LIBRARY Iouth PACIFIC COMMISSION

HTOGBSSS RBPOM? OR BESOIPGROHS

, OP gBB

SECOro SOOTg PACIFIC OCRTOHEKCB

- • HOOMEA 15 ~ 27 APRIL 1955

LIBRARY iOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION

HODMEA S&3H PACIFIC craoirssioH 1955 Ill,

IBB SOTTTS PACIFIC COMMISSION

The South Eacifio Conmission is an advisoiy and consultative body set up by tha six ejovexnmonts responsible for the administration of island territories in the South Pacific region. Its purpose is to re- ccffimend to ihe member goveimneats means for promoting the well-being of the peoples of those territories. It is concerned with social, economic and he^th matters. Its headquarters are at Noumea, New Caledonia.

The Conmission was established by an agreement between the Gov- ernments of Australia, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, signed at Canberra on the 6th February, 1947, and finally ratified on the 29th July, 1948. Until the 7th November, 1951, the area of the Commission's activities comprised territories lying generally south of the equator from and including Neth- erlands New Guinea in tha west to tha French Establishments in Oceania ' and ELtcaim in the east. On 7th November, 1951, an additional agreement was signed at Connission headquarters in Noumea on behalf of the six participating Governments, extending the scope of the Conmission to include Guam and tha Truot Territory of the Pacific. Islands under Umted States administratioa. J "f ' T ' The Conmission consists of twelve Commissioners, two from each government, and from 1948 until 1953 met twice a year. It new normally holds one session each year. There are two auxiliary bodies, the Research Council and the South fecifioConference , The Research Council, which assembles once a year, held its first , meeting in May 1949, Members are appointed by the Commission, and are selected for thair special knowledge of tha questions vrith which tha Commission is concerned, and the problems of the territories in these fields. The chief function of the Research Council is to advise the Commission what in- , vestigatiohs are necessaiy. Arran^ents to cany out those which are approved are the responsibility of the Secretary-General and other principal officers, ; The South Pacific Conference, which meets at intervals not exceeding three years, consists of delegates from tha local inhabitants of the ^ territories, who may be accompanied by advisers, Tha first Conference was • held in Siwa in April 1950. The second Cmference was held at Commisaion headquarters in April 1953, and >ras attended by delegates from seventeen territories and the Kingdom of Tonga, Iv. " •

The Commission's staff includes six principal officers: Secretary-General, Sir Brian Preeston, K.C.M.G., O.B.E.; Ifepsity Chairman of the Research Council, Dr. B.M. Ojala; Deputy Secretaiy-General, Mr. John Ryan; Executive Officer for Health, Dr. E. Maasal; Executive Officer for Eoonomio Development, Dr. A.H.J, Kroon; Executive Officer for Social Development, Mr. H.E. Mauds, O.B.S, The Iteputy Chairman and the three Executive Officers are ex officio members of the Eesearoh Coun- cil, Ths principal officers are supported by a small technical and administrative staff. , - I Further particulars of the Commission's activities may he obtained /from the Secretary-General, Noumea, New Caledonia. I " - V.

THE SOaiH PACmC COHISRENCE

Relevant Artjcles in ths-ACTeeaent establishing ths South Eacdfio Commisaidn

ARTICTJ! IX IE SO0TH PACIFIC CONPERENCE • - --

27» In order to Msooiate with the work of the Comaission representatives of the local inhabitants of, and of official and non-official institutions directly conoemed with, the territories within the scope of "the Conmiission there shall be established a South Pacific Conference «ith advis- • ory powers as a body auriJiaiy to the Commission, AHTICIB X SESSIOHS OF THE COIJFEfiENCB 28. A session of the South Pacific Conference shall be convoted within two years after this Agreement comes into force, and thereafter at intervals not exceeding three years. 29. Each session of the Conference shall be held in one of the territories within the scope cf the Commission at a place designated by the Com- mission with due regard to the principle of rotation.

30. Ihe Chairman of each session of the Conference shall be one of the Commissioners of the Government in whose territory the session is held. 31. The Secretary-General shall be responsible for the administrative arrangements of the Conference,

32. The Commission shall adopt rtiles of procedure of thr Conferences and approve the agenda for each session of the Conference, The Secretary- General shall prepare-the mcessary doounsnts for consideration by the Commission,- 33. The Conference may make reocjraaendations to the Commisaion on "pro- cedural questions affecting its sessions. It may also recommend to the' Commission the incluaion "of ^ecific itema on the agenda for the Coiferance. J vl. ^ ,

ARTICLE XI COKPOSITION OP m CONPEHEHCE

54- Delegates to the Conference shall he appointed far each territoiy which is within the scope of the Commission and which is designated for this purpose hy the Commission. The masimum number of delegates for each territory shall he determined by the Commission. In general, tha representation shall be at least two delegates for each designated territoiy. 35. Delegates shall be selected in such a manner aa to ensure the greatest possible measure of representation of the local inhabitants of the territory. 36. Delegates shall be appointed for each designated territory in aocol?dance with its constitutional proeadure.

37. The delegations for each designated territoiy may include alter- nate delegates dnd as many advisers as tha appointing authority considers - necessary, ARncm XII FUNCTIONS OP TOE CONFERENCE 38. The Conference n&y discuss such matters of common interest as fall within the competence of the Commission, and may make reooamendations tp the Ccmmission on any such matters,

S.F.C. Publications relating to the South Raclfic Conference

Report of the Secretary-General of the South Pacifio Commission on tha . First South Pacifio Conference, 25th April - 5th May, 1950. Printed for the South Pacific Commission by R.E. Owen, Government Printer, Vfellington, New Zealand, 1950. , Ingress Report on Resolutions of the First South Pacific Conference, Nasinu, Fiji, 25th April - 5th May, 1950. The South Pacifio Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia, January, 1952, vii. = .

Progyeas Report m Eesolutiona of the First South Pacific Conference, Naainu, Fiji, 25th April - 5th Hay, 1950, Supplementary Report No. 1. - The South Pacific Commission, Noumea, New Caledonia, Fohruary, 1953. Duplicated,

Progress Reports on Resolutions of the First South Pacific Conference - Revised and Additional Information concerning Developnents in 1952. Document SP.Con.2/l4, 15th April, 1953. Duplicated. Second South Pacific Conference, Report of the Secretary-General, South Pacific Commission, Noum&, New Caledonia, 1953. viii.

COITOBnS. ' - " . , " . PafTsa -

Eesolutions 1-3 5 Action taken on resolutions of the - , , First Conference 1-3 ; ECONOMIC DEVELOEMEtW ' / . ^ Hesolutions 4-13: Conserving and improving resources . . • ^"4-35 - J: Resolutions 14-16 : Population in relation to resources— " 35-37 • ' Resolutions ' 17-24 "J Marketing prohlems - ' 38-49

HEAI/TH

Resolutions 25-31 : Health education of the people ' -50^-62 Resolutions 32-39 : Diet and its improvement 62-75 SOCIAL DEVELOPIIHW Resolutions 40-45 : Role of women and women's organizations in the community 77-88 Resolutions 4^52 : TOiat a child should have heen tau^t ly the time it l^ves school 88-105 -

Resolutions 53-57 : Proposals for the Third Conference 106-110 ^ Si^utions 58-61 : General Resolutions UO-113' ii.-

NOTE

The information in this Progress Report relates to -the South Pacific Commission and to the territories in the South Pacific region. In-some cases several territories are dealt with in one statement, -viz: Aus-fcralian Territories • - Nauru Papua £ind New Guinea South Pacific Health Service - British Solomon Islands Cook Islands Fiji Gilbert and EUice Islands Niue Tonga Western Samoa Western Pacific High Commission - British Solomon Islands Gilbert and EUice Islands New Hebrides (Condominim)

In the case of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (under United States adminis-fcra-tion) the informa-fcion regarding Saipan and Tinian was received separately from the information regarding the whole territoiy. PROGHESS KBPORT ON RESOLOTIOMS OF THE SECOND SOUTH PACIFIO CCTFBRENCB

, ; ' , For thB reriod ending 3l3t Deeemter, 1953

. / . ACTION TAKEN OH RESOLUTIONS OF THB FIRST COHFBRENCE

BESOLUnON 1; The Conference has studied with great interest the progress reports on the resolutions of the First South Pacific Conference, and the oral statements made ly the principal and technical officera of the Com- mission, It desires to record its warm appreciation of the efforts made by the Commission and its Research Council during the past three years to give effect to the wishes and intention of the First South Pacifio Conference, and it considers that the action taken and tha results achieved demonstrate conclusively the sin- cerity of the six member Governments who established the Commission with a view to, pronoting the social and " economic welfare of the area.

South Pacific Commission. At its Eleventh Session immediately following the Conference in April, 1953, the Commission unanimously recorded the foUovdngs The Commission is waunly appreciative of this resolution, which will encourage the Commission to continue its effort to the fullest extent of its abiliiy and resources,. The Commission for its part recognizes the vital place of the South Pacific Conferanoe in the promotion of the Commission's ' work. The Commiasion notes that Commissioners representing the six Governments participating in the South Pacific Commission, having attended the Conference as observers, desire to record their appreciation of tte hi^ standard of the debates and the able manner in which the needs and aspirations of the people were so clearly presented by the delegates. 2. -

BESOEOnOir 2; She' Conference requests the Commission to issue periodical reports in a simplified form,'pa3>- ticularly meant for the information of the villagers, on the Commission's activities. HB50KJTI0N 3; The Conference draws the attention of the Ccraaission to the necessity of ensuring a wide distribution for all its publications. South Eacific Commission. The Commission has recognized the value of the proposals made in these two resolutions and has given them continued attention, li' An ill\:strated booklet reviewing the Commission's first 6 years of operation has been widely distributed. ( . Ar^gements have been made, in consultation with the local authorities, for the Quarterly Bulletin, Eacific Heading and Commission Technical Papers to be sent direct to islands residents and officials in such a way as to effect representative distribution. It is hoped that this and other distributed material related to ths Commission's activities will increasingly be used in the territories as source material for local neirsheets, radio broadcasts etc., addressed to island peoples. As will be apparent from the action reported under several of the specific resolutions which follow (particularly resolution 45), the Commiasion is paying particular attention to the supply of technical information and advice written in simple language and extensively illustrated v&Lch will be of assistaiwe to the villagers. iinally, the issue of progress reports relating to the resolutions of South-Pacific Conference, should keep those who attended the Conference, and others, informed regarding many of the Commission's activities. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.' The islands of Saipan and Tinian of the Trust, Territory of the Padfio Islands were represented at the Second South Pacific Conference by an indigenous resident of Saipan, Mr. I^cio T. Benavente, in the capacity of an official delegate. He reported that the conference waa hi^ly successful and he is already passing on to the people of the Trust Territory much of the valuable in- , formation and knowledge he acquired. Such activity on his part is being encouraged by the naval administration of Saipan, where he is employed as an Agricultural Extension Agent. 3.

In his efforts to disseminate full information regarding tho woik of the South Pacific Conference, Mr. Benavente has addressed tho Saipan legislature, and has prepared descriptive reports for general distribution, which have been mimeographed and issued in both English and the local language. In addition he has spoken to school classes and itont-Toacher groups and he has had articles printed in the weekly Chamorro nev/spapor. - ECOIIOHIC VSV^GBWS i

' ' C0NS3KVIMG AlfP mgROVIHG HiBCFJRCES

BESQTJITIOH 4; The Conference recognizes the importance of accurate assessment of internal resources as £in aid in the development of agricultural and economic potentialities and invites member Governments to tato all possible steps to initiate and develop studies of this nature. '

South Pacifio Commission. The Commission referred this resolution to jarticipating Governments for consideration. . _ The Commission fully recognizes the growing interest in economic surveys as a basis for the formulation and appraisal of development policies and has made provision in its Economic Surveys project for assisting territories to plan, undertake or improve economic surveys and invostiga- tions. An article on "Resources Inventoiy: A Basic Step in Economic DevelopiBnt" appeared in the Quarterly Bulletin for October, 1953. During 1953, the Commission was associated with the Western Samoa Government and the New Zealand authorities, on request, in the conduct of the first stage of an edonomic survey of Western Samoa by Mr. V.B. Stace of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, assisted by an officer of the Commission staff. A Commission grant-in-aid has been made available ^to^he Australian Government towards the anplcyiMnt of a statistician to under- . take an analysis of the data obtained in the fepuaan d Hew Guinea sample agricultural census. A Soils and Land Use Committee has also been appointed to con- . sider, among other things, how soil and land use. survey work may be most effectively employed to contribute to the planned development and conservation of agricultural, pastoral and forest resources in the Pacific islands. The assessment of economic potentialities also features in other projects relating specifically to coconuts, cocoa, rice, fisheries, pastures and livestock, industrial devBlopnent and atoll developnent. •5.

American Samoa. Tbe GoTCmment of American Samoa continues ;to recognize the need for an accurate assessment of the resources of the Territoiy and has for the past two years heen slowly surveying and assessing the resources of these islands with an eye toward further developnent in the future. During the past year surveys have been made with the technical - • assistance of specialists brou^t from the United States and the Territory of Ha^mii to determine such things as labour resources, commercial fishing and bait resources, and ground and surface water resources. During 1955 a siffv^ of the fishing potential of offshore waters was conducted and estimates of bait available inshore were made ty a fisheries expert. Contracts have been negotiated for commeroial large scale survey and exploitation of the fishing potential of these vjaters in the immediate future. The Extension Service of the Department of Agriculture implemented a programme of assessment designed to determine' the actual crop jproduotion within the Territory hy intensive study of fifteen ."average" family plani^tiona. By miiintaining accurate records over a period of .time the Department hopes!to be able to predict the pro- ductive potential of the Territory, A survey of the forestry potential • was ocmpleted in 1951 hy Colin Marshal,'c-f the Saciiiq-Science Board, Negotiatioa-j aro at present"imder way to he^ye' a complets/aerial survey made of American Samoa at the same time afl' rich a survey is 'being done in the Trust Territory of Western Samoa, > • That the Legislature of this territory is thinking in similar terms with regard to economic developnent and that to some extent the delegation from this territory was responsible for the inclusion of this resolution in ths work of the Conference is borne out by Resolution "K"__ (S-VIIl) passed by the March 4-lB Committee of the Whole, This resolution called for.the establishment of an Economic Developnent Board to be "Concerned with ,,, furthering the improvement of the economics of American Samoa," In his comments upon this resolution the Acting Governor stated, "It is highly important that in co-operation with Samoan leaders plans for the future of this territory be•developed carefully," Plans for establishing such an advisory board are now under, consideration. "

Australian Territoriea; The Australian Government shares the view of the Conference and advises that this is part of its normal administrative practice. Cook Islands, The natural resources of the group aro under constant nneooamont,, Rocont vioitora to tho Cook Islands includoi 6.

Kr. JolOiffe, Senior, Forester, Hew Zealand Forest Service, Mr, J.C. Gerlach, Tropical Agronomist, Hew fealand Department of Agriculture, Mr, Drquhart, South Pacific Commission, Dr. l.I. Grange and Mr. J.P. Fox, Hew Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research - "Soils of the Lower Cook Group" C,S,I,R, Bulletin (n,s.) Ho.8, 1955. Fi.ii, The field work of tha Reconnaissance soil survey of Viti Levu was ; completed during 1955 - some maps iave been drawn, others are being compiled. Investigations into drainage and reclamation of land for rice, surveys of Central Viti Levu for agricultural development and pilot investigations into prospects of large scale cultivation of pineapples in Vanua Levu were carried out during the year.

French Oceania. The only accurate assessments of local resources are to be found, at the present time, in ihe exports statistics compiled by the customs authorities. It is proposed to "use mechanical tabulation in order 'to speed up the compilation of these statistics, and'also to undertake '. direct agricultural census operations along the lines envisaged by the • F,A»0. This would be made possible by the reorganization of the Department ' of Agriculture and the institution of the Four Tear Equipment Plan. This census will, perforce, be slow 'because of the great number of scattered islands and the fact that the necessary staff will have to be trained. As far as the main island of Tahiti is concerned, it!will very shortly be possible to make a comprehensive census of the coconut industry.

Guam. Although internal resources are limited, their progressive accurate assessment is continuing. A recent survey on Property Land Tax Assessment has been completed. The Commerce Department completed a preliminary draft Cost of Living Survey. A water resources and water table survey is jointly - under compilation by tha U.S. Geological Survey and military authorities. Public Law 67, of the First Guam Legislature provided for the creation of a Guam Visitors Bureau for the encouragement of tourism and Guam is now a participating member of the I&ciJic Area Interim Travel Association. A Housing Survey has 'been completed by the Federal Housing Administration. The Education Department is nuking an island wide survey of vocational . needs and opportunities. The insufficiency of ihe local labour force to meet military and civilian requirements has been reviewed by the Guam- • Employment Service and tbe U.S, Immigration Md Hatvu^lization Service, Guam Office, i • - - 7.

Netherlands Hew Guinea, The Bureau for Soil Hesearch has contributed to agricultural development by carrying out surveys for different purposes in various parts of the territoiy, such as; 1) an area of 1,500 ha, situated between the Sentani-lato and the former HoUandia air-field (North New Guinea); 2) an area nest of Nimboran between the Sokoata and the Sermowai'rivers (North New Guinea), for possible agricultural esjansion; I 3) an area of 25,000 ha on both sides of the Koembe river - . west of Kerauke (South New Guinea), for the purpose of rice growing. In co-operation with the research section of the Agriculture Department, experiments are being carried out into the influences of green maniiring on different types of soil. These experiments have been carried out for too short a period to arrive at any definite conclusions. For the next 3 jrears a programme has been devised for soil research in different parts of the territory, such as Numfor, Muju, Japen, Nimboran and the aforementioned area in South New GuiJiea. The work is carried out in co-operation with the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey at Delft. New Caledonia. In addition to statistical data normally assembled by the territory's technical departments (Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Economic Affairs, Mines, totems, etc,,,) a general inventory of lands will be undertaken in New Caledonia in the next few years. An amount of 8 millions francs C,F.P, was allocated to this project in the 1954-1957 Developnent Plan (General Section).

NitM. A soil survey and an agricultural survey have been carried out to enable tie Administration to gauge the resources of the island, Tonga, - Staff limtaticns restrict the practical application of a resolution of this nature to conditions in Tonga, Several specific projects have, however, been undertaken which are in sympathy with the intentions of the resolution. In 1953, the terracing of slopes on the south-east coast of Tongatapu in order to prevent erosion was successfully completed by the Department of Agriculture, On 'Eua island a similar project was put 8.

in h£ind and at the beginning of 1954- the department commenced a reafforest- ation project on 'Eua tablelands which are subject to erosion. Sufficient funds to continue this project in 1954- and 1955 have been nade available.

Trust Territory of 'the Eacific Islands, Adequate studies of the internal resources of the Trust Territory have been made. However, an agricultural census would be desirable, even though many difficult problems will occur when suc^ a census is made.

In Saipan and Tinian, the Navy Department in 1946 sponsored a very comprehensive economic survey throu^ the offices of the U.S, Commer- cial Company, This survey has served as a valuable guide in many important •basic developnents. Additional surveys of the district have 'been made since that date 'by the Pacific Science Board of the national Eesearoh Council worldng under grants from the Office of Naval Eesearoh, Western Pacific Hi^ Commission. In the British Solomon Islands Protec- torate this matter is already receiving the Government's most earnest attention. The activities of the Geological Survey, the Forestry Depart- ment, and the Special Lands Commissioner are all directed to that end, whilst one of the functions of the Agricultural Department is of course the assessment of agricultural" resources. In the Gilbert and Ellice Islands-the Lands.Commission, which has 'been operating for some yeajcs, surveyed the resources of the islands to some extent, whilst Dr, Catala of the South Pacific Commission has already produced a comprehensive report on Gilbertese atoll life. These reports make it clear that the Colony has little choice "but to rely upon monoculture. In ths New He'brides such studies as those contemplated would only "be possi'ble with the growth of the recently established Agricultural Department. In none of the territories has it been possible as yet to devote a great deal of attention to fisheries.

Western Samoa. A fairly accurate assessment of internal food resources was made in 1950 "by Mr. White of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture. It is expected that the economic survey being carried out 'by Mr. Stace, of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand on 'behalf of the Government of Western Samoa and the South Pacific Commission (see above) .will add considerably to the knowledge of the economic potentialities of the Territory. 9.

, . BSSOLPTION 5. She Conference, recognizing that security . . . of tenure is essential if the occupier is to conserre and improve his land, urges that the adainistrations of those Pacific territories where the terms of land tenwe are still a matter cf doubt, should use their best ' efforts, by means of appropriate legislation and administrative action, to remove this element of uncertainty . from the minds of the occupiers and users of land,

{ South Pacific Commigsion, Tho Commisaon, having considered this resolution and realizing that the problans of the various territoriea are so dissimilar as to be unable to be treated on a regional basis, referred the resolution to the participating Governments, The New Zealand Commissioner, however, recorded the following observation: "It is recognized that traditional forms of land tenure are ^ • the keystone of the societies of many of liie peoples of Hie area. Provided they meet tha needa of all the indi^nous •people, their value in maintaining patterns of behaviour which the people themselves have-evolved should be weighed very carefully in any proposal for chan^ or modifioation", American Samoa, The government associates itself with the observation made by the Senior Commissioner for New Zealand, Approximately of all lands in the Territory are held at the present time by Samoan families living under tha traditional authority of their leaders. The lands of tho indigenous people are protected by law, and it is prohibited, except for religious and educational institutions and then only with tha special permission of the Governor, to alienate communal lands to anyone who is not at least one-half Samoan, a resident for five years, living as a Samoan with Samoans, bom in American Samoa, a descendant of a Samoan family, and willing to officially declare his intention to live in Samoa . for the remainder of his life.

Land tenure here in Samoa is not well understood ty many. Com- munal land ownership by a bi-lateral descent group leads in a very short time to an extremely complex pattern of claims, Aa both the brother and the sister can claim tha right to use tha communal lands of their ''family' (both their mother's and father's lands aa well as all lands claimed by other branches of tha clan, aunts, uncles, etc,) nearly all families have claims to the use of land in many villages. It is usufruct and not K 10,

ovnersMp which is protected hy Samoan traditional practice, Until this administration departs from its policy of protecting Samoan Social Organ- ization and until the Samoan people themselves wish to change their system of living the government vrill protect their lands and assure them the continued access and usufruct of those lands, Australian Territories. This is already administrative practice, French Oceania. The uncertainty now existing on the matter of land ownership in this territory is fundamentally caused by the too common state of joint possession. The Government is making all possible efforts to change this situation, which is a factor of eoonomio stagnation and oven regres- sion. These efforts bear on the following points: 1. Simpliiication of the winding up of jointly owned estates, ly the reconstitution of Birth and Death Re^stration and' the institution of a genealogical card index, which v?ill , begin operating this year, With this end in view, and in ordar to improve the function- Ijig of the mortgage system, land Registration is in process of completion, ConsideratLon is being given to reviving the law, subjecting all private agreements to check Toy a notary, 2, The winding up of jointly owned estates will be further greatly facilitated and encouraged - tiy a policy of agricultural credit to facilitate • • the division of estates with eventual compensa- tion in money, and the winding up of estates whish cannot 'be divided up. - hy fiscal advantages. Joint ovmership is the only factor of insecurity regarding land ownership, land tenure in this territory is biased on the land tenure and mortgage 'system of Metropolitan France, organized hy the Civil Code, and established and administrated in the Territory since 1867,

The land rl^ts of the natives have been finally and indisputably established and are guaranteed by law. Guam. Land tanure provisions relating to estates in real property in Guam is covered tiy the following sections from the Civil Code of Guam, Part II, Chapter I: 762. Estate iP- fee simple. Every estate of inheritance is a fee, and every such estate, when not defeasible or conditional, is a fee simple or an absolute fee. 763. Conditional fees, estates-tail abolished. Estates-tail are abolished, and every estate which would be at common law adjudged to be a fee tail is a fee simple; and if no valid remainder is limited thereon, is a fee simple absolute, 764. Certain remainders valid. Where a remainder in fee is limited'upon any estate, which would by the common law be adjudged a fee tail, such remainder is valid aa a contingent limitation upon a fee, and vests in possession on the death • of 'the, first talrar, without issue living at the time of his - death. 765. Freeholds, chattels real, chattel interests. Estates of inheritance and for life are called estates of freehold; estates for years are chattels real; and estates at will are chattel interests, but are not liable as suoh to sale on execution. 766. Estates, life, third -person, freehold, An es-fcate during the life of a third person, whether limited to heirs or otherwise, is a freehold.

767. Fu-ture es-fca-tes, A future estate may be limited by the act of the party to commence in possession at a futxire day, " either without the interven-fcion of a precedent es-tate, or on the termina-tion, by lapse of -time or otherwise, of a precedent esta-fce created at the same time. 768. Re-versions. A reversion is the residue of an es-tate left by operation of law in the grantor or his successors, or in the successors particular es-tate gran-ted or devised. 769. Remainders. When a future estate, other than a reversion, is. dependent on a precedent estate, it may be called a remainder, and may be oreatei and -transferred by that name. Legislation covering Public lands, Public Law 33 as amended, known as the "Public Lands Act" created a Department of land Management, a Land Transfer Board, a Territorial Planning Commission, and included provisions for public planning, conservation and regulations on the use - and disposition of public lands, Netherlands New Guinea, The "Decree for the regulation of the Administ- ration of New Guinea" (Bewindsregeling) lays down the basic principle of land tenure legislation, to the effect that the Governor will see to it that' no cession of land will encroach upon the ri^ts of the indigenous population on the land. Land may only be occupied by non-indigenous people with the full knowledge and consent of the administration. Such occupations of land will becane legal as soon as legal ri^ts, along the lines and in accordance with the conditions laid dom in existing ordin- •ances and decrees, have been granted. The various.administrative proceed- ings required in connexion id.th new occupations of land and the granting of legal rigihtshav e not been completed in ELU cases; but, all occupiers have been re^stered and their legal ri^tshav e been laid down in written undertakings.

New Caledonia. The lands,belonging to the tribos are subject to special laws in New Caledonia, These lands are the untransferable property of the tribes; they cannot be priTOtely owned, oannot be seized in repayment of debts, and cannot be the subject of any contract, for lease or otherwise. Niue, The question of land tenure is at present being investigated with a view to providing some secure type of tenure to the Niuean people. Sales to non-Niueans are prohibited, Tonga, Security of land tenure is considered to be adequately covered by present legislation and practice... Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, In Saipan and Tinian this resolution is fully concurred in. In order to resolve land tenure problems, a Land and Claims Office for the Saipan District was established during the e^ly stages of the United States administration. Under its cognizance land surveys had been made and numerous titles seairohed. It is estimated that the land tenure problems vdll be.well on the way to a complete solu- tion in the not too distant future.

Western Eacific Hida Commission. As far as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands are concerned the importance of attaining seourily of land tenure was ! 15.

recognized long a and such seouri-ly has heen greatly increased as a result of the Col aiial Itevelojaient and Welfare Scheme for Lands Settle- ment initiated imnediately after the war and now nearing completion. There is very lil; :le more that can he done in this matter other than effecting a cadas nal survey of all jlots recorded in the Islands Lands Registers. There' is however already good security as regards the defi- nition of the lirr.ts of plots, despite the lack of a cadastral survey. In the Proteotora-;e a Sjecial Lands Commission is at present operating, and the Commissioiaer's primary task is to study native customs and practices in relation to land tenure with a view to possible amendment of existing legislat: .on.

As regards the New Zealand Commissioner's addendum, customSiy land tenure practices provide the basis of the present fonn of land tenure and there is no fear of changes and modification being effected without due regarc being ^d to their aocial effects. In the Protec- torate no alienation of native land has been possible since 1914, except to the Crown, so lihat native interests in land are adequately safeguarded. In the New Hebrides land tenure is governed by the Anglo-French Protocol of 1914, which pr

Western Samoa. Ttds is being considered in connexion with the Develop- ment Plan, but it is admitted that this is a difficult problem under the system'obtaining in tha Territoiy and it will probably take a long time to clarify it. '

1 RESOLUTION 6(a); The Conference recommends that .the - Commission should develop its activities concerned with advising and assisting in the conservation and improve- i. ment of the resources of the land, water and forests ' by proper methods of soil conservation, land usage, I husbandly, and the preservation and extenaion of forests. South Pacific Commission, The Commission commended this resolution to tte attention of the Research Council for consideration and advice, 1 I The Research Council expressed the ^ew that the Soils and Land Use Committee set up by the Commission will cover the initial work towards 1!

14.

the objectives of this resolution. The teims of reference, of the Ccsn- inittee ares 1 (a) To reconmend how soil and land use survey work may be most effectively employed to contribute to the planned developiient and conservation of agricultural, pastoral and forest resources in the Pacific Islands, (b) To recommend ways in which soil and land. \ise survey work in the territories may be assisted by the Commission and- consider possible ways in which this weirk may be co- ordinated to meet regional needs, i (c) To consider the possible employBsnt of more uniform methods of soil description and classification. (d) To assist in the assembly and analysis of information relating to soil and land use survey work in the Pacific islands, including the compilation of soil, climate and vegetation maps of the region. (e) To give advice on any matters which are relevant to the developaent of a Commission programme of regional research into soil and land use survey problems and techniques. The extent to which govemnfints and territorial administrations would be interested in participating in a co-ordinated long-term programme of soil and land use surveys is being explored, in case it may be possible to airan^ for one or more research institutions doing soil surveys in the £irea to tmdertake work for territories outside their normal area of operations.

The Commission was represented in an observer cajacity at the Second Session of the Asian Pacific Forest Commission held at Singapore in December, 1952 by C.L, Leefers, Chief Forester, Netherlands New Guinea, who was ths delegate for that territory. In addition, the Australian representative, Mr, J.B, McAdam, Director oif Forests, Papua and New Guinea, collaborated with Mr. Leefers in obtaining the fullest information for the Commission on any matters of special interest to foresters in the area, particularly the Melanesian region. Extracts 15.

from their reports have teencirculated . See,also under resolutions 6(b) and 6(0), gi.ii. land & Water Conservation legislation has been introduced and a Board set up to assist with the regional developnent of soil conservation practices. Conservation Districts and local comnittees are being formed. (See South Pacific Commission Quarterly Bulletin, April 1954). In tha field, extensive woifc has been done with the mechanical work of terracing and contouring — demonstrations have been carried out in many areas and farmers encouraged and assisted to crop their land on approved lines. A survey has been nade of lime and fertilizer resources and sources of supply and specific projects for farm developnents, based on modem fertilizers and top dressing practice, are now under way.

Miue. A full-time Agricultural Officer has recently been appointed. Amongst other things he will advise and instruct the people on soil conservation, improvement of crops, introduction of pasture grasses and tha control of pests. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In Saipan and Tinian, standard land corservation practices such as terracing, contour planting, etc., are being taught and demonstrated in connexion with the Agricultural- Extension Service. Some forestation and refores-tation plan-tings have been made. Small irrigation systems ha-re been started. Tbe practice of clearing land by fire has been prohibi-ted by law,

HBSCLtmON 6(b) i Tho Conference su^sts that the Com- mission should prepare for publication a simple, well- illustratsd booklet, especially meant for the villagers, regarding the problem of soil erosion and the necessi-ty of soil conserva-idon (including the pre-ven-tion of b\;sh ' • fires), together wi-th posters and other forms of infonaa- tion concerning this subject, which is of great importance to the -villagers. The Conference recommends -that the Commission and tha territorial administrations should give the widest possible dis-feribution to such a booklet, -.i. 16

SESOIOTIOH 6(0); The Conference recomnsnda that the Com- mission should collect and distribute simple practical information with photographs on the bast methods of terracing as a measure for soil coiaservation in the Eacific , Islands. South Eacific Commission. The Commission accepted these two recommendations and directed the Secretary-General to incorporate them in the work • programme as soon as practicable. The preparation of illustrated booklets and filmstrips on soil conservation and terracing has been pro-feded for in the Commission's 1954 work programme. Ths liji handbook and New CiLedonia pamphlet mentioned below, will be particularly usefia as reference material for tlds preparation. . " • Kji. The manuscript of an illustrated Handbook on Soil Erosion and Con- servation prepared by the Itepartment of Agriculture, liji was made available to the Commission with agreenent (as requested) that it be produced as a Commission publication. The Conmission has now decided that it does not comply with the specifications of a simple booklet but has asked prmission to use ths illustrations and captions in the production of a booklet. It is now proposed to publish the handbook as a Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, liji.

Posters dealing with soil erosion and uncontrolled grass burning have been prepared and distributed widely in the Colony, Films on Conser- vation have been shown at country centres and a projector and generator procured for use by the Soil Conservation Service. The work of the service is being extended to the second large island, Vanualevu, and additional staff approved. As a result of demonstrations, farmers in many districts aro seeking assistance with soil conservation work.

Terracing demonstrations and field days at Schools and country districts in association with ths Education Department have been extended and have proved very successful, Guam, The Government has noted ths resolution of the Eleventh Session of the Commission and will appreciate receiving any material completed in ths work programne and initially the handbook on soil conservation measures being prepared by the Fiji Department of Agriculture. 17.

Hev Caledonia. An illustrated pamphlet on soil deterioration and preservation in Hew Caledonia, was prepared hy M. Dugain, soil scientist, French Institute of Oceania. This publication was sponsored tsy the Educa- tion Deparfaent, and widely distributed in all native village schools where it will be discussed by the native Teachers, Furthermore, during the yearly refresher course attended by native teachers, in Ifecember, 1955, this problem was thorou^y discussed before an audience of teachers from tha Loyalty Islands. A talk was given by M. Dugain on the caiises of soil erosion with special reference to bush fires and a film was shown. IXiring an organized field tour H. Bugain and M. J, Barrau, technical officer of the"South Pacific Commission, demonstrated the effect of bush fires. The teachers will therefore be able to give technical advice on this important question in the -tribes. This subject will, moreover, be included in the programme of the 1954 refresher course, which will be a-ttended by teachers of the Hew Caledonian Mainland.

RESOLOnOH 7; The Conference asks the Commission to continue and develop ita assistance to those territoriea which have -the problem of improving their natural pasture lands. This problem includes a determina-tion of the beat species of grasses and other fodder-plants and methods of establishing them, with a -ffiew to providing both improved grazing and protection of the soil against erosion.

South Pacifio Commisaion. The Commission commended this resolution to -the Research Council for consideration and advice. At the end of 1952 the Commission enlisted the assistaince of Mr. S.L, Everist, botanist of the Queensland Depar-tment of Agriculture and Stock in the preparation of a regional programme of grassland research. On -the advice of the Research Council, tha Commission accepted the suggestions mads by Mr, Everist as the framework of ita programme in this field and decided to seek the co-operation cf inati-tu-tions, pri-vate founda-tions, and other organiza-tions in further defining and carrying out the detailed scientific and technical work envisaged. Some further suggestions put forward by Mr, Everist for local rosearch towards some immediate improvement in grassland production were commended to the attention of partioipating governments and territorial administrations. IS.

Extracts froia the report of the Australian delegation, who had acted as observers for the Conmission at the Sixth International Grass- lands Congress, and a report ty Mr. J. Kingston of Eapua and New Guinea on the pasture investigations proceeding in Queensland, lave been circulated by the Commission. Further infoimation is given in Technical Paper No,43 - Eesearch in Queensland in Tropical Plant and Animal Industries - on which an article also apjaared in the July 1953 Quarterly Bulletin,

An annotated list of selected literature relating to pastures and fodders was published in the Commission's Quarterly Bulletin for October, 1953 along with a report on a practical experiment in tropical pasture improvement carried out'by a New Caledonian grazier. In the article on the Fiji Plant Introduction Station in the Januaiy 1954 Bulletin, refer- en'-e was made tc pasture plant species at the Station in current demand. New species are continually being introduced at both ths Naduruloulou(Fiji) and Lalold. (Papua and New Guinea) Stations and opportunities exist for tte large scale production of seed or other planting material if desired to meet the requirements of territories.

The Eesearch Council was of the opinion that action in hand or proposed on the above lines would cover the requirements of the Conference resolution. American Samoa (see under resolution S). 1 Cook Islands. A Crop Development Officer has been appointed for this purpose, and the Tropical Agronomist, Departaent of Agriculture, also a recent appointment, is conoentraldng on islands developnent and problems, Fi.ii, The plant introduction work of the Department of !Agrioulture has given a prominent place to the. introduction, propagation and distribution of pasture grasses and legumes, whilst the work of pasture develojment las advanced greatly. The pasture seed production farm operated by the Fiji Department of Agriculture has overtaken the demand, both local and regional, for grass and legume seed (certain species). Seeds and plants have been sent to the following territories during 1953 - V?. '& E. Samoa, U.S, Trust Territories, New Hebrides, Eapua New Guinea, Earotonga, Tahiti and Niue. local distributions have increased. Extension Staff have sown seed of suitable species in areas affected by burning, thus improving the local grassland areas. Introduc- tion of new species, and research work on established species has been 19.

aotivBjy- carried on durijjg the year. Weed control in pastures has reached an advanced stage - and important demonstration areas for pasture estah- lishment have heen developed on five school farms, on district farms and agricultural stations. Three territories in the South Pacific region have without jus- tification introduced restrictive legislation, totally prohihiting the importation of plant matter of any kind from Fiji and other territories where Oryctes rhinoceros occurs. This action has prevented the distribution of improved grass seed to those tejncitdries, French Oceania. The local Department of AnimAI Husbandry has already carried out gystematio adaptation trials on new pasture plants with a view to improving natural pastures. These experiments took place in tha last two quarters of 1952 (first expe.riment) and in the last quarter of 1955 (second experiment) at the Taravao Station (Tahiti, elevation 500m.), Tha first trial covered 28 species of fodder legumes, 46 species or varieties of grasses, 4 species of legumes for cover crops or green manure, 2 sjscies of tannin rich legumes. The second experiment included 21 species of fod- . der legumes, 12 species'or varieties of grasses, 15 species or varieties of legumes for cover crops or green mantire and one specie each of tan^ rich and textile leguminae and of Pedaliaoeae.

Excellent results were obtained with a niuaber of pasture grasses for the improvement of pastures, haymaking or erosion control, and with sone legumes for grazing, cover crops or green manure. At the same time, a survey and study were mado of plants already common in the Territoiy and - found in all local grasslands. New Caledonia. Pasture improvement trials financed by the Developnent Plan are to be undertaken in the near future. This work will include preparation of the .land, its analysis and improvement, and research on the various species of.pasture plants and grasses, Niue (see under resolution 6(a)), Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In Saipan and Tinian pasture improvement practices are included in the Agricultural Extension Programmes, QSropical pasture grasses from Hawaii have, been introduced by the local Ag- ricultural Station. Instruction in better use of local fodder is also furnished. 20.

BESOianON 8s Tha Conference notes that the-COTmission's woric programme includes attention to tropical livestock introduction and improvement, and recommends that steps •be taken to meet tha needs of territories where livestock (particiUarly cattle and pigs) are or could become an important element in the subsistence of tha indigenous people, ' South Badflc Commission, The Commission is continuing its assistance in this direction in connexion with its project for tropical pasture and nnimni improvement, while recognizing that the greater amount of progress can be made by action in individual territories. At this stage the Commission can probably achieve most by directing its dttentioii to the question of pasture improvement (see resolution 7) which is essential to any livestock introduOtion or improvenent programmes. Nevertheless, the Comrnissicm has associated itself with the Government of ilji in livestock acclimatization and feeding and management studies (see below). The importation of livestock under both governmental and private arrangements is taiing place in several territories. The following articles have appeared in recent issiies of the Quarterly Bulletins Auril 1953 - Animal Eroduction in the South Pacifio - a discussion of the problems associated with animal production in the South Pacific, with special refer- - once to cattle,^ Cattle Breeds for Tropical Conditions - a short annotated list of recent relevant problems. • Santa Gertrudis .Cattle in Queensland, July, 1953 - Mcistan Cattle Introduced into Papua, a.

January, 1954 - Dairy Stock Productivity Under Tropical Conditions - a description of the liji feeding and management, experiment. - American Samoa. The Director of Agriculture has had operating for acme years past an introduction programme for importing superior breeds of boara and chickens. It is planned to continue this programme on an increasingly larger scale during the years to come. At present pUre-bred cockerels and hens are being raised for sale at the gcwemment experi- I mental fain. It is felt that the introduction of cattle at this time would be premature and no large scale introdiiction has been undertaken but the Department of Agriculture continues to operate a dairy faim and to introduce new breeding livestock from time to time; therefore those few cattle which are being brought in are kept primarily at the government dairy farm. At some future date whan the Samoan people, throu^ their contact with cattle at the government fam, are ready to handle them, cattle will be introduced for private domestic puiposes. Experimentation with jastures and fodders has become an established part of the dairy farm operation. Cook Islands (see under resolution 7), Fi.ii. The acclimatization (twin heifer) studies assisted by a grant of £200 from Commission funds was completed during 1955, A report is to be published and summaries of results have already been submitted. The study of indoor versus outdoor feeding and management - which received a grant of £1,000 from the Commisaion haa been held up owing to an outbreak of diseaae in New Zealand which haa prevented the shipnent to Fiji of the neceaaary.cattle. Buildinga and other facilities are ready for uae. (See Quarterly Bulletin, January 1954), Departmental arrangements for the importation of improved livestock and the breeding and distribution of progeny have been actively developed at two principal centres, providing progeny of improved cattle, pigs, goata and poultry, all of vMoh are in demand. A large electric egg- incubator haa been inatalled and the production of day-old chicka la being organized, Hesearch work on breeding, feeding and, management la being carried on-actively. Eeporta have appeared in the Fiji Agricul-tural Jour- nal, A bioohemiat haa been appointed to work on the nu-trl-ti-ve value of fodder and other stock foodstuffs. ; i , 22.

Preneh Oceania. The Territory's Department of Animal Husbandry has, since 1946, been engaged in systematic breeding experiments, with selected stock from Now Zealand, The following points were established: Cattle; The Angus breed can be acclimatized only in the Austral Islands, Eapa in particular, where it has given excellent results. Friesian Holstein may be used both for beef and dairy purposes - for stocking tablelands, Charolais cattle have given the best results. Unfortu- nately, prewar introductions were not on a large scale and the foot and mouth disease prevailing in Europe precludes any further importations for the present.

This policy of introducing live cattle and genitors will be continued and amplified in the future, with emphasis on breeds adapted for grazing in valley bottoms, H^s , Introductions from New Zealand, Berkshire stock in particular, ' have given good results and will be continued and amplified, Guam, A programme for a third cattle importation of sane 275 cattle into Guam from the United States was planned and negotiations were initiated with several cattle dealers. This programme is tmder review toward modi- fications required because of eshorbitant total landed cost. Permits were granted for importing the following number of livestock and poultry into Guam for fiscal year 1953: Roosters 1639 Turkey Eggs 20 Chicks 7510 Game Bird Eggs ,,,,,,,,, 16 Hens' 170 Goats :,,, 212 Ducks 97 Hgs 299 Turkeys 200 Cows ;.,, 24 Netherlands New Guinea. The improvement of tropical livestock other than pigs is of small importance to the indigenous population of Netherlands New Guinea who show littls Inclination for cattle-breeding. 23.

The possibilities of improving ths existing cattle and poultry were esamined hy a special conmission of ej^erts which visited Ifetherlands Hew Guinea during 1953. Their report is ejpected in the near future, A number of high quajily breeding-stock, such as lorkshire breeding pigs and also homed-oattle and poultry, have been imported and made available for the improvemsnt of the livestock of indigenous and other farmers. The introduction of breeding pigs was a success in various parts of the territory, notably in the Central Highlands and the Vogelkop Area,

New Oaledroiia, Graziers have, since the early stages of French settlement, introduced cattle ftom France, and more often, from New South Vfales, In addition, tho Territory often imports, with its own funds, selected cattle of various breeds as part of a stock improvement policy. The Loyalty Islands have benefited from these introductions as well as the mainland. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, The agriciatural programme of the Trust Territory provides for the introduction and improvement of livestock. - After the invasion of Saipan and Knian, all cattle not the property of the indigenous Inhabitants were collected in two herds and protected. In 1946 these cattle were made avEdlable to the local inhabitants for nominal fees. later, in 1949, pirebred Brahman cattle were imported for herd improvement purposes; additional importations were made in 1951, The services of the herd bulls are made available for local cows. It is intended that offspring of the basic hard will be available for distribution to the local inhabitants of the area. Similar importations of pure and improved breeds of poultry and swine have been also made xmder programmes designed toward local improvement, Carabao have also been imported as draft animals.

RESOIPnON 9s The Conference recoomiends that ths Com- • mission employ a fisheries espert to study ths fishing industry and fishery possibilities in the region. South Pacific" Commission. The Commission noted that this recommendation -was consistent with the.recomn»ndfltion of the Fisheries Conference held .

in" May, 1952 and indicated that it would endeavour to ccnsider it favcwr- ahly in connexion . with the developnent of the 1954 vork programme. - The Research Coxincil at its Fifth Meeting in June 1955 recommended that a fisheries officer with practical fishing experience he appointed to visit and provide information, adrtce and assis-fcanoe to territories, on request, with "the developnent, improvement or expansion of fishing activi"fcy, including the improvement of local fishing methods and the introduction of new gear and appropriate non-indigenous fishing methods.

At tho Commission Session in Ooto'ber 1953 the ap^intment of a fisheries expert for a term of three years was authorized to assist and stimulate fisheries investigation and developnent in the region, including Inland fisheries and pond culture, within the broad terms of reference proposed by the Noumea Fisheries Conference, 1952. French Oceania. Tha study of fishing teohniqiMS and possible improvements in this field was tte main object of the visit made late in 1949 by thO Senior Oceanographer of tte French Institute of Oceania. Professor Hanson, Assistant Dlreotor of the MusSe National d'Histolre Naturelle (National Museum of Natural History), visited French Oceania in 1952. On his'advice, measures were enacted against tha ex- haustive fishing of pearl stell in the lagoons. An experiment which he initiated is developing satisfactorily. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Inquiries have been instituted with various tropical fisheries relative to restocking lakes and streams in the Saipan and Tinian District.

RBSOEUTION 10; The Conference appreciatea the importance already given in the Commission's work programme to the prevention and control of nn-jwal, and plant pests and diseases, and" suggests, as a furttor measure, additional - studies on specific pests and diseases with a view to rendering advice and assistance on the•problems in pai^ tioular territories. The Conference stresses, in particular, the problem of the rhinoceros teetle (Oryctes

s 25»

; rhinoceros) in a number of territories and ths urgent neoessi-iy of preventing its spread to others. Another important problem is rat control in- re^tion both to ths public heal-th and -the damage to subsistence and esgrort crops, - Sgxth Pacific Commission. The Commission commended this resolution to . the a-tten-tion of -tihe Eesearch Council for consideration and ad-sdce, at the same time no-ting that it had recognized the importance "of -the problems by the appoin-tment of an, entomologist to its s-taff and that it had, at -that Session, adopted a specific proposal rela-fcing to the Ehinoceroa beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros).

The Commission regards work on pests and diseases, which includes the rhinoceros beetle problem, as of hi^ priority. The comprehensive programme of research on the rhinoceros beetle was set in motion wi-th the appoin-tment of Dr. R.A. Cumber as entomologist to work in Wes-tem Samoa and Mr. Venka-traman in India and adjacent areas. Both, took up duty early in 1954. Palm extracts kindly prepared by the Chemistry Dapar-iment of the Queensland Universi-ty were tea-ted by -the Plant and Animal Quaxan-tine Officer (MrT""Duiableton) in Wes-tem Samoa as possible chemical a-ttractants Imt'tte results were nega-tive. During 1953 Mr. Dumbleton -yisi-ted the Trust Territory of the Eacific Islands, liji and Wes-tem Samoa, concen-tra-ting on problems of rhinoceros beetle control'and developing plans for the Commission's re- seaKih scheme. The following articles were published in the Quarterly BuUe-ULn:

Ehinoceroa Beetle Outbreak in liji (April 1953) Ehinoceros Beetle Quarantine & Control Problems (July 1953) Ehinoceroa Beetle Control in Eapua & Hew Guinea (October 1953) The Coconut Ehinoceros Beetle (jarnmiy 1954) whilst Ehinoceros Beetle Control in Ton^ is described in Technical Eaper No. 34. A general indicatton of the rat problem in the South Pacific area, which had been engaging.-the attention of ths Commission's -technical officers was before the Eesearch Council at its lifth Meeting in June 1953. The Council pointed out that -the economic significance of ths rat problem varies widely -throu^out -the area and it considered that the iziformation available on oon-trol measures ^ould enable action to be -taken in indi-vidual 26

territories. The Ccanmission will always arrange for information to te obtained and made available on request. An appreciation of the giant snail problem and proposals for appropriate measures of basio study that mi^t lead to effective control measures, are to be prepared for consideration at a future meeting of tha Research Council. The Research Council has stressed the importance of virus diseases of plants. Proposals for a survey of tho plant virus diseases throu^out the area will -be considered by tho Plant Quarantine Committee. • lists of Insect Pests of Plants, of Diseases of Plants, and of Diseases and Parasites of Animals in the Commission area are being prepared by the Plant and Animal Quarantine Officer and a pest reporting service has been established as recommended by the Plant and Animal Quarantine Conference held under tho auspices of the Commission at Suva in April, 1951. Proposals for the further study of specific pests and diseases will be considered as necessary or as brought forward by governments,and territorial administrations. However, the Commission joins with the Re- search Council in stressing the importance' in the effective application of oontrol measures for certain pests and diseases, of securing the active co-operation of the inhabitants of the territories. See also under resolution 13. American Samoa, This Government commends and endorses the spirit of the resolution. An entcmologist has been employed "by this administration to work with the Department cf Agricultiae and through the Extension Agents, tha Local Government Officials, and the Insect and Rodent Control Teams . of the Itepartment of Public Health in combating and controlling anininl and plant pests and diseases, including some research related to the Rhinoceros Beetle in this territory. While his work is not solely devoted to the beetle, it is felt that the results of his investigation may be of some value to the Commission and, in like manner, tha work done by anyone associated with the Commission would, of course, 'be of value to the Ter- ritory.- gj.ii. Vigorous campaigns for the oontrol of Oryctes rhinoceros and of Citrus Canker disease in the Island of Viti Levu have been organized. Adequate funds have 'been provided - research work has been instituted and results have been published. 27.

Tbero has Ijeen actxve coUatoiation with tha Conmission's Plant & Animal Quarantine Officer and with research institutions overseas. Investigations on Graeffea cocophagg. and Budrot on Coconuts have heen carried out, - in the field extension work for oontrol of pests and diseases of rice and other food crops on farms has heen much extended. Under the Colonial Develojoent & Welfare grant a senior Plant Pathologist haa heen working steadily on crop pathogens and their control. Special research on the biological control of certain weed speoies has been carried out locally and overseas - the Fiji Government having contributed grants to overseas research institutions to assist the search for and distribution of parasites of lantana, Elephanto-pus. Stachvtarpheta and other weeds. Investigttons into the control of rats on coconut plantations have been undertaJcen and the appointment of a Vermin Control Officer is pending. French Oceania. Close attention is Isoing paid by the Department of Agri- culture to the danger of Orvctes rhinoceros introduction, and to the principles of rodent oontrol. Guam. The territory will benefit from the recent visit of Mr. L.J. Dumbleton, Plant and Animal, Quarantine Officer, South Pacific Commission and his review of ita proposed plant and quarantine regulationa. Commencing March 1953, a combined rat-giant African snail control campaign was instituted by the Department of Agriculture with tha co-operation of public health and the military authorities. The intensive island-mde campaign during tbe ensuing four month period proved very effective with an estimated 200,000 rats and several hundred thousands of anails exterminated, based on bait consumption figures. Netherlands Hew Guinea. The Ehinoceros beetle (Oiyotea rhinoceros) has been located in small numbers in Sarmi, Japen, Itookwaii and Eadja Ampat Islands. The damage done by this beetle in these areas has been of no economlo Importance, and no noticeable damage has been reported in the past. The occurrence of tho beetle in the territory is continuously watched. • 28.

I Damage by rats to cash-eropa ia negligibla. In aoms townsMps, however^ rata are a nuiaance, especially in barracka and quonaet huts. Ths Pablic Health Department ia atudying what meaaurea can be taken, auoh as demoliahing'and replacing sub-standard tuildings by permanent ones, supervision of house construction, sanitary measures, Hiue. Ships visiting Niue from islands where the Rhinoceros beetle is present are prohibited from remaining inshore after sunset. Articles brou^t lin by passengers are inspected and fumigation plant is almost ready to be brou^t into operation. The islanders are aware cf the nature and danger of the pest and keep watch for any signs of its introduction here. Trust Territory of the Eacific Islands. Measures taken to prevent the spread of the Rhinoceros beetle from Ealau to other localities have met with success. In August 1953 a live Scolia Wasp was discovered in Koror vdiich indicates that efforts to establish the wasp, which is a predator of the Rhinoceros beetle, have been successful. The last release of Scolia Wasps was made in December 1951 and it is hoped that the now established wasp will be able to control the ravages of the beetle. There ia a definite problem of rat control in the Territory, Since 1946, entomologists have been working in the Saipan and Tinian district on insect problems and their control. Specific measures have been directed at preventing the introduction of the Ehinoceros beetle. A rat abatement programme is a continuing project. I Western Samoa. The Commission's entomolo^st will be carrying out, in Western Samoa, his investigations on beetle ecology and control questions. The Agriculture Department is taking measures to control the spread of, and if possible, eradicate, a noxious weed (Slephantopus Spicatus) which ; has given alarm to the Department. The Assembly in its present session voted'£300 for weed and pest eradication. This, of course, does not in- . , elude the £5,000 for Ehinoceros beetle eradication which will ccme out of the New Zealand Grant. li 'i EESOLOTION 11; The Conference suggests that there should be established an a:toll agricultural station, possibly located in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, with

I 29.

vtaich tbe Conmission should bs associated so that the knowledge gained by such an institution would be available for the improvement of the conditions of all atoll dwellers. South Pacific Commission. The Commisaion referred this resolution to the Research Council for examination and advice, vniilst the resolutick mentions-especially the Gilbert and Ellioe Islands Colony, the Commisslion hoped that the Council would take into consideration any suitable loca.- tion where the maximum of desirable conditions are available.

In its turn the Council reconsnended that the attention of participating Governments should be drawn to the resolution with a view xf> ascertaining whether they are establishing or considering the establishment in any of their territories of an atoll agrioiatural station with which the Commission mi^t be associated.

The Research Council considers that little progress can be expected in plant introduction and coconut and other crop improvement studies until a centre is established, but from the information received, it appears that no action leading to the establishment of an atoll agricultural station is at present contemplated.

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Tha suggestion that an atoll agricultural station be established is ocnsidered soimd. Such a station would be of considerable benefit to low islanders in providing improved planting materials.

BESOiaTION 12; The Conference notes that the preserva- j ti'on and processing of foodstuffs are already receiving [ attention in the Camnission'o projects relating to the | subsistence of indigenous peoples and fisheries, but feels j that specific studies on the possibilities of preserving | indigenous foods, including the application of modem | methods, should be encouraged and accelerated. Moreover, j • information regarding the simple village processing and | preservation methods existing in various territories | should be assembled, examined and made available to other j territories, • j i 30.

South Pacific Commiasion. !I!he Commission referred this resolution to the attention of the Hesearch Council for consideration in connerion • with the work being carried out under the projecta: Subsistence of Indigenous Peoples and industrial ])ev6lopEent, Ihe Council was impressed with the extent to which improvement in the nutritional status of large populations ia limited hy food problems to which applications of technology may provide the answer, and alao noted that the development of food processing industries of various types was becoming important in an increasing number of territories. To the extant that the work of a food technologist would result in improved msthods of preservation and storage of staple and highly nutritious foods, e.g. roots and tubers, grains, fish, such inveatigations are regarded as an essential part of the Commission's nutrition programme. Consequently ths. Commission, on the recommendation of the Re- search Council, has authorized the appointment of a food technologist to engage in resesttch on improved methods of preservation, packaging, storage, handling and transportalion of foods and food products, especially in relation to problems of importance from the viewpoint of nutrition improve- • mentj and to advise interested governments, through the Commiasion, in connexion • with programmes for industrial developnent which involve food processing industries. The adaptation of known methods to regional needs and techniques suitable for application by co-operative societies will receive special attention.

The duties of ths Commission's technical officer (subsistence), Ur. J. Barrau who conmenced woik in April 1953, include the collection of information on existing food processing and preservation methods in the aubaiatenoe economiea. Such information will be of baaic value to the work of the food teohnologiat and may indicate avenues for more specific studies. Any methods noted by Mr. Barrau in the course of his surveys which are likely to be of interest to other territories will be circulated aa opportune. • Mr. Barrau carried out inveati^tLons in New Caledonia in 1953 and will be working in other Melanesian territories in 1954. The processing and preservation of fish will also be engaging the attention of the Commission's fisheries officer, Netherlands New guinea. ExperinBnts are being-carried out with different packing materials to find out the period diurfng vdiich sago will remain in good condition when -transported from one place to another. So far results have not been encouraging. . • ' -51.

Ko iiBasures have lieen taten to improve the preservation and processing of tubers, as with few exceptions tubers c£ui be cultivated all the year round. For the purpose of food supply it is not necessary to preserve the tuber. Gardens can be considered as natural storehouses, There is no trade in these crops as each family cultivates sufficient tuber for its own supply, whereas labourers in various townships can be more easily fed on rice, Guam. This resolution is of limited application to Guam where modem American refrigerated merohMdising is rapidly being adopted. Trust Territory of the Eacific Islands. A start has been made in the preservation of breadfruit, using a system which can be easily duplicated in the outer islands.

HESOigTICH 13; The Conference recommends that the Com- missicn, in the execution of its work programme, give attention to the following specific problems; : (i) the control of cattle ticks (Bootfiilus sp.), including introduction of tick-fesistant cattle; . " (ii) the developnent of selected coconut ' ' strains; (iii) the preservation (including canning), and --- marketing of fish, oysters and other sea products;

(iv) the. oontrol of the Mariana coconut beetle (Brontispa mailana) and related species; the coffee bean borer (StephanodereB hamwi); and pests and diseases attacking coffee, banana and com;

(v) the introduction of new subsistence and cash crops; (vi) effective methods of rat control under Eacific Island conditions. 52

South Pacdfic Commission. The Connission iindertook to give close attention to these proposals, many of ^diioh are included in its existing work pro- ' gramme. (i) The prohlem of cattle ticks is already within the scope of the pests and diseases project and any information on advances in control methods will continue to he circulated by the Commission. The Plant and Animal Quarantine Officer ; is in close touch with the work on the control of cattle ; ticks (Boophilus sp.) which is proceeding in Queensland and is of interest to the area.

(ii) The developnent of selected coconut strains has been receiving the attention of the Commission's Technical Officer (Copra) - Mr. W.V.D. M-eris - in the course of his regional survey of the coconut industry. His report is expected in 1954. In the meantime Mr, Heris has prepared an illustrated booklet giving practical instructions in simide non-technical language on the selection of seed cocOnuts and the raising and trans- ' ^ planting of seedlings. Publication in En^ish, Blench and vernacular editions is being arranged through the Commission's literature Bureau under the title "Wealth from the Coconut" and copies ahould be on sale in 1954, (iii) The preservation (including canning) and marketing of fish, oysters and other sea products will receive the attention of the Commission's fisheries officer and food technologist (see v^er resolutions 9 and 12).

(iv) The problems of the Mariana coconut beetle (Brontispa mariana) and other pests and.diseases are already within the general scope of the Commission's project and any information on advances in control methods will be circulated (see also mderiesoluticn lO). (v) The Commission's plant introduction project is directly concemad with the introduction of new subsistence and cash crops' from both within and. outside the region in relation to the economio developnent programmes and subsistence reqidrsments of the various territories. The Commission is associated with the Government of Eiji in 33.

the developnant of their Naduruloulou Plant Introduction and Quarantine Station as a regional plant introduction sta-tion. Erogress reports on the station's activities, ptont introduction lists and lists of plants and seeds available for distrlhution are circulated from time to time.

Contact is also maintained with the other plant introduction stations in the area, namely the LalokL Plant Introducti-jn Station in I^pua and New Guinea and the " - Motuovini Garden and Pirac nursery at Tahiti, French Oceania. A visit by Mr. G.P. Keleny, Plant Introduction' Officer, Eapua and New Guinea to Fiji and New Caledonia " in September 1953 on plant introduction work was assisted • by the Commission, Technical Papers Nos. 6 - A Ereliminaiy list of Economic Plants of New Caledonia; and 7 - A Preliminary list of Plants Introduced into Tahiti - have been issued, "

The Technical Officer (Subsistence) is conscious of the inter-relationship between the subsistence project and plant introduction work and is taking note in the course of his field surveys, of any native food plants and varieties of possible interest to Naduruloulou and other areas for propagation and further study. At the same time local attention will be drawn to any new or improved material of possible use that may be available from Fiji or other places. In the course of the Commission projects on cash crops, the prospects for the developnent or e:q)an3ion of cocoa, coffee and rice growing in certain territories has or is receiving attention. Technical Papers Nos, 31 - Cocoa Plantation M^gement in Western Samoa; 36, 37, 39 and 40 - Cocoa Growing in Fiji, Netherlands New Guinec^, Western Samoa and New Hebrides; and 38 - Coffee Growing in New Caledonia, have been issued in this connexion.

Recent issues of the Quarterly Bulletin have carried the following articles: Crop Promotion in Papua and New Guinea (April 1953) Tropical Research in Queensland (July 1953) . . (a fuller report appears in Technical Paper No. 43) 34.

Kbronivia Agricultmal Station (October 1953) Rice Production in Papua and New Guinea (October 1953) Eacific Subsistence Crops - laro (October 1953) South Pacific Eico Survey (January 1954) ilji Plant Introduction Station (January 1954) (vi) See under resolution 10. The importance in the effective application of control measures for certain pests and diseases of securing the active co-operation of the inhabitants of the territories is stressed by both the Commission and ita Hesearch Council. Fi.ii. Details of work at the Plant Introduction Station Naduruloulou which is operated with a grant-in-aid are given in tha Annual Report of the Station, Important introductions have been cocoa (many West Indian selected clones of hi^ performance), tropical fruits, black pepper, fibres, oil crops, rice,pulses and root crops. Seeds of many of these have been widely distributed throughout the region during the year including the U.S. Trust Territories. Mach valmblo material haa been received from • Hawaii and Papua-New Guinea. Special attention is being given to indig- enoua food plants of the Pacific region. Valuable varieties of rice have been introduced and are under trial.

In the revised developnent plan' for the Colony,' provision has •been made for a Coconut Research Station where selection work, fertilizer , and other studies will be conducted. Possible sites are now 'being inveat- igated. The Department haa continued with a planting campaign amongat lijians - using seedlings raised from selected palms and has also distri- — buted seed of tha best selections of hybrid dwarf coconuts. Seeds of these have been sent to Papua-New Guinea and other territoriea. The collection of varieties at Naduruloulou has continued.

The field spraying of bananas for control of leaf spot disease (Hycosnhaerella musicola) in Fijian 'banana plantations has been instituted - the selection of virus-free planting material carried on and insecticides for control of Scab Moth (Nacoleia oetasema) have been provided in all bamna growing districts. See also underiBsolution 10.

Trust Tarritory of the Eacifio Islands. In Saipan and Tinian tick control on native cattle does not constitute a problem. However, the imported croasbieeda and purebreda of Angus, Shorthorn and Hereford strains all 35

need constant attention, A new mochanloal power sprayer using lintjnpa haa recently boen acquired for use in tick eradication. Tick-resistant Brahman cattle were introduced in 1949. Selected varieties of coconuts from Ponape and Tap have been procured and planted experimentally. With the introductiin of the tetrastichode wasp as the biological agent, it now appears that the Ibrianas Coconut Beetle has been brought under oontrol. New cash crops are continually being introduced under strict quarantine control by the Saipan Agricultuial Station. The introduction of the Pearl Harbour strain from the University of Hawaii last season has provided - Saipan with its first succesaful crop of tomatoea.

POFUIATION IN REIATION TO'RESOURCES

-RESOIflTION 14; The Conference'has studied with much interest the ideas and proposals sutodtted by the Kingdom of Tonga, and recommends that the Commission should suggest standard methods suitable for census taking in the South Paoifio territories and that an expert in demograiiy shoiild be employed in order to - ' work out population projectiona for the various island groups so that each can assess its population trends. South Pacific Commission. The Commission approved at its Eleventh Session a proposal which forms the first step in giving effect to this recommendation. As a result, the Commisaion haa been aasodated with a survey of demographic data for Pacific territories being carried out hy Br. Norma MaArthur, demographer of the Auatralian National Univeraity to determine the extent and value of unpublished .records and to asaeas the efficiency of coUeotion and reliability of publiahed data. After completing aa much preparatory work as could 'be done from piblished sources, Br. ^ McArthur made-field enquiries in New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, liji, Tonga, Western and American Saiioa and Frenoh Oceania. After these results have 'been worked up, the detailed lines of prooeditte for the remainder of the survey will be determined. It ia estimated that approximately two years may be necessary to complete the survey of -tte whole South Paciflo area and that farther field visits will probably "be required.

As a result of this work, existing demographic material in respect of the South Padfio territories will be collated, analysed, evaluated and presented by a trained demographer and reports submitted on the general 36.

method of cbUecting data, on its reliability and on ways and means of im- proiri^ and standardizing daaographio statistics so as to broaden the field over which comparative analyses can be made, American Samoa, The Government recognizes the importance of assessing aociurately the population trends of these islands and would welcome suggestions and assistance in establishing standardized procedures. As part of tha Federal Census the United States Bureau of Census conducts a complete population study every decade in accordance with procedures standardized in the United States, The Samoan Affairs Office through the Local Government Organization has recently conducted a crude village census but wsuld benefit • greatly from expert advice by a qualified demographer in evaluating tha results,

Guam. The latest Federal decennial census was taken in 1950,

RESOLUTION 15. The Conference appreciates that tha . pressure of population upon existing or potential resources varies within very wide limits in the different territoriea, and agrees that remedial measures, if re- qiiired, must be a matter for decision in each territoiy. The Conference recognizes the dual character of this problem and recommends that the Commission should give advice and assistance to any territory which desires to vary the rate of the increase of its popiulation.

South Pacific Commisaion, The Commission noted this resolution for appropriate consideration if any such reqissts are received. No requests have been received so far. Nevertheless the Commission has continued to maintain its interest in population problems - an interest which may be said, to have begun when the mtter was raised by Prince Tungi of Tonga at tha First South Pacific Conference in April 1950 and which resulted in tha inclusion of the "Relation of Population to Resources" in the Agenda for the Second Conference. This interest embraces problems of overpopulation and pressure upon exisling or potential resources, as well aa those of under- population.

. However, in associating itself with the demographic dtudy referred to under resolution 14, it was felt that in the first instance the assessment of available resources should be divorced from the population project j

37.

which should concentrate in the first instance up® ths basic collection and analysis of demographic data relating to territories in the Commission area. At the sans time the assessment of internal resources has been en-, ^glng the Commission's attention as indicated iinder resolution 4. In addition the Commission has been associated with a combined medical and social siudy of the causes of depopulation in the Harind-Anira area of Netherlands New Guinea and it is hoped that tho methods of inquiry used will be a guide to other territories with depopulation problems. Com- munity developnent possibilities in a depopulated area are also receiving the Commission's attention. Niue. A census of population, domestic animals, coconut palms and.bananas - is taken every five years, A return of population and vital statistics is also made every three months, Ths trend of population increase is being watched, but at present it seems unlikely that economic pressure will arise from over population, for many years, provided agriculture extension work continues. Guam. Guam has a critical population labour shortage as contrasted to the •' population pressures in some other Eacifio areas, '

BESOXPTION 16s The Conference haa learnt with interest that the Government of Elji has asked that a commission should be sent out by the United Kingdom Government to study the problem in Fiji, and trusts that any resulting report may be made' available to the Commission for the information of other Ifecific territories.

South Badfic .Commission, The Commission trusted that the United Kingdom Commissioners would take steps'with a view to meeting the wishes e^qjressed in this resolution. However, it is understood that the Government of Fiji has not yet finalized "arrangements for this enquiry. : . 38. '

, • "HARKBTIHS HtOBLSMS

• ' RBSOLOCTON 17; The Conference is conscious of the very great value and importance of co-operative societies in the production, transport and marketing of copra and other commodities and in securing fair prices to the producer. It, therefore, requests the Commission to" intensify its efforts to encourage and develop the co- operative movement throughout the area and in jarticu- lar to place one or more specialist advisers at the- disposal of those territorial Governments requesting such assis,tance.

South Pacific Commission. The Commission undertook to consider tha possi- hili-ty of engaging a specialist officer within its financial provisions for 1954 as part of its programme relating to co-operative societies. As a result the Research Council, at its meeting in June 1953, gave detailed consideration to the work required in this field in the light of the Conference resolu-fcion. The Commission, in accepting the Council's recommenda-fcions, warmly endorsed tlie views on the importance of co-operati-ve socle-ides in the economic developnent of ^he region expressed hy -the Confer- ence, tha Research Council and Mr, V.D, Stace in his report on the Pacific Islander and Modem Commerce (Technical Paper No, 54). The Commission has decided to appoint a Co-operatives Officer to co-ordinate and further develop the Commission's advisory work in this field. He will; (a). Prepare simply written, practical -training and instruction manuals and materials on co-operative enterprises sid-ted to the region; (b) Circulate infomation on co-operative de-relopnents in all parts of the world likely -to be of particular value in application to iie region, and seek out and publish stories of successful" individual co-opera-tive socle-feies. (c) Give detailed and authoritative repliest o enquiries from territorial adminis-fcrations, missionaiy bodies and other •local organiza-tions. 39.

(d) Continue to build ug the Comnission'3 specialist libraiy on co-operation which includes films and filmstrips. (e) Conduct tenitccial field surveys on request. Advice on co-operative problems was given and material from the library was sent, on request, to government authorities or missions in the British Solomcn Islands, Fiji, the Hew Hebrides, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Hew Caledonia and ths Trust Territory of the Paoifio Islands. A seleclivB annotated guide to authoritative and up-to-date information,of practical value to prsons working in tropical dependent areas such as the South Eacific, vjas published in the Quarterly Bulletin for January 1953. A bibliographic guide to simple explanatory booklets designed for officials and members of local societies is to be published. Following his earlier visit to the Cook Islands, the Executive Officer for Social Development (tlr. H.E, Maude), in association with M. J. Guiart, Ethnologist of ths French Institute of Oceania, visited ths New Hebrides at the invitation of the Condominium Government to report on the developnent of the co-operative movenent there. It was possible to arrange for Mr. B.J. Surridge, Adviser on Co-operation to the United • Eingdcsn Secretary of State for the Colonies, to visit Western Samoa, as well as United Kingdom and Australian territories during his visit to the Paciflo.

A revised edition of the Bibliography on Co-operation in the South Pacific {Technical Eaper Ho. 5l) has been issued whilst Technical Eapers Hos. 1 and 42 cover ths Co-operative Movements in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands and Eapua and Hew Guinea respectively. An article on the Co-operative Societies Conference held in Suva appeared in ths April 1953 Quarterly Bulletin and the issue of January 1954 contains a review of Mr. Staoe's report on Commeroial Relations in the Eacific Islands.

American Samoa. The Govenment endorses the resolution and will welcome ths assistance of a sjeoialist officer in establishing co-operatives within that Territory. Guam. The scope for co-operative societies on Guam is limited. Present acti-^ty is confine'd to the small Moriao Pishing Co-operative, which re- . calved a loan from the Guam Finance and Developnent Agency, and a relatively • inactive Inarajan Farmers' Cj-operative. 40.

Hethsrlanda New Guinea. Among tho populatton of Netherlands New Guinea a rapidly growing interest in co-operative societies is evident. ' In 1952 a Registrar was appointed and in 1953 a Bureau for Co-operative Societies installed as jart of the Department of Distiiot Services. During 1954 and 1955 this Bureau, which is directed hy a district officer, will he extended gradually, The number of registered co-operative societies is small, hut is expected to keep pace with the extenaion of the staff of the bureau. One of the special tasks of the Bureau is to link up the co- operative movement with the community developnent projects.

Western Samoa, A co-operative societies officer, Mr. Boyan, has now taken up duty,

RESOronON 18; The Conference recommends to the Ccsn- mission the establishment of a marketing information service to .collect and distribute information on; (i) the kind, grade and quantity of island - - . produce which other Pacific territories can absorb; (ii) tha ruling prices in the different territoriea; (iii) the exiating import prohibitions in the different territories and the'reasons for theae prohi'bitionj; (iv) • inter-territorial tixuiaportation; (v) other relevant matters. South Pacific Commission. The Commission instructed the Secretaiy-GeiKral to formulate for it s consideration specific proposals for the establishment of this marketing infonnation service. i

Althou^ the Research Council considered that an effective marketing service could not-be operated on a regional 'basis, the Commission considers that the collection and dissemination of information on the problems and posaibilitTea of the expansion of trade between the island territories 41.

should ha imdertaken as part of its, normal activities in the economic development field. Although specifio proposals for the establishment of such a service have not yet been drafted, relevant information is emerging from • studies being made in connerion vfith industidal development, statistics have been prepared which indicate broadly the channels of trade in tho region and give some incomplete data on existing trade between territories. The survey ox industries being carried out by Mr, Banks of the-Australian Deparlanent of National Developnent will enable some comparison of manu- facturing costs to be made between territories and indicate whore surplus capacity exists. It is also hoped that other enquiries will yield valuable marketing information about island craft products, French Oceania. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of French Oceania is normally responsible for tha collection and distribution of the typo of information mentioned in this resolution,

Guam. Recognizing the purpose and benefit of this resolution to specifio areas, Guam ^associates itself generally with the opinion expressed by the Research Councii, except for their immediate Marianas and Trust Territory Islands inter-trade area, where current market information is readily available, Netherlands New Guinea. There is no trade between Netherlands New Guinea and other territories belonging to tha South Pacific region. It is not clear what articles of local produce could be exchanged between New Guinea and these territories with profit. Participation of this territoiy in a central service as recommended in this resolution, will be - at least as long as the above conditions prevail - of no assistance to New Guinea, nor will it be of any assistance for other territories in the Commisaion area. Prices of products are available to persona interested in them at all districts offices,

RESOIflTION 19; The Conference, noting the discouraging effect on producers of wide price fluctuations, earnestly hopes -tiiat member Governments will lose no opportunity of entering into long-teim contracts for the major export cropa of the Pacific region, or of adopting soma other suitable fonnula for protecting the purchasing power of tbe indigenous populations. 42.

South Pacific Conmiaaion. Ths Commisaion refoired this reaolution to participating Governmenta, American Samoa. While the government does not at the present have a long-teim contract for the major item of export from this territoiy, oopra, it ia felt that adequate precautions have been taken to assure the protection of ths purchaaing power of the indigenous peoplea. The maiket for copra in tho United States fluctuates so violently that there is little possibility of a major importer making a long-term guarantee for the total output. At the presont timo, however, the local copra is purchased and sold through a government-operated co-operative - the Copra Board. A fund has been established from which the producer is paid for his copra at the timo the government takes it into the storehouses, Prom these "copra sheds" the bags of copra are transported to a central shed and exported . at the ej^nse of the fund. When the shipment is paid for the money goes back into the' fund in order to assure that money will be available to purchase copra for future shipnents. The Copra Board, by establishing an operating reserve, has acted to stabilize the price paid to the producers at a level which affords an incentive to production and guarantees their purchasing poI^er, Ths co-operative nature of tho Board makss it possible for the producers, througji their representatives, to control tho purchase price and marketing of oopra within the limits of the financial position of the Rmd's operative reserve.

It is recognized that further steps will be needed if the purchasing power of the Samoans is to be protected in the future. This govemnent is exploring every possible means of stabilizing tho economy of these islands so that a larger measure of self-government and a higher standard of living may be brou^t to the people.

Australian Territories. The means to stabilization of price levels aro not always readily available as it requiroa the co-oporation of both consumers ond producers. .It is Austrian administrative practice to constantly endeavour to bring about stabiliiy .of prices wherever it is practicable to do so. Cook Islands. The sale of copra is under long term contract to the British Ministry of Food, Citrus is assisted by dose co-operation with Messrs. Fruit Distributors Ltd, of New Zealand in the determination of price, In accordance with costs assessed hy a Select Committee of the Legislative Coundl which each year recommends prices to ths Coundl, It is also implemented by the use of Industrial Awards and Price Pontrol legislation. 43.

Gum. I3 not an e^rt producing area. Kotherlands Hew Goicoa. Long-term contracts for the major export crops are not under consideration at present, Hiue." A guaranteed price for copra is in o^ration under contract with the Brilish Ministry of Pood. A guaranteed price for Eumara is open to the Hiuean growers, Ijut they have not heen interested so far. There is not M yet any great difficulty in finding a martet for native handcrafts and the esport of such goods is considerable, Ton^. In common with many other Eacific Territoriea Tonga snips its copra to the United Kingdom mder tha long-term contract with the Ministry of Pood, There is a continued unaatiafied market for Tongan bananaa in Hew Zealand where shipisnts are sent regularly each month. Efforts are also being made at the present time to stimulate the export of Tongan vegetables and mats to nei^bouring territoriea. Trust Territory of tha Eacifio Islands. The major export of the Saipan District is copra. In order to control wide price fluctuations in this commodity, all copra is marketed by a Copra Stabilization Board which assures the producer a fairly uniform rate of return on hia copra. East experience has amply indicated the success of this method in meeting the problem. It is planned to continue tha Copra Stabilization Board for future marketing purposes,.

Western Eacific Hi^ Commission. Althou^ long-term cbntracts for the export of copra already exist in the case of the Britiah Solomon Islands • Erotectorate and Gilbert and EUice Islands Colony, the subject of this resolution is regarded as a domestic matter \iiioh primarily concerns the native and other populations of the individual territories and this Admin- istration could not commit itself in advance to a general policy of this - . nature. Each instance must be examined on its merits and the interests of all concerned be taken into .account.

Western Samoa. Copra is sold under a contract agreement to the Ministry of Pood. Because of the wide price fluctuation in cocoa it haa not been found possible to let this product out on a contract basis. Bananas are sold in Hew Zealand Ty arrangement with.I'ruit Distributors Limited of Hew Zealand, 44.

RESQIPnOIT 20; Ths Conference would-be grateful if advice could be made available to territories on simple methods of improving the quality of copra.

South Eacific Commission, The Commission noted that action was being taken to give effect to this recommendation under its existing work programme, Mr. V.T.D. Eieris, the Commission's Technical Officer (Copra) has carried out a regional survey of the coconut industry in ths South Eacific and it is hoped that his report will be received in 1954. Ths' qualiiy of ths copra produced in the various territories is among the matters which have received his attention and it is anticipated that-his report will.contain suggestions for improvement in this direction and will facilitate the prejaration of a pamphlet on simple methods of improving the quality of copra.

In the meantime, "on the spot" advice was given by Mr*, Eieris when he visited the various territories, a number of which are already working on this problem. Trust Territory of the Eacific Islands. The recent visit of W,7.D. Eieris has provided information of value to the islanders in the improve- ' ment of copra. literature on copra production and grading is being obtained for the Saipan and Ionian Elstriot.

it |i - RBSOIPTION 21; The'Conference recommends the Commission • ; to give attention to the developnent of practices which I would enable the freer movement of agricultural produce without increasing the risk of spread of any pests or |; diseases which may be associated with these products, i South Eacific Commission.- The Commission ccmmended this resolution to the Eesearch Council for consideration and advice in connexion with its project relating to the control of pests and diseases,

- The Council in turn, suggested that it be referred to the Com- mission's Animal Advisory Committee and Elant Quarantine Committee, The views of the members of these Committees are being obtained. 45.

Hetherlands Hew Gnlnea. Netherlands New Guinea is reporting regularly to tha Plant and Aninal Quarantine Officer of the South Pacifio Canmission on plant diseases occurring in the territory. With the Administration of Papua and New Guinea these natters have been discussed mth a view to co-ordinating relevant quarantine regulations exiating in~bcth territories.

EBSOLPTION 22. The Conference drawa the Commiasion's attention to tho opportunities for the concentration of processing industries in centres from which the products have tariff-free ancess to the principal markets. South Pacific Commission. The Commission referred this resolution to participating Governments. American Samoa. It is felt that tha intent of the resolution ia clearly in the best interest of the indigenous peoples and tha Government stands ready to co-operate with the South Pacifio Commiasion in implementing a project of such nature. Tha intention of this resolution is being applied within American Samoa in regard to the processing of fish for the United States market. C^traliaation of handicraft and introduction of garment manufaclwre are contemplated in the near future,

Australian Territoriea. This resolution haa been noted. Cook Islands. Loc.al private processing industries are fostered. Within the Adminiatration effort is made to produce locally by way of small industries, any products idiich can be more economically produced than imported, Examples are printing and joinery shops. The possibility of local box-making for citrus is \inder investigation,

French Oceania, In this territory, processing industiiea are all concentrated in Tahiti, No dispersal is envisaged, except for the eventual establishment of a tuna industry near the fishing grounds, Guam, Reference is made to Public Law 2, First Guam Legislature, First Special Session, section 27 Organic Act for Guam; and paragraph G, In- - \ dustiy, page 27 Guam Annual Report to the United Nations, 46,

Tonm, • This resdutiffli is noted, Tnist Territoiy of the Pacific Islands. As regards Saipan, this rescluti.on is not applicable at the present time. Locally gro-vm. coffee is the only processed conmodity and the entire production of a small mill is consumed Tiithin the di-strict. Western I^cific Ei^ Coranission. This resolution has little application to the Western Pacific High Commission territories where what little processing is done is absorbed locally,

BSSOLTTEtOH 25; ®ia Conference draws attention to the fact that the levy of an export duty my have a dis- - _ couraging effect on a MW indigenous industry in its early stages, and suggests that the Governments concemed should not overlook this factor when imposing export"— • duties, (Note: Delegates voted on this resolution: For - 22: Against - U) Sou-th Pacific Comaission. The Commission noted that some particlpatl^ Governments have policies of assistance to infant industries in respect to certain territories. It referred this resolution to partioipiting Governments.

American ganoa.' The government is doing oveiything within its power to introduce and to encourage infant indigenous indjistry, Tho fixed esport duty on items exported from American Samoa is two percent. While this applies to both old and new indiistiies, it is not felt that it is likely to be a burden upcn new industiies in their formative years. It is considered liiat tho low rate of duty is an inducement to young local industries, • I Australian Territories. OHB Australian Government always keeps this in - mind idien ocnsidering tha application of import duties. Cook Islands. The Administratton has noted the Conference's recommendations in this matter, and states that this policy la followed with ro®ird | to both the citrus and tomato exporting industries, | 47.

French Oceania. Waiving of eaport duties on the products of new industries in their ear3y stages is an obvious reqvdrement and the Administra- tion of tte Territory oannot hut approve, without reservation. It has been recognized by a Decree approving the Territori'al Assembly's delibera- tion of March 23, 1953, waiving the e^ort duties on coconut fibres and shells. Similarly, tinned fruit and vegetables, fruit, curioa, mate and basket-work are free from export taxea,

Guam. This territory has no export levy. New Caledonia, At the present stage, only agriculture industries are eligible for assistauae from ths "Caisse Centrals de Credit Agricole Mutuel (C,C.C,A.,M.)" (Central IVmd for Mutual Agricultural Credit), Ex- tension of this assistance to other industries is contemplated in a draft _ decree, at present being considered the,vmous metropolitan assemblies, which would change "Agricultural Credit" into "Multi-Purpose Credit", C.C.C.A.M. assistance is available to all categoriea of borrowers, what- ever their otatus, providsd they offer sufficient guarantee.

Hiue. An export tax is levied, but it is a very low rate and causes no discouragement to growers. Tonga. It is not the polioy of Her Majesty's Government to impose export duties on indigenous industries in the early stages of their developEent. The only two industries, operating in Tonga are concerned with candlenut oil production and citrus products canning. "Both products are exported duty free.

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, There aro no export or import duties in the Trust Territory, Ho export duties are imposed in the Saipan District nor are any contemplated. Western Pacific Hiefa Commission. Ia view of the doubts as to the competence of the Conference in this matter, it is not proposed to cemment.

RBSOMTIOH 245 The Conference recommends that ths Com- mission explore the market prospects for tendoraftpro - ducts in suitable centres in or outside the region, investigate the possibility of standardization of products manufactured specifically for export, and study the' " 48.

I question of introduction of mw handcrafts. The Confer- , I ence draws tha Commission's attention to tha various ' organizations, such as the International Labour Organ- ization, which offer assiatance to non-inetropolitan territories in these matters.

South Pacific Ccanaission. The Commission is taking this resolution into account in giving effect to its work under the project: . Industrial level- -opnent, and is'exploring the possibilities of obtaining assistance from- other agencies as expressed in the resolution. Ihe Commis^on and its Research Council are agreed that work requiring to be done,in the course of its industrial developBent project should include studies of tho possibility of developing handcraft and ether simple processing industries with special reference to the application of technical knowledge of design and production techniques. The Commission further considers that special attention should be given to studies designed to assess the status of indigenous handcrafts in the region with special reference to:

the nature of the demand being served; the extent to

the extent to which fUrther use could be made in production of power and machinery or improved equipnent; the particular types of products, designs, qualities, styles . etc, that are well adapted to consumer demand and improved methods of quantity or quality production; improvements in distribution or marketing of products; _ steps that could be taken by admi^strations to facilitate the healthy growth of indigenous industries. ' Within this general framework, Dr. C.S. Belshaw of the Australian National University has carried out a review of thJ literature on handcrafts and small scale manufactures in the Eacifio Islands revealing the wide range of traditional raw materials and skills that have been developed by indigenous Industries in the various parts of the region. The indigenous 49.

industries which he describes as worthy of technical assistance and support fjn a regional basis include basketware iaaj>ufacture) boat building, tho production of coral building materials, coconut fibre preparation, salt manufacture, sago making, furniture making, pandanus weaving, pottery, sawmilling, soap manufacture and woodwork. The statistics of imports and exports of Pacific island territories have been assembled in a form suitable for examination from the vievfpoint of the' prospects of island industries, to. K.H. Banks of the Australian Depaj^tment of National Devel- opnent has made a field survey of existing secondary industry in selected territoriea and waa working on his report at the close of the year. It. will ccnsist of a description of the industrial structure in each territory visited and an area-wide appraisal of each industry. It ia known that Mr. Danis feels that there is some need for technical information and assistance for handcraft industry, espedially ceramics in Papua and New Guinea, since much of the skill of the indigenous people is being lost because of lack of use and a feeling of inferiority regarding the finished products comipared with European goods.

It has not yet been possible to complete arrangements for a cranprehensive study of market prospects for island products, e.g. in Australia or New Zealand, 'but specific requests for information relating to a particular product are 'being followed up as far as possible.

The work done by Dr. Belshaw and Mr, Danks completes the main enquiries preliminary to a basic assessment of available resources in which the Commission ia endeavouring to obtain the assistance of other international organisations experienced in such work. In the meantime plans are also being developed for more de- tailod stiidiea of handicraft and other simple processing industries. 50.

H B A IT H

TroBt Territoiy of the Pacific Islanaa. The Government of the Trust Ter- ritory of the Pacific Islands haa not reported in detail in connexion with tha resolutions appearing in this section, hut has made the following general observation in relation to them:

"It appears that the Conferees, acting upon their own .initiative, have formulated aome wise resolutions and requests. The emphasis on practical and specifically adapted education is encouraging, Tho use of education to accomplish the ends suggested by these resolutions ia a slow and difficult process in the semi-primitive areas of the Pacific, Yet, edu- • cation is the only effective means'so far discovered to change human behaviour in matters of health. The emphasis given to inoreaiaing the quantiiy-of native foods, and particularly to the difficult problem of their distribution and availability, seems fully warranted,

• The Trust Territory is making efforts in line with all the health resolutions adopted. No doubt, our efforts and accom- plishments appear rather meagre to those island leaders who possess vision and insight. However, far greater resources than are now available to the Trust Territory Government would be required to implement effectively many of these thoughtful reaolutions," f Specifio commenta have, however, bean recoriied in respect of tha Navy- administered Saipan and Tinian Mstricf; of the Trust Territory.

HEALTH EIIPCATION

"RESOLOTION 25: The Conference considers it most important that territorial a diiinistrations should intensify their work of health education and asks the Commission • to suggest to territorial administrations the inclusion of courses in this subject in"the instructional programmes for the training of their health and education personnel. 51.

South Eacifio Conaiissim. The Conmission, recognizing that the purpose of this resolution is opsrating in several of the South Pacific territories, recommended it to the consideration of all concerned. At its Twelfth Session (Octoher 1953) the Commission recognized health education as a field of hi^ priority and directed the Secretary- General to ensure that full attention bo given to this activity in th3 implementation of its work programme in health See further under resolution 26. American Samoa. The government recognizes the importance of health edu- nation and throu^ the Public Health District Nurses, District Medical Practitioners, and the Local Government Officials is actively working to further this work among the advilts. VH-thin the Department of Education training in sanitation, cleanliness, and public health forms a basis for much of the village school programme. Australian Territories. Tho purpose of this resolution is already opera- tingi Cook Islands. Pull use is made hy the Cook Islands Administration of the Central Kedical School in Piji. Emphasis is placed hy the Education Departaent on this aspect of education in liaison with the Medical Deparfment. Prench Oceania. Health education is one of the main concerns of the Ter- ritorial Administration. Nurses' training emphasizes particularly the part they will have to play in the.health education of island people. Students from the Teachers College aro given valuable hygiene and first aid courses at the Hospital, the Maternity Hospital, the Dispensary and the Medical Research Institute, Upon graduation, thoy attend a practical training courso in the various Health Institutions, Thus, in islands where no nurses are stationed, they will be able both to attend efficiently the sick islanders and to promote general health education. Teachers already on duty attend similar courses whenever they come to Papeete. Guam. Courses in health education are at present included in the instructional programme for the training of health and education personnel throu^ the Department of Medical Services' intensified Public Health programme, the Department of Education curriculum and the home nursing programme of the local chapter of the American Red Cross, 52.

Hetberlanda Hevf Guinea. Tha JJepartment of Public Health ia paying much attention to health education, - The'Department maintaina different medical courses, open for indigenous people vdth some previous school education. In some places European nurses assist the women with maternal and infant care. At the Teacher Training schools the future teachers are being instructed to pay particular attention to health education, hygiene and cleanliness of the pupil's clothes and body. Regular checking contributes to the understanding by the pupils of the importance of hyaena and cleanliness.

Hew Caledonia. Education in the first p'rinciples of iqrgiene and in health is included in the last year's progranmie at the Houville Teachers College. The information taught includes; Personal Evgiene - paraaitea, dental care. Food Hygiene - main food types; food rations; growth, maintenance and working rations; diets; intestinal _ parasites; cauaes of poisoning. Respiratory Hygiene - dust, geims, required volume of air, open air living, breathing exercises. . , Skeletal Evgiene (Posture) - healthy care of muscles, nervous system, ears and eyes. Contagious diseases - preventive measures; disinfection, use of antiseptics, serums, vaccines, etc. Social diseasea - Tuberculosis, cancer, leprosy; nature and causes of these diseasea, treatment and cure. Alcoholism - Effect of the main organs. Care of the sick - ComTOsition of an emergency first aid box — uses, precautiona.

In December 1953, upon graduating, a number of Teachers School pupils chose to serve as assistant nurses with the Health Service, Health education films for children-are regularly shown in schools by the School Medical Inspection Dejartment, Finally, a series of booklets on hygiene and public health will be prepared and distributed in the native schoola by the Department of Education, The text will be based on the lectures given during the • 53,

Refresher Course for Native Teachers on the foUowine subjects: Intestinal parasites, Alcoholism, Contagious diseases, Villa£po hygiene..

These lectures -were duplicated and distributed to the teachers for tise in the classroom and for circulation.among the tribes. New subjects wiU be dealt with during future courses.

Visual aids are regularly used in all schools equipped with adequate projection equipnent. The number of schools equipped with audio- visual aids increased in 1953 due to funds derived from school co-operatives,

Niue, Health education is given by Nursing Sisters making weekly visits to all villages, Particiilar attention is given to mothers and children. Articles on health subjects are published in a weekly newsletter issued by the Administration and use is made of posters supplied by the New Zealand Department of Health. Free medic£il,-hospital and dental services are provided for all Niueans.

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Sea page 50. Health education has been part of the Saipm and Tinian public school programme since 1945, The subject is also tau^t throughout the district ly specialists frran the Naval Administration Unit dispensary. Western Pacific Hiefa Commisaion, This is a matter which receives constant attention in all territories. Western Samoa, This is being done by specially trained district nurses who instruct women's ccnmdttees on the care of children and on general matters affecting the health of the people,

RtSOinTION 26: (a) The Cmference recommends that the Commission should, in consultation with territorial administrations, prepare several series of .simple illustrated booklets (with posters and other visual aids where appropriate) on the basic-aspects of hygiene and sanitation applicable, wherever possible, to groups of territories having conaaon features, (b) In addition, the Conference asks that the Commission should obiain or prepare simple illustrated lecture notes 54.

designad for usa by local medical peraounsl and others concerned with medical education. (o) She above material could, if desired, be reproduced through the Coimnission by one of tha inexpensive methods recommended by the Literature Bureau. South Pacific Coaaisaion. The Commisaion directed the Secretary-General to give effect to these proposals in "so far as it may be practicable. See also under resolution 25.

The preparation and diaaemination of material for nutrition education is considered an important part of the Commission's nutrition programme and attention is being given to the preparation of both visual aida and documentary material for the guidance and asaistance of territorial health authorities. The most appropriate form will, be determined both by past experienoe in.the production of such material and by the results of studies in progress and after consultation with the health authorities in the territories. Several territorial administrations and various organizations (particularly missions)"have expressed interest in the educational material (posters, pamphlets) already prepared by the Commission's nutritionist, • Miss S, Malcolm, on the feeding of infanta and children. Other subjects which have been selected for early attention are:' the use of tinned milk, aoap and its uses, dental hygiene, diets for expectant and nursing mothers, cancer, alcoholism and tuberculosis. In each case the most appropriate method (e.g, booklets, posters, filmstrips, flannelgraphs etc,, either singly or in combination) will be determined.

An arrticle on Health Education in the South Pacific appeared in the Quarterly Bulletin for October, 1953 and the Role of iSducation in tha Imiirovement of Health in the South Pacifio was the subject of an article in the January 1954 issue,

Hetberlanda New Guinea, The importance of posters has been proved by the tise of the posters mado available through the South Pacific Commission relating to bal^ care and feeding, Althou^ these posters, in their present form have to be adapted to local conditions, the En^ish version has already been suocesafuUy used during mother-couraea. Similar poaters prepared in relation to local conditions on other subjects, such aa hygiene and sanitation, will be a valuable contribution to the health education of the 55.

people. Funds have besn allocated for the procurement of a number of such posters, A government pl^ician has prepared two small booklets. One, intended to serve as a manual for leaders in the indigenous communities, such as teachers," assistant patrol officers etc,, deals in a simple way . with hygiene and alimentation. The second booklet is a short illustrated stoiy dealing with the behaviour of a malaria moaquito as a treacherous enemy of mankind. An instructive booklet on hygiene and infant care is under preparation; this book will also be distrL"buted at schools.

Trust Territory of the"Pacific Islands. See page 50, Posters of a colourful, interesting and often humourous nature have "been used in Saipan and iHriinn in displays advocating beneficial health practices,

KBSOIunON 27; The Conferenco recommends that territorial administrations ^oiild be urged to make the best possible use of their broadcasting facilities for purposes of health education. South Pacific Commission. The Comnission recognizing that tho purpose of'this recommendation is operating in several territories recommended it'jto the consideration of all whose facilities may enable them to give effect to it. The Commission, for its jart, is establishing a clearing-house service for Pacific "broadcast recordings. Suitable radio recordings, including educational talks, are-to be acquired from territorial braod- costing stations and made available on loan or purchase to other island stations, American Samoa, The government operates a radio station which actively • works to inculcate the people of the territory with educational material relative to public toalth. Normally, one ni^t each week is devoted to topics relative to health, sanitation, 'and village olean-up programmes, Australian Territories.- The purpose of this resolution is already operating in Australian territories,' 56.

French Ocoania. The Adminiatration haa not overloolced the uae that can. he made of broadcasting facilitioa for purpoaea of health education in this Territory where wireleas is the only means of quick ccntact with all the ialanda. Two weekly leoturea were broadoaat by Radio Tahiti in 1955 for a period.of three months, in French on Wednesdays and in Tahitian on Fridays, They generally dealt with "Some aspects of filariasis oontrol and of work carried.out"by "the Institute".

Guam. The first commercial radio station for the territoiy was agreed to in Auguat, 1953, ,, Netherlanda Hew Guinea. Radio talka in Ifelay on subjeots of public health have been transmitted through the local radio station now and then, auch as talka about fight against malaria, the importance of medical care in general, infant care, village hygiene. The use of radio talka as a means of instruction has the continuous attention of the Government,

New Caledonia. Broadcasting facilitioa have been \ised for a long time to infoin the public on certain medical problema. In 1953 a series of leoturea was given on leprosy. A documentary film on the Ducos leprosarium '' "waa alao made and received a lade diatribution, in order that families mi^t form a better idea of the comfort afforded to leprosy patients and of the modem methods of treatment now applied. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. See page 50. The present administration does not have available broadcaating facilitioa for use in Saipan and Tinian in connexion with school or public interest programmes, but ahould auch facilities be installed, every consideration would be • given to their full utilization in the field of health education, Weatem Pacific Hi^ Commiasion. There are no broadcaating facili"fcies in the Hew Hebrides at present, Althou^ a "broadcasting service is in existence now in the Protectorate, it is still too limited in scope to penrit its uae for this purpose. If and when facilities expand, their use for health educa-tion may be possible. It ia proposed to eatablish a small broadcasting station at Tarawa in due course, and when this is established it may be possible to make uae of it for health education.

Western Samoa. Full use is being made of this sphere to educate the people" on matters affecting their health. Talks are given by medical practitioners, the dental officer and nurses of Apia Hospital. IgSOIsnON 28; The Conference recognizes the usefulness • i . - - of trained personnel to visit villages and advise on all matters affecting health, especially on maternal and in- , :. fant welfare. It considers that this type of service plays an invaluable part in the health education of the I people, - ;

South Eacific Commission. The Commission endorsed this resolution recog- nising that this essential method of health education is increasingly. ; functioning in South Eacific territories. See also under resolution 25, American Samoa. Villages within American Samoa are visited on a regular and frequent schedule hy trained indigenous and American medical personnel. Large villages have a nurse assigned full-time to them and smaller villages share the services of Samoan Graduate ;Kurses. Five outlying dis- pensaries now serve the three districts and new dispensary construction is contemplated during the forthcraning year. The 225 bed Samoan Hospital operates-ambulance service and insect and rodent rontrol teams for the outlying villages.

Cook Islands. A free and full^ service is in operation and includes Health Inspectors, MEsquito Control squads, M.strict nurses and visits by Cook Islands Medical Practitioners with regular periodic visits hy specialist officers to investigate such problems as leprosy, yaws, tuberculosis, etc, firench Oceania, During their field tours, medical officers or nurses visit ths villages and examine the ailing, pregnant'women, young mothers and children. At the same time, they give all necessary advice on health and- aanitation. Similar advice ia given ly Welfare workers during their -visits. Guam. There are sixteen Health Centres .serving the population of Guam, Fif-teen are maintained in -villages -fchrougjiout -the Island, and the six- teenth at -the Guam Memorial Hospi-tal. One resident nurse la on du-ty in each of the health centres with the exception of Sinajana and Agana, where there are -two nurses on duty. Two permanent Health Centres in new municipal buildings were opened at Sinajana and Earrigada,

The' basic goal of all public health nursing is family health. The heal-th centre nurse carries on a well-rounded generalized supervision cf her Tillage covering all phases of health. 58,

This past year the sain em|)basis has been on the Child Health and Pre-natal Clinic, The Child Health Clinic attendance held biMsonthly was on the average increased by one-third and the biMnonthly Pie-natail Clinic attendance has increased lOCfS, .This has been possible only throu^ tha efforts of our health centre nurses and their education of the people, Eoffie visits play a large role in the health centre activities and the potentialities and value of the nurses are not utilized in this area due to the lack of transportation. The Child Health Clinic is carried on by a Pediatrician, She sees 'each child and advises the diet and routine to be followed and preventive inoculations. It is the responsibility of the health centre nurse, to see that the Pediatrician's orders are properly followed. The Pre-natal Clinic ia carried on by a nurse-midwife. She inter- . views and examines each patient. Standing orders with the approval of Guam-Memorial Hospital obatetrioian and the Chief of Public Health are given to her aa to the routine she must folloi7. The nurse-midwife also supervises the aciivities of the licensed midvrivea throu^ conferencea, inspeijtion of midwife baga and birth c^rtificatea.

This year tho -Open House system of improving tho Health Centres started. It seemed to be on a competitive basis, and as one commissioner started the process of community co-operation in repainting and rehabili- tating tha health centre j others followed. Material and major repaira weJe furnished ly the Itepartment of Medical Services, but the minor onea were dona by the village. This qrstem has helped to make our centres more attractive and make tho community more aware of the services offered.

Community meetings are held frequently in each village. The Health Centre- Nurse attends both as a citizen of that village and aa a representative of the Public Health Diviaion. JJetherlandg New Guinea, In several centres consultation bureaux have been ' '.opened to advise and aaaist villagers on maternal and infant welfare. The number of trained personnel however ia limited and it haa not been possible . to send medical attendants or nurses around to visit villages aa suggested in this resolution, &a experimental training of four girls as village- posterers has been carried out in South New Guinea, These girls will pay particular attention to post-natal cara of mother and child, including their feeding. Village and family hygiene ia also included in their tasks. 59.

New Caledonia. New Caledonia is divided into 12 laedical districts. The medical officers of these districts and two others who are in charge of the Mobile ^giene and Prophylaxis Department, regularly visit the villages at least twice a year. At the same time, they advise the population and the mothers on health and hygiene mattersw Trust Territory of the Paoific Islands. See page 50. Licensed physiciaia, medical practitioners, trained health aides and trained nurses are engaged in this activity in the Saipan District, This has been a standard procedure since 1946 with very beneficial results. Western Samoa. A public health officer has been appointed, A full time public health sister vnith Plunket training has been appointed whose duties will be concentrated, in the main, on maternal and infant welfare.

EESOHJTION 29; The Conference is aware of the value of elementary science training in health education and requests the Commission to devise methods utilizing simple and inexpensive eqiripiient. • South Pacific Commiasion. The Commission instructed tie Secretary-General to report on the possibili-jdes. This is now receiving attention in con- junction with the preparation of other educational material as reported under resolutions 25 and 26. French Oceania. An elementary textbook on nature study based on local conditions Jfis been prepared in order to adapt toaching techniques to the needs of island pupils. This book has just been published by Nathan, Publishers, Paris, A short Natural History of French Oceania is ahortly to be published. It includes two well illustrated volumes, the first on botany and the second on zoology and mineralogy. The authors H, and Mme. Chabouis, both on the staff of the ^teiil Gauguin College, Papeete, intend to provide teachers of elementary schools and students attending secondary school with a small textbook on the local flora and fauna, including practical advice on the preservation of plant and animal specimens and on the establishment of school collections. 60.

- ' HESOUnOH 30 s The Conference notes that certain torri-' tories would TOlcome advice from the Commission on types of clothing most suitable "in their area, and on designs for cffiffiHunal washing facilities. South Bacific Co™''' "". The Commission noted this resolution for appropriate action when requests for suoh advice are received. No auch requests have yet teen received, Guam, This resolution ia generally inapplicable and no request to the Com- mission is under consideration,

RBSOIOTiraT 31s The Conference notes that tha boarding school affords the beat opportunity for the health education of boys and of girla aince all the students have to take their part in the hygiene programme, which ia of first importance in all tha ccmnnity life. The hoarding school can be organized as a village, so that hygiene becomes an integral part of daily life and students returning home cany back Hith them a knowledge of organizing lygiene and of hygiene habits. South Pacific Commission, The Canmission endorsed this resolution and • icommanded it to the attention of participating Governments and their territorial administrations, American Sgmoa, As government transportation makes it possible for students to live at home while attending village primary and district intermediate schools, the only boarding facilities at present in operation within the government school system axe at the Central ffighSchoo l of American Samoa, The Samoan students generally live with relatives when attending school; therefore the boarding school has not been especially well adapted to the needs of the Samoan ocmmunity, : The government recognizes the value of such boarding institutions in some areas but feels that where transport makes it feasible for students to live with their families' this is desirable^

Australian Territoriea, This is already administrative practice in Aiistralian territoriea. 61.

Frenoh Oeoania. In ths various bearding schools in Papeete, students are,called upon to co-operate in the maintenance of their "house". Under supervision, they keep tho play yards and various buildings clean, at least in so far as no heavy work is required, Kie Tahitian is in fact naturally clean and likes to maintain his living environment as hygienic as possible. Guam. There are no boarding schools in the public education system. A knowledge of organizing hygiene and of hygiene habits io provided in the regular school health programme in tte Department of Education, Dr, Ira Hiscock, School of Public Health, Yale University, recently visited Guam and commented favourably on the programme of the Department of Education. Ifetherlands New Guinea. In the village of Korido on the Island of Biak - a boarding school has been organized along the lines suggested in the resolution. This experiment has been very successful. The school has 270 pupils. During the^ first year at school the boys are accommodated in dormitories. During the second and third year 8 to 12 boys together are allocated to a house, in which they are living together. The boys are fully responsible for their house; hygiene and cleanliness are considered of hi^ importance and regular inspections are being carried out.

Also at other boarding schools, particular attention is given to hygiene and cleanliness.

Hew Caledonia. The recommendations of the Conference are applied in all boarding schools in the Territory, These are equipped with sanitary and washing facilities. These reccmmendations are, moreover, applied in all the primary schools, even wton'they are attended by non-resident pupils only. In this connexion, the following excerpt frcw the 1953 instructions for native schools may be quoted: "^giene must be practised even before it is studied and it must continue to be practised while its basic principles are being studied, Althou^ the p^rogramme of studies does not mention the cleanliness check-up and other hygiene exercises, it is far from proscribing them". ... "Children must not only be clean when arriving at school and complete their toilet if it is not considered satisfactory by the teacher, they must also wash several times a day. They should also acquire at achool habita of cleanlineaa of which their par- ents are still ignorant." *

62.

The school children must also co-operate in cleaning their class roan, as -vrell as Isseping their todies in a healthy state. Then, when firm hahits have heen acquired and at an age when - they can understand simjaified scientific explanations, another "reason for practising the rules of hygiene vdll be given by indicating tha scientific laws on which they are based. This teaching is brief enou^ and could be entitled "Dangers of Alcoholism", Ton^. Nearly all secondaiy schools in Tonga are boarding institutions and hygiene foims an important part of the curriculum in them all. It is also a compulsory subject for the Government Leaving Certificate Examina- tion, In most colleges the residential staff set an example in good stan- dards of living and housing, but students are not organized as a village except in the case of the Wesleyan Theological College, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. See page 50, There are no boarding schools in the Saipan K-striot, However, advanced students aie sent to the Pacific Islands Central School on Truk Atoll in the-Trust Territory i where boarding facilities are available. This school has a very complete i health education programme, I Western Pacific High Commission, Health education in varying degrees, ia already given at most boarding schools in all three territories, In the Gilbert and EUice Islands lectures are given at the Island Boarding School cloae to the Central Hoapital by visiting Assistant Medical Prac- titionsrs. It is proposed to extend this scheme to other boarding establishments througjiout the Colony,

Western Samoa, Health education has for some time now played an important part in both Government and Missionary boarding schools. Evidence of this training is readily seen in the many Women's Committees some of whose members had the good fortune to attend these schools,

DIET AND ITS IMPROVEMENT

RESOianON.32; The Conference is aware that much can be done to improve diets by encouraging the cultivation of the more nutritious food plants and the developnent of livestock husbandry. It therefore attaches importance to the strengthening of agricultural extension services for viUage people in the region. ;

South Ifacific CommlsBion. Tha Conmiission shares the views e^qtressed hy the Conference and has ccnmended this resolution to participating Govern- ments, (For an indication of the work programme of tho Commission in regard to the introduction of new subsistence crops and the improvement of pastures and livestock, see under resolutions 13, 7 md 8), jmerican Samoa, ®ie government fully concurs with tho Conference and ia at present expanding the extension service of its Dapartment of Agricul- ture as funds become availaible. At the present timo there are five Sismoan Extension Agents working in the outlying districts with one European ^d one Samoan supervising and maintaining records of their work. At the present time these agents are working to replant large areas where tho coconut lalms aro over-age. As a port of this programme numbers of selected nuts are being imported and distributed to village nurseries wliiere they will be attended hy Extension Agents. During the past two years' district agricultural extension agents have worked with local farmers to introduce new techniques and new crops, visiting each village within itheir respective districts on a regular schedule, A programme of introducliion of selected seed coconuts was carried out ty tho extension agents dirlng tho year, |

Australian Territories, Plans for the strengthening of agricultural extension services amongst the indigsnous population aro already being implemented. I I Cook Islands. Partially Implemented by the Crop Developnent Officer'and . by the use of experimental farms, A dietitian. Miss Abrahim, visitsji the territory in 1947. j French Oceania. It is of the greatost importance to strengthen agricultural extension and demonstration services for village people of the Territory. An agricultirral officer based in the Marqueaaa since 19^2 and a rodent control officer in the Tuamotu archipelago, act, as far as practicable, as extension officers and technical advisers. In tho Mstral and leeward Islands, vfcich offer the most favourable conditions for'-agricultural developnent, subdivl^ons are being established \mder the four year plan. These will greatly facilitate agricultural extension work among islanders of the two groups. Two new crops, ricean d potatoes, are being encouraged ly the Administration, • , 64.

Guam. Effougji tha efforts of the Agricultural Extension Service, Guam is making progress in such agricultural fields as farm mechanization, pest control, improved vaidotiea of crops and forages, and improvement of livestock and poultry. As a result, agriculture on the island is heing conducted gradually "on a •business-like hasis. One, of tho higjili^ts of the extension division "was tbe participation in "the liberation Day Pair held in July, 1953, featuring agricultural exhiM-fcs of crops, products, livestock and poultry from the various mmioipalities, There was gratifying response in participation by the farmers in agricultural eshibi'ts which were acclaimed •by tho public.

\ Netherlands Kew Guinea, hi areas within the scope of regional projects aiming at a structural transformation of "the community and envisaging the concentration! of economio activities of the people, the extension service of tho Dejortment of Agricul-fcurs is of the utmost importahco. In other areas the agricultural extenaion service is mainly directed to introduction of now and •better crop plant materials. In particular beans have •been introduced. In some localities in the interior of the "Togelkop" this introduction has been very successful, notably in the Lake Anggi and Lake AjaMaru regions. New Caledonia. Large sums are included in the 1954-1957 Developnent Plan for agricul"tural extension and demonstration work in New Caledonia. Model coffee plantations will be "established in four separa-to localities - in tto Territoiy. In addition, "two old coconut plantations* one of them in tho Loyalty Islands, will be rehabilitated for demonstration purposes. Experiments on potatoes will bo undertaken at the Agricultural School, Port laguerre. Selected maize seed will be distributed to island farmers and a campaign will "be ini"tiated to inf oim the producers of tha "best methods of cultivation. Important demonstration work will also bo -undertaken at the Port Laguerre School and each year, a further class will be fully, -trained in modem production methods which should considerably int- prove the population's diet.

Tonga, ffoik of this nature haa •been carried out successfully during "tho past year by the extension services of the Government Experimental Fauns in Nuku'alofa and "Vava'u, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. See page 50. An Agricultural S'tation was established on Saipan in 1948 •with an Agricul'tuiQl Extension Agent as a member of its s-taff, Mr. Ignacio T, Benaven-te, the official 65.

delegate froa Saipan to the recent South Pacifio Conference has held the position of Agricultural Extension Agent since the Station was established. He has attended the College of Agriculture at the University of Hawaii for two separate six month periods since his appointment.

Western Pacifio Hi^ Coiamission. The importance of agricultural extension services in certain areas is recognized, and policies are framed accord- in^y. In the Hew Hebrides an Agricultural Department has only recently been established, whereas in the Gilbert and Ellioe Islands, in the absence of an Agricultural Department, the District Administration does all it can in the matter. In the Protectorate extension services are part of the duties of all officers of the Agricultural Department,

BESOIOTIOU 33t The Conference feels that the tendency of people living in or near towns to rely on purchased European foods is often infliienced by the unavailability of native foods and the relative e^e and speed with which-European foods can be prepared. The Conference draws attention to the importance of providing or^nized native food markets in urban centres, and of devising simple and rapid methods for preparing indigenous foods,

- South Pacific Commission. The Commission shares the views expressed by the Conference and has commended this resolution to participating Govern- ments, Pood preparation methods are also receiving attention in the course of the Commission's nutrition and subsistence projects (see also under resolution 37). American Samoa, The government provides without charge, a building and a market place at a central location beiween the villages of Eagatogo and Pago Pago, the two major urban centres for the sale of indigenous foods, While no active programme of market improvement is at present under way, the government notes the Conference resolution and will endeavour to develop an improvement programme as the urbanization of the area increases. With regard to the techniques of preparing indigenous foodstuffs, the work of Miss Sheila M^oolm of the South Pacific Commission has proved to be very valuable in introducing new methods of food preparation to these islands. 66.

Australian Iterritoriea. The purpose of this resolution is already administrative practice. Cook Islands. An open market is proposed-as soon as funds permit, Ihe Education Department is fostering demonstrations of cooking local foods in native ovens given in villages by Domestic Science teachers, French Oceania. ,The tendency of urban dwellers to live on European foods is not influenced, in French Oceania, by the unavailability of native foods. The Papeete market is amply supplied with traditional vegetables md fruit all year round. The tendency noted ly the Conference is essen- tially a matter of taste. The results are not as bad as they were, since the consumption of tinned foods tends to decrease, and that of fresh meat and European vegetables tends to increase, Tte younger generations are giiring up the traditional Tahitian fooda because they are conaidered as too heavy. Furthermore, young Tahitians are becoming increasingly fond of sport and these heavy foods make an unsuitable diet, Guam. A central Farmer's Market is maintained in urban centre, Agana, under the jurisdiction of ths Department of Agriculture, This public market serves as an auxilinyy marketing facility forfe^ra. Total aales at Farmer's Harlrat for fiscal 1955 amounted to $61,719,60. Netherlands Hew Guinea. The main diffioulty, which has also been experienced in Netherlanas New Guinea, is the rather low production of indigenous foodstuffs by the people living in or near towns. There is even a tendency to keep production low in order to keep prices hi^. Further- more there usually exists a heavy demand for locally produced vegetables and fruits from the non-indigenous part of the population. Consequently the production is mainly directed to meet these demands. The stimulation of the productions of indigenous foodstuffs has in this territory its specific difficulties as the greater part of the work in agriculture falls to the women. Stimulation of food-production thus easily causes an increase -of female labour idrich is quite contrary to the benefit of the community.

Hew Caledonia, Noumea is the only urban centre in the Territory, A sheltered market has been developed by the Municipal authorities where fruit and vegetables are offered for sale. Transport contractors, some- ' times subsidized, ensure communications with the rest of the mainland • and the islands. Subsidies are intended to help private enterprise which otherwise ml^t fail or be insufficient, and therefore indirectly serve to maintain the supply lines of Houmda, 67.

The South feoifioCommissio n literatiuB Bureau is_ contemplating publishing a pamphlet on simple methods for the. preparation of native foods; the necessary steps for the distribution of this very useful booklet will be taken as soon as it is issued,

Tonffl, It is not coMidered that tho conditions outlined in the first sentence of this resolution apply to any extent in Tonga at the present time, Ti-ust Territory of the Pacific Islands. See page 50, The intermediate school at Saipan conducts classes in which emphasis is placed on the preparation of native foods, teaching both old and new methods. This programme, now in its third year, has contributed materially in the achievement of observable results. Western Pacific Hieii Commission. The importance of providing native food markets in urban centres is recognized. In tho New Hebrides- plans have • been made for a covered market in Vila, and woik is progressing. In the Protectorate the tovmship of Honiara presents the only real problems'of this nature. A market baa been operating there for several years, Tbe • supply of produce is still scmewhit inadequate to meet local demands. In the Gilbert and Ellioe Islands repeated-attempts tevebee n mado in the past to establish markets at Government centres, but the villagers are not interested in selling their produce regularly (a factor which is of importance in the Erotectorate also). Moreover, it would appear that they are unlikely to became interested until a fall in the price of copra makes it an economio necessity. However, the possibility of establishing such markets ia continually under consideration and every encouragement ia given to tha people to produce native foods for aale.

Western Samoa. This haa been under examination for*some time. It ia possible that a building may soon become available for use aa a local market for sale of Samoan foods. 68.

HESOLPTTON 34; The Conference realises that the work progranme of the Conmission inaludes provision for studies of the nutritive value of local foods. The Conference recommends that within this programme particular attention he given to; (a) a study of the nutritive value of sago and sago preparations as sago is the most important food for a large proportion of the indigenovis people of the South Paoific area. - j

- , - - !' ' (h) further studies on the nutritive value of fish and other sea foods. South Pacific Commission. The Commission accepted these suggastions. Ba- search ,on the nutritive value of sago and sago preparations, fish andiother sea foods will be undertaken in the course of the work of ths biochemical analyses of foods and food technology which form part of the Commission's nutrition programme. I The Commission's biochemist, after returning from his visit to overseas organizations and institutions was occupied at the end of 1953 in establishing himself in'the chemistry laboratory of the French Institute of Oceania. The foodstuffs to be analysed fall into three groups;

(i) staple foods such as taro, yam, sweet .potato, manioc and c-oconut, which are found almost universally throu^- out the area, (li) stajae foods, e,g, sago, vdilch are confined to specific regions, (ill) seasonal foodstuffs which, althou^ found only during certain perloda of the year, muat play an Important part In the diet. The primary emphaals is on amino acid estimation for the determination of protein values but analyses for water, carbohydrate, fat, tstal nitrogen, fibre, ash, calcium, phosphorus, iron and Chloride will also be made. Steps to obtain assistance in the estimation of biological values and in the estimation of the vitamins present are under consideration. 69.

The collection of food samples for analysis is being Eirranged in conjimction with tenitorial administrations and also in the, course of tho surreys of the Technical Officer (Subsistence), Initial samples have come from New Caledonia, Netharlands New Guinea and Eapua and Now Guinea and include:

Taro' varieties. Now Caledonian pigeon pea. Alcar pakoe - pakoe - flour.prepared from the root of a fern growing in the marshes of Frederick Eindrick Island. Sago Sep -'sago misod with grated coconut and roasted in hot stone ovon. Sago lempeng - sago biscuit. The present scope of the programme is intended to cover, in the : first instance, an analysis of the main varieties of the staple foods. Althou^ a knowledgo of the biological values of a single foodstuff is important, it is felt that a more complete picture can only be obtained if work is carried out at a later stage on the food combinations that are actually used in tha village, and on food combinations which would appear to be suitable for introduction in specific cases, e.g, weaning of infants. Information on the work to be carried out by the food technologist has been given underresolution 12, The following articles wore published in tha Quarterly Bulletin: Protein Concentrate frcm Eresh Coconuts (January 1953) Protein Malmitrition (October 1953) Analysis of South Pacific Poods (January 1954) Guam, VttU appreciate receiving summary reports of the nutrition programme,- Netherlands New Guinea, Tho resolution is considered highly Important, South Pacific Health Service, Sago preparations ar£i' inly used to any extent in the British Solomon Islands Proteotorate. Here it is a subsidiary food in most places. No studies on food value or preparations have been made. As regards fish and sea foods, samples of Klji balolo were sent to tho University of Hawaii for analyses. 70.

HtSOHrnOIT 35; The Conference reoommencls that the Coffl- mission should examine and report on the factors of availahility, packaging, storage or demand which in • certain territories limit the wider use of dried hrown ' rice, enriched rices, wholemeal flour and vitamin- reinforced biscuits. South Pacific Commission. The Commission referred this resolution to ths Eesearch Council for examination and advice. The Eesearch Council sees these enquiries as coming within the duties of the food technologist (see tmder resolution 12). A note on the Srocessing and Storage of Cereals in Tropical Climates appeared in the April 1953 Quarterly Bulletin, whilst the July issue contained a note on Two Improved Methods of Preparing Parboiled Elce. Netherlands Kew Gujjiea, Por its Papuan and Indoneaian workars the Nether- lands New Guinea Petrol Company (N.N.G.P.H,) has mixed the rice with so called "Eodhemlx", Eochemix is vitamin-reinforced rice, which contains 200 times ths required quantity of vitamin Bl, vitamin B2 (Elboflavln) and niacin. The reaulta ao far have been encouraging, no more cases of beri-beri having been reported since the use of this mixture. The Nether- lands New Guinea Government is examining the x>osslbilltles and the costs of making this mixture available throughout the territory.

South Pacific Health Service, The Gilbert Islands Medical Bepartment are using a thiamin enriched Navy Bread biscuit. This blacuit la also being sold in the atorea. Negotiationa are in progreaa concerning' a wholemeal "biseuit which has a higji thiamin, riboflavin and niacin content. If this biscuit can 'be produced by the makers at a price comparable with other brands, Govemmenta in the area will be asked to use this in the diet of all institutions,

EESOLPTION 36s The Conference recommends that territorial administrations should prepare a series of balanced menus 'bassd upon the local food resources available, with information on the nutiitive value of such menus. 71.

South Pacific Conmdasioa. The Commission, whilst aware that some territorial administrations are already undertdcing work along these lines, commended this resolution to the attention of participating Governments. Par infoimation on Commiasion activities in this field see under resolutions 12, 26, 34 and 37. American Samoa. Largely throu^ the work of Hiss Sheila Malcolm of the South Pacific Commission a series of such hajanced diet menus now exist in American Samoa, These diets are primarily for the feeding of infanta; • however, charts shafing the foods required for adults do exist. There is much work to he done here in this field and the government will taakeever y effort to incorporate the aims of this resolution into the field programme of the newly appointed Public Health Nurse.

•Australian Territories. Work has already been undertaken along these lines, French Oceania. The vitamin,problem has become less marked in late years, at least in Tahiti where vegetables and fresh meat are increasingly consumed by the islanders. Fruit tree seedlings are distributed in the outer islands. The work in progress follows the lines recommended by the Con- ference. Guam. This aspect is covered generally in the public health programme, the education curriculum, the Red Cross home mirsing programme and aeriea of articles in ihe local press. Netherlands New Guinea, A physician-nutritionist has been working in Netherlands New Guinea since July 1953. Several types of menus have.been drawn up for use in boarding schools and police establishments. Investi- gations are carried out on the food of Papuans, living in townships. Be- cause the menu is different according-to the season and availabiliiy of certain food crops, these inves-feigations must be carried out during more than one aeaaon. Con-tact is being main-tained with the biochemist of -the Commission in Noumea, who ia carrying out chemical analyses of different foodstuffs,

Niue. A nutri-tion survey haa been carried out by a nu-tri-tionist at-tanhed to the South'Pacific Commission. Advice is given to mothers on infant diet by nursing sisters dinring their regular visita to -Tillages, (S'ee also below under South Pacific Health Service), 72.

Sottth Eacific Health Servics. In nearly all the South Pacifio Health Service Territories nutritionally balanced ration scales have been prepared for hospitals, schools, prisons and labourers, based on local and, where necessary, imported foods, Hcusewives of all races are advised on suitable family menus based on local foods. Tonga, This resolution is noted but its im^ementation will depend on the availability of staff, (See also above undor South Pacific Health Service). Trust ferritorv of the Pacific Islands. Educational Administrators and teachers have been availing themselves of the five months' visit of Miss SlieilaMalcolm, Nutritionist of the South Pacifio Ccxnmission, in tho districts of the Trust Territory. Tbrou^ -Hie splendid services and help- ful research carried on by Miss Malcolm, teachers and doctors of several districts are preparing instruciioDal materials on the subject of diet. How in process is the. making of a filmstrip' on the consumption of foods and their preparation in tbe Trust Territoiy, Throu^ the good offices of the South ^cific Commission various other types of visual aids are in preparation.

In Saipan and Tinian this is being accranplished in connexion with the cooking classes referred to under resolution 53i Western fecific Sieb Coaaiission. This matter has largely been coveredT by nutritionists of the South Eacific Health Service who, after visiting the British Solomon Islands Erotectorate and Gilbert and EUice Islands Colony have produced specimen posters depicting balanced menus and nutritional value. (See also above under South Pacific Health Service). Western Samoa. This is being done in regard to prisoners and hoapital patients. No special sories of menus have been prepared for distribution because of lack of trained staff to undertake the preparation of such menus. (See also above imdsr South Escifio Health Service), .

RBSOIOnOH 375 Ths ConforsEoe, recognizing the variety of foods and methods of preparation in use by the Pacific peoples, recommends that the Commission compile a hook of selected recipes for distribution to territories. • South Ifacific Commission. The Commis.-^ on instructed the Secretary-General to examine the possibilities.

Althou^ specific proposals for giving effect to this resolution have not yet been developed, the collection of reoipes from a number of sources is proceeding. South Paoifio Health Service. Indigenous recipes have been collected from all territori.es visited. These have been modified for use in institutional feeding. The Nutrition Section has done a good deal of research into suitable reoipes for ths Pacific Islands. Radio talks and preas articlea have been prepared on food value and the use of foods commonly used in the area, These are accompanied by recipes. An illustrated journal called Tropical Food and Hutrition is being printed by the GovemiiKnt Press, Suva, for distribution in the area. This will be sold at a price sufficient to cover costs of production, Bia journal contains recipes, notes on nutrition and housekeeping problems in the Islands.

Suitable recipes havs been translated into Fijian and these have been distributed to patients at Makogai and to other interested individuals or groups, large scale recipes are distributed to schools and hospitals in the South Pacific Health Service territories. A book called "South Sea Island Recipes" has been produced by the Girl Guide Association, Suva, and printed by the Government Press, Suva,

BESOLOTION 38; The Conference stresses the importance of training in boarding schools and other educational centres as a means of improving the diets of the indigenous peoples. South Pacific Commission, The Commission associated itself with this resolution which it referred to participating Governments, 74.

American Samoa. Whilo tha Deportment of Education does teaoh basic diet iaprovemont both in tho pilnaiy and cooondaiy oohoolo, tho jarimnry roopon- slbility for educating for bettor,health througii better diet rests with the District Health Officers and the Public Health Kurses. . This govent- nent associates itself with the spirit of the resolution and assures the Commission that increasing emphasis will be placed upon Improring diet during the next year,

Australian Territoriea. This is normal adminlatratlve practice,

Fi.ii. Prescribed courses of lectures innutrition and diets are given to students at the United Medical School and Nurses' Training Schools ^ Fiji, Teachers at the Nasinu Training College receive lectures on nutrition and school feeding. (See also below under South Pacific Health Service). French Ooeania. leaaons in hygiene are given to'tho older studenta. Theae not only include personal hygiene, cleanliness in the hrane, the dangers of alcoholism and the control of contagious diseases, but alao steps to 'be taken in order to have healthy and diversified food in the home, using chiefly native products, , Guam. This resolution and resolution 39 will receive further consideration as a result of the visit to Guam during September 1955 of Miss S. Kblcolm, Nutritionist, South Eacifio Commisaion, relative tp present research cause prevalence of Amyotrophic Latereal Sclerosis, which has been subject of study of our internist, Dr. S. Tillema. A research team, consiatlng of Dr, Leonard Kurland, Epidemiologist of the National Institute of Health, and Dr. Donald Mulder, U.S.N.R., prominent Neurologist, has recently arrived in Guam. Their objective it to make a clinical and epidemiological evaliia- tion of this condition, which is relatively common in Guam, using nearby islands as controls.

New Caledania. The Teachers' Refresher Csurse in Ebcem'ber 1953, drew attention to local food resources and their possible improvement. The texts of several leoturea vdiioh were ^stri'buted to the attending teachers, were" devoted to this matter and dealt with the following subjeots: » "Native crops" "KLshea of the South Eacific" New subjects will be dealt with and distributed during future courses. 75.

In addition, tha Dcmeatic Science sectiTn of the Hounda Teolinical GoUege teaches cooking, hoth theoretical and practical, with emphasis on the use of local products for the preparation of rational and palatable food. Wiue. Ths possibility of employing a home science teacher in schools is being considered. (See also below under South Pacific Health Service). South Pacific Health Service. Government ai^ Mission Schools in all territories visited have been advised on suitable meals for school children. Special emphasis has been laid on the following points: (l) Menus ôuld contain foods an^^^shes vdiioh are Indigenous to the Island and the children should be taught to like and respect the diet of their people. • (ii) Children should be trained to eat the better types of Im- po]^d foods. In this respect dried skim milk, margarine and wholemeal cereals, have been introduced into school diets. (ill) Children should be tau^t to eat raw fruit as part of their daily meals. Nearly all schools in the area teach some simple nutrition to children. • Tonga. Considerable attention is paid to the study of diet in Tongan secondary schools but under present conditions it is not always possible - to carry the theory into practice. (See also above under South Paoifio Health Service). Trust Territory of tha Paoifio Islands. See page 50. Such training has long boen a part of the local school system In Saipan and TiniSn and ia alao taugiht in tho advanced Pacific Islanda Central School on Truk Atoll. Weatem Pacific High Commiasion. It is agreed that training at educational centres could do much towards improving the_ diets of indigenous peoples. In the Gilbert and Ellice Islands a balancêd diet consisting partly of native foods and partly of European foods is adhered to at the boarding establishments thnuôut the Colony. In the Protectorate most main educational centres aim at dietary improvement, but more reliance is placed on native foodstuffs. In the New Hebrides it would also appear that Mission 76.

•boarding schools could givo sooio assistance in this natter. (See also abovo imder South Eacific Health Service).

BESOLtraiON 39; The Conference stresses the importance of talcing into account the various customs and beliefs associated vith the food habits of the peoples of the South Eacific, in the promotion of measures for tha im- provenBnt of their diet, Soiith Eacific Commigaion. The Commission endorsed this resolution and requested the Hesearch Council and techni nal officers of tha Commission to boar it in mind in the preparation of any dietary material. South Eacific Health Serviee. In all nutrition surveys a special study has •been mads of food customs and •beliefs. These are taken into account in planning nutrition programmes. The advice of Anthropologists who have worked in the area has been sought in the preparation of posters and booklets. lit

SOCIAL BBTOLOHTOT

ROLE OF WMBH & WOM'S ORGAMIZATIQTIS IN MS OOKMMNMR

RESOHmON 40; Ths Conference, recognizing the necessity- for fUU and continuous co-operation between men , and women in tha developmont of indigenous communitiea, and believing that one of the most effective ways of achieving this is by equality in edi^tional opportunities, reccsmnsnds that the territorial administrations • pranote this eqtiality by legislative and other measures, - . ! - and in particular to give consideration to the need for: (i) providing more schools for girls, with facilities for domestic training; (ii) providing opportunities for boys and girls to be associated together in edu- . ' .-•. cational activities wherever possible; . . ' and (iii) encouraging activities directed tovrards tha further education of wcmen, including the organization of women's clubs and committees. • South Eacific Commission. Tha Commission referred this resolution to par>- ticipating Governments. Previous to the Conferenco the Commission had arranged for ths Hon. Camilla H.' Wedgwood, Senior Lecturer in Education at tho Australian School of Pacific Administration, Sydney, to prepare a documentary survey of existing information on the subject of women's education in the South Eacific area. Possible avenues for further Commission activity in this field will be considered in the li^t of the survey and the resolutions of the Conference.

American Samoa., .Women in American Samoa enjoy equality under the law. They are free to attend all public schools and to compote on'a scholarship basis for entrance to the Hi^ School. Enrolment in the public primary schools shows that 2,535 boys and 1,918 girls were in attendance as of 78.

June 1953. In the political life of the Samoan people the role of women has always heen one of importance. . The "Fale Tama'itai". or council of. wraaen perform a function' similar to that which -the Council of Chiefs does within -the village organiza-tiTn of labour. Women now have the ri^t to vote and to hold office in 'the Bouse of Bepresentatiyes, In the first elections held here "three.women were chosen to he "Faipule" of legislators. Throu^ the active training programme at the Hospital of American Samoa nurses are fully qualified for work in the field and in the hospital wards. Hearty-200 gradj^te nurses are now li-ving here in the islands, putting their knowledge to work for- tho "benefit of the community- Some eighty nurses are currently working with the Departaent of Public Health, Oppor- ^ tunities exist for women graduates of the Hi^ School to obtain fully paid scholarships for Hurses' Training in the United States,

For the young women of to-day, the opportunities provided for developing ^Us here in American Samoa are as great as -those which exist in most me-tropolitan goverimien-ts. Through education-women are -taking their place alongside men in the social, economic, and jpoli-tioal life of these islands. However, while the Toung Women& Christian Association has recently become acti-re in working with .the women of this territory and the Samoan Welfare Associa-tion has long served as a clearing house for women's activi-ties, the basis for women's activities is s-till the -ffillago organ- iaation functioning along traditional lines. Aus-tralian Territories, This resolu-tion expresses current adminis-trati-ve .practice. • 'Coc& Islands. The proirisions outlined in this recommendation are in full effect,in tha Cook Islands,

French Oceania. There is cranplete equality be-tween both sexes in the territory and women enjoy absolu-to freedom, from both the • juridical and the traditional point of -view. In the schools, there are as many and scme-timss more girls than beys. In 1953, out of 82 candida-tes for B.E.P.C. (examina-tion -taken upon graduating from -the 10th fonn), 38 wore girls; out of 476 candida-tes for the "Certificat d'Etudes" (examination taken upon graduating from tha 6th form), '238 were girls. Finally two-thirds of the 250 locally recruited teachers are women. Almost all schools take pupils of both sexes. In one Tahiti district, a woman has been elected chairman of the Bistrict Council, She has been discharging her duties very satisfactorily 79.

' for several years. [ • - " "1 ' Guam. All public schools are co-educational with attendance compilsoiy for children between 6 and 16 years of age. Equal educational opportunities, both fonnal and otherwise, exist for both sexes, - Hethsrlands Hew Gujjiea. During 1953 five post-piiinaiy boarding schools for girls, one girls class at the Catholic post-primaiy school at Herauke and another post-primary class from tha Mission, with a total of 396 pupils,- were maintained. The majority of -these schools are of recent date and still in xirocsss of gradual extension.

For 1954 are projeoteds one post-primary school for girls at Sorong and three simple courses in home nanagement. At a rou^ estimation the total number of girls attending these schools will then be around 600. Toung womens clubs have been organized on tha island of Japan. Tha firat reaulta are satisfactory, but it is too early t o come to definite conclusions. Hsw Caledonia. This equality is fully achieved in the Territory where primary education is comiwlsory and free for both girls and boys in the European schools as well as in the native element^ village schools. Statistics for 1953 show -that, out of 6915 native children attending government or private schools, 3748 are boys and 3167 girls. In European primary schools, there are 2581 boys and 2622 girls for a to-tal of 4203 pupils. In secondary and technical institutions, tha total of 475 school children is mado up of 276 boys and 199 girls. Most primary schools are co-educational, taking pupils of both 8S3BS, and so are all the government primary nati-re schools. The same applies for the "CoU&ge La P^rouse" and -the Technical College, at Houm^a. Hiue. Since 1952 all girls on Hiue re<»ive free compulsory education up to the age of 14. All schools are co-educational. Scholarahipa tenable at Hew Zealand secondary schools are available to girls as well as boys. One girl has just gone to Hew Zealand under this scheme. Sewing is tau^t to school-girls and an expeaidBi hom&-Bclencs course is under consideration. 80, .

Tonga. Tha Tonga Hi^ School caters for both girls and boys but the education' of Tongan girls is very largely in the hands of the Christian mis- • si'ona at the present time. Courses of domestic training are usually given for the girls in mission schools, Co-eduoational facilities exist in Tonga Hi^ School, Beulah College (Seventh Bay Adventist) and liahona College (Latter Day Saints), Under the direction of Her Majesty Queen Salote Tupou, village committees have boon established in nearly all the bigger villages and include First Aid and Home liursing Associations and tbe Tongan Vomens' Association. These organizations receive mission support. Trust Territory of the Eacifio Islands^ Special attention has been given to girls' and -women's education in a recent manual prepared by the QJrust Territory. Ia actual performance, no special schools, except a nursing school in Truk, have 'been established for girls. In Micronesia, as in many other areas of the world, women and girls occupy an inferior status. Only in the elementary schools are there anywhere near equaliiy of the saxes as far as school attendance is concerned. Few girls go on to the Ititer- mediate School. In the Truk Dis-trict last year, because of an experiment in segregation of girls from boys in the Intermediate School, -thirty-one girls were enrolled under a woman teacher who provided a programme, the primary purpose of which was -the improvement and develotnient of cul-fcural skills, attitudes, knowledges, and imders-tanding of problems of family living in the Truk Dis-fcriot,

In Eonape District, a building programme was designed for the coming school year in order to provide a girls' dormitory, A curriculum for training girls in homemaking was de-veloped. Because of extreme cur- tailment of funds, the 'building programme cannot be carried out. In £ill "the public elementary schools, boys and girls are assooia-ted -together in educational acfcivi-ties. In all the intermediage schools, they are assooia-fced together, except in the Truk District. Here, the enrolment of ^Is has doubled in the Intermediate School as a result of segregation. JJuch as tha administration believes .in co-educa-tion, this experiment in separating the sexes seems "to have worked to advan-tage.

Efforts are being made- to encourage acti-vities directed towards tha further education of wcmen. The Education Depar-fanent Manual contains the following evidences of such encouragement! EL.

"In order to initiate women's education, the educator may have to visit homes and make contacts with individuals, remembering that women's strongest interests are the care of children and ' . the need of the family for shelter, food and clothing. After such cntacts, the cducator may he able to form classes or ,•< clubs for various fonas of ertension education." The most notabls example of work along these lines in the Trust Territory has been in the Ponape District where Q woman school teacher wont to live • in the islands of Hgatik and Nukuoro for jeriodo of two and three months respectively. This experiment in decentralizing the educational staff has proved so successful in terms of community education that it is to include more of the educational staff next year.

A conbined husbnnd and wife Community Developnent Team was sent in December to Kusaie in the Ponape Di-strict to spend six months with the 2,000 odd residents there. The husband will divide his time between a • • Teaaher-Sducation workshop and community developnent; while his wife will , ' be engaged in women's and girls' education as well as working with teachers at their work-shops to improve school programmes for girls.

The overall subject of community developnent in tho Trust Terri- tory has received a considerable amcimt of attention during the past year. As a consequence, two other proposals are planned as community developnent projects - one on Kili in the Marshalls and the other on Rota in the Marianas. At Kili, where the residents of Bikini are presently located, tte 'project is to be headed by a Marshallese who has studied at ths Univer- , sity of Hawaii in ttefiel d of community development and will assist the people in improving their copra, fishing, taro, chickens, and handicraft. He will bo aided 'by a crew of Marshalless worksrs. At Rota, an American agriculturist has 'been seleotod as Ccammiaity Officer to employ "techniques for stimulating orammnitiea or groups to exercise group initiative in pro- 1 moting, 'by means of their own efforts and industry, a ccEmmmity which will be to a large extent self-aufficient. Tha incumbent servea not as a ^director' "but rather aa a friendly counsellor whose role ia to make available the 'know-how* needed by ths cfflnmunity".

In Saipan and Tinian co-education haa been in effect since ths establishment of the presont school system in 1945, Domestic training has long been available both within and without tha aohool system, Westom Paoific Hiefa Ccanmission. 0»dng to the essential conservatism of the indigenous peoples of these territories and ths limited financial resources, the educational developnent of femalea of neceaaity laga 'behind 82.

that of nslea. In all three territories, however, nnioh ^gress haa heen made-'hjr the Missions to improve the' status and education of women. In tha New Hebrides the Presbyterian Mission has aucoeaafuUy formed a Preaby- terian Mission Women's Union.

Western Samoa. Equal opportunity is afforded girls and boys to attend schools, and it was once the problem to get boys to attend more frequently than girls. The Government is espanding its educational facilitiea aa faat as the demand for them ariaea. Co-education ia practiaed throughout the territory in the Government adhools and the pastor and catechist classes. Village clubs and women's committeea are a noticeable feature in village life. •

HBSOHJTION Al; The Conference reoommenda to the Commia- aion the holding of a conference of women from South Pacific territoriea for the discuaaion of problems of _ , ' spacial interest to wanen, including maternal and infant welfare, education of women and girls, women's organizations, and homecraft; and that representation should be given to women at other Conferencea held under ' Commission auspices. South Pacifio Commission. The Commission will welcome the inclusion of members of both seses at meetings held under its auspices. It feels some doubt whether the usefulness of such meetings would be increased if attendance were limited to members of one sex. Guam. The Government of Guam aharea the views of the Commission. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Tha Administration believes that within the limited budget with which the Administering Authority has to work, it should confine its efforts for tha present to working within its own area with girls and women on problems of special interest to them. Vfeatem Pacific High Cmnmisgion. While in agreement with tha attitude of the Commission, it would be very diffioult to select suitable women representatives from tha Western Pacifio Hi^ Commission territories at present. 83.

ISSOnnnOH 42;- The Conference rer.onmends that consideration sho^d be given by tbe Commission to the means by • which the varioxis women's organications in the South . Pacific area may co-operate, by personal contact and also by the regular exchange and dissemination of infonnation (including books, films and educational material) relating to women's interests and problems.

South Pacific Commission. The Commission noted this resolution and instruo- ted the.Secretary-General to examine the- possibilities, ' The Research Council examined this resolution at its June 1953 meeting and agreed that a clearing-house service in matters relating to women's interests and problems is a task which could and ahould be undertaken by the Commission as the regional organization for the South Pacifio.

The Commission has approved the Council's recommendation for the cmduot of this work as part of its service activities in the social development field, althou^ it does not regard this woik as calling particularly for concentrated effort on a re^onal basis at the present time. Action Is proceeding to engage a part-time woman organizer to prepare and circulate information of interest to women in tha territories, e.g. by regular features in the Commission's Quarterly Bulletin.

• In so far as they refer -to arrangements for the distribution of information which would relate to the interasts and problema of women, see also under resolutions 2, 3, 12, 24, 26, 30, 33, 36, 37, 44 and 45. Trust Territoiy of the Pacifio Ialanda. It is believed that the South Itacific Commission might well be the medium througii which the co-operation envisaged in this resolution mi^t be effected.

J RESOHJTION 43: The Conference reocmmends that territorial administrations be asked to include instruction in | ; such subjects as home management, sewing, hygiene and elementaiy civics in the curriculum of girls' schools. ! j South Pacific Coamission. The Commisaion recognizes that many adminiate- > tions are carrying out this recommendation. It has commended it to pa3>-' tioipati^ Governments. 84,.

American Samoa. Aa previously stated this government maintains a school system which is compulsoiy, universal and co-educational. It does not maintain any schools especially for-the training of girls. Vlhile all students are at present given instruction in elementaiy civics, there is at this time ao programme for the training of girls- in the domss-tio sciences. However, three girls schools are operated "by missions and in each of these the domestic arts are heavily stressed. The Government agrees with the Conference ihat such a training programme is to "the advantage of the people of these islands and will endeavour to insti-tute such a programme at an early date.

Auatralian Tejcrltories. This is current-administrative practice, CoOk Islands. Instruction in subjects such as sewing, hygiene and elementaiy civics' is incorporated in the school ouirioulum, and are also demonstrated at -the community centres, ' Hji. The subjects home management, sewing, hygiene and elementary civics are included in tho curriculum of girls' schools In this Colony. grench Oceaala. A three-year courso in dtmestic arts is given at the school opera-ted ly the Sisters of Saint Joseph de Cluny, 45 pupils are attending in 1954. In the -various schools, sewing classes are given in - ths 6th-and 7th forms. The B.B.P.C. exami^-lion includes an optional test in Sewing and dressmaking. In all classes, the day begins with a lesson In character training which may include the principles of good citizenship reoommende'd by the Conference. Guam. Homo and I'amily Living programmes in present curriculum includes •these courses tau^t by fully qualified collage graduate instructors wi-th a specializad training in these subjects, Hethsrlands Hew Guinea. ' Instruction on home-management is included in the curricula of post-primaiy schools for girls. These girls also receive lessons in hygiene and baby care. j How Caledonia, Training in donestlsj sciences is given at the Houmea Tech- j nlcal College (cooking, washing, ironing, sewing, home maintenance and , decora-tion, inothercraft). The girls at-te'nd sewing classea during their last year in primary school and every year during seccndaiy s-tudies, | I The introduction of domestic solsnoe in the natl-ve -sdllage schools 1 is envisaged as soon as an adequate number of teachers are trained. The ! . , ' Roman Catholic and Brotestant ttlssionahav e estahliahad domestip science schools for native girls and in this connexion, a special mention should_ go to the Earis Evangelical Mission in New Caledonia, whose Domestic ! Science Schools at Menko (Souailou) and H'nazianon (Lifou) are a remark- able achievement, 'I Niue, (See under resolution 40), . ' Tonga, The subjeots mentioned are already an important part of the school curriculum, | Trust Territory of the Eacific Islands. Such broad fields of activity as home management, sewing, hygiene and elementary civics are included in i the school for girls at Truk; They are an integral part of the curriculiimi in social living, in which the girls are continuously participating. I • In Saipan and Tinian, these subjeots have been standard items in the curriculum for girls since the inception of the present school system, Theae same subjects are also available to interested adult women. . Vfestem Eacific Hirfi Coamission. Most of these subjects are covered in ; the curricula of the majority of existing girls' schools, | j ffeatem Samoa, All theae are included in the- curricula of girla' aohoolS; (Miasionaiy and Government), j I

)i ,1 RESOLUTION 44; The Conference reoommends that the Com- | mission should arrange for the production of reading material, including text books, specially designed for ' | uae bj' girls in Eacific territories," j South Eacific Commiasion, The Commission instructed the Secretary-General to examine the posaibili-fcies. The Commission's South Fadflo Literature Bureau has taken special . note of this resolution and will be'glad to consider reading niaterial pre-! pared for use by girls in Eacific territories. The Bureau is already find- - Ingit possible to promote the supply of some literature of this special i class, I 86.

A text-book, "A mothercraft Book for Melanesian Gills" prepared by "Sr. N, Stead, of St. Haty'a School, British Soloncn Islands for use with girls in the Protectorate has boen aocepied for placing with a publisher. After attonding to the art work and layout, including the preparation of 19 illustrations and a cover design, the Bureau proceeded to make prelininazy arrsngements for a small edition of this book to be put out by a commercial publisher.

The Bureau received a number of simple mimeographed pampihlets (without illiistrations) as used by educational and health authorities in Papua and New Guinea and covering such subjects as "drink more milk", "don't let your children stay up all ni^t" and "women should learn to read". The Bureau offered to see if some of them could be illustrated in cartoon form as is done in other parts of the world. One has now been so produced in small quantity under the title of "Tina Protectsihs Family" and is being tri.od out in the field to judge the suitability and effective- ness of the technique. If satisfactory, others are expected to follow in j larger editions.

Arising out of a request for such literature by an educationist on ths island of Epi, New Hebrides, an illustrated booklet of the old folk story - The Story cf a VJonan and Her Pig - which seems particularly suitable for reading by young island children, is being prepared for publica- 1 tion by the Bureau in co-operation with the Eacific Christian Llteratia:a Society. Attractive illustrations have been prepared and the first versions will be in En^sh and French but the work has been so planned that vernacular texts can be substituted at relatively small cost. New printing, illustrating and costing techniques are being used to try and solve the problem of the small edition,

Fi.ii, At present books specially designed for use by girls in Fiji aro not being produced. However, the Hesearch Institute is engaged on tha production of text-books which would be suitable for both boys and girls, French Ocef^jg^.- Literature adapted to the territory (science, history, geograplQr, reading) exists or is in preparation. Tha text-books must nec- essarily be appropriate for both bqys and girls, as schools are mostly c>- ' educational. i Guam; Not applicable to Guam's co-educational system, ; Trust Territor-/ of the Eacific Islands. Any arrangements vdiich can be made for the production of reading materials, including text-books, specially

I 87.

designed for use by girls in Eacific territoiies should bo encouraged. We need more and more of suoh materials. Generally, it is preferable that •materials bo prepared locally in response to local needs, Hovrever, there ' are needs which all ^are in common and for which there mi^t well be a' common production source,

BESOIOTnON 4-55 The Conference reoommends that the Com- mission should Investigate the possibility of producing a wcaaen's magazine for the South Baoifio territories. South Eacific Commission. Tha Commission noted that a proposal for the publication of a magazine for Pacific Islands peoples would be considered by" the Research Council at its Fifth Meeting, in June 1953, At this meeting the Research Council einphasized the continuing growth of literacy among island peoples and the corresponding need for reading matter. In addition to the problems of the availability of suitable books, which is already being tackled by the Commission's Literature Bureau and of library services and bookshops, the Council recognized the related problem of the supply of current and topical infonnation in prln-, ted and mimeographed form not only for women but generally.

This kind of need was forshadowed by the resolution cf the First South Bacific Conference which read: "In order that the peoples of the South Pacific may be kept in touch with the work of the Commission and matters related to the Conference,' the Commission is requested to consider the possibility of publishing a monthly periodical," Resolu-fcions 2, 3 (see before) and 45 of the Seoond South Eacific Conference also drew attention to other needs of this kind. The Council was of the opinion that while the need for in-ter- •territorial services of these kinds was'keenly felt in all territories, a decision as to the "best methods of meeting them was a complex matter requiring a great deal of informa-fion, not only to de-fceimine more clearly what the various territories desire, but also concerning -the organization and provision of suoh services. Local newsheets are already being published in several of the territories, but seme of •fchem find difficiilty in obtaining 88. • •

news £md features about other facta of the Eacificj soma territorial rs- presentativea have expressed a need for an illustrated inter-territorial magazine designed for islanders; and the qiiestion of a clearing house for infonnation and illustrated material haa also been raised. As a result the Research Council recommended that the Commiaaion ahould arrange for an investigation to determine what are the main needa in the territories for topical infonnation including news articlea and Illustrations and ly what means these needa could beat be met, Tha Com- miaaion nil considering tha Council's recommendations, expressed the hope that tha literature Bureau would examine and report on the possibilities. This is in line with one of the original items of reference of the Idteia- ture Bureau; to surv^ the need for, and foaaibility of publiahong one or more inter-territorial periodioala for ialand readers. Investigations into the matter by the Bureau are continuing,

Fi.ii, The production of a woman's magazine would be moat useful, but it is considered this should be produced by the South Pacific Literature Bureau. Guam. This resolution is considered of limited long range application to Guam, where young graduates have attained reading habits and interests which require distribution of standard American women's journals, periodicals and magazines. Trust Territory of the Pacific Ialanda, We are a long way from developing a lingua franca which would malse a women's magazine for the South Pacific Territories understandable and a valuable means of inter-communication in the Trust Territory,

VmT SHOBLD A CHILD HAVS BEET TAUGHT BY THB EiS IT LEAVES SCHOOL

RE50IflTI0N 46; The Ctaiference emphasizes the importance of character training in the curricula of schools. South Pacifio Commisaion. The Coanmission shares the views of "the Confer- ence.

Fi.ii, Character training is emphasized in the curriculum used in schools in the Colony. 89.

Ketherlaads gew Guinea, Ths Netherlands New Guinea Government slaxes the view that life at hoarding schools, sports, religious lessons etc, may contribute, each in their way, to the improvement of the pupil's character. The Protestant and Catholic Missions maintain boarding schools throu^out the territory, which ore attended by about 2,590 pupils. Most of these schools are under tha guidance of European headmasters. The term training of character, however, haa far-reaching implications, which mi^t easily lead beyond the limits of a Government's competence as educator.

Trust Territory of ths Eacific Islands. Character training or citizenship education is not the function of any special course. Rather, it must permeate the entire curriculum of the school. If the curriculum is a re- flection of a particular culture, which it must be if it is truly effective and truly learned, then it must be based upon that culture's problems, needs, values, interests, conflicts and personalities. It is education's duty to anljanca the quality of living in the home, the school, and the community, Character training or the developnent of spiritual v^ues should jbe, ona of the goals of all good education everywhere. However, it should permeate the total life of the school and not be taught in isolation,

BESOIPTION 47; Tha Conferenoa draws tha attention of the Commission to the importance of; (i) the preparation of aptitude testsj and (ii) a atudy of vocational training methods in tha educational developnent of the Eacific peoples. South Eacific CoTpn-i ssion. The Commission referred this resolution to the Research Council for esamination and advice. (i) The gueation of educational evaluation was considered by the Re- search Coimoil at its Fourth Meeting in May 1952 when it noted that an Educational Reaearch Institute had been newly established at Suva to cany out work of such a nature for Fiji and the Weatem Eacific Hi^ Commission territories. A proposal that tha Commission arrange with the Institute for the extension of its school attainment testing work, under Conmiission spon- sorship, to all other interested territories in tha area, has been postponed to permit the Institute, in its early stages of operation, first to acquire 90.

additional ezpoxience of attainment testing voik in Fiji. In the meantime other enquiries were continued, Mr, J.C, Hield, an Australian educationist was engaged to prepare a summary from availahlo hbote and documents of research and developaents in educational evaluation in Moas ooajarahle to the Baoifio territories. - Infoimation and advice frsm interested research institutions in Australia, Hew Zealand, the United States, tha Gold Coast and elsevdiere was obtained and passed to Mr. Hield, It is espected that the survey, which has recently heen completed, will he of considerable interest to educationists in the Pacific territ0]> . ies, especially those idio wish to become familiar with the literature available on the subject, particularly relevant to the South Eacifio area, and arrangements have now been made for it to be issued in tha Technical Paper serios.

Enquiries have also been mads'into the possibilities of ooHab- oralring with UKESCO but it appears that DHEBCO's programme in this field at present precludes substantial coUabora'fcion in the South Pacific region. The Commission has now decided that with the completion and circulation of the Nield's documantaiy survey, no speoial provision should be made for the continuance of oduca-tional e-valuation as a separate field of enquiry within the Commission's work programme, Tha Reseaxch Council has drawn attention to the importance of ' "the prepara'tion of aptitude tests and it .is an-ticipated that this whole | subject would be a matter for discussion at any conference of educa-tionists ; which the Commission may convene in the future,- An article on Modem-5Vpe Testing in Island Schoola appeared in the Januaiy 1953 Qjsrterly Bulletin, - (ii) As regards the study of vocational -training methods, the Research ; Council-considers that an adequate collection of infoimation on such methods is already contained in -the reports of Mr, E.A. Derrick on Vocational Train- ing in -aa South Pacifio (S.P.C. - Oxford Uniyersi-ty Press) and Dr, P.J, Harlow, on a Central Vocational Training Ina-tiWtion (S.P.C, Technical Eaper .No, 47), At the same -time attention is drawn to tha Commission's clearing house service for technical information and advice, throu^ which fur-ther infonnation on vooationii -training methods in any part of tha world could be obtained for metropolitan or territorial governments requeatingit, Tbe Commission has authorized the organization of a clearing house sctivi-ty of this kind, whereby voca-fcLonal -training material, especially -visual aids, produced both wi-thin and outside tha region •will 'be acqtiired and circulated ' 91.

for comment and adaptation by the territories. , - - Fi.il, The Eesearch Institute has already done some work on aptitude tests in Fiji and could carry out a study of vocational training methods.^ Guam, Education Department already uses Socio-Grams and similar types of tests to discover social strength and weakness as well as the standard aptitude testa. It is making an island wide survey to discover vocation needs and opportunities and the related gaps,

Ths Vocational iBy-Trades Prograi^ in 1952-53 was limited to Auto Hechanics, Carpentry, and Cabinet-making, All classes Here beginning classes because the programme was initiated in September of 1952. The programme is set up to provide pre-employment training. Each course covers a two-year period, the classes meeting five days a week for three hours,' each day. At the end of the school year the Vocational Teachers were able to place all available students in summer jobs in the trade for which they are preparing. Weekly on-the-job visits are made by the instructors to check student progress and to insure that they are used on jobs which >iill contribute to their vocational training, • In the Evening Vocational Training Programme, thirty courses in five different,vocational areas were available and utilized during the achool year 1952-53, .AU were short unit courses of ei^t to.ten weeks' duration and deaigned to give training to both in^school youths and adults. The courses have been selected to meet both in-service' and pre-service needs of the students. Some of ths courses have proved to have a strong vocational appeal. Approximately twenty-five per cent of the enrolment i^ Imping I, Auto Mechanics, House Wiring, and Eadio Eepair could be classified as non-vocattonal students.

A limited Adult Vocational.Eehabilitation Programme has been ^ operation at Ordot Penitentiary during the Sprang Quarter of 1952-53. It was developed through the co-operation of the Director of Public Safety, the Warden of Ordot Penitentiary, and the Department of Education. Estab- lished as a teacher-training project for the Supervisor at Ordot so that he could handle the instruction, it was supervised by the Vocational staff and the Department of Education, The programme has included limited training in carpentry and cabinetHnaking. The carpentry course deals priaarily vdth minor repairs and aimple conatruction.. Ths cabinet-making courae gives instruction in basic joinery and semi-^uass produced furniture. Furniture made in- this class has recei-ved very favourable attention both for its design and its good craftsmanship. The purpose of the Vocational Eehabil- 92.

- itation Progranmie has heen: to train inmates to make a suooessful place for themselves when-they are released from prison. Hiue. As yet no vocational training is given other than woodwork instruction in schools. Over 9C^ of the children leave school to work on tha land. Iho hri^ter pupils are, however, placed in a special class and from this class are chosen scholarship students and administration staff. Trust Territory of tha Pacific Islands. Studies leading to hotter agricultural education for all tha people would he greatly appreciated. This holds - -true for other vocational fields as well. Tftiat should ha the nature of suoh '- activities? Should training in such skllla ho limited only to indigenous tools and methods or should there ho some introliuotion of western tools and methods? Should main emphasis he upon vocational ^Us for a suhsistence econtmy or should those needed in developing commercial activities receive increasing consideration? ' These are prohlems which concern the Trust Tei^ rltoiy.

HBSOLOTION 48; The Conference fully supports the work being done by the Conmlaalon in aaalating an increase in the provision of literature, and emjliasises the desirability of having libraries attached to all village and other sdiools in the area. South Pacific Commission. The Ccamnission has been encouraged by the endorse- ment of the Conference of its work to assist in the provision of literature, . It has commended to the attention of participating Governments tha desirability of having libraries attached to villa^ and other schools in the area, American Samoa. The importance of libraries haa long been recognized in this territoiy. At the preaent there exists a large public lending library, which la attached as an integral part of tbe Hi^ School of Ameiioan Samoa, While the available facilities are at present used primarily by students- and teachers, about 74 other peox^e have borrowed volumes during the past six montha. Village schools are served throu^ their teachers, all of whom are permitted to borrow for extended periods from the central library. The great drawback tc creating a large demand for books in the villages is the fact that there are very few hooka printed in tha vomacular. Of tha more than eleven thousand books now available, less than one hundred are in Samoan, The Samoan Culture Committee has for the past three years been 93.

woridng to develop texts in Samoan but as yet none of their work has been published. This goverament stands ready to oo-operate in any way possible with the Commission's Literature Bureau in developing more indigenous litr erature and in providing greater library facilities. Austral-tan Territories. This is current administrative practice. Cook Islands, The Administra-fcion agrees wholeheartedly with the Conference and is making eveiy effort to achieve -the greatest possible distribution of literaiwre. Libraries are being ins-fci-tuted not only in the schools but also in the community centres, Tha assis-tance of ths literature Bureau is constantly being received, Fi.ii, A^dn the Research Institute could assist in increasing the supply of books for school and -village library, French Oceania, There aro several libraries in Papeete, but de-veloping a taste for reading in ths Territory is one of the most difficult tasks still to be undertaken, Guam, The Nievss H. Flores Memorial Library is primarily a public library operated in addition to" the individual elementary, the hi^ school and the college libraries. It offers service to a total of 22,000 persons. As of June 30, 1953, there were 1,359 registered members of ths library, an increase of 429 for the year. During 1952-53 approximately 7,000 persons availed themselves of^the reading room facilities, including vise of the periodicals and the reference works. Many of these are not registered members and such use is not counted as circula-fcion. In additrwi numerous reference questions are answered "by telephone, To-tal circulation for the fiscal year was 14,072, as compared with 8,603 for the previous year. Approximately 1,000 botto were used by teachers as supplementaiy work in public, parochial and nursery schools, approximately a 280 per cent increase over the pre-vious year. The total collection is in excess of 14,000 volumes, 1,045 having been added during 1952-53. These include 2,000 juvenile and 13,000 adiilt books. More than thirty rare and out of print books covering history of Guam and adjacent areas "ffive recently bean acquired.

- On May 20, 1953, a Bookmobile.service was begun on a limited scale. Lack of personnel prevented servicing more than remote villages. In spite of the fact that it covered the -vacation months, three hundred and sixteen books and periodicals were circulated during tho six weeks 94. I period to June 50, 1953. • Because printed matter used ly tbe T.B. patients must be des- trtyed, an appeal iras made throu^ the .Guam Women's Club and the Guam Daily News for pocket books and periodicals for hospital distribution. The results have been gratifying and 100 books in addition to periodicals were being left each month for those patients. As a means of securing qualified librarians, the library Board of Directors, with financial aid from Veterans of Foreign Wars, Chamber of Com- •. meroe and other Civic Groups, in September 1952 financed a two-and-one-half year training course at the University of Hawaii to a promising Guamanian lady. The Government of Guam is now benefiting from that training throu^ her services. Tha library employs a head librarian, three assistants, and a custodian who also drlvos the Bookmobile.

The Legislature of Guam approved a budget including $25,000 for library books and equipnent for the Territorial College. A librarian was employed for the summer 1952, and again for tha summer 1953. The budget permits a permanent librarian to be appointed in August 1953. Hew Caledonia. School and post-school libraries are found in most centres of the Territoiy. The establishment of these libraries is partly due to tha action of schocl co-operatives which have devoted part of their resources to the purchase of books. This movement is being developed in native schools, and the largest of these nm^ have their library. It will progressively be extended to all native schools. Niue. Vernacular journals are issued by the Education Department of New Zealand and a weekly newsletter containing instructional matter and news '- items is issued by the Administration, A circulating library is supplied by the New Zealand Hational Libraiy Service. Reading matter for the villages is, however, a definite need.

Tonga, Library facilities in villages and schools have not exlstod to any material extent in the past. There is at present a libraiy at tlie Teachers' Training College, Huku'alofa, built up froo Government grants over the past two years. When sufficient books are available, books will be circulated to Ha'apai and Vava'u, The library is available to Training College students and teachers and as the number of books increases it wtll be possible to extend the circulation to include the bigger primary schools and other institutions. There is, however, a dearth of reading material in the vernacular. 95.

Her Majesty's Government has for some time been conscious of the desirability of tha estahliahnent of a central library in Nukii'alofa which would offer lending and reading facilities. An approach has been made to the Cameeie Foundation in New York to inquire whether the Foundation would he interested in supporiring the establishmsnt of such a library on the lines of that vdiich tha Foundation endowed in Suva some years ago.

Trust Iterritory of the PaciJic lalanda. The Trust Territoiy vdll welcome an increase in the provision of literature. It is aware of tho hard reality that villages in outer atolls and islanda cannot afford to set up libraries, library services, however, should be regarded as a regular part of the community developnent programme. Special efforts are being made to extend library services tbrou^ the medivna of a travelling library. This will probably be the first step iii the esiablishment of village libraries.

In Saipan and Tinian public libraries are maintained by both tha elementary and ijitenaediate schools, the municipal government and tho Protestant and Catholic Churches, The library coverage in the Saipan Dis- trict is considered to be extensive and of superior quality. Western Eacific Hiefa Commission, In the Hew Hebrides and the Protectorate this is not praciioabla at present except at the more well-established main schools, althou^ educational bodies work towards this end. In the Gilbert and Ellice Islands all Government and Government staffed schools are building up school libraries. There is a Central Library at Taravrai, and it is hoped to establish some simple village community libraries in 1954,

BESOLaTION 49; The Conference asks the Commission to .;, . .. consider the desirability of advising territorial govemments to establish.centres for the display of local • art products, with a view to stimulating the teaching and practice of arts and crafts in schools.

South Eacific Commission, Tha Commission, while not overlooking the steps which have alrea(^ been taken in some territories towards the end in view, commended this resolution to the favourable consideration of participating Governments, 96,

Ameiicsn Samoa. The Jtepartment of Samoan Industrios eatalilished ly this government in 1946 provides display and sales outlet for the handicraft •produced in these islands, Tha people of American Samoa have developed to a hi^ dagree their skill in weaving laufala mats. The government has assisted the Samoan Industries in the field of organization and technical assistance, hut, the Department is now self-sustaining and operates on a co-operative hasis. The industry acts as a training centre for Samoan . -craftsmen, not only developing skills hut teaching marketing and reliahii- ity. Throu^ the Samoan Industries, a permanent display of local handicraft is matotained. The Vocational School also maintaina a display of their jffcducts at a central location. With a view to stimulating the export of mats and woodcraft a large display of local products was exhibited at^the ""International Trade Pair in Seattle. This exhibit will eventually be - placed on display permanently in Washington, D.C.

Auatralian Territoriea. Work has already been done along these lines and it is proposed to intensify it. ~ El.1i. Local art displays aro already held in the Colony in connexion with Young Parmer's Clubs, French Oceania. Funds have been allocated this year to promote carving among the ferquesas islands schoolchildren, -aiis being the only art of real interest in the territoiy. The moat promising pupils will be sent to the vocational training centre at Papeete, vdiere a Marquesas art division (wood, ivory, tortoise shell) has recently been established and placed unflar a qualified native inatruotor.

In Papeete, in 1953, there waa a particularly successful exhibition showing the work of schoolchildren which had been inspired by Poly- nesian folklore. In addition to numerous drawings by children of all agea, this exhibition included wood carvings frcm the Marquesas, canoes and dance omamenta from the Leeward Islands, pandanus baaketwork from the Auatral Islands, shall necklaces from the Tuamotua, needlework from Tahiti etc. The e^diihits were later sent to the Centre National de Documentation PSdagogique (National Centre of Educational Infoimation), Rue d'Ulm, P&iis, where they were veiy successfully shown in December 1953 and Januaiy 1954, Guam. Department of Education Arts and Crafts eahibits featured in the 1953 liberation Day Pair. The Arts and Crafts programme encouraged in all schools was recently enlarged to include ceramics and painting. 97.

Uetherlands Hev Guinea. At the lower Technical School at Kota Eadja a collection of local art products has heen assembled and is on display to stimulate ths use of old motives and ornaments in the work of the pupils. Handicraft, plaiting and knitting of nets are encouraged at some schools. Also in South Now Guinea mission schools encourage the uae of native style and .emblems. New Caledonia. An extensively illustrated booklet on native art in New Caledonia, including several colour plates, was prepared by M. Jean Guiart, Ethnologist of tho French Institute of - Oceania and a member of the Coir- mission's Research Council. This book was discussed by the author during the Teachers' Refresher Course, and has.been widely distributed in na-ti-ve and European schools. Teachers have been recommended to use the illustrations as subjects for the decoration of thsir classrooms and as themes to be used by the pupils for artistic oomposition.

The Education Itepartment Exhibit, organized for the Centenary Celebrations, shovred nsny handicrafts made by schoolchildren with local ma-terials, based on traditional themes of local art: huts, masks, carved wood weapons, canoes, items made of bamboo, mother of pearl, -trochus, etc. The bchools may -therefore, as sugges-ted by the Conferonce, act as "Cen-tres of display" of local arts and crafts.

Niue. Native handcrafts aro tau^t in all schools, Tonga. Art and craft work is encouraged in all primary and secondary schools. Every year, schools' days are held in various centres and an important aspect of the day's acti-vities is a display of handwork. Secondary schools usually have a display and aale of art and craft work done during the year. Trust Territory of -Hie Riclfic Islands. Along with; libraries, it is desirable to encourage -the development of museums where bpportunies are provided for displaying -the things created by the people of the community. Help in developing both these programmes from the Commission will be greatly apprac- iated. In Saipan and Tinian -there is a permanent display of local art and handicraft in the museimi at the intermediate school. On local holidays ' and at district fairs, art and handicraft displays are encouraged with tha award of prizes for the best in each division. A class in Arts and Handi- crafts Is taught in both the elementary and intermediate schools,

. 98.

Veatorn Baeiflo Hidi Cggaisaion. A Protectorate musotim exists at Honiara for tho piesorvatica and display of local art products, and mdaavoura have heen cado to organise annual or periodio displays of local arts. In the New Hehrides local art products are of a poor standard, hut receive enoouiagement where practicable. In the Gilbert and EUice Islands the difficvaty is that the craftsmen are unwilling, by custom, to pass on the skills of their trade Indiscriminately to the younger generation. An attempt has been made to bring theae old aklUed craftamen into the achool iifo, and it ia hoped to estabUai an annual handicrafts diaplay la Goveito- ment schoola in the "Colony,

Western Samoa. Diaplajrs by schools of local art products made by the students themselves are done once a year in each achool, Papauta Girls' School stages a bazaar every yoar of local art products. Only recently the women's committees eshibited a great variety of art products in Apia, This was weU attended.

HESOniTION 50: The Conference suggests that tho Com- mission should publish iUtistrated literature on tha art products of the South Pacifio area. South Pacific Cowmifiaion. The Commission directed the Secretary-General to examine the possibilities, , The South Pacific literature Bureau has already taken action to promote literature of this type. At the request of H. J. Guiart tho Bureau co-operated in the •prsduction of some of tho iUustratlons and colour plates for his book on Native Arts and Crafts in New Caledon^ (see also under resolution 49 - New Caledonia) which has since been published by Les Editions-des Etudes M^lanesiennea, A small coUeotion of liiotographs of art products from the Ifel- a^aian area, mainly from' New Irelmd, has "been assembled and the coats of reproducing them, various different methods, in the form of a amaU 'booklet, has been inrestlgated by the Bureau. However, in view of the costs - involved in relation to litoly demand, it seems as if it would be wise at preaent to give thia bocldst a low priority in the Bureau's prograntss. 99.

Had prospects been more promising, a similar collection of photo- graphic material or artists' illustrations of the native art products of ii.ii had boen contemplated, Fi.ii, The publication of literature on tha art products of the South Eacific area would be most useful.

FJBSOUJTIOH 51; The Conference requests the Commission to enquire into the possibilities of providing more profession^ and technical education for tha peoples of the Souljh Eacific on a regional basis, and in particular supports ths establishment of a Central Tech- nical Schoci. In view of the vital importance of sea communicati'ons in the area, it further recommends that provision should bs made at such an institution for the 'training of ship-masters and marine engineers. 1 South Eacific Commission. The Commission noted this resolution with much interest and took action in consonance with it at its Eleventh Session, (May 1953). Recognition of tte baaic importance of vocational training and acknowledgement of the support urged by both the First and Secoid South Pacific Conferences for'tha extension of professional and technical training on a regional basis in the Eacific as a means of supplementing such possibilities as territories are able to provide, was reaffirmed by the - Commission at its Tvrelfth Session, wheii this subject was included among the fields for concentration of effort over the iBxt few years. In stressing its importance in this way, it was at the same time recognized that on the institutional side of vocational training, the basic regional investigations likely to be of significant valus have already been completed under the Commisaion'a work programme, and that further inter- territorial action arising out of them will now be primarily on the initiative of interested member Govemmentn,

The Commission's work in this field began with Mr. R.A. Derrick's survey of the professional and technical training of islanders (subsequently published by the Oxford University Eress) in the course of •rflioh he made - recommendations concerning the development of sub-regional and regional facilities for training. A Special Committee of ths Research Council.endorsed these reconmiendations and, following their su^stion, Dr. F.J.H. 100.

Earlor vah engaged to elaboTate plans) procedures and costs for the esta1»- Ushment of a prototype Central institution in Suva, as a Ijasis for further discussion. The Harlow Eeport (now published as Technical Paper Ho. •4-7) was considered at the Eleventh Session and rocomnended to memher Govern- nients for consideration with the appreciation that further action could proceed on an inter-govemiBntal basis.

The Twelfth Session noted with appreciation tha Fiji Goveinment'a offer of Suva as a venue for discussions on this basis by interested Gov- eraments, and approved informal enquiries being made by a principal CcrnH mission officer, in the course of other duties and with tha agreement of interested Goveinments, into the possibilities of aid from foundations towards the establishment of such an institution. Hone of tho foundations subsequently contacted was found to be interested in supporting the establishment of such an institution. However, a further possible source of assistance has been suggested.

At the Twelfth Session the Canmission also noted with appreciation, and drew the attention of member Governments to, tha offer of tha French Government to make the Noumea Tenhnioal College available for the training of pupils from other territories. Tha Commission also requested •Govemments to eaplora the possibilities of soholarshija being made available from governmental or non-govemmental sources to facilitate the attendance of studenta at the Noumea Technical College, at the central institution recommended by Dr. Harlow if it should be eataWaahed and at similar inati- tutiona now or in future, eatablished in tte South Pacific region. In thia comie^oa it appears as if the provision of funds for soholaiships of thia - nature mi^t fall within tte terms of reference of tte Carnegie Corporation and the V.E. Kellogg Foundation.

A limited amount of subsidiary technical infonnation work is being carried out by tte Commission in vocational training matters, as opportunity arises or.as specifio requests are made. Furtter avenues for Ccranission activity In this field are now being explored, e.g, prranoting tte aupply of teaching aida, especially visual aid materials designed to meet tte needs of tbe area,

' Fl.1i, Tte possibilities of providing more professional and technical education for tte people of Klji is under active consideration. Already tte Colony has three Tecihnical Centres wtere inatruotion in a wide variety cf subjeots ia given. It is planned to erect moro of ttese centres as funda teeomeavailable. 101.

Gugm. Guam's broadening professional and technical educational system is virtually on a central regional basis. Off-island elementary registra- tions during the 1952-53 aohool year included 81 Saipanese, 26 Rotanese, 9 Ealauans, 2 Trukese, 40 Filipinos and 11 Europeans. Similarly in the Hi^ School; Saipan 28, Koror 24, Truk 2, Rota 2, Tinian 2, Yap 2, Fili- jdnos 5. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The Department of Education believes it would be valuable to have more technical and professional education for the people of the South Pacific on a regional basis. It has alreactsr given its support for ths establishment of a Central Technical School. If finances prmitted, a limited number of students would be sent from the Trust Territory to that school.

RESOIPTION 52; The Conference \irges that the Commission should take steps to ensure that qualified academic personnel are made available to preserve in written form what remains of. the traditional social organization and culture of our peoples so that our descendants may hot live in ignorance of their heritage. South Pacific Commission. At its Eleventh Session ths Commission, recognizing the basic value of this recommendation and noting that a number of institutions are engaged on work of this kind, expressed tte hope that Institutions would bs able to assist in rendering this service to the people of the Pacific area and directed the Secretary-General to investigate the possibilities. An excellent collection of Fijian idioma and proverbs, with translation^and explanations in English and Fijian was received from a Fijian author, Mr. Anare Raiwalui, and placed by the Literature Bureau • with the Oxford University Press for publication under the Bureau's guarantee. It has now been published under the title "Na I Vosavosa Vakaviti E So".

The preservation of linguistic and other manuscripts of histor- ical and scientific interest has been receiving the Commission's attention for some time and already a number have been located and either obtained or copied for preservation, according to ths territory concerned, in libraries of deposit nominated by the participating Governments. Tlds service 102

is continuing, acquisitions are notified progressivBly in the Quarterly Bulletin and sdcrofilm copies can be obtained research workers and others interested. The preparation of bibliographies of vernacular literattire ia . another activity which the Cosniasion has been promoting as time and opportunity permits. i The Commission's work in the conservation field haa been mainly adviaoiy and co-ordinating and extending to archaeological and archival consej^tion, and the Commission has been able to be of service to tho territlpries by prodding technical advice and aasiatanoe to aociotiea and iridividuala working in thia field, i "Some Notes and Suggestions regarding Conaorvation of Important Archaeologioal Sites and Archives in South Eacific Territoriea " by Dr, F.M. Keesing, haa boon published as Technical ftiporNo . 16. Ihis has been followed by an investigation into tho mothods to be adopted in preparing a rocord of archaeological sites as a result of which work has been carried out on a oatalogua of archaeological sites for the mainland of Eapua and New Guinea. Conservation activities carried out in French Oceemia ty the Socl^td des Etudes Ocdaniennos.has been furttered by a Commiaaion grant- in-aid, . ' Comparative legialation tea teen collected from all pirta of tte world and arrangementa made for its examination by a New Zealand autteiliy with a view to tte preparation of model legislation for tte guidance of Pacific tenitorios. Surveys of tte Fiji Government archives by Mr, C.A. Burmeater of the Australian National Libraiy and of tte Western Eacific Higji Com- mission archives by Miss D, Crozier of tte Auatralian National University teva been furttered by tte ComniiaaiorL. Tte reports on "Social Anthropology in Melanesia" by Professor A.P, Klkin and "Social Anthropology in Eolynssia" by Erofessor F.M. Keesing which have teen piblisted by the Oxford Dniveraity Press under tte auspices of tte Commission provito a valmble guide to tte research work already carried out and to furtter research needs in tte region. The Commiasion's directory of Social Science Jlesearch in tte Eaoifid Islands, revised to December 1953, has teen publlated as Technical Paper No, 52 and tte 103

Commissian has, to some extent, heen ahlo to serxra as a moans of liaison hotaeen territorial administrations and research wortors seeking suita'jle areas for field stiidiea in anthropology and linguistics. The Conmission further assists wherever possible, in arranging for the publication of research studies either in book form or as articles in suitable journals.

The number of research studies submitted for publication either in book form or as articlea in suitable joumala increased considerably during 1953, Arrangements rare successfully completed whereby the fol- . lotiing items were to be published, in some cases with a subsidy in aid of publication, from the Commission:

(i) "Sikaiana or Stewart Island",- hy H. MacQuarria, published in -the "Journal of -the Polynesian Society", September - . December, 1^52. (ii) "A Gilbertese-Eogpish Dictionary" by Dr. Hiram Bingham, to be re-published by the Lutterworth Press for the London Ittssionary Socie-ty. (lit) "Recent changes in Chamorro direction terminology", T^r H.Jl. Solonberger, to be publlshad in "Oceania",

(iv) "The Polynesian nylhs and chants of Ouvea (Loyal-ty Islands)", by J. Guiart, to be published in tha "Journal of the Poly- nesian Socle-ty", (v) "Changing Melanesia" by Dr, C.S, Belshaw, to be publishsd by Oxford Universl-ty Press, with grants-in-aid from ths Australian Ins-ti-tute of In-temational Affairs and -the Commisaion, (vi) "Tha Pijian Vay of life" l^r G.E. Roth, to be published by " - Oxford University Press. (vil) "A French Tahitian Dictionary" compiled by Father Een^ Da-vid Levy and re-vised by M. L.J, Bouge," to be re-published by ths Soal^t€ dss Oo^anlstes, Paris, with a gran-t-ln-aid from the Commission, (-vlii) "Ths social and cul-tural poal-tlon of -the Mioronesian min- ori-ties on Guam", by Solenberger, to be publishsd in -the Commission Technical Paper series. . w.

(ix) "Educating the Sew Guinea village", Ity Br, J. van Baal, published in the "S.P.C. Quarterly Bulletin", July, 1955, (x) "The rising of the Palolo", by C.G.R. McKay, published in tte "S.P.C. Quarterly Bulletin", July, 1953, (si) "Native Society in the New Hebri-daa: tbe Big Nambas of Northern I'iilelcula", by J, Guiart, to be published in "tianldnd". (xii) "Nikumaroro", by B.B. laxton, published in the "Journal of the Polynesian Society", June-September, 1951. (xiii) "The colonization of the Phoenix Islands", by H.E. Maude, published in tha "Journal of the Polynesian Society", Karch-JuM, 1952, American Samoa. During the forthcoming year a study of the social org^- i4ation of these islands vdll be oommenoed by an anthropologist receiving a grant from the University of Havfaii, -

Fi.ii. Soma work of preserving what remains of traditional social organization and culture of the Fijian race has already been dnne, althoi'gh not by the Education Department. French Ocepnia. A history textbook is being printed for the school children of the Territoiy," A summary of the islands history is given in an appendix. Similarly the Geography textbook elaborates on Tahiti and its dependencies, where an ordinary textbook would only "give a very brief statement. In addition, the "Sooi^t^ des Etudes Oo^aniennes" publishes in its qurrtorly bulletin numerous articles on the jast history and folklore of Polynesia. This particularly active organization is en^ged in the surveying, coUeotion and preservation of all traces of the traditional past in every field,

G-iam. The Education Department has a committee that is preparing a manual on the history and culture of Guam. The college offers courses on History and Culture on Guam., , Niua. The Bishop Museum of Honolulu has published a book on social organization and traditional lore of Niue, but more work is iBeded in this field. 105

Trust Tsrritory of tha I^elflc Islands. Ths Trust Tarritory is presently engaged in helping Hioronesians in the various districts to write their own history. In tha same nanner, materials should be made available to them to acquaint them better with all the various phases of their culture. This is ^rticularly important in education where there is already a dearth of materials about their own culture, history, institutions, and traditions.

] J, 106.

HIOPOSAIS FOR THE THIBI) SOOm PACIFIC COHTORENCB

PBSOTmoN 53; The Conference reconimenaa that the Third Conference he held in two year's time. Note: Delegates voted on this resolution; For - 22; Against - 11; the minority were in favour of a meeting in three years' time. South Pacific Commission. At its Eleventh Session the CramnisslQn recognized the very valid reasons supporting this resolution but noted that it is one that could not be put into effect without some difficulties of cost, both to the Comnission and to the territorial administrations. A two-year period would reduce considerably the opportunities both for Governments and for tha Commission to produce effective results from the resolutions of the Confer- ence.

The Commiasion gave further thou^t to this recommendation at its Twelfth Session In October 1953 but felt compelled to decide that the Third Conference be held early in 1956. This decision was taken in the In- terests of maximum effeotlveness, particularly having regard to the necessity for giving continuing attention to the resolutions of the Second Con- ference, to (juestions of the cost that would be Involved by more frequent Conferences, and to the difficulties of communication within ths Paoific area in their effect upon the making of physical and administrative arrangements for convehing such Conferences.

RESOIOTIOH 54; The Conference notes the suggestions that the Third Conference be held either at Lae in Australian New Guinea, in Western Samoa, or in American Samoa. South Pacific Commission. The Ccamidsaioners undertook to notify tha Secretary-General of possible sites for the Conference wlliiin their jurisdiction, following which the Secretary-General would report upon ths cost factors involved. By the time of its Session in October 1953, tha Cramnission had ascertained that, because of the lack of adequate facilities, it would not 107

•be possible for the Governments of American Samoa, Guam and tha Trust Ter- ritoiy of the I&cific Islands, to extend invitations for the Third Confer- • ence to bo held in these respective territories, althou^ they will be ' pleased to bsve a Conference convened in one of these territories imder TJ33ited States Administration as soon as adequate facilities are available, A similar lack of suitable accommodation prevented the Territoiy. of Hether- - lands New Guinea, to its regret, from inviting the Third Conference to be held there.

On the other hand> the French authorities requested that the possibility of holding tha Third Session of the Conference in fepeete,Frenc h Oceania, should also be e^ored. Consequently, the Commission proceeded in consultation with the respective local authorities to examine and report upon the cost and other factors involved if the Conference were to be held at Apia,. Lae, Noumea or Papeete, The Administrator of Papua and New Guinea has subsequently advised that upon further examination he regrets that it will not be slble to provide adequate facilities for the Conference to be held at Lae, On tho other hand the Governor of American Samoa haa since indicated that if the Commissioa wishes to reconsider American Samoa aa a alte for the Third South Eacifio Conference in 1956, he will be pleased to extend an invitation and this locality ia being included in the more detailed enquij> ies that are xn^oceeding.

Thus the Commisaion will have Apia, Noumea, Papeete end Pago Pago before it as possible altea at ita aeaaion to be held in Ootober 1954 whan it hopea to reach a decialon on the alte for the Third Conference,

BESOinTION 55: In the Ug^it of expeiienoe gained at thia aeasion, the Conference feels that the discusslona would be more effectively conducted if the subject matters on the agenda were conaidered by committeea before being handled in plenaiy aeasion. It reccHmnenda, therefore, that at the opening of tha Third Conference, the General Committee should propoae two standing committees, as provided for in the Rules of Erooedure, and that each subject in the agenda should be allotted to bhe or other of these standing ccsmidtteea who would prepare draft reaolutions for consideration in liLenary session. 108.

South Eadfie Cmamlasion. Tha Conmiaaion agrees with these proposals and arrangenents will be made to place them before the Third South Pacific Conference.

BBSOLOnON 56; The Conference notes that tke foUowing items have been suggested by delegates for inclusion in the Agenda for the Third Conference: Economic education of the people. What jffogress has been made by the indigenous industries in the fecifloare a since the Second Con- ference and what new industries have been established? . The place of livestock in the farming systems of the South" Eicifio. Co-operative societies as a means of promoting tha welfare of the South Pacific people, -The problems of modernizing and mechanizing industrial and commeroial enterprises, especially the processing of agricultural and maiine prodvusts of the South Paoific territories. labour and working ccndltions in the South Paoifio territories. How much of western culture should be taken over by the indigenous culture, and how can ttos process be controlled? A university of the South I^oific. Ths.roie of custom in the social development or social retardment of ths populations of the South Pacific; means for adapting custom to modem civilization; taprovement of social conditions of ths people by modifSring custom. . , , . i 109

lEha encouiagement and retention of ancient usefUi • . - arts, custaas and cultures of the Pacific peoples. Infant and maternal welfare, ! The dootor and labour conditions. South Pacific Conmission. The Commiasion noted tha suggestions and undertook to take thsm into account when preparing the agenda for the Third South Pacific Conference, ; This is to be determined at the Thirteenth Session of the Com- mission to be held in October 1954, having regard to the recommendations of the Second South Pacific Conforence and suggestions mads by Commissioners.

BBSOnJTIOtf 57; The Conference invites the attention of the Commission to tho following suggestions; (i) All introductory papers on items of the' agenda of Conferences should be ^prepared, as far as possible, by indigenous people, ^ (ii) Introductory papers ^ould not 'be marked - • Hestrioted - but should be widely publicised in all territories well in advance of the Conference. (iii) Basic infornatton papers should be prepared •fay the Commission's technical officers on items of the agenda of Conferences, and circulated to territorial delegations well in advance of the Conference. South Pacific Commission. The Commission; (a) commended rosolution (i) to jartioipating Governments; (b) accepted suggestions (ii) and (iii) and instructed tho Secretaiy-General to take action accordingly. 110

American Samoa. Tha government of American Samoa associates itself com- ' pletely with the spirit of the first section of this resolution. It has already heen noted and this government has infoimed the Department of the Interior and the Department of State that in the event that any introductory paper is to be prepared by this territoiy the indigenous leaders will do the ccmposition themselves except where they may request technical or statistical information.

VMls the remaining sections of this resolution are not referred to the territorial administration for comment, this government would like to be recorded as being in favour of both suggestions put forward by the Conference.

GEHERAI,

HBSOIPTION 58; The Conference is fully aware of tha fact that the efforta of the Commiaaion and of the Gov- ernments to improve the conditions of tha Pacific' peoples depend for their success on the active co- operation of the peoples themselves. The Conference assures the Commission that its dslegates, on returning to the islands which they represent, will do their' utmost to promote this co-operation and will encourage their peoples to play an active and vigorous part in their Government's work programme for carrying out the various projects which had been devised for their bet- terment.

South Pacific Commission, The Commission noted this resolution with appreciation.

RESOLPTION 59; The Conference recommends that the Com- mission explore all possible avenues for associating the territories of the South Paoifio with the activities and programmes of Trusts and Povmdations throughout tha world, to the end that such Trusts and Foundations,- having as their primary aim ths promotion of educational and economic advancement among tha technically backward m.

peoples, nay te made auare of the problems and of the opportunities for assistance which exist in this area. South Pacific ComwJssirn. Ihe Commission was happy to receive this recommendation vMch corresponded with the decision taken by the Coamission at its Session in October 1952. Proposals for enlisting the support of grant making foundations have been developed in .connexion with a number of projects in tha Commis- sion's work programme, As it was considered essential to ultimate success that a senior Commission officer should make personal contacts with foundation personnel in advance of any foraal applications being made, arrangements' were mado for the Ibputy Chairman, Research Council, to undertake such a mission early in 1954. Siscific applications for foundation aid ' . will be drawn up and sutaitted in the li^t of tha infoimation so obtained.

r.BSOIPTION 60; (The Conference reoommends that the Commission should use all means within its power to foster an Interest in, and area studies of, the Pacific Islands by academic bodies throughout the world in order to foster knowledge and understanding of the region, and its peoples and problems. . . , South fecifio Commission, The Commission noted this resolution and will continue its efforts in this direction. Tbe promotion and co-ordination of research and general "clearing- house" activities ly means of which officials and others can be kept informed of research and experiment of interest to them taking place in the South Eacific and elsewhere, are provided for in all three fields of Com- . mission activity r economic developoent, health and social development. Soma instances of action in this regard have been mentioned under particular resolutions, e.g. 52. ' m the implementation t£ projects in its own w'oik programme, it is Commission policy to have regard to and make the fullest possible use of the interest, faoilities and activities of other institutions in fur- ' theriag the. well-bs.ing of South Pacific peoples. 012,

American Samoa, It ia hoped that atudies of the nature contemplated hy this resolution idll he sponsored hy the Tri-Institutional Eacifio i Studies programms now commencing under tha ganeral aupervision of the University of Hawaii,

HESOLUTIOIf 61; The Conference has read with very great interest the preparatory papers circulated to territories on the various items on its agenda, and wishes to record its thanks to the delegations submitting these papers for the thou^t and care devoted to their preparation, . South Eacific The Commission referred this rssolution to participating Governments for cofcminication to these oonoemed.

BESOIflTION 625 The Conference wishes to extend to the people of llauru Island the deep sympathy of tha peoples of the South Pacific, Head Chief Detudamo by his long years of public service and devotion to the people of Nauru has won the respect and admiration of all those of us who are acquainted with his record. Although he is not here with us we feel the presonce of his spirit and know that it will guide 'as in what we do. The principles which made IJetudamo a great Eacific leader will — guide his people through the difficult years ahead. All our island family feel this loss.

South Eacifio Commission, Tha Commission associated itself with tha feelings of sympathy and respect ea^ressed in this message, and asked tte Senior Coimii nsimer for A\istralia to communicate the resolution to tte people of Nauru. 113,

BESOmriOR 63; Tha Conference, on the occasion of tha Coronation of Her Majesty Blizaheth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern . Ireland, and Head of the Commonwealth, requests that the Commission, throu^ correct diplomatio channels, communicate the heartfelt wishes of all the Pacific peoples for a long and prosperous reign. Heoognizlng. tha contrihution which Her Majesty's Government has made to the progress of the South Pacific area, we join together in assuring Her Majesty of our appreciation of the United Kingdom's role in our South Pacific family. We look forvrard with great expectations to the many years of her happy reign.

South Pacific Commission. The Commission ^dly mdertook to give effect to the wish of the Conference, and the resolution was transmitted hy tho Secretary-General to the PrivHrte Secretary to Her Majesty, Queen Blizaheth II, to he laid before Her Majesty, The following acknowledgement was received throu^ Her Majesty's Consul, Noum^ai , "I have "been requested ty Her Ifejesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, London, to convey to you the sincere thanks of Her Majesty The Queen for the kind senti- ments embodied in the terms of the Resolution by the Second South Pacific Conference expressing good wishes to The Queen on Her Majesty's Coronation,"