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Citrus Tristeza Disease a New Threat for the Caribbean Basin. Report of a Survey to Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad

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Citrus Tristeza Disease a New Threat for the Caribbean Basin. Report of a Survey to Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad ° Fruits - vol. 47, 11 3, 1992 393 Citrus Tristeza disease a new threat for the Caribbean Basin. Report of a survey to Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad. B. AUBERT, J. ETIENNE, R. COTTIN, F. LECLANT, Ph. CAO VAN,C. VUILLAUME,C. JARAMILLO and G. BARBEAU* CITR US TRISTEZA DISEASE A NEW THREAT FOR THE LA TRJSTEZA UNE NOUVELLE MENACE POUR CARIBBEAN BASIN. L'AGRUMICULTURE CARIBEENNE. REPORT OF A SURVEY TO COLOMBIA, DOMINICAN COMPTE RENDU D'INVENTAIRE EN COLOMBIE, REPUBLIC, GUADELOUPE, MARTINIQUE AND TRJNIDAD. REPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE, GUADELOUPE, MARTINIQUE B. AUBERT, J. ETIENNE, R. COTTIN, F. LECLANT, Ph. CAO VAN, ET TRINIDAD. C. VUILLAUME, C. JARAMILLO and G. BARBEAU. B. AUBERT, J. ETIENNE, R. COTTIN, F. LECLANT, Ph. CAO VAN, ° C. VUILLAUME, C. JARAMILLO et G. BARBEAU. Fruits, May-Jun. 1992, vol. 47, n 3, p.393-404. Fruits, May-Jun. J 992, vol. 47, n ° 3, p. 393-404. ABSTRACT - The brown citrus aphid Toxoptera citricidus Kirkaldy was reccntly found in various territories of the Eastern Ca ribbean RESUME - Le puceron brun des agrumes Toxoptera citricidus Kir­ area. This most efficient vector of Tristeza is present in Trinidad kaldy est subitement apparu dans les îles de l'arc caraïbe. Il s'agit du with some occasional CTV infected citrus plants. T. citricidus was vecteur Je plus efficace du virus de la Tristeza. A Trinidad sa présence reported for the first time in 199 J from French West Indies (Marti­ est associée à celle de ce virus. Da ns les Antilles françaises (Martini­ nique and Guadeloupe). But so far CTV detection by ELISA tests que et Guadeloupe) T. citricidus a été observé fin J 991 mais tous les failed to give positive results in these Islands. T. citricidus was also tests de dépistage de la Tristeza se sont avérés jusqu'ici négatifs. found recently in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico thus T. citricidus, qui a été également signalé à St Domingue et Puerto threatening to invade Cuba and Florida in the future. Rico. risque de gagner assez rapidement Cuba et la Floride. AN INTRODUCTION TO second expedition of Columbus to Hi spanio la (Dominican AND ITS APHID CITRVECTORSUS TRISTEZA Republic) in 1493 ( 1 ). Citrus was subsequently disseminat­ ed to continental America essentially by seeds, a propa­ Historical and epidemiological background. gating method that avoids the transmission of most virus and virus-like diseases of citrus, especially Tristeza. No species are indigenous to America. The first Citrus (CTV) and its efficient aphid introduction of this botanical genus took place under the Citrus Tristeza Virus vector (Kirkaldy) were introduced into form of seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons during the Toxoptera ci tri ci dus Argentina in the 1930's apparently through contaminated * - AUBERT - Director of the Citrus Program - CIRAD-IRFA planting material originated from South Africa. The imme­ B.P. 5035 - 34032 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 01 - France. ETIENNE - Entomologist INRA - Dt Zoologie et Lutte biologique diate consequence was the development of CTV epidemics CRAAG - 97 185 POINTE A PITRE CEDEX - Guadeloupe - France. in Argentina and Brazil, destroying large plantations of COTTIN et CAO V AN - Citrus specialists - CIRAD-IRFA - B.P. 153 oranges previously established on sour orange rootstock 97202 FORT DE FRANCE - Martinique - France LECLANT - Pr Entomology ENSA-INRA - UFR Ecologie animale (2). 34060 MONTPELLIER CEDEX O 1 - France VUILLAUME et JARAMILLO - Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario Since the introduction of both organisms into this part (ICA) - PALMIRA - Colombia. BARBEAU - IICA Fruit Program - The Apple Complexe l 55/ 157 of the New World, their spread expanded slowly but inexo­ Tragarete Road WOODBROOK - PORT OF SPAIN -Trinidad and rably northward through South America for reaching Tobago. Colombia and Venezuela over the last three or four decades ° 394 Fruits - vol. 4 7, 11 3, 1992 (3 ). In one of its la test spread C.T. V. was reported from Agriculture + Inter Caribbean French Funding) and conven­ Venezuela by the early l 960's from various foci near the ing the Plant Protection Officers or citrus specialists of Colombian and Brazilian borders. It subsequently wide­ seven countries/territories i.e. Dominica, Dominican Re­ spread in this country because of the ingress of T. citricidus public, Guadeloupe, Guayana, St Lucia, Trinidad and To­ in 197 5 (2). ln fact a rapid movement of this a phis was bago. This workshop has facilitated the access to sampling o bserved in Venezuela between 1 97 5 and 1978 ( 4). materials that were subsequently dispatched by the parti­ cipants to relevant specialists. More recently the threat of C.T. V. and its efficient vector has been found in countries North of the Isthmus of Furthermore, the second author was able to launch a Panama and the Caribbean Islands. A high incidence of thorough survey of the aphid population in Guadeloupe C.T.V . and T. citricidus is presently occuring in Panama and pay a visit to the Dominican Republic. and Costa Rica, while low indicence is still reported from Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, The results of our findings will be presented and discuss­ the latter countries having escaped so far T. citricidus ed in the light of the recent investigations conducted by invasions if we except small scattered areas in El Salvador, various plant pathologists and entomologjsts in the region, Nicaragua and Honduras (5). especially the recent surveys carried out in Puerto Rico by the Horticultural Research Laboratory of USDA Orlan­ The aim of the present report is to assess the recent do and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (6). status of CTV and T. citricidus in the Caribbean Islands with special attention to : i) Trinidad, the southerner Island separated from Venezuela by a channel of only 28 Specific aspects of citriculture in the Caribbean Basin. km and ii) various islands located in the Eastern side of the As mentioned above, the origin of citriculture in the Caribbean area. Our data were collected from three success­ region can be traced back five centuries, and has gradually ive visits to the region : expanded into true industry . There are three major groups of countries bordering the Caribbean Sea (cf. Fig. 1 ). - november 1991 : Martinique and Trinidad. - december 1991 : Colombia. • Nine continental countries in the South and West - february 1992 : a second visit to Martinique where a Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, a regional workshop was held under the sponsorship of Honduras, Guatemala, Belize and Mexico with the Yucatan IICA-FIC (Interamerican Institute for Cooperation in Peninsula. Although facing exclusively the Pacifie Coast, El Salvador is included in the region. 75• 70' ,. JAMA� C A R 0 C E N E Z L A FIGURE 1-THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES OF THE CARIBBEAN BASIN. ° Fruits - vol. 4 7, n 3, 1992 395 • Four large islands in the North : Cuba, Haiti + the expected by the turn of this century for a population of Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. 250 millions (these figures do not include Florida). • A total of 48 inhabited small islands in the East There are common characteristics with regard to the separated by corresponding channels generally not exceed­ citriculture in the region. The area is located below the 20th ing 150 km. degree parallel North, i.e. under tropical mild winter or winterless climates where citrus trees often display more The Bahamas and Flo ridian Peninsula are bordering the than one bl ooming season per year. In coastal areas the northern fringe of this vast geographical entity which rainfall generall y amounts 1 500 to 2500 mm and irrigation comprises globall y 1 mil2 ),li on square miles of continental is not essential. The monsoon season is often disturbed by land (26 millions km one hundred2 ) thousand square hurracanes and night temperatures are generally too high miles of big Islands (260.000 km and only ten 2thou ). sand to induce a marked coloration of conventional mandarines square miles of small inhabited Islands (26.000 km and oranges. Citrus output in the region amounts to 5 .8 millions Research Institutions addressing citrus production tons for a population of 208 millions inhabitants (cf. problems that envolve long range orchards experiments Table 1 ). A regional production of 6,2 millions tons is are few. In particular, not enough attention has been paid TABLE 1 - Populations and corresponding Citrus production in the various countries of the Caribbean Basin. Population in 000 Citrus production in 000 MT Populations Projected Oranges Limes Grapefruits Mandarines Total 1991 Pop.2000 Continental countries Mexico 90,208 109,724 2,200 612 10- 0 16- 9 3,081 Colombia 33,236 39,720 350 60 410 Venezuela 20,238 25,275 427 15 - 9 34 485 Guatemala 9,560 11,835 100 10 15 135 Honduras 5,425 7,141 49 9 36- - 3 97 El Salvador 5,31 1 6,236 90 - 9 - - 99 Nicaragua 3,709 4,797 66 - - - 66 Costa Rica 3,1 16 3,960 86 - - - 86 Panama 2,474 2,983 34 - - - 34 Guy.ana 763 757 1 5 - - 15 Belize 174,224184 212,654226 3,47255 715 17732 221 4,58587 Total Major Northern Islands Cuba 10,639 11,532 520 68 280 30- 898 Dominican Republic 7,408 8,931 66 9 9 84 Haiti 6,500 7,367 30 25 10 - 9 74 Puerto Rico 3,314 3,374 29 1 3 33 Jamaica 302,5,40140 34,0072,803 66520 12724 34240 5920 1,193104 Total Windward Islands Trinidad and Tobago 1,294 1,547 7 1 4 - 4 16 Guadeloupe + dép. 346 372 1 2 - 1 - 4 Martinique 335 347 - 1 - 1 - - 2 Barbados 300 325 - - - - Curacao and Bonaire 184 187 - - - - St Lucia 158 197 - - - - UK Virgin Islands 16 17 - - - - US Virgin Islands 111 127 - - - St Vincent 106 112 1 - 1 Dominica 86 99 5 6 - 9 - 20 Grenada 90 91 - 1 - 1 - - 2 Antigua and Barbuda 64 65 - - - - Arruba 63 65 - - - - St Kitts and Nevis 40 41 - - - - Anguilla - 6 - 7 - .
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