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De Cannabismarkt in Nederland

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De Cannabismarkt in Nederland KLPD-Dienst Nationale Recherche Informatie De cannabismarkt in Nederland Raming van aanvoer, productie, consumptie en uitvoer De cannabismarkt in Nederland Raming van aanvoer, productie, consumptie en uitvoer Uitgave: Dienst Nationale Recherche Informatie Postbus 3016 2700 KX Zoetermeer De dienst Nationale Recherche Informatie is een onderdeel van het Korps landelijke politiediensten Zoetermeer, juli 2006 Copyright © 2006 KLPD–DNRI Zoetermeer DNRI nummer 32/2006 Behoudens de door de wet gestelde uitzonderingen, alsmede behoudens voorzover in deze uitgave nadrukkelijk anders is aangegeven, mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar worden gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of op enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van het KLPD. Aan de totstandkoming van deze uitgave is de uiterste zorg besteed. Voor informatie die nochtans onvolledig of onjuist is opgenomen, aanvaarden de auteur(s), redactie en het KLPD geen aansprakelijkheid. Voor eventuele verbeteringen van de opgenomen gegevens houden zij zich gaarne aanbevolen. De cannabismarkt in Nederland Raming van aanvoer, productie, consumptie en uitvoer A.W.M. van der Heijden Inhoud Voorwoord ....................................................................................................................................... III Samenvatting.................................................................................................................................... V 1. Inleiding.............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aanleiding ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Leeswijzer ................................................................................................................ 2 2. Onderzoeksopzet............................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Begripsafbakening ................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Onderzoeksvragen................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Werkwijze................................................................................................................. 5 3. De productie van nederwiet............................................................................................... 7 3.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 De cannabisopbrengst per plant.............................................................................. 8 3.3 Het aantal oogsten per jaar ................................................................................... 10 3.4 Door de politie ontdekte hennepkwekerijen........................................................... 10 3.5 Het elektriciteitsverbruik van hennepkwekerijen ................................................... 12 3.6 Raming aantal kwekerijen...................................................................................... 13 3.7 De spreiding van hennepkwekerijen...................................................................... 15 Ontmantelde hennepkwekerijen ............................................................................ 15 Vernietigde hennepplanten.................................................................................... 15 Growshops............................................................................................................. 16 Coffeeshops........................................................................................................... 16 Meldingen van ‘drugshandel’ bij de stichting Meld Misdaad Anoniem.................. 16 Geregistreerde stroomdiefstallen........................................................................... 16 Resultaten .............................................................................................................. 16 3.8 Voorlopige conclusies over de productie van nederwiet ....................................... 18 4. De consumptie van cannabis .......................................................................................... 21 4.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................. 21 4.2 De prevalentie........................................................................................................ 21 4.3 Het gebruikspatroon............................................................................................... 22 4.4 De verhouding tussen cannabisvariëteiten........................................................... 23 4.5 De verkooppunten.................................................................................................. 24 4.6 De Nederlandse cannabisconsumptie................................................................... 25 4.7 De Europese cannabisconsumptie........................................................................ 27 5. De aanvoer van cannabis................................................................................................ 29 5.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................. 29 5.2 Oorsprong van in Europa geconsumeerde cannabis............................................ 29 5.3 Aard van de aangevoerde cannabis in Europa ..................................................... 31 5.4 Onderschepping van cannabis onderweg naar Nederland................................... 32 5.5 In Nederland in beslag genomen cannabis ........................................................... 32 5.6 Conclusies over de cannabisaanvoer.................................................................... 34 I 6. Transito en export............................................................................................................ 35 6.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................. 35 6.2 Beslag op cannabis afkomstig uit Nederland ........................................................ 36 6.3 Opsporingsonderzoeken en strafzaken................................................................. 38 6.4 Drugstoerisme........................................................................................................ 39 6.5 De toelevering van cannabismarkten in buurlanden ............................................. 40 Groot–Brittannië..................................................................................................... 40 Duitsland ................................................................................................................ 41 België ..................................................................................................................... 43 Frankrijk ................................................................................................................. 43 6.6 Vergelijking met andere soorten drugs.................................................................. 45 6.7 Conclusies over doorvoer en export...................................................................... 47 7. Recapitulatie, synthese en discussie .............................................................................. 49 7.1 Inleiding...................................................................................................................... 49 7.2 Bevindingen over de nederwietproductie .............................................................. 49 7.3 Bevindingen omtrent de Nederlandse cannabisconsumptie................................. 50 7.4 Bevindingen omtrent aanvoer, doorvoer en export ............................................... 50 7.5 De Europese cannabismarkt ................................................................................. 51 7.6 De Nederlandse cannabismarkt ............................................................................ 53 7.7 Discussie................................................................................................................ 53 Productie ................................................................................................................ 53 Consumptie............................................................................................................ 56 Export..................................................................................................................... 56 Besluit .................................................................................................................... 58 Referenties ..................................................................................................................................... 59 II Voorwoord Bij het bestuderen van aspecten van de cannabismarkt in Nederland loopt een onderzoeker al snel aan tegen beperkingen. Veel van de benodigde gegevens zijn niet gemakkelijk beschikbaar. Bovendien varieert de betrouwbaarheid van de data die wel beschikbaar zijn. Daarom is het zinnig een veelheid aan bronnen te raadplegen. Dat is ook gebeurd voor de onderhavige analyse. Het betreft niet alleen bronnen voor cijfermatige gegevens en vakliteratuur,
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