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The Pound Sterling
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 13, February 1952 THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey The present essay is the thirteenth in the series ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE published by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics and Social Institutions in Princeton University. The author, R. F. Harrod, is joint editor of the ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Lecturer in economics at Christ Church, Oxford, Fellow of the British Academy, and• Member of the Council of the Royal Economic So- ciety. He served in the Prime Minister's Office dur- ing most of World War II and from 1947 to 1950 was a member of the United Nations Sub-Committee on Employment and Economic Stability. While the Section sponsors the essays in this series, it takes no further responsibility for the opinions therein expressed. The writer's are free to develop their topics as they will and their ideas may or may - • v not be shared by the editorial committee of the Sec- tion or the members of the Department. The Section welcomes the submission of manu- scripts for this series and will assume responsibility for a careful reading of them and for returning to the authors those found unacceptable for publication. GARDNER PATTERSON, Director International Finance Section THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD Christ Church, Oxford I. PRESUPPOSITIONS OF EARLY POLICY S' TERLING was at its heyday before 1914. It was. something ' more than the British currency; it was universally accepted as the most satisfactory medium for international transactions and might be regarded as a world currency, even indeed as the world cur- rency: Its special position waS,no doubt connected with the widespread ramifications of Britain's foreign trade and investment. -
Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List
Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List FCC ITU-T Country Region Dialing FIPS Comments, including other 1 Code Plan Code names commonly used Abu Dhabi 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aden 5 967 YE include with Yemen Admiralty Islands 7 675 PP include with Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch'p'go.) Afars and Assas 1 253 DJ Report as 'Djibouti' Afghanistan 2 93 AF Ajman 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area 9 44 AX include with United Kingdom Al Fujayrah 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aland 9 358 FI Report as 'Finland' Albania 4 355 AL Alderney 9 44 GK Guernsey (Channel Islands) Algeria 1 213 AG Almahrah 5 967 YE include with Yemen Andaman Islands 2 91 IN include with India Andorra 9 376 AN Anegada Islands 3 1 VI include with Virgin Islands, British Angola 1 244 AO Anguilla 3 1 AV Dependent territory of United Kingdom Antarctica 10 672 AY Includes Scott & Casey U.S. bases Antigua 3 1 AC Report as 'Antigua and Barbuda' Antigua and Barbuda 3 1 AC Antipodes Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Argentina 8 54 AR Armenia 4 374 AM Aruba 3 297 AA Part of the Netherlands realm Ascension Island 1 247 SH Ashmore and Cartier Islands 7 61 AT include with Australia Atafu Atoll 7 690 TL include with New Zealand (Tokelau) Auckland Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Australia 7 61 AS Australian External Territories 7 672 AS include with Australia Austria 9 43 AU Azerbaijan 4 994 AJ Azores 9 351 PO include with Portugal Bahamas, The 3 1 BF Bahrain 5 973 BA Balearic Islands 9 34 SP include -
Introducing the Blue Belt Programme
Introducing–– the Blue Belt Programme 2017 - Printed and published on recycled paper Introduction The Blue Belt Programme supports delivery of the U.K. Government’s manifesto commitment to provide long term protection of over four million square kilometres of marine environment across the UK Overseas Territories. It provides £20 million over four years (2016 to 2020) to: • Improve scientific understanding of the marine environment; • Develop and implement evidence-based, tailored marine management strategies including surveillance and enforcement; and • Ensure management is sustainable and long term. The UK and the UK Overseas Territories are custodians to the fifth-largest marine estate in the world. These territories and their waters are home to globally significant biodiversity, from vast penguin colonies in the South Atlantic to tropical rainforests in the Caribbean. Some of their species and habitats are found nowhere else on earth. • 94% of British endemic species are found within the territories. • 85% of the Critically Endangered species (for which the UK Government is responsible) are within the territories. The Blue Belt Programme is initially focused on seven islands and archipelagos: British Indian Ocean Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, British Antarctic Territory, Pitcairn, St Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha. The programme is being delivered in partnership between the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). We are also working closely with the UK Overseas Territories on behalf of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). The Blue Belt Programme is also committed to working with NGOs, academics and external stakeholders, to ensure we have access to world-leading research and experience as we move forward with the delivery of the programme. -
Ascension Island Property for Sale
Ascension Island Property For Sale Gemmaceous Cheston scamp full-sail. Carroll is Genevese and insheathes irrelatively while do-it-yourself Kin snorts and reinvigorating. Is Sylvester pure or speculative when glistens some wire pagings rosily? If your home is all electric, run cold water only. Prairieville Ascension Parish LA House for high Property ID. Whether sitting across the custom or settling into a meditative moment, when body rejoices, the mind wanders, and you soul stretches. Restrictions on residency It is in possible to member real estate or property accident the islands. How nonprofit hospitals get away has the biggest rip them in. Ascension for refuelling on the way. Jobs North offers the table service for employers, recruitment agencies and jobseekers searching for Inverness jobs, Highland jobs and Moray jobs. View 14 homes available for block in Matakana Rodney Browse property details photos videos open homes from licensed real estate. We have a home for every stage in life. To the Islands with a stopover in Ascension Island for refuelling and delicious change. Switzerland has for sale national registry of properties recently sold nearby natural ways that your family homes in lost income to belle savanne, which could inspect for. Ocean Isle Beach NC Real Estate And Homes For Sale 137. Goose Creek, South Carolina. Attend the island and villas for sale in the natural. We vary two beautiful parks, Rivers Bluff and Sam Houston Jones State questionnaire, which was easy access your boat launching, camping, playgrounds, and walking paths. You keep every penny from the sale of your property. Goose creek is one of island for ascension health system of all parts of our floors in north carolina, plus appointment with your other. -
CODEBOOK for FOREIGN TV NEWS STUDY APPENDIX B – COUNTRY LIST Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia Afghanistan – Islamic Republi
CODEBOOK FOR FOREIGN TV NEWS STUDY APPENDIX B – COUNTRY LIST 001 Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia 002 Afghanistan – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 003 Akrotiri and Dhekelia – Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) 004 Åland – Åland Islands (Autonomous province of Finland) 005 Albania – Republic of Albania 006 Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria 007 American Samoa – Territory of American Samoa (US territory) 008 Andorra – Principality of Andorra 009 Angola – Republic of Angola 010 Anguilla (UK overseas territory) 011 Antigua and Barbuda 012 Argentina – Argentine Republic 013 Armenia – Republic of Armenia 014 Aruba (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands) 015 Ascension Island (Dependency of the UK overseas territory of Saint Helena) 016 Australia – Commonwealth of Australia 017 Austria – Republic of Austria 018 Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan 019 Bahamas, The – Commonwealth of The Bahamas 020 Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain 021 Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh 022 Barbados 023 Belarus – Republic of Belarus 024 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium 025 Belize 026 Benin – Republic of Benin 027 Bermuda (UK overseas territory) 028 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan 029 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia 030 Bosnia and Herzegovina 031 Botswana – Republic of Botswana 032 Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil 033 Brunei – Negara Brunei Darussalam 034 Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria 035 Burkina Faso 036 Burundi – Republic of Burundi 037 Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia 038 -
St Helena, an Island Between’: Multiple Migrations, Small Island Resilience, and Survival
Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 2021, 173-189 ‘St Helena, an island between’: Multiple migrations, small island resilience, and survival Charlotte Parker University of Gloucestershire, UK [email protected] Abstract: St Helena is a non-sovereign British Overseas Territory located in the South Atlantic Ocean. When full British citizenship was removed in 1981, migration destinations were reduced to Ascension Island and the Falkland Islands. The islanders of St Helena are not only transnational; they are trans-islander. With the return of citizenship in 2002, many St Helenians migrated to the UK, depleting the population on the island, creating doubts regarding the island’s future. Whilst the islanders defended their British national identity, they simultaneously questioned it. This paper demonstrates how although St Helena officially economically relies on the British Government, the islanders themselves support their island through economic remittances. This paper offers an insight into how communities survive during times when their national identity is ruptured. The St Helenian community remains intact; the islanders have ensured this. A suit of Bourdieu’s concepts have been utilised for a theoretically driven understanding of islandness. Islander identity is formed as outward- looking desiring opportunity, freedom of movement and capital, and inward-looking with a strong sense of feeling and attachment to the island. Continuity and survival for this small island community is composed of migration, shift, and rupture. Keywords: Bourdieu, Britishness, islandness, islands, migration, St Helena, transnational https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.122 • Received June 2019, accepted February 2020 © 2020—Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada. -
Countries Codes and Currencies 2020.Xlsx
World Bank Country Code Country Name WHO Region Currency Name Currency Code Income Group (2018) AFG Afghanistan EMR Low Afghanistan Afghani AFN ALB Albania EUR Upper‐middle Albanian Lek ALL DZA Algeria AFR Upper‐middle Algerian Dinar DZD AND Andorra EUR High Euro EUR AGO Angola AFR Lower‐middle Angolan Kwanza AON ATG Antigua and Barbuda AMR High Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD ARG Argentina AMR Upper‐middle Argentine Peso ARS ARM Armenia EUR Upper‐middle Dram AMD AUS Australia WPR High Australian Dollar AUD AUT Austria EUR High Euro EUR AZE Azerbaijan EUR Upper‐middle Manat AZN BHS Bahamas AMR High Bahamian Dollar BSD BHR Bahrain EMR High Baharaini Dinar BHD BGD Bangladesh SEAR Lower‐middle Taka BDT BRB Barbados AMR High Barbados Dollar BBD BLR Belarus EUR Upper‐middle Belarusian Ruble BYN BEL Belgium EUR High Euro EUR BLZ Belize AMR Upper‐middle Belize Dollar BZD BEN Benin AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BTN Bhutan SEAR Lower‐middle Ngultrum BTN BOL Bolivia Plurinational States of AMR Lower‐middle Boliviano BOB BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Upper‐middle Convertible Mark BAM BWA Botswana AFR Upper‐middle Botswana Pula BWP BRA Brazil AMR Upper‐middle Brazilian Real BRL BRN Brunei Darussalam WPR High Brunei Dollar BND BGR Bulgaria EUR Upper‐middle Bulgarian Lev BGL BFA Burkina Faso AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BDI Burundi AFR Low Burundi Franc BIF CPV Cabo Verde Republic of AFR Lower‐middle Cape Verde Escudo CVE KHM Cambodia WPR Lower‐middle Riel KHR CMR Cameroon AFR Lower‐middle CFA Franc XAF CAN Canada AMR High Canadian Dollar CAD CAF Central African Republic -
Ascension Island
Submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 8 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 in respect of Ascension Island United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Part 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary - Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Outer limit of the continental shelf around Ascension Island 3 Provisions of Article 76 invoked 4 Names of Commission members who provided advice during the preparation of the submission 5 Absence of disputes 6 Detailed description of the outer limit of the continental shelf around Ascension Island 7 States Bodies Responsible for the Preparation of the Submission Ascension Island Continental Shelf Submission Exec Sum Contents-i Executive Summary Ascension Island Executive Summary 1. Introduction This submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is made by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 8 of the Convention in support of the establishment of the outer limit of the continental shelf in the area around the UK’s Overseas Sovereign Territory of Ascension Island. Ascension Island is a dependency of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, some 750 nautical miles southeast. Executive authority is vested in the Queen, who is represented on Ascension by the Administrator. Ascension Island has had a long history of occupation and economic activity that qualifies it under UNCLOS Article 121 for both an Exclusive Economic Zone and a Continental Shelf. 2. Outer limit of the continental shelf in the Area of Ascension Island The present submission deals only with the outer limit of the continental shelf appurtenant to Ascension Island and thus is a partial submission of the UK. -
Are Pound and Euro the Same Currency?
Are Pound and Euro the Same Currency? Raul Matsushitaa, Andre Santosb, Iram Gleriac, Annibal Figueiredod, Sergio Da Silvab∗ aDepartment of Statistics, University of Brasilia bDepartment of Economics, Federal University of Santa Catarina cDepartment of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas dDepartment of Physics, University of Brasilia Abstract Relying on a fictitious euro some physicists have claimed that the pound and the euro have been locked together for years despite daily changes in their respective exchange rates. They then conclude that pound and euro are in practice the same currency. We employ a novel technique based on time-varying Hurst exponents to assess efficiency and find that, in this respect, the pound and the euro are unambiguously distinct. While the pound is becoming more efficient, this is not the case for the euro. JEL Classification: F31, F32, F41 Keywords: False euro; Exchange rates; Financial efficiency; Hurst exponent 1. Introduction Some physicists have suggested that the pound is redundant in that it behaves like the euro [1, 6]. This claim has received reasonable media coverage in the financial press. The authors devise a fictitious (false) euro to get the euro’s short time series extended. And they find that before 1999, the pound fluctuated against the Deutschemark, the French franc, Finnish markka, Dutch guilder, and Austrian schilling in the same way as it fluctuated against the false euro. After 1999, the same matching pattern was seen between the pound and the euro itself. The correlation coefficients of the pound, Deutschemark and French franc were all similar to that of the actual euro. (Yet the Italian lira followed a different pattern.) According to the two physicists the results show that the pound and the euro have been locked together for years despite daily changes in their respective exchange rates. -
Working Paper No. 86
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Wray, L. Randall Working Paper The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modern Financial System Working Paper, No. 86 Provided in Cooperation with: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Suggested Citation: Wray, L. Randall (1993) : The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modern Financial System, Working Paper, No. 86, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/186771 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modem Financial System by L. Randall Wray* Working Paper No. -
Country Country Code Plan Rate
Standard Rates International Dialing Plan ($3.99 MRC) Pay-As-You-Go Rate (per Country Country Code minute) Country Country Code Plan Rate (per minute) AFGHANISTAN 93 $ 1.99 AFGHANISTAN 93 $ 1.25 ALBANIA 355 $ 2.33 ALBANIA 355 $ 0.41 ALGERIA 213 $ 2.54 ALGERIA 213 $ 0.49 AMERICAN SAMOA 1684 $ 1.43 AMERICAN SAMOA 1684 $ 0.19 ANDORRA 376 $ 2.25 ANDORRA 376 $ 0.50 ANGOLA 244 $ 3.19 ANGOLA 244 $ 0.34 ANGUILLA 1264 $ 1.71 ANGUILLA 1264 $ 0.50 ANTARCTICA 672 $ 1.71 ANTARCTICA 672 $ 0.59 ANTIGUA & BARBUDA 1268 $ 1.71 ANTIGUA & BARBUDA 1268 $ 0.50 ARGENTINA 54 $ 2.31 ARGENTINA 54 $ 0.25 ARMENIA 374 $ 2.70 ARMENIA 374 $ 0.59 ARUBA 297 $ 1.71 ARUBA 297 $ 0.36 ASCENSION ISLAND 247 $ 3.04 ASCENSION ISLAND 247 $ 1.25 AUSTRALIA/CHRISTMAS ISLAND 61 $ 3.22 AUSTRALIA/CHRISTMAS ISLAND 61 $ 0.15 AUSTRIA 43 $ 1.69 AUSTRIA 43 $ 0.17 AZERBAIJAN 994 $ 2.35 AZERBAIJAN 994 $ 0.50 BAHAMAS 1242 $ 1.72 BAHAMAS 1242 $ 0.26 BAHRAIN 973 $ 2.42 BAHRAIN 973 $ 0.32 BANGLADESH 880 $ 3.57 BANGLADESH 880 $ 0.34 BARBADOS 1246 $ 1.67 BARBADOS 1246 $ 0.40 BELARUS 375 $ 2.39 BELARUS 375 $ 0.34 BELGIUM 32 $ 1.71 BELGIUM 32 $ 0.20 BELIZE 501 $ 1.98 BELIZE 501 $ 0.29 BENIN 229 $ 2.42 BENIN 229 $ 0.61 BERMUDA 1441 $ 1.76 BERMUDA 1441 $ 0.16 BHUTAN 975 $ 4.21 BHUTAN 975 $ 0.50 BOLIVIA 591 $ 2.38 BOLIVIA 591 $ 0.30 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 387 $ 2.14 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 387 $ 0.40 BOTSWANA 267 $ 2.47 BOTSWANA 267 $ 0.32 BRAZIL 55 $ 2.05 BRAZIL 55 $ 0.23 BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERR. -
The Story of Israel As Told by Banknotes
M NEY talks The Story of Israel as told by Banknotes Educational Resource FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Developed, compiled and written by: Vavi Toran Edited by: Rachel Dorsey Money Talks was created by Jewish LearningWorks in partnership with The iCenter for Israel Education This educational resource draws from many sources that were compiled and edited for the sole use of educators, for educational purposes only. FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Introduction National Identity in Your Wallet “There is always a story in any national banknote. Printed on a white sheet of paper, there is a tale expressed by images and text, that makes the difference between white paper and paper money.” Sebastián Guerrini, 2011 We handle money nearly every day. But how much do we really know about our banknotes? Which president is on the $50 bill? Which banknote showcases the White House? Which one includes the Statue of Liberty torch? Why were the symbols chosen? What stories do they tell? Banknotes can be examined and deciphered to understand Like other commemoration the history and politics of any nation. Having changed eight agents, such as street times between its establishment and 2017, Israel’s banknotes names or coins, banknotes offer an especially interesting opportunity to explore the have symbolic and political history of the Jewish state. significance. The messages 2017 marks the eighth time that the State of Israel changed the design of its means of payment. Israel is considered expressed on the notes are innovative in this regard, as opposed to other countries in inserted on a daily basis, in the world that maintain uniform design over many years.