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Abulfeda 136, 148, 219, 287, 361 Acre 17, 22–23, 25, 83, 97 Index Abulfeda 136, 148, 219, 287, 361 Apamea 6, 39, 83, 100, 105, 134, 146, 192, 241, Acre 17, 22–23, 25, 83, 97, 101, 133, 136, 245, 250–51 143–44, 202, 204, 209, 212, 214–15, 217 aqueducts (see also cisterns), 135–36, 174–75, agriculture 1–2, 5, 13–15, 17–18, 35, 37–40, 42, 178, 214, 217, 220, 222, 242–43, 283, 293, 83, 85–86, 220, 295, 304, 306–7, 315–16, 297, 327, 332, 367, 371–72 341–42 Arabia, Roman province of 7, 14, 127 and commerce 62, 108 Arabia Petraea 24, 344, 382 cultivation 6, 18, 20–21, 31, 38–39, 110, Arabs 20, 51, 83, 88, 195, 267, 280, 326 187, 220, 294, 320, 337, 345, 366–67, 372 archaeologists 1, 6, 62, 73, 106, 282, 287, 366, difficulties 26, 40, 86–87 370, 380–81, 385–87, 393–95, 409, 411, 414 irrigation 135, 249, 298, 367 American 388–89 See also landscape Belgian 401 Ajlun 134, 158, 315, 364 French 71, 383 Alandarin 258 German 211, 271, 382, 387, 390, 411 Aleppo 21–25, 27–28, 54–55, 86–88, 100–102, archaeology 45, 56, 63–65, 68–69, 73, 277, 122, 127–28, 146–48, 150, 184–88, 379–87, 389, 391–93, 395–97, 399–401, 238–39, 241–43, 245–49, 251–53, 257–59 403–4, 408, 411, 414–15 quarries 163 Crusades 167, 385 Alexandria 11, 46, 48, 161, 224 Egypt 382 Algeria 17, 30, 59, 108, 342, 400 excavations 119, 121, 123–24, 168, 170–71, Ali, Mehmet 108 204, 206–7, 211, 220–22, 227–29, 231, Ali, Muhammad 19, 21, 88, 144, 382 347–48, 385, 389–96, 400–402 Amman 6, 8, 10, 30–32, 39, 41–42, 99, 104, Islam 98, 384, 402 134, 295–96, 332–33, 337–40, 343–46, scholarly missions 32, 73, 384, 389 348, 350 workmen 116, 121, 157, 166, 212–13, 227, amphitheatres 105, 136, 145, 198, 200, 219, 369, 375, 382, 387, 401 221, 287, 293, 327 See also antiquities Anjar 3, 266, 282–83 architectural elements 41, 45, 98–100, 160, Antioch 6–8, 22, 27–28, 127–28, 130, 133, 135, 166, 238, 240, 244–45, 299–300, 323, 154, 158–59, 162–63, 186, 188–89, 240–41, 326, 333, 344, 347, 406 245, 248 arches 130, 135, 137, 148, 152, 191–92, 198, antiquities 154, 172, 213, 232, 248, 254, 309, 244–45, 252, 256–57, 259, 327, 331–32, 311, 328, 349 345–46, 351 buying & selling 134, 152, 272, 381, sculptured 145 391–92 triumphal 30, 191, 341 Christian 54–55 capitals 192, 194, 204, 207–8, 224, 226, earthquakes 22 228, 248, 251, 287–88, 296, 298, 328–29, export 14, 42, 156, 201, 203, 212, 239, 348, 350 379–81, 383, 387, 390–91, 407 bronze 217, 281 fakes 152 byzantine 149, 333 prehistoric 314 Corinthian 49, 196, 229–31, 264, 301, regulations 31, 33, 42, 171, 379, 381, 386, 321, 343–44, 349, 372 392–93 Doric 260, 360 evading 380–81, 392 Ionic 298, 337 See also archaeology mutilated 323 Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access Index 481 colonnades 100, 102, 189, 191, 208, 214, 241, Banias 22, 136, 139, 141, 194 250, 266, 268, 275, 277, 280, 340–42, 349 Bara 148, 159, 247–48 streets 4, 79–80, 162, 266–67, 310, 320, Bashan 10, 72, 105, 309–11, 315 350 baths & bathing 70, 93, 136, 158–59, 174–75, columns 138, 141, 158–59, 163, 166, 192, 200, 217, 219, 253, 256, 266, 303, 305–6, 195, 197, 199–200, 208–11, 224–26, 328, 362 252–53, 280–81, 361, 363–64 Baybars 155, 219, 225, 242, 264, 358 monolithic 97, 139, 141, 199, 224, 227 bedouin 15–16, 20, 30, 33–34, 36, 39, 82–83, porphyry 222 86–88, 172–73, 175, 304, 307, 334, 337, 339 stylites 252–53 raids 16, 20, 26, 30–31, 34, 38–39, 42, cornices 165–66, 170, 175, 212, 223, 283, 86–87, 294, 298, 335, 338–39, 341, 353, 296–97, 299, 301, 306, 332 357 entablatures 137, 140, 143, 197, 223, 228, and sedentarisation 15–16, 18, 34, 291, 264, 321 307, 334 porticoes 138–39, 141–42, 208–9, 214, 247, Beirut 26–27, 46–48, 108–10, 130–31, 153, 158, 252, 254, 264, 268, 271, 283, 297, 299, 160, 170, 199–201, 203–4, 206–7, 211–13, 343, 345 360–62, 391–92, 396 architecture Beisan 10, 328–29, 387 columns, monolithic 270 Bethgibelin 358 Egyptian 48 Bethlehem 59, 62, 117, 163, 169, 322, 326 Greek 48, 50–51, 98–99, 142, 146–47, Beth Shean 136, 328 150–52, 155, 262–63, 269, 272, 293, 297, Bible 47, 49, 51, 55–75, 78, 110–11, 116–17, 345, 347, 350 289–90, 310–11, 319, 322, 386, 389, 402, Hellenistic 255, 348 404 refurbished 136, 157, 170, 186, 204, 224, and archaeology 60, 68, 105 254, 358, 362 and evangelicals 21, 73, 395 Roman 48, 99–100 influence 56, 61 military sites 282, 333, 359, 367, 370, and Protestants 21, 65, 69, 95 376 scholars 56, 62–63, 310, 402 Ar Rastan 124, 148 societies 63, 69 Arsous 186 and Syrian locations 22, 57, 65, 389 Ascalon 9, 119, 121, 152, 154, 166, 170, 185, 214, and tourism 49 224–29, 282, 358–59, 386 Bosra 10–11, 87–88, 90, 92, 108–9, 128, 174, Asia Minor 8, 35, 41, 47–50, 53, 55–56, 59, 63, 176, 287–91, 293–97, 299–301, 303–5, 83, 104, 154, 184–85, 243, 268, 293 307, 309, 315–17 Athens 99, 107, 272, 319, 382, 384 cathedral 289 Parthenon 272 bridges 127–28, 130–31, 136, 186, 194–95, 200, Athlit / Château Pélerin 121, 127, 144–45, 185, 219, 244–45, 284, 329 358, 363–64 modern 130 Atil 294, 298–99 Roman 304 Burak 294, 299, 303, 309–10 Baalbek 22, 99–101, 103–4, 118–19, 122, 126, Byblos 53, 128, 135, 147, 169, 185, 190, 197, 385, 139–41, 144–47, 162, 267–69, 271–72, 274, 396 276–77, 281–83, 361 Byzantium 3, 28, 45, 124, 140, 155, 240, 243, trilithon 270–71, 361 245, 255, 258, 263, 291, 332, 340 village 27, 273 churches 41, 160, 232, 336, 369 Babylonia 76–77, 159, 258, 381, 384 craftsmen 157 Baghdad 52, 128 palaces 258 Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access 482 Index Byzantium (cont.) Cyrrhus 243–45 ruins 157, 255, 362 Cyzicus 268, 271 walls 219, 358 Damascus 9–10, 16–18, 21, 27–29, 68–71, Caesarea 24, 28, 33, 135–36, 153–54, 156, 93–97, 108–10, 141–42, 155–57, 200–203, 168–70, 184–85, 208, 210, 215, 217, 262–67, 269, 307–8, 323–25, 398–400 219–22, 224, 228 French bombardment 366 Cairo 29, 48, 93, 104, 117, 155–56, 169, 266, Umayyad Mosque 52, 57, 76, 93–94, 96, 323, 359, 383, 396 99, 101, 109, 146–47, 150, 155, 157–58, Capernaum 319, 321 262–63, 265, 324 cemeteries 166, 205, 214, 220, 231, 242, 342 Umayyad Palace 265, 343 mausolea 77, 150–51, 257, 264, 314, 326 Dead Cities (see also houses), 1, 10, 30, 40, 42, sarcophagi 151, 231 101–2, 148, 156, 245–47, 249, 295 Sidon 205, 382, 393 Decapolis 332, 336, 341 tombs 67, 148, 166, 229, 383 Deir al-Zor 127 tomb towers 244, 302, 316 Deir-Semman 102 churches (see also monasteries), 63, 66, 142, Deraa 6, 291, 294–95, 304–5, 310 144–45, 147, 155–56, 174–75, 177, 211–13, desert castles 282, 357, 366, 368–69, 373, 375. 216, 221–22, 241, 244, 296, 299–300 See also fortresses Circassians 27–32, 37, 41, 123, 249, 312–13, Dimashqi 117, 146–47, 150, 161, 172, 190–91, 340–42, 344–46, 397 194, 262, 268, 276, 360–61 immigrants 28, 30–32, 244, 249, 312, 342, diplomacy 3–4, 18, 404, 406 345 ambassadors settlements 30, 36, 100, 255, 313, 345 British 91 cisterns (see also aqueducts), 136, 205, 207, Byzantine 263 246, 249, 292, 305, 309, 342, 360 French 70 coast 4, 9, 22–24, 47–48, 128–29, 133, 138–39, consuls 15–16, 52, 74–75, 83, 89, 109, 240, 169, 184–87, 201–2, 210–12, 217, 220–24, 338, 353, 381–82, 405 251, 362–64 American 395 anchorages 219, 221 British 16, 25, 122, 131, 142, 187, 190, dangerous 133, 185, 201, 203 353 bradysism 209–10 European 51, 53, 95–96, 107–8 local boats 203, 227 French 54, 95, 167, 203–4, 206, 324, Phoenician 388 350, 382–83 population 364 disease 15, 17, 21–25, 41, 186, 220, 333, 384, 408 ports, winter 188 marshes 1, 15, 187–88 towns 23, 42, 135, 185, 203, 357–58 quarantine 24, 408 See also harbours Djezzar Pasha 136, 152, 203, 215, 217–18, 227 coins 61, 121, 137, 152, 203, 226, 390–91 mosque 144, 217, 224 Asmonaean 152 spolia 152, 204, 217 gold 31, 121, 123, 204, 314, 365 drains & sewers 188, 192, 266 imperial Roman 365 Druzes 1, 5, 18, 21, 31, 84, 88, 173, 175–76, 178, Constantinople 13, 15, 19, 139, 143, 150, 153, 293, 297–98, 301–4, 307–9, 315 159, 206, 208, 265, 269, 359, 362, 381–82 earthquakes 21–23, 136–38, 146, 187, 209–10, Crusades 62–64, 145–46, 154, 167–68, 239, 241–43, 267–69, 273–74, 287–88, 195–97, 208–11, 215–16, 221–22, 232, 332–33, 340–41, 343–44, 360, 365–67 240–42, 250–51, 323, 356–65, 385, 396 Ephesus 48–49, 267, 351 Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access Index 483 Euphrates, River 3, 6, 9, 11, 39, 133, 162, 243, government 18–20, 23, 36, 40, 42, 85–86, 167, 316, 374 170–71, 212–13, 227, 229, 387, 391, 393, exploration 46, 50, 62–63, 77, 159, 247, 304, 397–98 312, 338, 341, 369, 381, 386, 395, 405 French 55, 106, 124, 382, 384, 391, 399 archaeological 28, 49, 389 Ottoman 15, 17–18, 23, 28, 31, 33, 42, 82, expeditions 13, 46, 51, 84, 91, 104, 267, 86, 119, 123, 341–42, 345, 392–93, 396 280, 307, 354, 373, 381, 384, 389, 394 central 5, 13, 15, 20, 25, 33–35, 41, 82, archaeological 374 90, 307, 315 funding 46, 55, 335, 389 governors 4, 83, 85, 91, 152–53, 192, military 46 202, 224, 263, 274, 340, 380 explorers 37, 63, 70, 125, 207, 391, 395, 405 militias 34, 407 societies 107, 343, 379, 381 officials 314, 390 Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft 381 taxation 1, 18, 20, 28, 30, 48, 82, 84–86, Palestine Exploration Fund 32, 47, 51, 88, 173, 294, 307, 312, 315, 405 61–62, 73, 294, 343, 381, 386, 389 See also Ottoman Empire See also travelling & travellers Greater Syria (see also Syria), 2, 6–7, 11, 27, 46, 56, Ezraa 10, 151, 174, 176, 294, 307–9 178, 192, 357, 381, 389, 394, 404–6, 409–10 Greece 4, 47, 53, 60, 93, 99–100, 103–4, 319, Faccadine, Emir 200, 202–3, 216 334, 383, 398 underwater defences 205 guidebooks 55–57, 61, 63–64, 72, 74, 76–78, First World War 4, 7, 11, 25, 380, 393, 395–99
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