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General Awareness Questions May 2017
www.leadthecompetition.in GENERAL AWARENESS QUESTIONS POSTED IN MAY 2017 1. Rodrigo Duterte is the President of a.Indonesia b. Philippines c. Thailand d. Singapore 2. Monazite sand in India is a rich source of a. Thorium b. Platinum c. Uranium d. Gold 3. Nelumbo nucifera is India's a. National tree b. National fruit c. National bird d. National flower 4. Guru Gobind Singh died at which of the following places? a. Patna b. Amritsar c. Nanded d. Anandpur 5. Vasco da Gama reached Indian in the year a. 1498 b. 1496 c. 1494 d. 1492 6. Which is the most malleable and ductile metal? a. Gold b. Silver c. Platinum d. Aluminium 7. Snellen chart is used by a. Astronomers b. Optometrists c. Sailors d. Pilots 8. Which of these is endemic to Western Ghats? a. Hangul b. Hoolock Gibbon c. Sloth Bear d. Liontailed Macaque 9. Abdul Kalam island was previously known as a. Sagar island b. Salsette island c. Wheeler island d. Havelock island 10. Corruption Perception Index is published by a. Transparency International b. World Trade Organisation c. International Monetary Fund d. World Bank 11. Oceanic pole of inaccessibility (Point Nemo) is located in the a. Indian Ocean b. Arctic Ocean c. Atlantic Ocean d. Pacific Ocean 12. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an inert gas are a. eight b. six c. four d. two 13. Olympus mons is a mountain located on which planet? a. Venus b. Mars c. Jupiter d. Saturn 14. Which tournament is referred to as Roland Garros? a. -
Tamarind 1990 - 2004
Tamarind 1990 - 2004 Author A. K. A. Dandjouma, C. Tchiegang, C. Kapseu and R. Ndjouenkeu Title Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail.) Pierre ex Pax seeds treatments influence on the q Year 2004 Source title Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse Reference 81(5): 299-303 Abstract The effects of heating Ricinodendron heudelotii seeds on the quality of the oil extracted was studied. The seeds were preheated by dry and wet methods at three temperatures (50, 70 and 90 degrees C) for 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method with hexane. The results showed a significant change in oil acid value when heated at 90 degrees C for 60 minutes, with values of 2.76+or-0.18 for the dry method and 2.90+or-0.14 for the wet method. Heating at the same conditions yielded peroxide values of 10.70+or-0.03 for the dry method and 11.95+or-0.08 for the wet method. Author A. L. Khandare, U. Kumar P, R. G. Shanker, K. Venkaiah and N. Lakshmaiah Title Additional beneficial effect of tamarind ingestion over defluoridated water supply Year 2004 Source title Nutrition Reference 20(5): 433-436 Abstract Objective: We evaluated the effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indicus) on ingestion and whether it provides additional beneficial effects on mobilization of fluoride from the bone after children are provided defluoridated water. Methods: A randomized, diet control study was conducted in 30 subjects from a fluoride endemic area after significantly decreasing urinary fluoride excretion by supplying defluoridated water for 2 wk. -
Vascular Plant Diversity in Neiveli Vadavadhi Karuppar Sacred Grove at Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu
Available online a t www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 2013, 3(6):9-13 ISSN : 2249-7412 CODEN (USA): AJPSKY Vascular plant diversity in Neiveli Vadavadhi Karuppar Sacred Grove at Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu Jayapal J.1, Tangavelou A. C.2* and Panneerselvam A.1 1Department of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 2Bio-Science Research Foundation, 166/1, Gundu Salai, Moolakulam, Pondicherry _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Neiveli Vadavadhi Karuppar Sacred Grove at Thanjavur district was explored for floristic studies and reported for the first time. Totally 117 plant species belonging to 51 families and 102 genera were recorded in this grove. An important keystone species were also recorded. At present scenario, environmental awareness programme should be implemented among the local community to educate them about the ecological significances of sacred groves for the preparation Conservation and management plan to attain the sustainable biological wealth. Key words: Tamil Nadu, Sacred grove, Biodiversity Conservation, threatened plants _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Nature worship has been a key force of shaping the human attitudes towards conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources. Such traditional practices have been invariably operating in different parts of India (Anthwal et al ., 2006). Sacred groves are the tracts of virgin forest that were left untouched by the local inhabitants, harbour rich biodiversity, and are protected by the local people due to their cultural and religious beliefs and taboos that the deities reside in them (Gadgil and Vartak, 1975; Khiewtam and Ramakrishnan, 1989; Ramakrishnan, 1996; Chandrashekara and Sankar 1998, Kanowski et al . -
Annual Report 2016-17
GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA KARNATAKA FOREST DEPARTMENT ANNUAL REPORT 2016-17 INDEX Chapter Page CONTENTS No. No. 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3 2 ORGANISATION 4-6 3 SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT 7 4 METHODS OF EXTRACTION OF FOREST PRODUCE AND ITS DISPOSAL 8 5 DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 9-19 6 SOCIAL FORESTRY and MGNREG 20-21 7 PROJECTS 22-24 8 WORKING PLANS, SURVEY AND DEMARCATION 25-28 9 EVALUATION 29 10 FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 30-33 11 FOREST DEVELOPMENT FUND 34 12 WILDLIFE 34-47 13 COMPENSATORY PLANTATION 47-50 14 FOREST CONSERVATION 50-56 15 LAND RECORDS 56-57 16 FOREST RESEARCH & UTILISATION 58-76 17 FOREST PROTECTION & VIGILANCE 77-79 18 FOREST TRAINING 80-86 19 RECRUITMENT OF STAFF 87 20 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHONOLOGY 87-89 21 SAKALA 90-91 22 NATIONAL FOREST SPORTS MEET 92 23 KARNATAKA FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, BENGALURU 92-98 24 KARNATAKA CASHEW DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED, MANGALURU 98-99 25 KARNATAKA STATE FOREST INDUSTRIES CORPORATION LIMITED, BENGALURU 100-102 26 KARNATAKA STATE MEDICINAL PLANTS AUTHORITY 103-110 TABLE INDEX Chapter Page CONTENTS No. No. 1 DISTRICT WISE FOREST AREA IN KARNATAKA STATE 111 2 DISTRICT WISE FOREST AREA BY LEGAL STATUS 112 3 NOTIFICATION NO-16016/2(II)/2004-AIS II A 113-115 4 ORGANISATION CHART OF THE DEPARTMENT 116 5 TIMBER AND MAJOR FOREST PRODUCE 117 6 RECORDED MINOR FOREST PRODUCE 118-119 7 FIREWOOD RELEASED TO THE PUBLIC FOR DOMESTIC AND OTHER USE 120 8 SUPPLY OF BAMBOO TO MEDARS AND OTHERS 121 9 PLANTATIONS RAISED DURING 2016-17 122 10 PLANTATIONS RAISED FROM 2009-10 to 2016-17 123 11 PROGRESS UNDER -
Dr: B.R Ambedkar Development Corporation, Haveri
Dr: B.R Ambedkar Development Corporation, Haveri SL NAME AND ADDRESS VILLAGE TALUK CONSTITUENCY NO. OF THE BENEFICIARY (M.S. CASING) 1 DHARMAPPA NANEPPA LAMANI CHANNAPURA TANDA RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-10 2 MYLAPPA KUBERAPPA JALLADAR HALAGERI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-4 3 RAMESH KARIBASAPPA HALDAR MUSTURU RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-16 4 RENUKAVVA NAGAPPA NAGAPPANAVARA HUNASIKATTE RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-20 5 ANNAPPA GOVINDAPPA HARIJANA AREMALLAPURA RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-24 6 MANJAPPA TOTAPPA LAMANI ANGASAPURA RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-6 7 HALAPPA HANUMANTHAPPA GUNDAGATTI BELURU RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-12 8 NEMAPPA TARUKAPPA LAMANI MADLERI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-17 9 MALLAPPA BASAPPA MADARA KONANATUMBIGE RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-15 10 RAJAPPA SANNAHANUMANTHAPPA MARIYAMMANAVARA AREMALLAPURA RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-23 11 RAMAPPA CHANDAPPA LAMANI MADLERI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-18 12 RAMAPPA TIRUKAPPA KAMPALAPPANAVAR HIREBIDARI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-14 13 MANJAPPA DYAMAPPA LAMANI MADLERI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-1 14 JAYAPPA SANNANEELAPPA BENAKANAKODA CHALAGERI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-21 15 SHIVAPPA MATENGAPPA DODDAMANI CHALAGERI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-13 16 GALEVVA DYAMAPPA GAJJARI HULIKATTI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-7 17 HANUMANTHAPPA B.CHALAVADI IRANI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-9 18 MARIYAPPA SANNAGUDDAPPA KOPPADA CHALAGERI RANEBENNURU BANEBENNURU-25 19 DURGAVVA PUTTAVVA HARIJAN SHIDLAPURA SHIGGAOV SHIGGAOV-23 20 PRAKASH MANGALAPPA LAMANI ALLIPURA SAVANUR SHIGGAOV-17 21 HANUMANTHAPPA HANUMANTHAPPA BANDIVADDAR SHIGGAOV SHIGGAOV SHIGGAOV-2 22 RAMANNA -
June – July 2019
C A R E E R G U I D A N C E B U L L E T I N MONTH : JUNE – JULY 2019 1 88 June – July 2019 SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY SKILL DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INFORMATION & AND GUIDANCE BUREAU C A R E E R G U I D A N C E B U L L E T I N MONTH : JUNE – JULY 2019 2 SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY SKILL DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INFORMATION & AND GUIDANCE BUREAU C A R E E R G U I D A N C E B U L L E T I N MONTH : JUNE – JULY 2019 UNIVERSITY SKILL 3DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE BUREAU C A R E E R G U I D A N C E B U L L E T I N Month : June - July 2019 No - 88 CONTENTS PAGE S. N. PARTICULARS NO. MAHARASHTRA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION TENTATIVE 01 1 TIME TABLE OF COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION 2019 02 SBI RECRUITMENT 2019 2 03 WRD RECRUITMENT 2019 2 04 BPCL RECRUITMENT 2019 3 05 ONGC RECRUITMENT 2019 3 06 MINISTRY OF DEFENCE RECRUITMENT 2019 4 07 5 NYKS RECRUITMENT 2019 MAHARASHTRA INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 08 6 RECRUITMENT / MIDC RECRUITMENT 2019 09 VIZAG STEEL RECRUITMENT 2019 7 10 IOCL RECRUITMENT 2019 9 11 MAHATRIBAL RECRUITMENT 2019 10 12 SAIL RECRUITMENT 2019 10 13 SSB RECRUITMENT 2019 11 14 NVS RECRUITMENT 2019 12 15 ARDE PUNE RECRUITMENT 2019 13 16 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF DECEMBER 2018 13 17 CURRENT AFFAIRS OF JANUARY 2018 16 18 CURRENT AFFAIRS QUESTIONS 24 SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY SKILL DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INFORMATION & AND GUIDANCE BUREAU C A R E E R G U I D A N C E B U L L E T I N MONTH : JUNE – JULY 2019 1 Maharashtra Public Service Commission Tentative Time Table of Competitive Examination 2019 Date of Duration of Duration of Sr. -
CULTURE and BIODIVERSITY (Volume I)
CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY (Volume I) PREPARED UNDER THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN- INDIA Kailash C. Malhotra Coordinator 2003 Thematic Working Group on Culture and Biodiversity Mr. Feisal Alkazi Ms. Seema Bhatt (TPCG Member) Dr. Debal Deb Mr. Yogesh Gokhale Dr. Tiplut Nongbri Dr. D.N. Pandey Shri Shekhar Pathak Prof. Kailash C. Malhotra, Co-ordinator 2 (Kailash C.Malhotra, Coordinator, Thematic Group on Culture and Biodiversity (2003) . CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY. Prepared under National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Executed by Ministry of Environment and Forests (Government of India), technical implementation by Technical and Policy Core Group coordinated by Kalpavriksh, and administrative coordination by Biotech Consortium India Ltd., funded by Global Environment Facility through United Nations Development Programm 178 pp.) 3 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 ABBREVIATIONS USED 11 1. INTRODUCTION 12 1.1 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan - India 1.2 Thematic Working Group on Culture and Biodiversity 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Methodology 2. CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY 19 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 The Conceptual Frame Work 2.2.1 Species Protection 2.2.2 Habitat Protection 2.2.3 Landscape Protection 3. POSITIVE – LINKS BETWEEN CULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 21 4. THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN INDIA 68 5. NEGATIVE – LINKS BETWEEN CULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 77 6. WEAKENNING OF LINKS BETWEEN CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY 84 7. INITIATIVES TO REESTABLISH AND / OR STRENGTHEN POSITIVE LINKS BETWEEN CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY 99 8. THE ROLE OF FOLK MUSIC AND DRAMA, ORAL LEGENDS AND PHOTOGRAPHY IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 116 9. RECOMMENDATIONS 121 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 127 4 REFERENCES CITED 129 APPENDICES 137 I Composition of the Thematic Working Group on Culture and Biodiversity.137 II The modified Thematic Concept Note. -
Invasive Alien Species in Protected Areas
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND PROTECTED AREAS A SCOPING REPORT Produced for the World Bank as a contribution to the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) March 2007 PART I SCOPING THE SCALE AND NATURE OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES THREATS TO PROTECTED AREAS, IMPEDIMENTS TO IAS MANAGEMENT AND MEANS TO ADDRESS THOSE IMPEDIMENTS. Produced by Maj De Poorter (Invasive Species Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of IUCN - The World Conservation Union) with additional material by Syama Pagad (Invasive Species Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of IUCN - The World Conservation Union) and Mohammed Irfan Ullah (Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India, [email protected]) Disclaimer: the designation of geographical entities in this report does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, ISSG, GISP (or its Partners) or the World Bank, concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. 1 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...........................................................................................6 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................9 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................12 1.1 Invasive alien -
Sl No. Reg No. NAME and ADDRESS 1 Reg No
Sl No. Reg No. NAME AND ADDRESS 1 Reg No. 269 Reg No. 269 Shri V C Patil Asst. Executive Eng. Near Housing Board, Ranebennur - 581115 Haveri - Dist. 2 Reg No. 843 Reg No. 843 Shri Fakeerappa Kariyappa Bidari Engineer, "Basavanilya", Umashankaranagar, Ranebennur - 581115, Haveri - Dist. 3 Reg No. 1097 Reg No. 1097 Shri B Veerabhadrappa, Merchant M/s B Veerabhadrappa & Sons, APMC Yard, Ranebennur - 581115, Haveri - Dist. 4 Reg No. 1098 Reg No. 1098 Shri Kumar Shivappa Jumbegi, Merchant Shubhalakshmi Cotton Traders, APMC Yard, Ranebennur - 581115, Haveri - Dist. 5 Reg No. 1099 Reg No. 1099 Shri Kumar Shivappa Jumbegi, Cotton Merchants M/s Shivappa Lekkadappa Jumbagi, Box No.20 Ranebennur - 581115 Haveri - Dist. Page 1 6 Reg No. 1100 Reg No. 1100 Shri Channappa Puttappa Badave Merchant Badaami Building, Station Road, Ranebennur - 581115 Haveri - Dist. 7 Reg No. 1101 Reg No. 1101 Shri Kumar Shadaksharappa Musti S .S Musti Compay, APMC Yard Ranebennur - 581115, Haveri - Dist. 8 Reg No. 1102 Reg No. 1102 Shri Rudranna Veerabhadrappa Hosakeri Cotton Merchants, Hosakeri Compay, APMC Yard Ranebennur - 581115, Haveri - Dist. 9 Reg No. 1103 Reg No. 1103 Shri Viswanath Shekharappa Jumbegi Merchants, Vageeshanagar, Ranebennur - 581115, Haveri - Dist. 10 Reg No. 1104 Reg No. 1104 Shri Ramanagowda Linganagowda M/s.N G Patil, APMC Yard Ranebennur - 581115, Haveri - Dist. Page 2 11 Reg No. 1105 Reg No. 1105 Shri Shankara Karaveerappa Kottura Lecturer, Poni -Banglore Main Road, Near Bus Stand Ranebennur - 581115 Haveri - Dist. 12 Reg No. 1106 Reg No. 1106 Shri Mahadevappa Halappagowli Merchants, Gowli Street, Ranebennur - 581115 Haveri - Dist. 13 Reg No. -
Evaluation of Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn.) As an Alternative Crop for Phyto-Remediation by Warner Steve Orozco Oband
Evaluation of Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) as an Alternative Crop for Phyto-remediation by Warner Steve Orozco Obando A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 6, 2012 Keywords: Aquaponics, Heavy Metals, Constructed Wetlands, CWs Copyright 2012 by Warner Orozco Obando Approved by Kenneth M. Tilt, Chair, Professor of Horticulture Floyd M. Woods, Co-chair, Associate Professor of Horticulture Fenny Dane, Professor of Horticulture J. Raymond Kessler, Professor of Horticulture Jeff L. Sibley, Professor of Horticulture Wheeler G. Foshee III, Associate Professor of Horticulture Abstract Lotus, Nelumbo nucifera, offers a wide diversity of uses as ornamental, edible and medicinal plant. An opportunity for growing lotus as a crop in Alabama also has the potential for phyto-remediation. Lotus was evaluated for remediation of trace elements focusing on manganese (Mn), organic compounds targeting s-metolachlor and filtering aquaculture waste water. Lotus was evaluated for filtering trace elements by establishing a base line for tissue composition and evaluating lotus capacity to grow in solutions with high levels of Mn (0, 5, 10, 15, or 50 mg/L). Increasing Mn concentrations in solution induced a linear increase in lotus Mn leaf concentrations. Hyper-accumulation of Al and Fe was detected in the rhizomes, while Na hyper-accumulated in the petioles, all without visible signs of toxicity. Mn treatments applied to lotus affected chlorophyll content. For example, chlorophyll a content increased linearly over time while chlorophyll b decreased. Radical scavenging activity (DPPH) did not change over time but correlated with total phenols content, showing a linear decrease after 6 weeks of treatment. -
22/01/2021 Government of Karnataka Page:197
22/01/2021 GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA PAGE:197 DEPARTMENT OF PRE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION LIST OF PU COLLEGES IN HAVERI DISTRICT AS ON 22/01/2021 ******************************************************************************** SLNO COLCD NAME AND ADDRESS YEAR OF OPEN & COLL TYPE OPENING & AIDED GO NOS. WITH DATE ******************************************************************************** 2658 JH0031 GUDLEPPA HALLIKERI PU COL 63-64 BIFUR PU COL HAVERI DCE 59 MG 64 DT 16-03-1965 581110 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2659 JH0032 GOVT SJJM PU COLLEGE GOVT PU COL BYADGI HAVERI DT 581106 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2660 JH0033 GOVT MAJID PU COLLEGE 72-73 GOVT PU COL SAVANUR HAVERI DT 581118 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2661 JH0034 RTES PU COLLEGE 66-67 BIFUR PU COL RANIBENNUR PB ROAD HAVERI DT 581115 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2662 JH0035 HOSAMANI SIDDAPPA PU COL 72-73 AIDED PU COL RANIBENNUR AFL CR 103 71-72 DT 02-06-1972 HAVERI DT 581115 PUE/ACCTS/OAG/GIT/1973-74 22/02/74 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2663 JH0036 MAHANTASWAMY PU COLLEGE 67-68 BIFUR PU COL HAUNSBHAVI HIREKERUR TQ HAVERI DT 581109 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2664 JH0037 CES KH PATIL PU COLLEGE 72-73 AIDED PU COL HIREKERUR AFL CR 92 71-72 DT 03-06-1972 HAVERI DT 581111 PUE/ACCTS/0-11/GIA/72-73 -
Albizia Chevalieri, And
学位論文 Studies on bioactive compounds from Cameroonian medicinal plants, Acacia albida and Albizia chevalieri, and Japanese endophytes Xylaria sp. (カメルーン産薬用植物 Acacia albida と Albizia chevalieri と日本で分離された植物内生菌類 Xylaria sp.の生理活性物質に関する研究) Abdou Tchoukoua Dedication To My late mom DJEBBA M. Odile i Acknowledgments Acknowledgments This thesis was successful with the support of a number of people to whom I am greatly indebted. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Dr. Yoshihito Shiono (Yamagata University, Japan) and Prof. Ngadjui T. Bonaventure (University of Yaounde I, Cameroon) for the guidance, support, and motivation during all the time of my research in their labs. Their help will always be deeply appreciated. I would also like to thank the JSPS-Ronpaku Program for financial support in Japan. I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. M. Hashimoto, Prof. Y. Tokuji, Prof. K. Kimura, and Prof. T. Koseki, for their participation as judging committee. I wish to thank all the people with whom I have worked and contributed to the development of this work. Great thanks to Prof. Dr. Özgen Çaliskan for my sojourn in her lab, and to Dr. Ibrahim Horo in offering his expertise in isolation of saponins. I wish to thank Prof. K. Kimura for analyses of biological activities. I thank Drs Eunsang Kwon and Hiroyuki Momma for measurements of ESI-MS spectra. I am particularly grateful to Dr. T. Tabopda for his contribution to the success of this investigation. It has been a pleasure working with you. I thank the staff members of the Department of Organic Chemistry of the University of Yaounde I for my university education.