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Radiations on Static Random Access Memory Cell INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014 ISSN 2277-8616 Radiations On Static Random Access Memory Cell Birinderjit Singh Kalyan Abstract: With increased memory capacity usually comes increased bit line parasitice capacitance. This increased bit line capacitance in turn slows down voltage sensing and makes bit line voltage swing energy expensive resulting in slower more energy hungry memories. A full description of the various methods is beyond the scope of this article; instead, the focus is on providing primary developments that have taken place in the area of radiation effects on SRAM In this paper a comparision of different current mode sense amplifiers with flip flop structures using 0.35µm technology is presented with the effect of Radation effectv of 100 Krad exposures. Simulations results are given regarding sensing delay and power dissipation. Keywords: BL, 0.35µm technology, S-R flip flops, SRAM, current sense amplifiers, Single event upset, Soft error rate, Total ionizing dose, Radiation effects, Single event transient ———————————————————— I. INTRODUCTION III. ANALYTICAL MODELING OF IRRADIATED Sense amplifiers are strongly related to the access time of DEVICE memory, as they are used to retrieve the stored memory data The Compact models are needed to compute analytically the by amplifying the small signal variations in the bit-lines. device characteristics, rapidly enough, for use in circuit Designing fast, low power and robust sense amplifier circuits simulators to design and optimize the performance of ICs. is a challenge. As SRAM [2],[3] chip density increases, the bit The analysis and modeling of the "soft failures" was published lines get longer and longer, resulting in increasing bit line by Kirkpatrick et al . [14] developed formalism for modeling the capacitances. This capacitance creates a problem during diffusion and collection of charge from ionizing particles in Si; reading of the cell data, since it will take a long time for the it was followed by another approach that considered some of driver transistor of SRAM cell to discharge the bit line the details of radiation interactions with ICs. [15] This program capacitance and create high power consumption as well, since formed cornerstone of the cosmic ray SER modeling program. bit lines need to be pre charged to V DD. Therefore to speed up [15] Zoutendyk et al . [16] developed empirical model of SEU the read time, sense amplifiers are utilized. Sense amplifiers for NMOS depletion load SRAM. Geometry-dependent compare the current or voltage of the bit line and its analytical method for predicting upsets for 3-μm CMOS bulk complement and amplify the difference between them to asymmetric SRAM was developed [17]. A SPICE based achieve faster access times. Current sensing scheme seems analysis for SEE had been reported [18],[19],[20],[21]. to be more reliable for realizing high speed and large size memories, as no large voltage swing on bit lines is needed. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show that significant off-state leakage Current mode sense amplifiers sense the difference in the current is observed when devices are irradiated. Recently, an current on the bit lines and amplify the difference. analytical model for irradiated FinFET device has been reported [29]. This model can be used to predict the shift in II. RADIATION SOURCES threshold voltage, mobility degradation, drain current and sub- The amount of radiation that semiconductor devices and threshold leakage current in irradiated FinFET device. materials encounter during their life cycle strongly depends on the radiation environment and their operating conditions. For space missions and military applications, it is obvious that there is a radiation-harsh environment. Cosmic rays, solar particle events, Van Allen radiation belts, nuclear reactors, nuclear explosions, secondary particles and radioactive impurities present in the chip packaging materials are the typical radiation sources. Alpha particles, which are capable of ionizing Si by generating EHPs, are emitted by radioactive impurities that are present in the integrated circuit (IC) package and in the IC itself. Figure1: Off-state leakage current for traps [27]. _______________________ • Birinderjit Singh Kalyan • Electronics and Communication Department, SVIET, Banur. • [email protected] 95 IJSTR©2014 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014 ISSN 2277-8616 Figure 4: SEU immune SRAM cell [31]. Figure2: Off-state leakage current against dose rate [28]. The architecture reported in literature is Dual Interlock Cell (DICE) [32] which has been used in real applications. As The modified cell architectures have been developed to make shown in Figure 4, DICE cell consists of a symmetric structure SRAM cell less sensitive to charge deposited by particle strike. of four CMOS inverters, where each inverter has the n- The first popular solution proposed for SRAM designs is the channel transistor and p-channel transistor, separately Whitaker cell. It has a connection of transistors such that in no controlled by two adjacent nodes storing the same state. The condition a transient in one of the vulnerable nodes can four nodes of the DICE cell form a pair of latches in two propagate, as shown in Figure 3. Another solution that was alternate ways, depending on the stored logic value. The extensively used to harden SRAM cells in old technologies is advantages of the DICE include low transistor count, no static the addition of two large resistors to the cell loop [30]. The power consumption, and rapid recovery time. In addition, the function of the resistors is to delay the propagation of the latch does not depend on specific transistor ratio and process signal across the loop. However, the speed penalty it parameters in order to function properly. Also, DICE latch introduces is incompatible with the performance of advanced design does not upset when a single node collects charge, but SRAM circuits. Hite et al . [31] implemented 256 kB SRAM with upsets when multiple nodes collect charge. transistor resistor cross coupling to increase radiation hardness as shown in Figure 4. For 1-μm, 256-kB SRAM, SEU immunity of less than 1 × 10 -10 errors/bit-day was reported [31].. Figure: 5 DICE latch [32] IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The simulation results are based on the 5V/0.35µm CMOS technology. Comparison tables of different current sense amplifiers and flip-flop structures are presented with the Figure 3: Low-power SEU immune SRAM cell. impact of radiation. 96 IJSTR©2014 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014 ISSN 2277-8616 V. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CURRENT SENSE [7]. A 400MHZ, 300Mw, 8kb, CMOS SRAM Macro with a AMPLIFIERS OF SRAM Current Sensing Scheme by Masanor Izumikawa, 1994 IEEE. Table 1: Comparison of different current sense amplifiers [8]. High Speed Current Mode Sense Amplifier for CMOS SRAM by P.Y. Chee1992 IEEE. Type of Delay(ns) PD(mw) Clocking No. of C.S.A signals Tx’s Clamped 3.4 12.0 3 9 [9]. Novel High Speed Sense Amplifier Based Flip-Flop by Latch 4.6 0.22 1 9 A.G.M.Strollo, D.De Caro, 2005 IEEE. Izumikawa 4.2 0.45 2 7 [10]. A High Speed Sense Amplifier Based Flip Flop by Table 2: Comparison of S-R F/Fs D.De.Caro, E.Napoli, A.G.M.Strollo. [11]. A Low Power Sense Amplifier Flip- Flop with Type of Delay(ns) P (mw) No. of Radiation D Balanced Rise/Fall delay by Rubil Ahmadi, 2006 C.S.A Tx’s (Delays) IEEE. Nikolic 3.8 2.5 16 5 Kim 3.8 6.7 14 5 [12]. CMOS MEMEORY CIRCUITS by Tegze P.Haraszti. Rubil 9.7 2.0 10 12 Stroll 9.3 2.3 12 12 [13]. Current Sensing Techniques for global interconnects in very deep submicron CMOS by Atul Maheshwari Table 3: Overall result and Wayne Burleson, 2001 IEEE. Type of Delay(ns) PD(mw) No. of Radiation [14]. S. Kirkpatrick. "Modeling Diffusion and Collection of C.S.A Tx’s (Delays) Charge from Ionizing Radiation in Silicon Devices," Latch+Nikolic 3.65 3.8 25 6.75 IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-26, no. 11, Latch+Kim 7.15 3.8 23 8.67 pp. 1742-53, Nov.1979. Latch+Rubil 2.45 9.7 19 9.33 Latch+Stroll 2.75 9.3 21 9.45 [15]. G.A. Sai-Halasz, and M.R. Wordeman. "Monte Carlo Modeling of the Transport of Ionizing Radiation VI. CONCLUSION Created Carriers in Integrated Circuits," IEEE Electron A comparative study of various current mode sense amplifiers Device Lett., Vol. EDL-1, no. 10, pp. 211-3, Oct. has been carried out in 0.35µm CMOS technology with the 1980. impact of 100 Krad raditions on SRAM and sense amplifiers. We conclude that Nikolic with latch sense amplifier performs [16]. P.C. Murley, and G.R. Srinivasan. "Soft-Error Monte better in terms of power dissipation and speed without Carlo Modeling Program, SEMM," IBM Journal of radiation, when the 100krad is introduced the simulations the Research and Development, Vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 109- delay increases. The delays increase due to the introduction of 18, Jan. 1996. extra ions in the device which make the memory more inefficient to work in radiated environment. Simulation results [17]. J.A. Zoutendyk, L.S. Smith, G.A. Soli, S.L. Smith, are shown in the above tables as well as in form of waveforms G.E. Atwood, and P. Thieberger. "Empirical Modeling as mentioned below. of Single-Event Upset (SEU) in NMOS Depletion- Mode-Load Static RAM (SRAM) Chips," IEEE Trans. VII. REFERENCES on Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-33,no.6,pp.1581- [1]. Y.Tsiatouhas,A.Chrisanthopoulus, et al.”New memory 5,Dec.1986.
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