DOCSLIB.ORG

Javascript Technical Interview Questions Prepare Yourself for That Dream Job

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Javascript Technical Interview Questions Prepare Yourself for That Dream Job Javascript Technical Interview Questions Prepare Yourself For That Dream Job Xuanyi Chew This book is for sale at http://leanpub.com/jsinterviewquestions This version was published on 2014-03-19 This is a Leanpub book. Leanpub empowers authors and publishers with the Lean Publishing process. Lean Publishing is the act of publishing an in-progress ebook using lightweight tools and many iterations to get reader feedback, pivot until you have the right book and build traction once you do. ©2014 Xuanyi Chew Contents Sample of Underhanded JavaScript ............................. 1 Introduction .......................................... 2 On IIFE Behaviour ...................................... 3 The Explanation ....................................... 4 Exceptions .......................................... 5 During The Interview .................................... 6 On The Comma Operator ................................... 7 The Explanation ....................................... 7 Miscelleny .......................................... 9 Practice Questions ...................................... 10 During The Interview .................................... 11 On Object Coercion ...................................... 12 The Explanation ....................................... 13 Practice Questions ...................................... 15 During The Interview .................................... 16 Sample of Underhanded JavaScript Hi there! This is the sample of Underhanded JavaScript: How to Be A Complete Arsehole With Bad JavaScript. Included are three chapters (there are 12 more in the proper book when published). I hope you have fun reading it, and eventually, do buy it. Introduction The motivation for me to write this book was originally boredom. I was joking with my colleagues at my startup that JavaScript has so many pitfalls that I could write a book on it. I was then egged on to actually write it, and so I started drafting a series of blog posts when Hacker News went down and I had no other entertainment. Eventually, it became obvious that a collection of JavaScript quirks would be better suited in a book format than a blog post. At the same time, I was doing a few friends a favour by helping them out with interviewing a few candidates for a JavaScript position. I found that the candidates were not able to answer questions derived from the first three chapters of the book. To be fair, I did ask rather obscure questions about JavaScript and I didn’t expect the candidates to do well, for even the most experienced of JavaScript developers fall for some of these. For example: Do you know why "true" == true will return false? What really happens behind the scenes when variables are “hoisted”? Why do numbers in JavaScript act so strangely? This book aims to help potential candidates on their job interview. I do so by debunk the strangeness, and make it not strange. JavaScript doesn’t have quirks once you understand the language. And it is only with mastery of the language will a technical interview go over smoothly. In the book, I also suggest ways to further a conversation in an interview. I had fun writing this book. And I sincerely hope that it will, to some extent help you in getting that dream job of yours. On IIFE Behaviour Immediately Invoked Functions, in particular Immediately Invoked Function Expressions¹ are a commonly used Javascript design pattern. An IIFE is basically where a function is defined, and then immediately called. It is quite useful in compressing code and reducing scope lookups for more effective execution of code. Many people also use IIFEs to prevent pollution of the global namespace. If function foo() is ever going to be called once, and it isn’t ever going to be referenced again, why add foo to the global object? Another oft-quoted reason is for scope privacy. This is especially true in the case of Javascript libraries. By using IIFEs, the variables are all contained within the library’s local scope. Question: What do these return? Example 1 function foo(x) { console.log(arguments) return x } foo(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Example 2 function foo(x) { console.log(arguments) return x }(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Example 3 (function foo(x) { console.log(arguments) return x })(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Answer: ¹http://benalman.com/news/2010/11/immediately-invoked-function-expression/ On IIFE Behaviour 4 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 5 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 1 1 Why? The Explanation The reason why Example 2 returned 5 is because the function definition is actually a type of func- tion definition called a FunctionDeclaration. The ECMAScript specification discriminates be- tween two different kinds of function definitions: FunctionDeclaration, and FunctionExpression. Both are function definitions, and a FunctionDeclaration and a FunctionExpression can both have the same syntax. However, how a function definition is parsed as a FunctionDeclaration depends on a few things. Firstly, the function definition must be named - anonymous functions are not FunctionDeclarations. The function definitions in all three examples above has a name each. Check. Secondly, the function definition cannot be part of an expression. This means that the function definition in a = function a(){} is a FunctionExpression and not a FunctionDeclaration because it’s part of an assignment expression. In Example 3, the addition of the parenthesis before the function definition makes it part of an expression, specifically a grouping expression. However, both Example 1 and 2 are function definitions that stand on their own. Thirdly, FunctionDeclarations cannot be nested inside non-function blocks². In V8/Chrome, the function definitions in Examples 1-3 are actually wrapped in a global function block. This is invisible to the end user, and it’s only when one uses V8’s AST output (d8 --print-ast is the command), one sees the global wrapping block. These are defined in §13 of the ECMAScript 5.1 specification³, for those who are interested in reading more. However the specification isn’t very clear on the latter about FunctionExpression, and much of it was intuited from reading V8’s source code. Another factor in play is the role of scopes. Scopes in Javascript are called Environments. There are different kinds of Environments⁴, but for simplicity, let’s just treat them all the same. Environments hold all the variables defined in it. All code belong to an environment or another. If Example 1 is all there is to the code (i.e. foo() is not defined inside another function or object), then the environment that foo() belongs to is the environment of the global object (in most browsers, this would be window). So, when the code is parsed, the definition of foo() in both Example 1 and 2 is treated as a FunctionDeclaration. What this means is that the function definition is “hoisted” to the top. This makes foo() a property of the global object. ²Not really, as we will see in a later chapter of this book. ³http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-13 ⁴There are two kinds of environments: Lexical Environments and Variable Environments. In general, Variable Environments is used to manage variable use and scope at execution time, while Lexical Environments are used at definition time. This is also commonly known in various other forms in other languages as static scoping. We’re only concerned about the Lexical Environment. Lexical environments can be made of two different types of EnvironmentRecord: DeclarativeEnvironmentRecord and ObjectEnvironmentRecord. For the most part, most code languish in the DeclarativeEnvironmentRecord. The Global Object has its own ObjectEnvironmentRecord though, and when variables are “hoisted”, they are hoisted into the Global Object’s ObjectEnvironmentRecord On IIFE Behaviour 5 Why does this matter? Because when the code in Example 2 is parsed, it’s essentially being parsed as if you did this: function foo(x){ // code }; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) // group expression Chrome and Firefox will happily parse it as a function definition followed by a group expression, which returns 5 in the above case. So, the solution is to make your function definition as an expression (hence the term Immediately Invoked Function Expression). Expressions are evaluated and the results are output, then promptly thrown away (or its values are assigned to a variable). So you’d get a ReferenceError if you did this in Chrome: Example 4 (function foo(x) { console.log(arguments) return x }(1, 2, 3, 4)) foo() // this throws ReferenceError It is precisely this behaviour which makes IIFEs so well-loved. An IIFE protects the variables inside it, and provides privacy from the external environments. An IIFE cannot have its name shared with another function declaration, and hence name collisions will not happen - it cannot be accidentally called. This is what is meant by preventing pollution of the global namespace. Keen-eyed readers will note that Example 4 above is slightly different from Example 3 and wonder why. Example 4 uses the syntax that Douglas Crockford recommends and therefore more commonly seen in the wild. However, Example 3 is still correct, and does make clear the structural difference of a FunctionExpression. Exceptions The Node.js REPL console actually treats Example 2 as a FunctionExpression by wrapping it in parentheses. In fact, if you did call foo after executing that, a ReferenceError will be thrown. When executing a script in the file, however, Node.js will not treat Example 2 as a FuncionExpression. In fact nothing will be returned if you had put Example 2 in a file and run using node foo.js, exactly because there is nothing to be returned. This is also the reason why after a function has been defined in Node.js REPL, it can be invoked thusly: foo)(. This however, has been fixed in the latest version of Node.js In repl.js⁵, the following can be found: ⁵https://github.com/joyent/node/blob/master/lib/repl.js On IIFE Behaviour 6 Node.js’ REPL source code snippet, accurate as at 7th January 2014 262 if (!skipCatchall) { 263 var evalCmd = self.bufferedCommand + cmd; 264 if (/^\s*\{/.test(evalCmd) && /\}\s*$/.test(evalCmd)) { 265 // It's confusing for `{ a : 1 }` to be interpreted as a block 266 // statement rather than an object literal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assignment 4 Computer Science 235 Due Start of Class, October 4, 2005
    Assignment 4 Computer Science 235 Due Start of Class, October 4, 2005 This assignment is intended as an introduction to OCAML programming. As always start early and stop by if you have any questions. Exercise 4.1. Twenty higher-order OCaml functions are listed below. For each function, write down the type that would be automatically reconstructed for it. For example, consider the following OCaml length function: let length xs = match xs with [] -> 0 | (_::xs') = 1 + (length xs') The type of this OCaml function is: 'a list -> int Note: You can check your answers by typing them into the OCaml interpreter. But please write down the answers first before you check them --- otherwise you will not learn anything! let id x = x let compose f g x = (f (g x)) let rec repeated n f = if (n = 0) then id else compose f (repeated (n - 1) f) let uncurry f (a,b) = (f a b) let curry f a b = f(a,b) let churchPair x y f = f x y let rec generate seed next isDone = if (isDone seed) then [] else seed :: (generate (next seed) next isDone) let rec map f xs = match xs with [] -> [] Assignment 4 Page 2 Computer Science 235 | (x::xs') -> (f x) :: (map f xs') let rec filter pred xs = match xs with [] -> [] | (x::xs') -> if (pred x) then x::(filter pred xs') else filter pred xs' let product fs xs = map (fun f -> map (fun x -> (f x)) xs) fs let rec zip pair = match pair with ([], _) -> [] | (_, []) -> [] | (x::xs', y::ys') -> (x,y)::(zip(xs',ys')) let rec unzip xys = match xys with [] -> ([], []) | ((x,y)::xys') -> let (xs,ys) = unzip xys' in (x::xs, y::ys) let rec
    [Show full text]
  • Teach Yourself Perl 5 in 21 Days
    Teach Yourself Perl 5 in 21 days David Till Table of Contents: Introduction ● Who Should Read This Book? ● Special Features of This Book ● Programming Examples ● End-of-Day Q& A and Workshop ● Conventions Used in This Book ● What You'll Learn in 21 Days Week 1 Week at a Glance ● Where You're Going Day 1 Getting Started ● What Is Perl? ● How Do I Find Perl? ❍ Where Do I Get Perl? ❍ Other Places to Get Perl ● A Sample Perl Program ● Running a Perl Program ❍ If Something Goes Wrong ● The First Line of Your Perl Program: How Comments Work ❍ Comments ● Line 2: Statements, Tokens, and <STDIN> ❍ Statements and Tokens ❍ Tokens and White Space ❍ What the Tokens Do: Reading from Standard Input ● Line 3: Writing to Standard Output ❍ Function Invocations and Arguments ● Error Messages ● Interpretive Languages Versus Compiled Languages ● Summary ● Q&A ● Workshop ❍ Quiz ❍ Exercises Day 2 Basic Operators and Control Flow ● Storing in Scalar Variables Assignment ❍ The Definition of a Scalar Variable ❍ Scalar Variable Syntax ❍ Assigning a Value to a Scalar Variable ● Performing Arithmetic ❍ Example of Miles-to-Kilometers Conversion ❍ The chop Library Function ● Expressions ❍ Assignments and Expressions ● Other Perl Operators ● Introduction to Conditional Statements ● The if Statement ❍ The Conditional Expression ❍ The Statement Block ❍ Testing for Equality Using == ❍ Other Comparison Operators ● Two-Way Branching Using if and else ● Multi-Way Branching Using elsif ● Writing Loops Using the while Statement ● Nesting Conditional Statements ● Looping Using
    [Show full text]
  • Programming Inin C++C++ 11.11
    ProgrammingProgramming inin C++C++ 11.11. ControlControl structurestructure IIII ! Iteration statements - while statement - for statement - do statement ! break and continue statements ! goto statement ! Comma operator ! Null statement ! Conditional expression operator ! Summary 1 Introduction to programming in C++ for engineers: 11. Control structure II IterationIteration statements:statements: whilewhile statementstatement The while statement takes the general form: while (control) statement The control expression which is of arithmetic type is evaluated before each execution of what is in a statement. This statement is executed if the expression is not zero and then the test is repeated. There is no do associated with the while!!! int n =5; double gamma = 1.0; while (n > 0) { gamma *= n-- } If the test never fails then the iteration never terminates. 2 Introduction to programming in C++ for engineers: 11. Control structure II IterationIteration statements:statements: forfor statementstatement The for statement has the general form: for (initialize; control; change) statement The initialize expression is evaluated first. If control is non-zero statement is executed. The change expression is then evaluated and if control is still non-zero statement is executed again. Control continues to cycle between control, statement and change until the control expression is zero. long unsigned int factorial = 1; for(inti=1;i<=n; ++i) { factorial *= i; } Initialize is evaluated only once! 3 Introduction to programming in C++ for engineers: 11. Control structure II IterationIteration statements:statements: forfor statementstatement It is also possible for any (or even all) of the expressions (but not the semicolons) to be missing: int factorial = 1,i=1; for (; i<= n; ) { factorial *= i++; { If the loop variable is defined in the initialize expression the scope of it is the same as if the definition occurred before the for loop.
    [Show full text]
  • Component-Based Semantics in K
    FunKons: Component-Based Semantics in K Peter D. Mosses and Ferdinand Vesely Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Modularity has been recognised as a problematic issue of programming language semantics, and various semantic frameworks have been designed with it in mind. Reusability is another desirable feature which, although not the same as modularity, can be enabled by it. The K Framework, based on Rewriting Logic, has good modularity support, but reuse of specications is not as well developed. The PLanCompS project is developing a framework providing an open- ended collection of reusable components for semantic specication. Each component species a single fundamental programming construct, or `funcon'. The semantics of concrete programming language constructs is given by translating them to combinations of funcons. In this paper, we show how this component-based approach can be seamlessly integrated with the K Framework. We give a component-based denition of CinK (a small subset of C++), using K to dene its translation to funcons as well as the (dynamic) semantics of the funcons themselves. 1 Introduction Even very dierent programming languages often share similar constructs. Con- sider OCaml's conditional `if E1 then E2 else E3' and the conditional oper- ator `E1 ? E2 : E3' in C. These constructs have dierent concrete syntax but similar semantics, with some variation in details. We would like to exploit this similarity when dening formal semantics for both languages by reusing parts of the OCaml specication in the C specication. With traditional approaches to semantics, reuse through copy-paste-and-edit is usually the only option that is available to us.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Description
    Perl version 5.10.0 documentation - perltrap NAME perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary DESCRIPTION The biggest trap of all is forgetting to use warnings or use the -wswitch; see perllexwarn and perlrun. The second biggest trap is notmaking your entire program runnable under use strict. The third biggesttrap is not reading the list of changes in this version of Perl; see perldelta. Awk Traps Accustomed awk users should take special note of the following: A Perl program executes only once, not once for each input line. You cando an implicit loop with -n or -p. The English module, loaded via use English; allows you to refer to special variables (like $/) with names (like$RS), as though they were in awk; see perlvar for details. Semicolons are required after all simple statements in Perl (exceptat the end of a block). Newline is not a statement delimiter. Curly brackets are required on ifs and whiles. Variables begin with "$", "@" or "%" in Perl. Arrays index from 0. Likewise string positions in substr() andindex(). You have to decide whether your array has numeric or string indices. Hash values do not spring into existence upon mere reference. You have to decide whether you want to use string or numericcomparisons. Reading an input line does not split it for you. You get to split itto an array yourself. And the split() operator has differentarguments than awk's. The current input line is normally in $_, not $0. It generally doesnot have the newline stripped. ($0 is the name of the programexecuted.) See perlvar. $<digit> does not refer to fields--it refers to substrings matchedby the last match pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • Name Description
    Perl version 5.12.4 documentation - perlop NAME perlop - Perl operators and precedence DESCRIPTION Operator Precedence and Associativity Operator precedence and associativity work in Perl more or less likethey do in mathematics. Operator precedence means some operators are evaluated beforeothers. For example, in 2 + 4 * 5, the multiplication has higherprecedence so 4 * 5 is evaluated first yielding 2 + 20 ==22 and not 6 * 5 == 30. Operator associativity defines what happens if a sequence of thesame operators is used one after another: whether the evaluator willevaluate the left operations first or the right. For example, in 8- 4 - 2, subtraction is left associative so Perl evaluates theexpression left to right. 8 - 4 is evaluated first making theexpression 4 - 2 == 2 and not 8 - 2 == 6. Perl operators have the following associativity and precedence,listed from highest precedence to lowest. Operators borrowed fromC keep the same precedence relationship with each other, even whereC's precedence is slightly screwy. (This makes learning Perl easierfor C folks.) With very few exceptions, these all operate on scalarvalues only, not array values. leftterms and list operators (leftward) left-> nonassoc++ -- right** right! ~ \ and unary + and - left=~ !~ left* / % x left+ - . left<< >> nonassocnamed unary operators nonassoc< > <= >= lt gt le ge nonassoc== != <=> eq ne cmp ~~ left& left| ^ left&& left|| // nonassoc.. ... right?: right= += -= *= etc. left, => nonassoclist operators (rightward) rightnot leftand leftor xor In the following sections, these operators are covered in precedence order. Many operators can be overloaded for objects. See overload. Terms and List Operators (Leftward) A TERM has the highest precedence in Perl. They include variables,quote and quote-like operators, any expression in parentheses,and any function whose arguments are parenthesized.
    [Show full text]
  • YAGL: Yet Another Graphing Language Language Reference Manual
    YAGL: Yet Another Graphing Language Language Reference Manual Edgar Aroutiounian, Jeff Barg, Robert Cohen July 23, 2014 Abstract YAGL is a programming language for generating graphs in SVG format from JSON for- matted data. 1 Introduction This manual describes the YAGL programming language as specified by the YAGL team. 2 Lexical Conventions A YAGL program is written in the 7-bit ASCII character set and is divided into a number of logical lines. A logical line terminates by the token NEWLINE, where a logical line is constructed from one or more physical lines. A physical line is a sequence of ASCII characters that are terminated by an end-of-line character. All blank lines are ignored entirely. 2.1 Tokens Besides the NEWLINE token, the following tokens also exist: NAME, INTEGER, STRING, and OPERATOR, where a LITERAL is either a String literal or an Integer literal. 1 2.2 Comments Comments are introduced by the '#' character and last until they encounter a NEWLINE token, comments do not nest. 2.3 Identifiers An identifier is a sequence of ASCII letters including underscores where upper and lower case count as different letters; ASCII digits may not be included in an identifier. 2.4 Keywords The following is an enumeration of all the keywords required by a YAGL implementation: 'if', `elif', 'for', 'in', 'break', 'func', 'else', 'return', 'continue', 'print', 'while' 2.5 String Literals YAGL string literals begin with a double-quote (") followed by a finite sequence of ASCII characters and close with a double-quote ("). YAGL strings do not recognize escape sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Sensitivity Dot Syntax Literals Semicolons Parentheses
    Case sensitivity ActionScript 3.0 is a case-sensitive language. Identifiers that differ only in case are considered different identifiers. For example, the following code creates two different variables: Dot syntax The dot operator ( . ) provides a way to access the properties and methods of an object. Using dot syntax, you can refer to a class property or method by using an instance name, followed by the dot operator and name of the property or method. For example, consider the following class definition: Literals A literal is a value that appears directly in your code. The following examples are all literals: 17 "hello" -3 9.4 null undefined true false Semicolons You can use the semicolon character ( ; ) to terminate a statement. Alternatively, if you omit the semicolon character, the compiler will assume that each line of code represents a single statement. Because many programmers are accustomed to using the semicolon to denote the end of a statement, your code may be easier to read if you consistently use semicolons to terminate your statements. Parentheses You can use parentheses ( () ) in three ways in ActionScript 3.0. First, you can use parentheses to change the order of operations in an expression. Operations that are grouped inside parentheses are always executed first. For example, parentheses are used to alter the order of operations in the following code: trace(2 + 3 * 4); // 14 trace((2 + 3) * 4); // 20 Second, you can use parentheses with the comma operator ( , ) to evaluate a series of expressions and return the result of the final expression, as shown in the following example: var a:int = 2; var b:int = 3; trace((a++, b++, a+b)); // 7 Third, you can use parentheses to pass one or more parameters to functions or methods, as shown in the following example, which passes a String value to the trace() function: trace("hello"); // hello Comments ActionScript 3.0 code supports two types of comments: single-line comments and multiline comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecmascript: a General Purpose, Cross-Platform Programming Language
    Standard ECMA-262 June 1997 Standardizing Information and Communication Systems ECMAScript: A general purpose, cross-platform programming language Phone: +41 22 849.60.00 - Fax: +41 22 849.60.01 - URL: http://www.ecma.ch - Internet: [email protected] . Standard ECMA-262 June 1997 Standardizing Information and Communication Systems ECMAScript : A general purpose, cross-platform programming language Phone: +41 22 849.60.00 - Fax: +41 22 849.60.01 - URL: http://www.ecma.ch - Internet: [email protected] IW Ecma-262.doc 16-09-97 12,08 . Brief History This ECMA Standard is based on several originating technologies, the most well known being JavaScript™ (Netscape Communications) and JScript™ (Microsoft Corporation). The development of this Standard has started in November 1996. The ECMA Standard is submitted to ISO/IEC JTC 1 for adoption under the fast-track procedure. This ECMA Standard has been adopted by the ECMA General Assembly of June 1997. - i - Table of contents 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance 1 3 References 1 4 Overview 1 4.1 Web Scripting 2 4.2 Language Overview 2 4.2.1 Objects 2 4.3 Definitions 3 4.3.1 Type 3 4.3.2 Primitive value 3 4.3.3 Object 3 4.3.4 Constructor 4 4.3.5 Prototype 4 4.3.6 Native object 4 4.3.7 Built-in object 4 4.3.8 Host object 4 4.3.9 Undefined 4 4.3.10 Undefined type 4 4.3.11 Null 4 4.3.12 Null type 4 4.3.13 Boolean value 4 4.3.14 Boolean type 4 4.3.15 Boolean object 4 4.3.16 String value 4 4.3.17 String type 5 4.3.18 String object 5 4.3.19 Number value 5 4.3.20 Number type 5 4.3.21 Number object 5 4.3.22 Infinity 5 4.3.23
    [Show full text]
  • Minimalistic BASIC Compiler (MBC) Document Version 1.0 Language Reference Manual (LRM) Joel Christner (Jec2160) Via CVN
    COMS‐W4115 Spring 2009 Programming Languages and Translators Professor Stephen Edwards MinimalistiC BASIC Compiler (MBC) Document Version 1.0 Language ReferenCe Manual (LRM) Joel Christner (jec2160) via CVN March 10th, 2009 Table of Contents Table of Contents..................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 IntroduCtion to MBC..........................................................................................................................................3 1.2 Styles Used in this DoCument........................................................................................................................3 1.3 No Humor Found Here.....................................................................................................................................3 2. Lexical Conventions and Program Structure............................................................. 3 2.1 General Program Requirements ..................................................................................................................3 2.1.1 Numerical Line Identifiers ..........................................................................................................................3 2.1.2 Program Termination...................................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Concept and Implementation of C+++, an Extension of C++ to Support User-Defined Operator Symbols and Control Structures
    Concept and Implementation of C+++, an Extension of C++ to Support User-Defined Operator Symbols and Control Structures Christian Heinlein Dept. of Computer Structures, University of Ulm, Germany [email protected] Abstract. The first part of this report presents the concepts of C+++, an extension of C++ allowing the programmer to define newoperator symbols with user-defined priori- ties by specifying a partial precedence relationship. Furthermore, so-called fixary opera- tor combinations consisting of a sequence of associated operator symbols to connect a fixednumber of operands as well as flexary operators connecting anynumber of operands are supported. Finally,operators with lazily evaluated operands are supported which are particularly useful to implement newkinds of control structures,especially as theyaccept whole blocks of statements as operands, too. In the second part of the report, the implementation of C+++ by means of a “lazy” precompiler for C++ is described in detail. 1Introduction Programming languages such as Ada [12] and C++ [10, 4] support the concept of operator overload- ing,i.e., the possibility to redefine the meaning of built-in operators for user-defined types. Since the built-in operators of manylanguages are already overloaded to a certain degree in the language itself (e. g., arithmetic operators which can be applied to integer and floating point numbers, or the plus op- erator which is often used for string concatenation as well), it appears rather natural and straightfor- ward to extend this possibility to user-defined types (so that, e. g., plus can be defined to add complex numbers, vectors, matrices, etc., too).
    [Show full text]
  • Server-Side Javascript 1.2 Reference
    World Wide Web security URLmerchant systemChat community system server navigator TCP/IP HTML Publishing PersonalServer-Side JavaScript Reference Inter ww Version 1.2 Proxy SSL Mozilla IStore Publishing Internet secure sockets layer mail encryption HTMLhttp://www comp.syselectronic commerce JavaScript directory server news certificate Proxy Netscape Communications Corporation ("Netscape") and its licensors retain all ownership rights to the software programs offered by Netscape (referred to herein as "Software") and related documentation. Use of the Software and related documentation is governed by the license agreement accompanying the Software and applicable copyright law. Your right to copy this documentation is limited by copyright law. Making unauthorized copies, adaptations, or compilation works is prohibited and constitutes a punishable violation of the law. Netscape may revise this documentation from time to time without notice. THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. IN NO EVENT SHALL NETSCAPE BE LIABLE FOR INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND ARISING FROM ANY ERROR IN THIS DOCUMENTATION, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY LOSS OR INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS, PROFITS, USE, OR DATA. The Software and documentation are copyright ©1994-1998 Netscape Communications Corporation. All rights reserved. Netscape, Netscape Navigator, Netscape Certificate Server, Netscape DevEdge, Netscape FastTrack Server, Netscape ONE, SuiteSpot and the Netscape N and Ship’s Wheel logos are registered trademarks of Netscape Communications Corporation in the United States and other countries. Other Netscape logos, product names, and service names are also trademarks of Netscape Communications Corporation, which may be registered in other countries. JavaScript is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. used under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape Communications Corporation.
    [Show full text]