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Towards Genetic Engineering in Cocoyam Food Crop: Challenges

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Towards Genetic Engineering in Cocoyam Food Crop: Challenges e in G net ts ic n E e n g m i e n c e e n r a i v n Obidiegwu, Adv Genet Eng 2015, 4:2 d g A Advancements in Genetic Engineering DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000121 ISSN: 2169-0111 Review Article Open Access Towards Genetic Engineering in Cocoyam Food Crop: Challenges and Prospects Obidiegwu EJ* National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria *Corresponding author: Jude Ejikeme Obidiegwu, National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike, PMB 7006, Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria, Tel: 234 7052282493; E- mail: [email protected] Rec date: May 19, 2015, Acc date: Jun 24, 2015, Pub date: Jun 26, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Obidiegwu EJ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Cocoyams (Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium) are important staple food in many parts of tropics including Africa, Asia and Pacific. Cocoyam is categorised as a neglected food crop and mainly grown for subsistence agriculture. Attempts to improve the crop have been limited due to knowledge gaps in physiological and biological processes affecting breeding against biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetic engineering offers an alternative platform in advancing improvement. This paper highlights the progress made in tissue culture through micropropagation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. The influence of genotypes, explant sources, and culture media is brought into perspective while elucidating system regeneration efficiency using axillary buds, shoot tips, meristem tips and petiole. The efficiency of transformation system using both Agrobacterium tumefaciens and particle bombardment is highlighted while suggestions are made for future research in genetic engineering. Keywords: Cocoyam; Breeding; Agrobacterium-mediated Research Project (ROTREP) in Cameroon, The Cocoyam Rebirth transformation; Particle bombardment; Genetic engineering Initiative (TCRI) in Nigeria have sought to develop adaptations to production challenges. Part focus of these initiatives is breeding Introduction improvement and international germplasm exchange. The future of cocoyam depends on selection of high yielding, good quality genotypes Cocoyams (Colocasia esculenta and Xanthosoma sagittifolium) are as well as development of low cost technologies that will enhance its important staple food in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The corms and production. A recent report by Onyeka show that available germplasm cormels are edible [1] and are usually cooked by boiling, roasted, is highly susceptible to biotic challenges. The main factor limiting baked, steamed or fried and used as a starchy vegetable [2] or classical inter and intra specific hybridization in cocoyam is the supplemental food [3]. In addition to sustaining food security in irregularity of flowering and the abnormalities of the inflorescence domestic market, it also brings import earnings [4]. They represent an structure. This implies that alternative means of crop improvement excellent source of carbohydrate, the majority being starch of which including genetic engineering needs to be sought. Genetic engineering 17-28% is amylase, and the remainder amylopectin [5]. Cocoyam offers the potential of disease-resistant, transgenic lines that retain the starch is one of the most nutritious and 98.8 percent digestible, a same genetic composition of the original cultivars but with the quality attributed to its granule size making it ideal for people with addition of a few genes that confer disease resistance [9]. This review digestive difficulties [6]. Cocoyams offer an alternative source of daily presents a timely effort in unfolding present knowledge while calories during periods of food scarcity and economic stress [7]. highlighting apparent gaps towards traits improvement. The removal of cocoyam from the focus of Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centres in the past Micropropagation, or Ganogenesis and Somatic contributed to the limited research investment and knowledge Embryogenesis advancement. In addition, many developing countries where cocoyam is grown experience difficulty in sustaining conservation and genetic Plant regeneration from tissue and cell culture help in achieving fast improvement [8]. Two important diseases that leads to considerable clonal multiplication, recovery of pathogen free plants, germplasm decline in yield include the cocoyam root rot disease (CRRD) caused preservation and induction of chromosomal and genic variation Pythium myriotylum and taro leaf blight (TLB) caused by [10,11]. This is most useful in asexually propagated plants like Phytophthora colocasiae. CRRD and TLB have the potential of cocoyam where tubers encourage the pathogen dissemination and depleting the diversity in the already narrow genetic base of these subsequent loss of vigor and productivity [12]. It involves the use of crops because of the high susceptibility of most farmers’ cultivars defined growth media supplemented with appropriate growth which results in their inability to survive in the field [7]. The impacts regulators that enable morphogenesis to occur from naturally growing of these diseases are exacerbated by the fact that cocoyam’s vegetative plant parts. This helps in producing a large number of plants from a mode of propagation supports transmission of diseases from one single individual in short time and in limited space [13]. Table 1 shows generation to the next. different procedures for in vitro culture of various cultivars and target tissue. Cultivars respond differently in respect to callus, shoot and International and regional efforts under the auspices of The somatic embryogenesis induction [9]. Full-strength nutrients are not International Network for Edible Aroids (INEA), Taro Network for conducive for callus formation in C. esculenta var. esculenta [14,15]. Southeast Asia and Oceania (TANSOA), Taro Genetic Resources: Shoots produced with BAP are larger and more normal in appearance Conservation and Utilization project (TaroGen), Root and Tuber than those produced with TDZ, [13]. If the meristem is cultured rather Adv Genet Eng Volume 4 • Issue 2 • 1000121 ISSN:2169-0111 AGE, an open access Citation: Obidiegwu EJ (2015) Towards Genetic Engineering in Cocoyam Food Crop: Challenges and Prospects. Adv Genet Eng 4: 121. doi: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000121 Page 2 of 7 than the whole bud, it is possible to eliminate viruses, which are the initiation of highly regenerable callus is the first step towards an particularly problematic in vegetatively propagated crops. Meristem efficient regeneration system and remains a prime requirement for an culture of cocoyam perform better in terms of yield than virus-infected efficient protoplast culture [20,25]. The protocols developed for C. in vitro plants [16]. Cormels from meristem-derived plants grow faster esculenta var. antiquorum do not appear to be suitable for cultivars and tuberises earlier in comparison with conventionally propagated belonging to var. esculenta. To circumvent this limitation, tissue plants [17]. Meristem-derived plants are also important for a safe culture system capable of producing highly generative calli as well as a exchange of germplasm between countries. In vitro storage of protocol of establishment of in vitro stock culture using shoot tips as cocoyam under minimal growth conditions [18] and cryopreservation explants as well as protocol for inducing calluses and multiple shoots of in vitro shoot tips have been reported as suitable alternatives to field using in vitro shoot tips have been improved [26,27]. A temporary collections [19]. Regeneration of cocoyam plants from protoplasts has immersion technique for large-scale propagation of Xanthosoma been reported [20] due to the establishment of protocols for callus sagittifolium using a bioreactor was developed [28]. The authors initiation. The major limitation remains that the frequency of reported an optimal development with proliferation rate of 68 ± 7% regeneration is very low and takes a long time. While de novo with 20 g l−1 sucrose in the culture medium. regeneration in C. esculenta var. esculenta has been reported [21-24], Genetic material/cultivar Explants Media/reagents References Callus induction C. esculenta var. antiquorum Shoot apex LS+2, 4, 5 T + K + 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mM S [48] C. esculenta var. antiquorum Axillary buds MS+ 20 TE + 2NAA + 0.2BA [14] C. esculenta var. antiquorum Axillary buds Half- strenght MS + 25 TE + 2, 4, 5 T + 200 G [14] C. esculenta var. esculenta Axillary buds MS+ 1 mg NAA 1(-1) + TE [14] C. esculenta var. esculenta Shoot tips MS+ 2 mg/L BA + 1 mg/L NAA [27] C. esculenta var. esculenta Shoot tips LS + 15 p.p.m. IAA or 2 p.p.m. 2,4,5-T [49] X. sagittifolium and X. violaceum Apical meristem AZ + 2.0 mg 1-1 + 1-NAA [50] X. sagittifolium Shoot tips/petiole MS + 1.36 μM dicamba+ 0.045 μM TDZ [51] C. esculenta var. esculenta Shoot tips Nitsch medium + 2, 4-D + 6-BA at 1 mg/liter-1 [25] C. esculenta var. esculenta Etiolated stem segments MS + 30 g/liter-1sucrose + 2 mg/liter-12, 4-D + 2 mg/liter-12 ip [20] Axillary buds MS + 1 mg L-1 BAP + 2.0 mg L-1 NAA [12] Shoot induction C. esculenta var. esculenta Callus BA (2) + NAA (1) [9] C. esculenta var. esculenta Callus BA (0.2) + 2,4-D (0.5) [9] C. esculenta var. esculenta Callus BA (1) + 2,4-D (3) [9] C. esculenta var. esculenta Callus BA (3) + 2,4-D (3) [9] C. esculenta var. esculenta Callus Kinetin (1) + NAA (1.5) [9] C. esculenta var. esculenta Primary shoot apices LS + 5.5 mg 1(-1) NAA +0.2 mg 1-1 K [52] C. esculenta var. esculenta LS + 1.85 mg 1-1 NAA + 2 mg 1-1 K + 10-4 or 10-3 mol•1-1 of [52] Primary shoot apices polyamine spermine C. esculenta var. esculent Axillary buds MS + 20 TE [14] C. esculenta var. esculent Axillary buds 1/2 MS + 100 ml coconut water + 25 TE [14] C. esculenta var.
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