other Minorities April 2005 A proposal submitted by the Note: The views expressed in this and other papers associated with the ISDP do not nec- essarily represent the views of all the participating organizations. The Iraq Sustainable Democracy Project (ISDP) is a function of the Assyrian Academic Society. The AAS is a non-profit organization established in 1985 by Assyrian-Americans in Chicago, Illinois. For more information, contact the AAS at: 8324 N. Lincoln Avenue Skokie, IL 60076 Tel: 847-982-5800 fax: 847-982-1900 http://aas.net , [email protected] Copyright, ISDP 2005 Nineveh Plain Needs Assessment Report Page 3 Iraq Sustainable Democracy Project 444 North Capitol St., NW, Suite 846 Washington, D.C. 20001-1512 [email protected] Executive Director Michael Youash E-mail: [email protected] Tel. : 202 378 8082 444 North Capitol St. NW Suite 846 Washington D.C., 20001-1512 Acknowledgments: • Reconstruction Engineering Team, Assyrian Aid Society of Iraq (AAS-) for reconstruction data. • University of Mosul, college registration Directorate for providing statistical data on stu- dent enrollment for school year 2004. • Dr. Ashur Muradkhan, Atra Project, For Agriculture and Irrigation Development Data. • Ashur Yosip, Director of the Assyrian Aid Society of America for valuable input • AAS Press for final publication. Copyright, ISDP 2005 Nineveh Plain Needs Assessment Report List of Tables & Graphs Table 1: Budget Overview............................................................................................................ -
IRAQ - Mosul, Sinjar, Telafar, Tilkaif Districts Production Date: 23 June 2014 Reference Map - June 2014
For Humanitarian Purposes Only IRAQ - Mosul, Sinjar, Telafar, Tilkaif Districts Production date: 23 June 2014 Reference Map - June 2014 Paybizan Armisht Duban Zinawah Zaywik Mangish Mankush Zawukah Restink Sarsink Derishi Gegash Sarsank Spindar Country Borders Barjun Abu Koramark Razok Kaykasah Dargalah Duliyah Majalmukht Tosan Batiyah Tazhika Goramark Iyet Sawata Baluti Guzi Misharah Kal Tadhki Hamza Sulav Governorate Borders Baghujah Hafshi Tuka Barash Juzi Rudinya Masikah Khachri Baski Zewa Suwara Biye Musa Muhammad Rash Sirdenjen Zaywah Shafiqah Barashi Spindar Biy Batil Pirafat Tuka Rabban Isma»il Hawa' Basitikah »Ulya Suwara Rash Dergali Seivoki District Borders Kalhi »Umar Chamazerat Ghazi Awah Potya Kharabiya »Umar Avi Zurk Sulaf Basitka Sayfuki Meze Hejarki Butbah Maman Mayzi Sidarah Al Walid Salah Khalah Shukur Hawah Bastikah Betarsha Qashafir Meize Argen Arkin Afkhan Linawa Bakhnif Chamanki Arjin Ishkaft Khirbat Zirr Batarshah Dari Hujayri Shezi Zawita-i Jamanki Sulayman Pichek Wusta Pichek »Ulya Hasanka Kani Baskah Bebatki Governorate Capital Garbir Qaryat Bamir Muqbal Sarshawur-e Nu Zheri Zawita Kanibaska Beibatki Hulyu Ash Pichek Sufla Garmawa Zawila Rapatki Baybalki Ashkafta Jarzuniyah Khirbat Ashkafkti Kharab Zawita Rabatki Shaykhan Kumil Khazar Khara'ib Kolak Darkak Piromara Musalka Qaryat Kulak Mahmudiyah Ashkafkti Kardis Other Cities Sufayah Khazar Mansuriyah Malta-e Shilliyah Deirkat Musa Sequba Semel Kuzo Shillia Khan »Ayn Giregor Kiraykawr Islam Bayrkat Beirkat Laka Safatah Tall Abu Zummar Sumayl Dize Tillan »Uways -
Christians and Yazidis in Iraq: Current Situation and Prospects
OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS www.kas.de OTMAR OEHRING CHRISTIANS AND YAZIDIS IN IRAQ: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS Published by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Cover photo: © Ibrahim Shaba Lallo, Qaraqosh (currently Ashti Camp, Ankawa, Autonomous Region of Kurdistan) Caption of cover photo: Vertically: We work together Horizontally: We are proud Diagonally: We love, we forgive .(nun), stand for Nazara (Christ) ن The three Arabic characters, starting with The black IS flag bears the words: There is no God but Allah Allah Prophet Mohammed Islamic State in Iraq and As-Sham (i.e. Syria) Published by: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. 2017, Sankt Augustin and Berlin, Germany This publication has been licensed under the terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE), website: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en Design: SWITSCH Kommunikationsdesign, Cologne, Germany Typesetting: workstation, Niederkassel Printed by: Bonifatius GmbH, Paderborn, Germany Printed in Germany Printed with financial support from the German Federal Government ISBN 978-3-95721-351-8 CONTENTS 7 | 1. Introduction 9 | 2. Legal Framework 2.1 International law ............................................................................................... 9 2.2 National law ....................................................................................................10 13 | 3. Reduced scope for non-Muslim minorities after 2003 3.1 Drastic decline in