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Home , Tuber, Xanthosoma sagittifolium

and Tuber Crops in Definitions the Tropics ] Root (, sweet ) Cassava \ No leaves or reproductive organs Cocoyam ] Tuber (potato, yams) \ Fleshy Potato \ Minute scale leaves with buds (eyes) ] (aroids, cocoyam and ) Taro \ Short, bulblike underground upright stem \ With scale leaves

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World Production of Root and Tuber Definitions Crops (106 mt)

] FAOSTAT, 2003 \ Rootlike stem 300

\ Upper part with leafy stems 200 \ Lower part with 100

] (lily, onion, tulip) Million mt \ A bud, usually underground 0 \ Short thick stem Taro

[ Roots from below Yams Potato

[ Overlapping scalelike leaves Cassava Cocoyam About half of the potato production SwPotato is in the temperate zone

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Food Utilization of Root and Tuber Feed Utilization of Root and Tuber Crops (1996 data) Crops (1996 data)

Crop Production % in Crop Production % in (1,000 mt) Developing (1,000 mt) Developing Countries Countries Cassava 92,500 > 99.9% Cassava 31,000 71% Potato 161,200 40% Potato 54,900 72% Sweet potato 70,100 98% Sweet potato 58,100 >99% Yam 16,000 99% Yam 400 100% Total 350,900 Total 144,800

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1 Cassava - Manihot esculenta Origins of Major Root and Tuber Crops Yuca, Mandioca, Tapioca

] \ Slender shrub, 5 m

Yam \ Enlarged roots Cocoyam [ Sweet to bitter Sweet [ White to yellow Potato \ Palmate leaves Cassava ] Propagation Taro \ Stem cuttings Potato

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Cassava - Manihot esculenta Cocoyam - sagittifolium Malanga, Tannia, Elephant’s Ear

] Origin ] Plant \ South America \ Perennial herb ] Distribution \ and cormels \ Tropics and subtropics ] Propagation ] Staple in many \ Harvest same plant tropical regions multiple times \ Excellent carbohydrate \ Portions of central corm source

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Cocoyam - Xanthosoma sagittifolium Malanga, Tannia, Elephant’s Ear Potato - Solanum tuberosum

] Origin ] Plant \ West Indies and \ Herbaceous northern S. America \ Subterannean stems ] Distribution \ Leaves \ Tropical regions ] Propagation \ Common in \ Eyes from tubers Indonesia ] Important staple crop ] Adaptation \ Lowland tropics

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2 Potato - Solanum tuberosum Sweet potato - Ipomoea batatas

] Plant ] Origin \ Creeping herb \ Highlands of South \ Enlarged roots vary in America shape and color ] Distribution \ Leaves variable in size, \ Widely cultivated shape, color from highland tropics ] Propagation to temperate zones \ Young stem cuttings ] Adaptation ] Important carbohydrate \ Cool climate adaptation source

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Taro - esculenta Sweet potato - Ipomoea batatas

] Origin ] Plant \ Central America \ Perennial herb ] Distribution \ Subterraneous stem \ Widely cultivated both [ Calcium oxalate crystals in tropics and \ Heart shaped leaves subtropics ] Propagation ] Adaptation \ Suckers \ Tropics to subtropics \ Corm apices with leaf \ Below 2200 m altitude

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Yam , cayenensis and rotundata Taro - Colocasia esculenta (Sixty species cultivated for food and pharmaceuticals)

] Plant ] Origin \ Climbing vine, 10 m \ Southeast Asia \ Tubers vary in ] Distribution shape \ West Africa \ Leaves ovate with \ Caribbean cordate base \ Pacific islands ] Propagation ] \ Tubers ] Staple food in arid regions of Africa

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3 Yam Dioscorea alata, cayenensis and rotundata (Sixty species cultivated for food and pharmaceuticals) Plant Characteristics

] Origin Crop Growth Annual or Planting \ Asia and West Africa period (mo) perennial material Cassava 9-24 Perennial Stem cuttings ] Production \ Mainly Africa Cocoyam 9-12 Perennial Corms ] Adaptation Potato 3-7 Annual Tubers \ Lowland tropics Sweet potato 3-8 Perennial Vine cuttings \ Drought tolerant Taro 6-18 Perennial Corms Yam 8-11 Annual Tubers

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Plant Adaptation Plant Soil Adaptation

Crop Rain Temperature Drought Crop Fertility OM Tolerant of (mm) (ºC) needs requirement swampy land

Cassava 1,000-1,500 25-29 Yes Cassava Low Low No Cocoyam 1,400-2,000 13-29 No Cocoyam High High No Potato 500-750 15-18 No Potato High High No Sweet potato 750-1,000 >24 Yes Sweet potato Low Low No Taro 2,500 21-27 No Taro High High Yes Yam 1,150 25-30 Yes Yam High High No

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Plant Storage Duration Crops compared for Dry Matter Production

Crop Storage time in Post harvest Crop Dry matter production ground storage life Mt/ha/day Cassava 3.0

Cassava Long Short Yam 2.4 Potato 2.2 Cocoyam Long Long Sweet potato 2.1 Potato Short Long Rice 1.9 Sweet potato Long Short Bananas 1.5 Taro Moderate Variable Wheat 1.3 Maize 1.3 Yam Long Long

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4 Crops compared for Edible Energy Production Crops compared for Edible Protein Production

Crop Edible energy production Crop Edible protein production MJ/ha/day kg/ha/day Potato 216 Cabbages 2.0 Yam 182 Potato 1.4 Maize 159 Dry peas 1.4 Sweet potato 152 Wheat 1.3 Rice 151 Lentils 1.3 Wheat 135 Tomatoes 1.2 Cassava 121 Chickpeas 1.1

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Nutritional aspects of root and tuber crops Nutritional Composition of 100 g of Food

FW = fresh weight Crop Percent Protein (g) Food energy Fats Crop Protein Vitamin A Vitamin C water kcal (g) % FW % FW mg/100g FW mg/100g FW Cassava 68 0.9 124 0.1 Cassava 27-36 0.5-2.0 17 50 Beans 69 7.8 118 0.6 Sweet potato 71 1.7 114 0.4 Potato 13-16 2.0 Trace 31 Rice 73 2.0 109 0.1 Yam (raw) 74 2.1 101 0.2 Potato 80 2.1 76 0.1 Sweet potato 18-28 1.0-2.5 900 35 Plantains 80 1.3 77 0.1 Maize (grits) 87 1.2 51 0.1 Yam 18-25 2.5 117 24

Aroids 19-21 2.0 0-42 9

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Future Trends for Root and Tuber Importance of Root and Tuber Crops Crops

] Increased regional production ] Important source food and income for concentration the most food insecure households [ Sub Saharan Africa, 60% cassava production ] Why? [ West Africa, 90% yam production \ High energy production per ha/day [ China, 82% of sweet potato production \ Yield better under adverse conditions than ] Increased specialization of End Use other crops [ Increase of processed forms of food [ Increased use of root/tubers for feed and starch derived products ] Relative importance remain same \ 10.5% of agricultural value

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5 International Research Centers International Research Centers involved with Root and Tuber Crops involved with Root and Tuber Crops

] CIAT () \ Cassava for Americas and Asia ] CIP (Peru) \ Potato \ Sweet potato CIAT \ Andean roots and tubers IITA

] IITA (Nigeria) CIP \ Cassava for Africa \ Yam for Africa

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Any Questions?

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