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Het Kansrijke Buitengewest Aru Het kansrijke buitengewest Aru Een analyse van hoe en waarom de VOC het beleid voor handel en religie uitvoerde op de Aru-eilanden in de periode 1658-1694 Linette van ’t Hof Universiteit Leiden S1385593 Masterscriptie Colonial and Global History Vrijheidslaan 280 Eerste lezer: Dr. A.M.C van Dissel 2321DR Leiden Aantal woorden: 21.369 [email protected] Datum: 27 juni 2019 Bronnen voorblad Linksboven: Het schip D’Waterhondt, onderdeel een tekening van een vloot onder leiding van Adriaan Dorstman onderweg naar de Zuidoostereilanden. Anoniem, 1646. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), nummer toegang 1.04.02, inventarisnummer 1159, folio 234-235. Rechtsboven: Kaart van de Aru-eilanden, uitsnede van een kaart met onder andere de eilanden Ceram, Banda, Nieuw-Guinea en de Zuidooster- en Zuidwestereilanden. Anoniem, 1669/1670. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Verzameling Buitenslandse Kaarten Leupe, nummer toegang 4.VEL, inventarisnummer 485. Onder: Brief van de gouverneur-generaal en raad van Indië in Batavia aan het bestuur van Banda, 12 januari 1653. Nationaal Archief, Den Haag, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), nummer toegang 1.04.02, inventarisnummer 876, folio 969. Inhoud Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Introductie .............................................................................................................................. 1 Historiografie over Aru .......................................................................................................... 2 Theoretisch kader ................................................................................................................... 5 Relevantie en vraagstelling .................................................................................................... 7 Methode .................................................................................................................................. 8 Hoofdstuk 1 Oorlog en verkenning .......................................................................................... 10 1.1 Machtsstrijd om Makassar ......................................................................................... 10 1.2 De volkerenmoord op Banda ..................................................................................... 12 1.3 De verkenningsfase .................................................................................................... 14 1.3.1 De reis van Jan Carstenszoon ............................................................................. 16 1.3.2 De reis van Adriaan Dorstman ........................................................................... 20 Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 22 Hoofdstuk 2 Kerk en School op Aru ........................................................................................ 24 2.1 De VOC en haar religieuze missie ............................................................................ 24 2.2 Een nieuw contract met religieuze doeleinden .......................................................... 27 2.3 Een nieuwe ziekentrooster ......................................................................................... 28 2.4 Visitaties van predikanten ......................................................................................... 31 2.5 De oorlog tussen Oost- en West-Aru ......................................................................... 35 2.6 Islamitisch Ujir .......................................................................................................... 39 Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 41 Hoofdstuk 3 Handel op Aru ..................................................................................................... 42 3.1 Het handelsverkeer tussen Banda en Aru .................................................................. 42 3.2 Een kostbaar zeegewas .............................................................................................. 43 3.2.1 De parelvangst bij Mannar ................................................................................. 44 3.2.2 De parels bij Aru ................................................................................................ 47 3.3 Slavenhandel en slavernij .......................................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Slavenhandel van Aru naar Banda ..................................................................... 53 3.3.2 Het perkeniersstelsel op Banda .......................................................................... 56 Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 59 Conclusie .................................................................................................................................. 61 Bibliografie ............................................................................................................................... 65 Primaire bronnen .................................................................................................................. 65 Archivalia ......................................................................................................................... 65 Gedrukte primaire bronnen .............................................................................................. 65 Literatuur .............................................................................................................................. 66 Bronnen afbeeldingen .......................................................................................................... 69 Bijlage 1: Herkomst van alle slaafgemaakten per plaats op Banda, 1694 ............................... 71 Inleiding Deze buitenposten, [van de Zuidooster- en Zuidwestereilanden] waren slechts bemand met een korporaal en een handvol soldaten, die één keer per jaar door de Compagnie werden geïnspecteerd, geïnstrueerd en geproviandeerd. De rest van de tijd waren de militairen geheel op zichzelf aangewezen. Onder de felle tropenzon en vanachter een houten palissade oefenden zij het Nederlands gezag uit in een uitgestrekt vulkanisch eilandenrijk. Aardbevingen, vloedgolven, orkanen, stof- en steenregens bedreigden hun bestaan. Ook was de lokale bevolking de soldaten niet altijd even gunstig gezind.1 Introductie Els Jacobs is een van de weinige historici die de Zuidooster- en de Zuidwestereilanden kort noemt in haar werk Koopman in Azië: de handel van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie tijdens de 18de eeuw. Jacobs schetst hier op anekdotische wijze een bekrompen beeld waarbij de soldaten een zwaar leven leidden en moesten zien te overleven op een primitieve manier die veel gevaren met zich mee bracht. Het roept daarnaast veel vragen op. Waarom vestigde de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) zich op deze eilanden, als het enkel kommer en kwel was voor de VOC-dienaren die hier jaarlijks moesten wachten op hun proviand? Hoe werd dit Nederlandse gezag uitgevoerd door een handvol soldaten vanachter een houten palissade? En voornamelijk: wat dacht de VOC te kunnen bewerkstelligen door zich op deze eilandengroepen te vestigen? Deze thesis zal zich richten op het beleid voor handel en religie van de VOC op een gebied binnen de Zuidoostereilanden, namelijk een eilandengroep genaamd Aru in de tweede helft van de zeventiende eeuw. De Aru-eilanden, bestaande uit 95 kleine en grotere eilanden, liggen ruim 700 kilometer ten oosten van de Banda-eilanden en vormen samen de meest oostelijk gelegen eilandengroep van de Molukken in het hedendaagse Indonesië. In november 1604 zetten schipper Willem Jansz en opperkoopman Jan Lodewijcsen van Rosingeyn hier voor het eerst voet aan wal namens de VOC. Met het schip Duifken werden zij uitgezonden om de kust van Nieuw-Guinea te verkennen. Zij voeren vanuit Banten via de Banda-eilanden oostwaarts en kwamen vervolgens de Aru-eilanden tegen.2 De VOC sloot in 1623 het eerste contract met enkele dorpshoofden van de Arunezen.3 Dit was het begin van een samenwerking tussen Aru en de 1 Els M. Jacobs, Koopman in Azië: de handel van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie tijdens de 18de eeuw (Zutphen 2000) 24. 2 J. R. van Diessen ed., Grote atlas van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie III (Voorburg etc. 2006) 352. 3 Nationaal Archief, Den Haag (NA), Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), nummer toegang 1.04.02, inv. nr. 1080, f. 56-71, reisverslag van de reis van Jan Carstenszoon naar de Aru-eilanden en Nieuw-Guinea met de | 1 | VOC. Het gebied zou gaan horen bij het Banda-gewest, waarvandaan Aru in het vervolg werd aangedaan. Historiografie over Aru Naar de Aru-eilanden is nog niet veel onderzoek gedaan, maar hetgeen dat er is, is erg divers: de drie meest recente onderzoeken zijn respectievelijk historisch, antropologisch en archeologisch van aard. Het eerste antropologische, biologische, en geografische werk over Aru is van de Engelsman Alfred Russell Wallace. Hij beschreef en onderzocht in zijn werk The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel, with Studies of Man and Nature de Aru-eilanden in drie van zijn hoofdstukken.4 Hij verbleef daar van januari tot mei 1857 en maakte een reis van Dobo door het
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