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The Pound Sterling
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 13, February 1952 THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey The present essay is the thirteenth in the series ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE published by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics and Social Institutions in Princeton University. The author, R. F. Harrod, is joint editor of the ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Lecturer in economics at Christ Church, Oxford, Fellow of the British Academy, and• Member of the Council of the Royal Economic So- ciety. He served in the Prime Minister's Office dur- ing most of World War II and from 1947 to 1950 was a member of the United Nations Sub-Committee on Employment and Economic Stability. While the Section sponsors the essays in this series, it takes no further responsibility for the opinions therein expressed. The writer's are free to develop their topics as they will and their ideas may or may - • v not be shared by the editorial committee of the Sec- tion or the members of the Department. The Section welcomes the submission of manu- scripts for this series and will assume responsibility for a careful reading of them and for returning to the authors those found unacceptable for publication. GARDNER PATTERSON, Director International Finance Section THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD Christ Church, Oxford I. PRESUPPOSITIONS OF EARLY POLICY S' TERLING was at its heyday before 1914. It was. something ' more than the British currency; it was universally accepted as the most satisfactory medium for international transactions and might be regarded as a world currency, even indeed as the world cur- rency: Its special position waS,no doubt connected with the widespread ramifications of Britain's foreign trade and investment. -
Country Codes and Currency Codes in Research Datasets Technical Report 2020-01
Country codes and currency codes in research datasets Technical Report 2020-01 Technical Report: version 1 Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre Harald Stahl Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 2 Abstract We describe the country and currency codes provided in research datasets. Keywords: country, currency, iso-3166, iso-4217 Technical Report: version 1 DOI: 10.12757/BBk.CountryCodes.01.01 Citation: Stahl, H. (2020). Country codes and currency codes in research datasets: Technical Report 2020-01 – Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Data and Service Centre. 3 Contents Special cases ......................................... 4 1 Appendix: Alpha code .................................. 6 1.1 Countries sorted by code . 6 1.2 Countries sorted by description . 11 1.3 Currencies sorted by code . 17 1.4 Currencies sorted by descriptio . 23 2 Appendix: previous numeric code ............................ 30 2.1 Countries numeric by code . 30 2.2 Countries by description . 35 Deutsche Bundesbank Research Data and Service Centre 4 Special cases From 2020 on research datasets shall provide ISO-3166 two-letter code. However, there are addi- tional codes beginning with ‘X’ that are requested by the European Commission for some statistics and the breakdown of countries may vary between datasets. For bank related data it is import- ant to have separate data for Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man, whereas researchers of the real economy have an interest in small territories like Ceuta and Melilla that are not always covered by ISO-3166. Countries that are treated differently in different statistics are described below. These are – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – France – Spain – Former Yugoslavia – Serbia United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. -
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities [Demonym Is a Name Given to a People Or Inhabitants of a Place.] Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
17. Useful Tables Th is chapter contains useful tables presented in GPO style. Th e tables display various design features most frequently used in Government publications and can be considered examples of GPO style. U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents President Years Vice President Years George Washington ....................................... (1789–1797) John Adams .................................................... (1789–1797) John Adams ..................................................... (1797–1801) Th omas Jeff erson ........................................... (1797–1801) Th omas Jeff erson ............................................ (1801–1809) Aaron Burr...................................................... (1801–1805) George Clinton .............................................. (1805–1809) James Madison ................................................ (1809–1817) George Clinton .............................................. (1809–1812) Vacant .............................................................. (1812–1813) Elbridge Gerry ............................................... (1813–1814) Vacant .............................................................. (1814–1817) James Monroe.................................................. (1817–1825) Daniel D. Tompkins ..................................... (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams ...................................... (1825–1829) John C. Calhoun ............................................ (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson .............................................. (1829–1837) -
Countries Codes and Currencies 2020.Xlsx
World Bank Country Code Country Name WHO Region Currency Name Currency Code Income Group (2018) AFG Afghanistan EMR Low Afghanistan Afghani AFN ALB Albania EUR Upper‐middle Albanian Lek ALL DZA Algeria AFR Upper‐middle Algerian Dinar DZD AND Andorra EUR High Euro EUR AGO Angola AFR Lower‐middle Angolan Kwanza AON ATG Antigua and Barbuda AMR High Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD ARG Argentina AMR Upper‐middle Argentine Peso ARS ARM Armenia EUR Upper‐middle Dram AMD AUS Australia WPR High Australian Dollar AUD AUT Austria EUR High Euro EUR AZE Azerbaijan EUR Upper‐middle Manat AZN BHS Bahamas AMR High Bahamian Dollar BSD BHR Bahrain EMR High Baharaini Dinar BHD BGD Bangladesh SEAR Lower‐middle Taka BDT BRB Barbados AMR High Barbados Dollar BBD BLR Belarus EUR Upper‐middle Belarusian Ruble BYN BEL Belgium EUR High Euro EUR BLZ Belize AMR Upper‐middle Belize Dollar BZD BEN Benin AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BTN Bhutan SEAR Lower‐middle Ngultrum BTN BOL Bolivia Plurinational States of AMR Lower‐middle Boliviano BOB BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Upper‐middle Convertible Mark BAM BWA Botswana AFR Upper‐middle Botswana Pula BWP BRA Brazil AMR Upper‐middle Brazilian Real BRL BRN Brunei Darussalam WPR High Brunei Dollar BND BGR Bulgaria EUR Upper‐middle Bulgarian Lev BGL BFA Burkina Faso AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BDI Burundi AFR Low Burundi Franc BIF CPV Cabo Verde Republic of AFR Lower‐middle Cape Verde Escudo CVE KHM Cambodia WPR Lower‐middle Riel KHR CMR Cameroon AFR Lower‐middle CFA Franc XAF CAN Canada AMR High Canadian Dollar CAD CAF Central African Republic -
Are Pound and Euro the Same Currency?
Are Pound and Euro the Same Currency? Raul Matsushitaa, Andre Santosb, Iram Gleriac, Annibal Figueiredod, Sergio Da Silvab∗ aDepartment of Statistics, University of Brasilia bDepartment of Economics, Federal University of Santa Catarina cDepartment of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas dDepartment of Physics, University of Brasilia Abstract Relying on a fictitious euro some physicists have claimed that the pound and the euro have been locked together for years despite daily changes in their respective exchange rates. They then conclude that pound and euro are in practice the same currency. We employ a novel technique based on time-varying Hurst exponents to assess efficiency and find that, in this respect, the pound and the euro are unambiguously distinct. While the pound is becoming more efficient, this is not the case for the euro. JEL Classification: F31, F32, F41 Keywords: False euro; Exchange rates; Financial efficiency; Hurst exponent 1. Introduction Some physicists have suggested that the pound is redundant in that it behaves like the euro [1, 6]. This claim has received reasonable media coverage in the financial press. The authors devise a fictitious (false) euro to get the euro’s short time series extended. And they find that before 1999, the pound fluctuated against the Deutschemark, the French franc, Finnish markka, Dutch guilder, and Austrian schilling in the same way as it fluctuated against the false euro. After 1999, the same matching pattern was seen between the pound and the euro itself. The correlation coefficients of the pound, Deutschemark and French franc were all similar to that of the actual euro. (Yet the Italian lira followed a different pattern.) According to the two physicists the results show that the pound and the euro have been locked together for years despite daily changes in their respective exchange rates. -
Working Paper No. 86
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Wray, L. Randall Working Paper The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modern Financial System Working Paper, No. 86 Provided in Cooperation with: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Suggested Citation: Wray, L. Randall (1993) : The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modern Financial System, Working Paper, No. 86, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/186771 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modem Financial System by L. Randall Wray* Working Paper No. -
The Story of Israel As Told by Banknotes
M NEY talks The Story of Israel as told by Banknotes Educational Resource FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Developed, compiled and written by: Vavi Toran Edited by: Rachel Dorsey Money Talks was created by Jewish LearningWorks in partnership with The iCenter for Israel Education This educational resource draws from many sources that were compiled and edited for the sole use of educators, for educational purposes only. FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Introduction National Identity in Your Wallet “There is always a story in any national banknote. Printed on a white sheet of paper, there is a tale expressed by images and text, that makes the difference between white paper and paper money.” Sebastián Guerrini, 2011 We handle money nearly every day. But how much do we really know about our banknotes? Which president is on the $50 bill? Which banknote showcases the White House? Which one includes the Statue of Liberty torch? Why were the symbols chosen? What stories do they tell? Banknotes can be examined and deciphered to understand Like other commemoration the history and politics of any nation. Having changed eight agents, such as street times between its establishment and 2017, Israel’s banknotes names or coins, banknotes offer an especially interesting opportunity to explore the have symbolic and political history of the Jewish state. significance. The messages 2017 marks the eighth time that the State of Israel changed the design of its means of payment. Israel is considered expressed on the notes are innovative in this regard, as opposed to other countries in inserted on a daily basis, in the world that maintain uniform design over many years. -
List of European Currencies Totally There Are 31 Different Currencies in Circulation Within Europe
List of European currencies Totally there are 31 different currencies in circulation within Europe. The dominance of the Euro is clearly observed, now the 27 independent countries and dependent territories use it as the legal tender. Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) - European euro Aland Islands (Finland) - European euro Albania - Albanian lek Andorra - European euro Armenia - Armenian dram Austria - European euro Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan manat Belarus - Belarusian ruble Belgium - European euro Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark Bulgaria - Bulgarian lev Croatia - Croatian kuna Cyprus - European euro Czech Republic - Czech koruna Denmark - Danish krone Estonia - European euro Faroe Islands (Denmark) - Faroese krona Finland - European euro France - European euro Georgia - Georgian lari Germany - European euro Gibraltar (UK) - Gibraltar pound Greece - European euro Guernsey (UK) - Guernsey pound Hungary - Hungarian forint Iceland - Icelandic krona Ireland - European euro Isle of Man (UK) - Manx pound Italy - European euro Jersey (UK) - Jersey pound Kazakhstan - Kazakhstani tenge Kosovo - European euro Latvia - European euro Liechtenstein - Swiss franc Lithuania - European euro Luxembourg - European euro Macedonia (FYROM) - Macedonian denar Malta - European euro Moldova - Moldovan leu Monaco - European euro Montenegro - European euro Netherlands - European euro Norway - Norwegian krone Poland - Polish zloty Portugal - European euro Romania - Romanian leu Russia - Russian ruble San Marino - European euro Serbia - Serbian dinar Slovakia - European euro Slovenia - European euro Spain - European euro Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway) - Norwegian krone Sweden - Swedish krona Switzerland - Swiss franc Turkey - Turkish lira Ukraine - Ukrainian hryvnia United Kingdom - Pound sterling Vatican City (Holy See) - Make and Share Free Checklists checkli.com. -
South Sudanese Pound Managed Under Floating Exchange Regime: Prospects and Challenges
10 South Sudanese Pound Managed Under Floating Exchange Regime: Prospects and Challenges Andrew Ssemwanga Introduction South Sudan voted overwhelmingly for secession from Sudan and became a new independent African nation on 9 July 2011. South Sudan has already enacted key laws to ensure the smooth running of the country, e.g. Transitional Constitution, a Central Bank law and others. A managed float exchange rate regime to ensure macroeconomic stability has been adopted and a new currency in the name of the South Sudanese Pound (SSP) is already in circulation. South Sudan is faced with a lot of social and economic problems that include limited access to basic education, healthcare, food, water, high inflation, sovereign debt, low level of national revenue and others. Most of the problems have been exacerbated by suspending oil production during January 2012. The Government of South Sudan has come up with a number of measures to address the shortfall in oil revenue and also the over- dependence on oil revenue by establishing a Non-Oil Revenue Action Plan as well as instituting austerity measures that relate to Government expenditure. Basing on studies carried out by the IMF and World Bank as reported by Simwaka (2010), a number of Sub-Sahara African countries performed well in terms of GDP and exports for the period 2002 to 2008. These include Kenya and Nigeria which were using a managed float exchange regime for the whole period. However, their annual average percentage changes in consumer prices were rather high. Results from Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium 10- Post-Referendum Sudan- Ssemwanga.indd 183 08/06/2014 01:03:40 184 Post-Referendum Sudan: National and Regional Questions Model (DSGE) which were done by Vencatachellum (2007) show that for a median net oil exporting country, a doubling in the price of oil would increase its gross domestic product while a rate of inflation would increase and there would be an appreciation of exchange rate. -
New Staff Information
Moving to Ascension Island Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-employment Checks ............................................................................................ 3 Moving to Ascension .................................................................................................. 4 Getting here ............................................................................................................ 5 Freight and moving your personal effects ............................................................... 5 Shipping a Personal Vehicle ................................................................................... 6 Pets ........................................................................................................................ 6 Accommodation ...................................................................................................... 8 Bedding .................................................................................................................. 9 TV and Radio .......................................................................................................... 9 Clothing .................................................................................................................. 9 Clothes for work .................................................................................................... 10 Medical Care ....................................................................................................... -
Taseko Reports First Quarter 2021 Financial & Operating Results
TASEKO REPORTS FIRST QUARTER 2021 FINANCIAL & OPERATING RESULTS This release should be read with the Company’s Financial Statements and Management Discussion & Analysis ("MD&A"), available at www.tasekomines.com and filed on www.sedar.com. Except where otherwise noted, all currency amounts are stated in Canadian dollars. Taseko’s 75% owned Gibraltar Mine is located north of the City of Williams Lake in south-central British Columbia. Production volumes stated in this release are on a 100% basis unless otherwise indicated. May 5, 2021, Vancouver, BC – Taseko Mines Limited (TSX: TKO; NYSE American: TGB; LSE: TKO) ("Taseko" or the "Company") reports the results for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The Company reported Earnings from mining operations before depletion and amortization of $30.3 million and Adjusted EBITDA* of $23.7 million, which represent increases of 412% and 344%, respectively, over the first quarter of 2020. For the first quarter 2021, the Company had an adjusted net loss of $5.5 million, or ($0.02) per share. Russell Hallbauer, CEO and Director of Taseko, commented, “Strong earnings in the first quarter were supported by a steadily rising copper price which reached its highest price in a decade, and sits today at about US$4.50 per pound. We made good progress with detailed engineering at Florence and a favourable appeals court decision was received which clears the way for construction to begin in a few months upon receipt of the final key permit. We also took advantage of strong market conditions to successfully refinance and upsize our bonds during the quarter, and at current copper prices the Florence project could be fully funded with cashflow from Gibraltar. -
' A'history'of'alternative'currencies'
' A'History'of'Alternative'Currencies' ! ' Garrick'Hileman' ! ! ! ! Abstract:'Alternative'currencies,'which'are'defined'as'any'nonElegal'tender'medium'of' exchange,'have'been'a'regular'feature'of'the'economic'landscape'over'the'last'halfE millennia.'A'survey'of'this'history'finds'that'alternative'currencies'often'arise'out'of'similar' socioEeconomic'circumstances'and'then'cease'to'circulate'within'a'relatively'short'time' after'their'introduction.'This'pattern'of'decline'is'explained'largely'by'three' forces:'regulation,'technological'innovation,'and'–'most'commonly'–'insufficient'demand' due'to'factors'such'as'transaction'inefficiencies,'low'institutional'support,'and'diminished' social'motivation.'PresentEday'alternative'currencies,'such'as'bitcoin'and'the'Brixton' pound,'show'both'similarities'and'differences'with'past'alternative'currencies.'Bitcoin'in' particular'possesses'several'radical'new'characteristics,'including'a'relatively'decentralized' structure,'efficient'transactions'across'borders,'global'awareness,'and'support'from' powerful'institutions.' ' ' JEL:'E40,'E42,'E49,'E50,'E51,'E58,'E59' ' Keywords:'money,'currencies,'alternative'currencies,'community'currencies,'parallel'currencies,' bitcoin,'Brixton'pound,'black'market' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Garrick'Hileman'([email protected])' London'School'of'Economics' Economic'History'Department' Houghton'Street' London'WC2A'2AE' England' ' © Garrick'Hileman'2013' Last'updated:'29'October'2014' I. Introduction! ' In'an'influential'1974'paper'economist'Benjamin'Klein'stated'“few'areas'of'economic'