Abulfeda 136, 148, 219, 287, 361 Acre 17, 22–23, 25, 83, 97

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Abulfeda 136, 148, 219, 287, 361 Apamea 6, 39, 83, 100, 105, 134, 146, 192, 241, Acre 17, 22–23, 25, 83, 97, 101, 133, 136, 245, 250–51 143–44, 202, 204, 209, 212, 214–15, 217 aqueducts (see also cisterns), 135–36, 174–75, agriculture 1–2, 5, 13–15, 17–18, 35, 37–40, 42, 178, 214, 217, 220, 222, 242–43, 283, 293, 83, 85–86, 220, 295, 304, 306–7, 315–16, 297, 327, 332, 367, 371–72 341–42 Arabia, Roman province of 7, 14, 127 and commerce 62, 108 Arabia Petraea 24, 344, 382 cultivation 6, 18, 20–21, 31, 38–39, 110, Arabs 20, 51, 83, 88, 195, 267, 280, 326 187, 220, 294, 320, 337, 345, 366–67, 372 archaeologists 1, 6, 62, 73, 106, 282, 287, 366, difficulties 26, 40, 86–87 370, 380–81, 385–87, 393–95, 409, 411, 414 irrigation 135, 249, 298, 367 American 388–89 See also landscape Belgian 401 Ajlun 134, 158, 315, 364 French 71, 383 Alandarin 258 German 211, 271, 382, 387, 390, 411 Aleppo 21–25, 27–28, 54–55, 86–88, 100–102, archaeology 45, 56, 63–65, 68–69, 73, 277, 122, 127–28, 146–48, 150, 184–88, 379–87, 389, 391–93, 395–97, 399–401, 238–39, 241–43, 245–49, 251–53, 257–59 403–4, 408, 411, 414–15 quarries 163 Crusades 167, 385 Alexandria 11, 46, 48, 161, 224 Egypt 382 Algeria 17, 30, 59, 108, 342, 400 excavations 119, 121, 123–24, 168, 170–71, Ali, Mehmet 108 204, 206–7, 211, 220–22, 227–29, 231, Ali, Muhammad 19, 21, 88, 144, 382 347–48, 385, 389–96, 400–402 Amman 6, 8, 10, 30–32, 39, 41–42, 99, 104, Islam 98, 384, 402 134, 295–96, 332–33, 337–40, 343–46, scholarly missions 32, 73, 384, 389 348, 350 workmen 116, 121, 157, 166, 212–13, 227, amphitheatres 105, 136, 145, 198, 200, 219, 369, 375, 382, 387, 401 221, 287, 293, 327 See also antiquities Anjar 3, 266, 282–83 architectural elements 41, 45, 98–100, 160, Antioch 6–8, 22, 27–28, 127–28, 130, 133, 135, 166, 238, 240, 244–45, 299–300, 323, 154, 158–59, 162–63, 186, 188–89, 240–41, 326, 333, 344, 347, 406 245, 248 arches 130, 135, 137, 148, 152, 191–92, 198, antiquities 154, 172, 213, 232, 248, 254, 309, 244–45, 252, 256–57, 259, 327, 331–32, 311, 328, 349 345–46, 351 buying & selling 134, 152, 272, 381, sculptured 145 391–92 triumphal 30, 191, 341 Christian 54–55 capitals 192, 194, 204, 207–8, 224, 226, earthquakes 22 228, 248, 251, 287–88, 296, 298, 328–29, export 14, 42, 156, 201, 203, 212, 239, 348, 350 379–81, 383, 387, 390–91, 407 bronze 217, 281 fakes 152 byzantine 149, 333 prehistoric 314 Corinthian 49, 196, 229–31, 264, 301, regulations 31, 33, 42, 171, 379, 381, 386, 321, 343–44, 349, 372 392–93 Doric 260, 360 evading 380–81, 392 Ionic 298, 337 See also archaeology mutilated 323

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colonnades 100, 102, 189, 191, 208, 214, 241, Banias 22, 136, 139, 141, 194 250, 266, 268, 275, 277, 280, 340–42, 349 Bara 148, 159, 247–48 streets 4, 79–80, 162, 266–67, 310, 320, Bashan 10, 72, 105, 309–11, 315 350 baths & bathing 70, 93, 136, 158–59, 174–75, columns 138, 141, 158–59, 163, 166, 192, 200, 217, 219, 253, 256, 266, 303, 305–6, 195, 197, 199–200, 208–11, 224–26, 328, 362 252–53, 280–81, 361, 363–64 Baybars 155, 219, 225, 242, 264, 358 monolithic 97, 139, 141, 199, 224, 227 bedouin 15–16, 20, 30, 33–34, 36, 39, 82–83, porphyry 222 86–88, 172–73, 175, 304, 307, 334, 337, 339 stylites 252–53 raids 16, 20, 26, 30–31, 34, 38–39, 42, cornices 165–66, 170, 175, 212, 223, 283, 86–87, 294, 298, 335, 338–39, 341, 353, 296–97, 299, 301, 306, 332 357 entablatures 137, 140, 143, 197, 223, 228, and sedentarisation 15–16, 18, 34, 291, 264, 321 307, 334 porticoes 138–39, 141–42, 208–9, 214, 247, Beirut 26–27, 46–48, 108–10, 130–31, 153, 158, 252, 254, 264, 268, 271, 283, 297, 299, 160, 170, 199–201, 203–4, 206–7, 211–13, 343, 345 360–62, 391–92, 396 architecture Beisan 10, 328–29, 387 columns, monolithic 270 Bethgibelin 358 Egyptian 48 Bethlehem 59, 62, 117, 163, 169, 322, 326 Greek 48, 50–51, 98–99, 142, 146–47, Beth Shean 136, 328 150–52, 155, 262–63, 269, 272, 293, 297, Bible 47, 49, 51, 55–75, 78, 110–11, 116–17, 345, 347, 350 289–90, 310–11, 319, 322, 386, 389, 402, Hellenistic 255, 348 404 refurbished 136, 157, 170, 186, 204, 224, and archaeology 60, 68, 105 254, 358, 362 and evangelicals 21, 73, 395 Roman 48, 99–100 influence 56, 61 military sites 282, 333, 359, 367, 370, and Protestants 21, 65, 69, 95 376 scholars 56, 62–63, 310, 402 Ar Rastan 124, 148 societies 63, 69 Arsous 186 and Syrian locations 22, 57, 65, 389 Ascalon 9, 119, 121, 152, 154, 166, 170, 185, 214, and tourism 49 224–29, 282, 358–59, 386 Bosra 10–11, 87–88, 90, 92, 108–9, 128, 174, Asia Minor 8, 35, 41, 47–50, 53, 55–56, 59, 63, 176, 287–91, 293–97, 299–301, 303–5, 83, 104, 154, 184–85, 243, 268, 293 307, 309, 315–17 Athens 99, 107, 272, 319, 382, 384 cathedral 289 Parthenon 272 bridges 127–28, 130–31, 136, 186, 194–95, 200, Athlit / Château Pélerin 121, 127, 144–45, 185, 219, 244–45, 284, 329 358, 363–64 modern 130 Atil 294, 298–99 Roman 304 Burak 294, 299, 303, 309–10 Baalbek 22, 99–101, 103–4, 118–19, 122, 126, Byblos 53, 128, 135, 147, 169, 185, 190, 197, 385, 139–41, 144–47, 162, 267–69, 271–72, 274, 396 276–77, 281–83, 361 Byzantium 3, 28, 45, 124, 140, 155, 240, 243, trilithon 270–71, 361 245, 255, 258, 263, 291, 332, 340 village 27, 273 churches 41, 160, 232, 336, 369 Babylonia 76–77, 159, 258, 381, 384 craftsmen 157 Baghdad 52, 128 palaces 258

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Byzantium (cont.) Cyrrhus 243–45 ruins 157, 255, 362 Cyzicus 268, 271 walls 219, 358 Damascus 9–10, 16–18, 21, 27–29, 68–71, Caesarea 24, 28, 33, 135–36, 153–54, 156, 93–97, 108–10, 141–42, 155–57, 200–203, 168–70, 184–85, 208, 210, 215, 217, 262–67, 269, 307–8, 323–25, 398–400 219–22, 224, 228 French bombardment 366 Cairo 29, 48, 93, 104, 117, 155–56, 169, 266, Umayyad Mosque 52, 57, 76, 93–94, 96, 323, 359, 383, 396 99, 101, 109, 146–47, 150, 155, 157–58, Capernaum 319, 321 262–63, 265, 324 cemeteries 166, 205, 214, 220, 231, 242, 342 Umayyad Palace 265, 343 mausolea 77, 150–51, 257, 264, 314, 326 Dead Cities (see also houses), 1, 10, 30, 40, 42, sarcophagi 151, 231 101–2, 148, 156, 245–47, 249, 295 Sidon 205, 382, 393 Decapolis 332, 336, 341 tombs 67, 148, 166, 229, 383 Deir al-Zor 127 tomb towers 244, 302, 316 Deir-Semman 102 churches (see also monasteries), 63, 66, 142, Deraa 6, 291, 294–95, 304–5, 310 144–45, 147, 155–56, 174–75, 177, 211–13, desert castles 282, 357, 366, 368–69, 373, 375. 216, 221–22, 241, 244, 296, 299–300 See also fortresses Circassians 27–32, 37, 41, 123, 249, 312–13, Dimashqi 117, 146–47, 150, 161, 172, 190–91, 340–42, 344–46, 397 194, 262, 268, 276, 360–61 immigrants 28, 30–32, 244, 249, 312, 342, diplomacy 3–4, 18, 404, 406 345 ambassadors settlements 30, 36, 100, 255, 313, 345 British 91 cisterns (see also aqueducts), 136, 205, 207, Byzantine 263 246, 249, 292, 305, 309, 342, 360 French 70 coast 4, 9, 22–24, 47–48, 128–29, 133, 138–39, consuls 15–16, 52, 74–75, 83, 89, 109, 240, 169, 184–87, 201–2, 210–12, 217, 220–24, 338, 353, 381–82, 405 251, 362–64 American 395 anchorages 219, 221 British 16, 25, 122, 131, 142, 187, 190, dangerous 133, 185, 201, 203 353 bradysism 209–10 European 51, 53, 95–96, 107–8 local boats 203, 227 French 54, 95, 167, 203–4, 206, 324, Phoenician 388 350, 382–83 population 364 disease 15, 17, 21–25, 41, 186, 220, 333, 384, 408 ports, winter 188 marshes 1, 15, 187–88 towns 23, 42, 135, 185, 203, 357–58 quarantine 24, 408 See also harbours Djezzar Pasha 136, 152, 203, 215, 217–18, 227 coins 61, 121, 137, 152, 203, 226, 390–91 mosque 144, 217, 224 Asmonaean 152 spolia 152, 204, 217 gold 31, 121, 123, 204, 314, 365 drains & sewers 188, 192, 266 imperial Roman 365 Druzes 1, 5, 18, 21, 31, 84, 88, 173, 175–76, 178, Constantinople 13, 15, 19, 139, 143, 150, 153, 293, 297–98, 301–4, 307–9, 315 159, 206, 208, 265, 269, 359, 362, 381–82 earthquakes 21–23, 136–38, 146, 187, 209–10, Crusades 62–64, 145–46, 154, 167–68, 239, 241–43, 267–69, 273–74, 287–88, 195–97, 208–11, 215–16, 221–22, 232, 332–33, 340–41, 343–44, 360, 365–67 240–42, 250–51, 323, 356–65, 385, 396 Ephesus 48–49, 267, 351

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Euphrates, River 3, 6, 9, 11, 39, 133, 162, 243, government 18–20, 23, 36, 40, 42, 85–86, 167, 316, 374 170–71, 212–13, 227, 229, 387, 391, 393, exploration 46, 50, 62–63, 77, 159, 247, 304, 397–98 312, 338, 341, 369, 381, 386, 395, 405 French 55, 106, 124, 382, 384, 391, 399 archaeological 28, 49, 389 Ottoman 15, 17–18, 23, 28, 31, 33, 42, 82, expeditions 13, 46, 51, 84, 91, 104, 267, 86, 119, 123, 341–42, 345, 392–93, 396 280, 307, 354, 373, 381, 384, 389, 394 central 5, 13, 15, 20, 25, 33–35, 41, 82, archaeological 374 90, 307, 315 funding 46, 55, 335, 389 governors 4, 83, 85, 91, 152–53, 192, military 46 202, 224, 263, 274, 340, 380 explorers 37, 63, 70, 125, 207, 391, 395, 405 militias 34, 407 societies 107, 343, 379, 381 officials 314, 390 Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft 381 taxation 1, 18, 20, 28, 30, 48, 82, 84–86, Palestine Exploration Fund 32, 47, 51, 88, 173, 294, 307, 312, 315, 405 61–62, 73, 294, 343, 381, 386, 389 See also Ottoman Empire See also travelling & travellers Greater Syria (see also Syria), 2, 6–7, 11, 27, 46, 56, Ezraa 10, 151, 174, 176, 294, 307–9 178, 192, 357, 381, 389, 394, 404–6, 409–10 Greece 4, 47, 53, 60, 93, 99–100, 103–4, 319, Faccadine, Emir 200, 202–3, 216 334, 383, 398 underwater defences 205 guidebooks 55–57, 61, 63–64, 72, 74, 76–78, First World War 4, 7, 11, 25, 380, 393, 395–99 171, 258, 372 fortresses 128, 150, 153, 192, 312, 356, 361, 368, Baedeker 67, 74–77, 140, 142, 201, 207, 212, 371, 373–74, 395, 409 293, 301, 303, 338, 340, 342–43, 349, 354 Byzantine 357–58 Cook 75, 77, 82, 174, 258, 279, 306, 309, 340, Crusades 58, 64, 151, 154, 158, 196, 205, 346, 373 215, 242, 273, 356, 359, 362, 366, 373 Guides Joanne 77 Muslim 269, 271, 357 Michelin 102, 107 pretend 357, 367 Murray 63, 76–77, 277, 401 Roman 312, 356–57, 359, 361, 363, 365, 367–69, 371, 373, 375–77 Haifa 24, 110, 166, 169, 185, 218, 387, 395 walls, strengthened with columns 53, Halaf 104, 127, 258 153–54, 194, 199, 205, 208–9, 215, 226–27 Hama 149, 248, 254 See also Crusades harbours 13, 15–17, 22–25, 47–48, 153–54, France 24, 26, 35, 76, 86, 134, 173, 216, 356, 184–205, 207–11, 213, 215–19, 221–29, 231, 358, 380, 382–83, 390–95, 398–401, 404 233, 235, 237, 241 Franco-German rivalry 107 artificial 195 breakwaters 153, 185, 195–96, 209, 221, 223 Gadara 94, 104, 151, 176, 192, 332, 335–36, 350 dangerous 185, 224 Galilee 6, 130–31, 147, 158, 170 installations 25–26, 196, 215, 225, 269 Gaza 6, 70, 139–40, 152–53, 166, 170, 185–86, moles 186, 188, 198, 202, 205, 208–10, 223, 208, 214, 228–32 226 Germany 40, 73, 395, 404 natural 184, 207 Franco-German rivalry 107 silting 188, 210 Germans 36, 40, 76, 100, 370, 380, 385, unhealthy 47 387, 394–95, 397 See also coast Kaiser 274–75, 370, 379, 385, 387, 394 Hauran 10–11, 15–16, 30–31, 35–36, 38, 85, Gilead 16, 52 87–88, 128–30, 134, 171–76, 290–96, 301, Golan Heights 311–12, 336. See also Jaulan 306–7, 314–16, 382

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Hebron 101, 129, 327, 391 inscriptions 9–10, 106–7, 119–21, 149–51, 153, Hellenism 4, 135, 197, 208, 250, 282 192, 231, 245–48, 254, 257–59, 292–93, Herodium 326, 386 309–10, 334–35, 370, 385–88 Herod the Great as builder 58, 129, 135, 156, Christian, dated 174, 245, 248 169, 210, 219, 221, 225, 229, 319, 323, copying 121, 247, 273 326–27, 369, 376 Greek 57, 122, 151, 199, 245, 247, 249, 255, Heusn Nieha 139 305 Hijaz 108, 239, 307 Latin 199, 202, 267 Hit 299 Moabite Stone 107, 146, 384 Holy Land 7–8, 11, 16, 19, 32, 45–47, 54–56, Phoenician 305 59, 62–65, 67, 76, 78–80, 82, 348–49, Rosetta Stone 384 409 Semitic 107, 146 Homs 6, 39, 83, 87–88, 136, 141, 148, 156, 253, unreadable 120, 303 255–57, 277, 358, 412 Iraq 6, 11, 36, 370–71, 382, 398 Hosn Suleiman 141, 259 Iraq al-Amir 99, 164, 347 houses 101–2, 158–59, 167–68, 170–78, Irbid 331–32 196–98, 203–5, 230–31, 246–47, 254–56, Iskenderun / Alexandretta 8, 23, 25, 40, 128, 295–300, 303–5, 307–16, 333–37, 133, 185–86, 188, 224, 238, 252 345–46, 349–51 Israel 6, 8, 11, 46, 150, 314, 316, 409–10, 412 deserted 119, 304, 350 Italy 47, 79, 134, 163, 272, 319 doorways 175, 229, 259 decorated 92, 99, 102, 189, 298, 302 Jaffa 6, 21, 24, 51, 92, 110, 125, 129, 169–70, 185, Hauran 30, 54, 290, 303, 306 221–28, 384 high-quality 148, 156, 271, 302 Janin 319–20 huts 33, 68, 140, 194, 212, 273, 278, 280, Jaulan 30–31, 119, 168, 291, 294, 310–14. 306, 313, 321, 346 See also Golan Heights modern 23, 31, 97, 106, 122, 231, 253, 287, Jebel Druze 294, 367 296 Jerash 8, 10, 30, 32–33, 90, 92, 99–100, 104, mud & straw 242 123, 295–97, 332–34, 337–42, 344–45, prepared for guests 279, 292, 336 350, 385–86 Roman 288, 297 Jericho 22, 327, 390 ruined 192, 240, 289, 307 Jerusalem 46–47, 49, 61–62, 67–68, 82, 87, sheikh’s 175, 299 89, 92–94, 155–57, 163, 225, 322–23, stone doors 142, 165, 171–72, 176, 293, 352–53, 388–89, 401 295–99, 302, 304, 308, 310, 331, 336 Dome of the Rock 52, 93–95, 99, 101, 116, stone roofs 101, 172, 176, 292–93, 299, 335, 152, 155, 157–58, 258, 263, 289, 322–24, 350–51 326, 401 wooden 23 Haram al-Sharif 52, 58, 93–95, 153, 157, 162, 322–24, 389 Ibelin 220, 358–61 Herod’s Temple 163, 194, 222, 322–23 Ibn Battuta 80, 144, 191, 208, 225, 242, 253, 267 Holy Sepulchre 69, 93, 126, 158, 161, 168, Ibn Hawqal 77, 271 263, 322–23, 325–26, 363 Ibn Jubair 148 Latin Kingdom of 21, 185, 356, 359 Ibn Khaldun 20, 23, 34–36, 99, 118, 147, 165, mosques, al-Aqsa 52, 93, 95, 322–24, 362 255 Ottoman 325 Ibn Tulun 215, 219 Solomon’s Temple 99, 153, 322–23 Ibrahim Pasha 19, 130, 144, 152, 187, 194, 226, Jews 1–2, 16, 62, 67, 95, 105, 156, 217, 322, 327, 242, 256, 269, 306, 346, 353, 365, 369 399

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Jordan 6–9, 11, 31, 34, 38–39, 50–51, 128–30, marble 136, 147, 155–57, 160–63, 166, 169–70, 332–33, 337–38, 340, 349–50, 368, 371, 200–202, 213, 224–27, 262–63, 265–66, 387, 409–12 275, 329, 359–60, 362 river 319, 321, 323, 325, 327, 329, 331, 333, blocks 268 335, 337, 339, 341, 343, 345, 347 cipollino 270 coloured 161, 266 Kerak 9, 106, 132, 134, 350, 357–58, 365 Africano 230 khans 94, 144, 194, 310 Aleppo “marble” 163 Krak des Chevaliers, Qalaat al-Husn 9, 356, giallo antico 161, 163, 217, 223 358, 366, 396, 401 red 163 Kuneitra 30–32, 312–13, 340 yellow 217 columns 94, 147, 194, 196, 199, 209, 211, 220, landscape 49–50, 55, 58–60, 72, 173, 178 225, 228–31, 281, 288, 320, 328–29, 331 biblical 68, 379 imported 160, 214, 219, 253, 353 depopulation 17, 27–28, 41–42, 85, 174, lime kilns 345, 353 184, 246 mortar 164, 305, 337, 376 desertification 13–14, 17, 30, 32, 35–36, limestone look-alike 162 38, 42, 184, 220, 319, 381 Paros 160, 218, 230, 353 deserts 6, 9–11, 13, 16, 19, 21, 33–34, 36–38, pavements 141, 158, 243, 265 66, 341, 343, 345, 352, 366–68, 373 polished 154, 157 fertility 3, 17, 20, 30, 35–36, 38–40, 42, Proconnesus 214 68, 82–83, 88, 177, 291, 294–95, 307, rare 152, 155, 322, 362, 389 316 veneer 155–57, 163, 361 See also agriculture white 94, 162, 228, 230–31, 282, 288, 361, Lattakia / Laodicea 23–24, 41, 122, 147, 151, 369, 372, 377, 393 158, 161, 169, 185–86, 188, 190–93 See also stones tetrapylon 192 Margat 151, 358 Lebanon 6, 11, 14, 21, 27, 36, 38–39, 121, 126, Marqab 361 137–38, 141, 394, 400–401, 409–12, 414 Masada 376, 386 Ledja 37, 39, 90, 120, 171, 173, 178, 291, masons 152, 164, 167–68, 262, 305, 348, 294–95, 299, 303, 306–7, 309–10, 315 357–58, 363 looting 169, 205, 368, 391, 407, 415 Masudi 150, 156–57, 161, 241, 271 Lydda 124, 146, 151 Masyaf 357 Mejdel 147, 283 Maarat al-Numan 120 Menbij 243 Madaba 31, 138, 345–47, 349–50, 369 Mismiye 309 Map 158 Moab 22, 28, 56, 86, 123, 129, 138, 311, 353 Mandates, British & French 29, 86, 294, 374, monasteries (see also churches) 14, 88, 127, 379, 395–96, 398–402 169, 248, 251–52, 299, 368, 370, 373, 406 maps 8–11, 47–49, 63, 65, 106, 108, 238, 246, monuments 1–4, 29–34, 41–42, 47–49, 70–72, 248, 258, 306, 312, 350–51, 405, 415 95–102, 107–11, 116–19, 125–27, 149–51, d’Anville 8–9 165–69, 171–73, 241–43, 270–76, 404–6 inaccurate 304, 405 ancient 28–30, 58, 60, 99–100, 165–66, large-scale 106 171, 174, 194–95, 316, 319, 322, 361, Madaba Mosaic Map 351 364–65, 406, 408 Palestine 9, 33, 245 spolia 166–68, 170–71, 197, 200, reliable 132 229–31, 242, 265–66, 268, 296, 299, Maqdisi 118 308, 310, 323, 358, 361–64

Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access 486 Index monuments (cont.) Omm-al-Awamid 388 megalithic 5, 71, 314, 343 Orontes, River 39, 50, 58, 130, 171, 188, 190, Roman, palaces 231 253, 257, 360, 385 ruined 61, 141, 146, 192, 213, 217, 249, 251, Ottoman Empire 2, 5, 19, 37, 41–42, 46–47, 268, 328, 363–64 131, 178, 380, 390, 392–93, 396–99, 404–5 mosaics 94, 96, 152, 154–60, 200, 204–5, 207, buildings 221, 314 232, 252, 255, 257, 262–64, 266, 349–51, barracks 41, 143, 171, 211, 213, 230, 242, 362 256, 258–59, 268, 280, 300, 309 floors 3, 153–59, 200, 214, 232, 239, 241, modernisation 13, 29, 42, 95, 108–9, 266, 252, 255–56, 266, 301, 320, 349–51, 361, 379, 396 365 nationalism 34, 352, 384–85, 387, 391, Jerusalem, Solomonic 157 398 Madaba mosaic map 351 sultans 18, 28, 84, 133, 169, 208, 275, 324, pavements, byzantine 154 341, 370 re-used 152 See also government tesserae 154–57, 170, 201, 258, 362 mosques 2–3, 31, 49, 93–94, 96–97, 119, 156, Palestine 1, 3–7, 11–13, 22, 46, 56, 59–62, 169–71, 215–17, 230, 239–40, 262–68, 71–72, 74–77, 122–23, 319, 384–86, 299–300, 308–10, 312–13 398–99, 401, 404 ruined 94, 231, 273, 289 Palmyra 6, 9, 11, 90–92, 100–102, 149–50, Mosul 24, 77 161–62, 267, 272, 276–77, 279–81, Moudjir-ed-dyn 155, 327 337–40, 370, 372–73, 401 Mschatta 350, 368–70, 375 Peiresc, Claude Fabri de 390 Al-Muqaddasi 94, 99, 130, 157–58, 161, 209, Pella 332 215, 219, 225, 262, 343 Péretié, Aimé 205, 392–93 museums 107, 127, 370, 406 Petra 8, 10–11, 82, 88, 91, 100, 102, 104, 123, Antakya 159 192, 334, 337, 339, 351–54, 402 Berlin 50, 107, 125, 370, 379, 381, 383, 385, Phoenicia 1, 7, 49, 160, 184, 197, 382, 385, 393 394–95, 407 photography 13–14, 65–66, 248, 252, 275, British Museum 77, 383–84, 394 278, 292–93, 298–99, 335, 343, 345, 371, Constantinople 159, 205, 392, 406 374, 387, 389 Deir al-Zor 371 pilgrims 8, 13, 45–46, 54, 61, 64, 66–67, 70, Europe 3, 42, 125, 154, 159, 205, 379, 383, 78, 81, 213, 220, 251–53, 322–23, 325 388, 390, 395, 406–7 Pompeii 79, 101–2, 108, 172, 242, 297, 337 Homs 407 population, decline & growth 5, 13, 15–17, and looting 127, 205, 342, 383, 394, 402 20–23, 38–39, 41–42, 201, 241, 249–50, Louvre 151, 154, 205, 385, 394, 401, 406 278, 289–91, 303–4, 319–20, 398–99, Suweida 380 404 Musmieh 171, 175, 294 Pyramids 117, 126, 274, 308, 384

Nablus 160 Qalaat Mudiq 250 Napoleon 2–3, 24–25, 29, 107, 215, 225, Qanawat 92, 104, 108, 118, 137, 150, 294, 383–84 301–3, 315, 390, 392 Nineveh 76–77, 382 Qasr al-Ablaq 264 nomads. See bedouin Qasr al-Heir East 370–73, 402 Qasr al-Heir West 368, 370, 402 obelisks 100, 269 Qasr el-Abyad 375 Paris, Place de la Concorde 100, 270 Qasr Ibn Wardan 258–59 pink syenite 222 Qasr Namrud 141

Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access Index 487 quarries 32, 118, 124–25, 160–61, 164, 168, 170, Salkhad 135, 176, 296, 303–5 199, 212, 228, 268–71, 274, 348–49, 353, 357 Samaria 72, 88, 136, 152, 170, 191, 319, 386, 391, Aleppo, “marble” 162–63 393 granite 161, 275 Sanamein 296 limestone 176, 239, 275 San Simeon 102, 156, 252 marble 48–49, 160, 190 Saône / Qalaat Saladin 357–58 sandstone 213 Saphet 360 Sardis 48, 269 railways 10, 13, 33, 40, 108–10, 129, 132–34, Sarepta 207 177, 201, 219, 274, 313, 369, 376, 394–96 sculpture 98–100, 102, 135, 137, 140–41, 151, abandoned English 369 273, 276, 278, 290–92, 294, 297, 328, Acre-Damascus 133 331–33, 392–93 Euphrates Valley Scheme 23 bas-reliefs 144, 168, 172, 189, 254, 268, Haifa 307 292, 302, 304, 342, 348, 365, 390, 405 Haifa-Damascus 133–34 eagle 274 Hijaz 132, 134, 346 mutilated 271, 277 Jaffa-Jerusalem 133 Crusader 196 planning 313, 387 defaced 277 stations 284, 346 fragments 222, 278, 389 tunnels 133 friezes 226, 228, 268, 271, 274, 289, 299, 348 Ramleh 124, 146, 159, 165, 186, 263, 266 pedestals 192, 308, 344 roads 13, 15–16, 74, 110, 127–32, 136, 158–59, re-used 199, 313 174–75, 201, 203, 213–14, 243–44, 258–59, statues 136–37, 139, 150–51, 153, 189, 200, 331–32, 395–98 203, 206, 211, 226, 228, 232, 302, 390–91, modern 110, 127–31, 154, 170, 301 394 Roman 58, 61, 108, 128–32, 158–59, 214, 250, broken 292, 300 297, 314, 331, 333, 368 buried 390 milestones 127–28, 131–32, 214 colossal 121, 190, 221, 228–29, 273–74, network 373 392 paving stones 214, 265, 320 cult 273 preserved 129–30, 158, 300 equestrian 292 Strata Diocletiana 371 female 126, 313 Via Nova Traiana 368 headless 227–28 Roman shrine 259 Scythopolis 328 Roman sites 41, 49, 130, 145, 197, 231, 266, Seleucia Pieria 22, 126, 133, 143, 156, 169, 292, 305, 322, 331, 334, 368–69 185–86, 188 Rome 4, 99–100, 106–7, 139, 172–73, 178, 253, Serjilla 148, 159, 247 270, 272, 298, 319 Shahba 92, 174–75, 292, 294, 296–99 Ruad 147, 195 Shaizar 360 ruins 21–23, 30–33, 70–73, 121–25, 141–44, sheikhs 42, 85, 89–92, 108–9, 119, 134, 147–50, 196–200, 213–16, 250–53, 147–50, 278–79, 297, 299–301, 307, 310, 272–76, 279–84, 299–301, 326–29, 313–15, 338, 342 331–38, 340–47 profiteering 90, 279, 381 Phoenician 195, 198, 211–12, 393–94 Shobak 98, 373 as quarries 145, 164, 304 Sidon 119, 124, 129–30, 136, 144, 158, 166, 168, 202–9, 213, 215, 218, 382, 385, Sahr 292 391–93 Saladin 169, 185, 215, 219, 225, 322–23, 358, Slim 142–43, 298–99, 301 362, 365 Sodom 22, 68, 71

Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access 488 Index

Solomon as builder 15, 19, 58, 69, 96, 118, 121, deserts 21, 35, 37, 255, 258, 279 150, 163, 229, 268, 271–72, 276, 327 French influence 394, 399–400 Stanhope, Lady Hester 91, 119, 121, 124, 226 frontiers stones 117–21, 124–29, 138–40, 145–47, 159–65, the “limes” 148, 279, 284, 334, 373–74 167–69, 173–76, 194–99, 211–14, 216–18, various 7, 258, 367 222–24, 253–57, 269–71, 331–36, 358–61 peoples 5, 26, 29, 118, 133, 166, 186, 326, basalt 79, 177, 192, 256, 287–88, 293, 295, 394, 400 313, 329, 377, 393 population 29, 215, 312–13, 342 blocks 258 sites, ancient 3, 15, 32, 49, 61, 123, 134, 168, chancel screens 137 246, 251, 274, 302, 336, 381, 384–85 Ionic columns 141 pillars 257 technology 130, 134, 172, 209 towns 333 temples 94–96, 136–47, 150, 156–57, 173–74, blocks 124, 127, 140–41, 168, 212, 220, 242, 211–12, 226–29, 231–32, 265–78, 280–81, 272, 283–84, 297, 321, 368 283–84, 296–303, 307–10, 322–24, large 147, 194, 196, 243, 245, 259, 341–44 270–71, 299, 309, 311, 332, 334, 345, decorated 298, 310 347–48, 358 Egyptian 150, 363, 407 granite 136, 138, 160–61, 166, 192, 196–97, Nabatean 292 199–200, 210, 213–14, 217, 220, 222–26, theatres 79, 81, 136, 169, 173–75, 177, 197–98, 256–57, 280, 284 200–201, 219, 221–22, 287–92, 297, 302, columns 149, 152–53, 156, 191–92, 335–36, 341–43 195–96, 199–201, 205, 209–11, 222, Tiberias 10, 22, 39, 136, 192, 327–28, 358, 387 226–28, 265, 270, 275, 328, 365 Lake 55, 336 as manufactured stone 161 Tortosa 185, 195, 358 limestone 49, 55, 138, 147, 160, 163, 165, tourism 81, 145, 325, 384, 401, 405 253, 256, 270, 275, 283, 320, 368, 372 guidebooks 77 pavements 323 hotels 74, 76, 215, 230, 281 porphyry 96, 149, 160, 163, 230, 326 independent 75 pudding-stone 163, 223 package 15, 74–75, 81 ready-cut 124–25, 167, 242, 349 vandalising tourists 107, 392 See also marble towns 13–16, 22–24, 85–88, 139–52, 158–59, Suleim 148 166–70, 187–89, 191–92, 196–208, Sulkhad 294 213–28, 238–41, 254–58, 293–305, Sunamein 294 308–13, 315–16 superstitions 5, 16, 67, 70, 116, 119–20, 166, 282 ancient 42, 102, 170–71, 174, 177, 196, 255, djinns 118, 120, 123, 267, 276, 327 259, 266, 295, 336, 343, 347, 350, 360 inscriptions & treasure-hunting 107, deserted 36–38, 40, 86, 101–2, 108–9, 137, 121–23, 149, 151 159, 173–74, 222, 295, 303–4, 309, 315, magic 119–21, 123, 306, 352, 388 341, 347 treasure-hunting 84, 107, 111, 116–24, Roman 4, 100, 174, 293, 296–97, 305, 149–51, 204, 227, 273, 277, 313–14, 321, 369 342, 383, 385, 388–89 ruined 33, 36, 38, 118, 124, 129, 137, 216, Suweida 10, 128, 143, 175, 188–89, 294, 296, 248, 250, 255, 304, 307, 309, 315 299–301, 380, 396 See also villages Syria trade 1, 25–26, 33, 46, 83, 131, 184, 190, 194, borders 7, 11, 333 203, 238, 279, 346, 381, 405 See also Greater Syria British 4, 24, 26, 239 colonies 239 Circassian 30

Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access Index 489

European 2, 18, 23, 26, 42, 47, 133, 184, Muslim 150, 271, 323, 353 208, 215, 240, 396, 398 robbery 15–17, 19–20, 29, 33–34, 42, 48, French 25, 131, 186, 203–4, 216 76, 78, 82–84, 87–88, 217, 219–20, 310, Levant Company 16, 25, 239 337–39, 353 tourist 46, 407 safety 9, 19, 50, 52, 76, 89, 111, 123, 295, transport 108, 161, 340 339, 353, 366, 388, 402, 404 antiquities 147, 167, 208, 216, 270, 278, scholars 11, 14, 46, 53–56, 61–63, 100–101, 333, 359, 387 105, 291, 293, 366, 370, 383, 387, 395–96, baggage 81, 84, 381 400 camels 30, 39, 48, 81, 83–84, 110, 127, 129, plagiarism 12, 76, 334 131, 148, 155, 163–64, 166, 335, 344 telescopes 95, 106, 108–9, 111, 273, 304, 315 caravans 10, 26, 77, 87–88, 108, 110, 131, See also exploration 226, 280, 372 Tripoli 16, 23–24, 46, 88, 120, 129, 135, 137, 150, carts 30, 58, 340 153, 185–86, 195–96, 356, 358, 390–91 donkeys 68, 84, 110, 129, 145, 163 Tyre 6, 9, 22, 24–25, 70–72, 128–30, 152–53, horses 81, 84–87, 92, 129, 176, 250, 305, 156–57, 168, 170, 202–3, 206–10, 212–16, 308, 327, 339, 348, 394 359, 384–85 mules 82, 84–85, 88, 110, 145, 390, 394 shipping 144, 151, 193–94, 198, 203, 208, Umm al-Jimal 10, 104, 106, 147, 333–35, 368, 217, 220 376, 392 international 23–24, 26, 29, 47–48, Umm el Rasas 344 184–85, 187, 190, 201, 209–10, 219, 221, 356, 358, 381, 383 vandalism 29, 91, 107, 116, 124–26, 165, 206, navigation 48, 133, 184, 207 275–76, 379, 383 steamers 28, 46, 48, 74, 81, 103–4, 184, Venice 46, 70, 152, 232, 270, 390 194, 204, 325, 381, 388 pilastri acritani 232 wheeled vehicles 30, 32, 40, 58, 79, villages 27, 30–31, 83, 85–88, 140–42, 168, 128, 131, 164, 241, 336, 341 171–74, 207–8, 245–46, 248–49, 290–92, travelling & travellers 4–6, 8, 14, 45–46, 48, 295–96, 298, 312–16, 340–42 83–84, 87–92, 128–29, 132–33, 150–51, ancient 106, 172, 178, 248, 290, 306, 312, 162, 247–49, 268, 352, 404–5 396, 414 American 58–59, 81, 84, 95, 270, 352, 369, deserted 21, 27, 85, 88, 173, 245, 248–49, 402 283, 298, 312, 315 dragoman 75, 77–78, 81–82, 92, 95, 110, inhabited 246, 313 148, 324, 352, 392 modern 88, 140, 214, 260, 278, 334 dress 45–46, 50–52, 87–88, 95–96, 264, villagers 48, 84, 122, 142, 162, 167, 246, 313, 327 329, 337, 401 European 2, 19, 50, 86, 100, 127, 150, 158, See also towns 161, 173, 178, 185, 268, 271 expenses 81, 91, 99 wars & monument damage 88, 130, 144, 169, firmans 83, 89, 92, 123, 139, 167, 324, 381, 212, 346, 362, 397–98, 407, 409 387, 389 weapons Grand Tour 47, 404–5 artillery, non-gunpowder 359 guides 50, 52, 55, 60, 71, 74–75, 82, 89–90, gunpowder 34, 169, 197, 221, 271, 307, 345 116, 312, 314, 337–39, 341, 344, 352 guns 34, 52, 84, 90, 147, 268, 278, 310, 312 itineraries 7, 46, 54, 67–68, 81, 240, 243, projectiles 153, 216, 271, 359 325 languages 2, 50–51, 55, 59, 77, 87, 119, 151, Yajuz 333 248, 405 Yakut 118, 148, 150, 219, 244, 262–63, 276, 341

Michael Greenhalgh - 9789004334601 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 03:47:01PM via free access