DOCSLIB.ORG

Worldwide Food Waste in Muslim Marriage Ceremonies: a Case Study Conducted in Karachi, a Mega City of 23.5 Million, and City of Diverse Muslim Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Worldwide Food Waste in Muslim Marriage Ceremonies: a Case Study Conducted in Karachi, a Mega City of 23.5 Million, and City of Diverse Muslim Communities International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 10, Issue 5 (Aug.) ISSN 2289-1552 2016 WORLDWIDE FOOD WASTE IN MUSLIM MARRIAGE CEREMONIES: A CASE STUDY CONDUCTED IN KARACHI, A MEGA CITY OF 23.5 MILLION, AND CITY OF DIVERSE MUSLIM COMMUNITIES Abdulrauf Farooqi1, 1Professor, Environment and Energy Management (EEM), IoBM, Karachi, Pakistan Akhlaq Ahmed2 2Professor and Director Quality Enhancement Cell (QEC), IoBM, Karachi, Pakistan, Muhammad Faisal Yaseen3 3MBA Environment and Energy Management (EEM) Student, Quality and Hygiene Supervisor, PIA Catering Food Service, Jinnah International Terminal, Karachi, Pakistan ABSTRACT Based on findings in Karachi, a mega case study city of diverse Muslim communities where averagely a person wastes 475 g food in marriages which is more than the average food consumed per meal at home. The diversity of Muslims in Karachi is like a rainbow of all colors and many ethnicities. The study stipulated that cumulatively worldwide Muslims waste 26.81 million tons food in marriage ceremonies. This colossal food waste will offset hunger of 184.81 million, 92.40 million, and 20.53 million people with one, two, and three meals per day. To offset hunger with three meals daily the entire population of Somalia and Haiti can benefit from worldwide saved food in Muslim marriages. Food waste inefficiencies and consumption behavior in different age groups and genders revealed inefficiencies in food consumption behavior. Main food waste causes during marriages entailed very late serving, inappropriate food combination, guest’s perception about food shortage, large per unit food portions, and scrambling of food tables. Food waste inadequacies and consumption behavior in different age groups and genders revealed inefficiencies in food consumption behavior. Good science indicates the rise in obesity and diabetes amongst Muslims in South Asia and Middle East are linked to the consumption of super-rich caloric food, notoriously sugary sweets/desserts with inactive cultural habit of exercise/walk is a recipe for obesity/diabetes. Since the present cultural norms of food waste have taken hundreds of years, it will require paradigm shift to inculcate the basic Muslim faith of eating modestly, refraining from lavish eating, and slicing down food portions/sweets to avoid obesity. The savings in food waste will offset hunger and allow obligatory fulfillment of basic human rights and obligatory fulfillment of the right of education for both genders in Islam. Proposed action plan to overcome food waste include use of OIC and IDB platform for collection/distribution, all Muslims to halve their expenditure on wedding receptions to contribute the remaining half for marriages amongst poor communities and developing awareness message with invitations; hoarding of public message along food tables to encourage self consciousness from undue food waste and saving waste. Key words: Marriage Ceremonies, Saving Food Waste, Offsetting Hunger, Paradigm Shift, Action Plan for Saving Food Waste 1. Introduction 1.1 Background The worldwide Muslim population generally floating amongst Muslims hover between 1.6 and 1.7 billion (Eshai, 2015; The Intellect Bulletin, 2014, and Muslim Population, 2015) whereas Western sources contend Muslim population to be about 2.06 billion and 2.01 worldwide Christians out of total average world population of 7.22 billion (World Muslim Population, 2015, and Religious Population, 2015). The annual growth rate of Muslims and Christians estimated at 1.84% and 1.32 % respectively (World Population, 2015; US Census, 2015, and World Muslim Population, 2015). This lead us to understand that today one out of every four person in the world is a Muslim. Karachi the largest city of 23.5 million in Pakistan is teeming with 68 percent youth (The Express Tribune, 2015) out of total 191 million people (Pakistan’s Population A, B, and C, 2015) is extrapolated to contain 16 million youth. It was ironic that food wastes during marriage ceremonies in Karachi are ubiquitously seen in all the segments of society. Anthropologists contend Karachi as the melting pot of all Muslim cultures in Pakistan. On the contrary hunger can be substantially overcome in Pakistan and among Muslims in general by taking appropriate preventive measures to eliminate food waste during marriages. Karachi is the melting pot of all Muslim colors, many ethnicities, and diverse sects living in Asia. The city is like a rainbow of Muslim diversity representing all colors, sects, and most ethnicities and is also like all colored and shades of jewels emanating from many water bodies most meticulously and beautifully laid. Karachi is the commercial capital and largest mega city of Pakistan. 61 International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, Vol. 10, Issue 5 (Aug.) ISSN 2289-1552 2016 The country is bordered on north and east with the two most populous countries in the world. The city is mainly comprised of Muslim migrants from Afghanistan, Africa, Arabs, China, India and internal rural-urban migrants from Baluchistan, Kashmir, Punjab and Sindh. Presently Karachi boasts as hosting largest conglomeration of Muslim Pushtoons in the World. In addition, Karachi also hosts minority of Muslims migrants from non-traditional countries/ethnicity like Central Asian Republics and more than dozen countries ranging from Armenia, Brits, Dutch, Portuguese, Somalis, and Turks etc. including splashes of Non- Muslim religions such as Ahmadies, Christians, Hinduism, Judaism, and Zoroastrians ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi: accessed Aug.8,2016) Though worldwide the United Nations Millennium Development Goal (UNMDG) Goal Number 1 ‘Eradication of Poverty’ extreme poverty has been halved but Pakistan has not made dent in its reduction. Translating the World Bank estimates in regard to Pakistan’s where 60% population i.e., about 115 million live below poverty line sleep hungry. Sadly on the regional scale, the poverty is significantly lower than Pakistan. This is because independent observers contend that Pakistan’s poverty eradication initiatives such as Benazir Income Support Program, Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, Tameer Watan Program, Pakistan Bait- ul Maal, Employees Old Age Benefit Scheme, Workers Welfare Fund, and Subsidy on Food have benefitted a small percentage of the population, the progress on poverty eradication in Pakistan has been disappointing (Ali, 2015). Control on food waste or saving food in marriage ceremonies can substantially overcome poverty. In this study the food is considered waste in between cooking and serving/eating in marriages/social functions. It is painful to see excessive food waste in both developed and underdeveloped countries such as Pakistan where control on food waste in marriage ceremonies can substantially offset hunger in Karachi. Though food waste studies have been conducted in India, UK, China, Korea, Japan and Malaysia, statistics on food waste during wedding ceremonies has been extremely limited. Holy Quran 6:141 says’ Do not waste, for Allah does not love the wasteful’. (The Noble Quran, 1985) Controlling food waste in general and marriage ceremonies in particular is though chronic social issue; it requires intrinsic understanding of the problem. Muslim marriage in Pakistan is contracted by offer and acceptance in the presence of witnesses. Culturally, it is a link between the husband and wife and an alliance between two families. Islamic marriage laws are claimed to be followed in Pakistan because about 97% population is Muslim. However during marriage ceremonies conglomeration of various customs and traditions including a blend of Islamic and non-Islamic traditions are widely observed all over the world amongst Muslims. Though Islamic marriage is a legal obligation, Muslims generally do not follow religion during marriage ceremonies and instead most marriage traditions are drawn from other cultures such as Hinduism in Pakistan. Apropos, the objectives of the present study were: a. To understand current food wastage in wedding ceremonies amongst Muslims in Karachi and worldwide b. To suggest measure to mitigate food loses during marriage and social functions, and c. To suggest efficient and effective utilization of food 2. Food Waste Food waste is not only the Muslim’s issue but a global issue of mankind. Food Waste refers to the ultimate loss of edible food destined for human consumption. The food loss occurs at all the stages from farm to table. In developed countries most food waste is at consumption stage whereas in developing countries the most loss is during supply chain. The FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) estimates that globally one third (approximately 1.3 billion tons per year) food produced for human gets wasted out of which total food waste in UK, Sub-Saharan Africa and Worldwide are of the order of 8.3, 230, and 1300 million tons per annum respectively. Karachi being the mega city of Pakistan is the largest city in the Muslim world, and third- largest in the world has population density of over 24,000 people per square kilometer (63,000 per square mile). Karachi’s middle class constitutes 55% (13 million) whereas the remainder 25% (5.8 million) and 20% (4.7 million) fall in upper and lower class (Dawn News, 2012 and Durr-e-Nayab, 2010). Holy Quran 7:31 states, “And Eat and drink, but not by extravagance (excessive). Indeed, He (Allah) likes not those who waste by extravagance, or by committing excess (The Noble Quran, 1985).” A Hadith in Tirmizi further advises Muslims to leave “one third of the belly with food, another third with drink and leave one third empty for easy breathing’ 2.1 Excesses Food Consumption is a growing World Muslim’s Problem Worldwide nearly two billion people in the age group of 15 and over are overweight i.e., obese. It will be surprising to know that obesity is more than twice as many underweight people in the world. Obesity substantially increases risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart attack, stroke, osteoarthritis, gall bladder disease, respiratory complications, and some cancer (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2015, and Gustavsson et al., 2013).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Final GCR Combined Copy May 2013
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY REPORT (Subject Code: 2830003) ON “PAKISTAN WITH RESPECT TO LEATHER INDUSTRY” SUBMITTED TO MBA-732: SEMESTER-III & IV LDRP-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, GANDHINAGAR. [In partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the award for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)] By Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad Year: 2013 Semester III & IV Guided By: Name of Guides email Id Contact Designation No. Mr. Vinit M. Mistri [email protected] 09998873083 Lecturer Ms. Hemali G. Broker [email protected] 09099012233 Lecturer Dr. Pooja M. Sharma [email protected] 09726480698 Assistant professor Ms. Sejal C. Acharya [email protected] 07698029293 Lecturer Mr. Anand Nagrecha [email protected] 09824090958 Lecturer Student’s Declaration We hereby declare that the Global/ Country Study Report titled “GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY REPORT (Subject Code: 2830003) ON“PAKISTAN WITH RESPECT TO LEATHER INDUSTRY” in ( PAKISTAN ) is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. If I/we are found guilty of copying any other report or published information and showing as my/our original work, or extending plagiarism limit, I understand that I/we shall be liable and punishable by GTU, which may include ‘Fail’ in examination, ‘Repeat study & re Submission of report’ or any other punishment that GTU may decide. Place: Gandhinagar Date: All Students undersigned below. Enrollment Number NAME OF THE STUDENT
    [Show full text]
  • PSLM) 2018-19 National /Provincial (Social Report)
    Pakistan Social & Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) 2018-19 National /Provincial (Social Report) Government of Pakistan Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Mauve Area G-9/1, Islamabad . Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives PSLM - 2018-19 PAKISTAN SOCIAL AND LIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT SURVEY (2018-19) National /Provincial (Social Indicators) Government of Pakistan Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives June - 2020 www.pbs.gov.pk i TABLE OF CONTENTS PSLM 2018-19 Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... VIII LIST OF OFFICERS INVOLVED IN PSLM/HIES, 2018-19 ....................................................... IX 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objective of Survey: ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Main Sectors Covered by PSLM / HIES (Provincial Level) .......................................................... 2 1.3 Incorporated Modules ................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Sample Design of PSLM/HIES Survey 2018-19 ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gaining Insight Into the Magnitude of and Factors Influencing Child Marriage and Teenage Pregnancy and Their Consequences in Pakistan
    Gaining insight into the magnitude of and factors influencing child marriage and teenage pregnancy and their consequences in Pakistan Baseline Report February 2018 by Madeleen Wegelin, Dinu Abdella Dr. Naghma Rehan Dr. Farkanda Ather, Tasneem Kakal Dr. Maryse Kok Preface YES I DO. is a strategic alliance of five Dutch organizations which main aim is to enhance the decision making space of young people about if, when and whom to marry as well as if, when and with whom to have children. Funded by the sexual and reproductive health and rights policy framework of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the alliance is a partnership between Plan Nederland, Rutgers, Amref Flying Doctors, Choice for Youth and Sexuality, and the KIT Royal Tropical Institute. Led by Plan Nederland, the alliance members have committed to a five-year programme to be implemented between 2016 and 2020 in seven countries: Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Pakistan and Zambia. The YES I DO Alliance partners and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands acknowledge that child marriage, teenage pregnancy and female genital mutilation/cutting are interrelated issues that involve high health risks and human rights violations of young women and impede socioeconomic development. Therefore, the YES I DO programme applies a mix of intervention strategies adapted to the specific context of the target countries. The theory of change consists of five main pathways: 1) behavioural change of community and ‘’gatekeepers’’, 2) meaningful engagement of young people in claiming for their sexual and reproductive health and rights, 3) informed actions of young people on their sexual health, 4) alternatives to the practice of child marriage, female genital mutilation/cutting and teenage pregnancy through education and economic empowerment, and 5) responsibility and political will of policy makers and duty bearers to develop and implement laws towards the eradication of these practices.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Human Rights 2013
    Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora: A Survey of Human Rights 2013 www.HAFsite.org June 5, 2013 © Hindu American Foundation 2013 “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 1 “One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one’s own self. This, in brief, is the rule of dharma. Yielding to desire and acting differently, one becomes guilty of adharma.” Mahabharata XII: 113, 8 “Thus, trampling on every privilege and everything in us that works for privilege, let us work for that knowledge which will bring the feeling of sameness towards all mankind.” Swami Vivekananda, “The Complete works of Swam Vivekananda,” Vol 1, p. 429 "All men are brothers; no one is big, no one is small. All are equal." Rig Veda, 5:60:5 © Hindu American Foundation 2013 © Hindu American Foundation 2013 Endorsements of Hindu American Foundation's Seventh Annual Report Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora: A Survey of Human Rights 2010 "As the founder and former co---chair of the Congressional Caucus on India and Indian Americans, I know that the work of the Hindu American Foundation is vital to chronicle the international human rights of Hindus every year. The 2010 report provides important information to members of Congress, and I look forward to continuing to work with HAF to improve the human rights of Hindus around the world." U.S. Congressman Frank Pallone (D-NJ) "As Chairman of the Subcommittee on Terrorism and the co---chair of the Congressional Caucus on India and Indian Americans, I applaud the hard work of the Hindu American Foundation in producing their annual Human Rights Report.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Significant Symbols of Lebanese-Canadian Maronite Wedding Ceremonies
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-2006 Understanding the significant symbols of Lebanese-Canadian Maronite wedding ceremonies. Paul Gebrael University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Gebrael, Paul, "Understanding the significant symbols of Lebanese-Canadian Maronite wedding ceremonies." (2006). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7059. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7059 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Understanding the Significant Symbols of Lebanese-Canadian Maronite Wedding Ceremonies By Paul Gebrael A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research through Sociology and Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor University of Windsor 2006 Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2006 © Paul Gebrael Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.Hindu Websites Sorted Category Wise
    Hindu Websites sorted Category wise Sl. No. Broad catergory Website Address Description Reference Country 1 Archaelogy http://aryaculture.tripod.com/vedicdharma/id10. India's Cultural Link with Ancient Mexico html America 2 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa Harappa Civilisation India 3 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civil Indus Valley Civilisation India ization 4 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiradu_temples Kiradu Barmer Temples India 5 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro Mohenjo_Daro Civilisation India 6 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda Nalanda University India 7 Archaelogy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila Takshashila University Pakistan 8 Archaelogy http://selians.blogspot.in/2010/01/ganesha- Ganesha, ‘lingga yoni’ found at newly Indonesia lingga-yoni-found-at-newly.html discovered site 9 Archaelogy http://vedicarcheologicaldiscoveries.wordpress.c Ancient Idol of Lord Vishnu found Russia om/2012/05/27/ancient-idol-of-lord-vishnu- during excavation in an old village in found-during-excavation-in-an-old-village-in- Russia’s Volga Region russias-volga-region/ 10 Archaelogy http://vedicarcheologicaldiscoveries.wordpress.c Mahendraparvata, 1,200-Year-Old Cambodia om/2013/06/15/mahendraparvata-1200-year- Lost Medieval City In Cambodia, old-lost-medieval-city-in-cambodia-unearthed- Unearthed By Archaeologists 11 Archaelogy http://wikimapia.org/7359843/Takshashila- Takshashila University Pakistan Taxila 12 Archaelogy http://www.agamahindu.com/vietnam-hindu- Vietnam
    [Show full text]
  • Hindus in South Asia & the Diaspora: a Survey of Human Rights 2007
    Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora: A Survey of Human Rights 2007 www.HAFsite.org May 19, 2008 “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 1) “Religious persecution may shield itself under the guise of a mistaken and over-zealous piety” (Edmund Burke, February 17, 1788) Endorsements of the Hindu American Foundation's 3rd Annual Report “Hindus in South Asia and the Diaspora: A Survey of Human Rights 2006” I would like to commend the Hindu American Foundation for publishing this critical report, which demonstrates how much work must be done in combating human rights violations against Hindus worldwide. By bringing these abuses into the light of day, the Hindu American Foundation is leading the fight for international policies that promote tolerance and understanding of Hindu beliefs and bring an end to religious persecution. Senator Sherrod Brown (D-OH) Freedom of religion and expression are two of the most fundamental human rights. As the founder and former co-chair of the Congressional Caucus on India, I commend the important work that the Hindu American Foundation does to help end the campaign of violence against Hindus in South Asia. The 2006 human rights report of the Hindu American Foundation is a valuable resource that helps to raise global awareness of these abuses while also identifying the key areas that need our attention. Congressman Frank Pallone, Jr. (D-NJ) Several years ago in testimony to Congress regarding Religious Freedom in Saudi Arabia, I called for adding Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists to oppressed religious groups who are banned from practicing their religious and cultural rights in Saudi Arabia.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Norms Around Early, Forced and Child Marriage in Pakistan
    Social norms around forced and early child marriage in Pakistan Zahra Jabeen & Karen van Zaal Oxfam – 23rd of Oct, 2019 “Marriage no child’s play” • More Than Brides Alliance • MNCP being implemented in SRHR & empowerment 5 countries: India, Malawi, Mali, Niger and Pakistan Education Economic opportunities Social norms on child marriage Policy on child marriage Child Marriages in Pakistan - Pakistan ranks 6th in the world, with 1.9 million child brides - 21% Pakistani girls are married before 18; 3% before 15 - Complexity of issue and Multiple Drivers: - Social Norms, Cultural traditions/family practices, Family Honour, Land Dispute Settlment, Economic Issues, Religious Reasons and Peer/Family Pressure - Marriage in Pakistan is a union of the families of the groom and bride, rather than of two individuals - Evidence from baseline; discrepancies in answers of household heads and girls on consultation of marriage Research objective CM in Pakistan Need for unraveling of social norms surrounding early marriage practices and the decision- making processes around marriage Evidence from baseline Social norms Aspects around social norms Empirical Attitudes and Normative expectation behaviour expectation Possible sanctions Research and social norms Literature review & baseline survey Qual research on SN in dec making of marriage Midline survey Reflection and adaptive programming Methodology Phase 2 • Baseline survey • Quantitative • Midline survey • Girls and (adapted baseline) household heads • Qualitative research • Girls and • N=1200 (T/C) •
    [Show full text]
  • The-Index-Of-Religious-Diversity-And-Inclusion-In-Pakistan-1.Pdf
    The Index of Religious Diversity and Inclusion in PAKISTAN An Exploratory Study with Initial Recommendations Copyright @ 2020 by Asif Aqeel Author: Asif Aqeel Research Oversight: Centre for Public Policy and Governance (CPPG) Editor: Asher John Research Assistants: Mary Gill, Basil Dogra Surveyors: Mary Gill, Sunil Gulzar, Basil Dogra, Asher Aryan Photo Credits: Saad Sarfaraz Sheikh All Rights Reserved First Edition Printed in Lahore, Pakistan Published by Centre for Law and Justice (CLJ) www.clj.org.pk For suggestions: [email protected] Contents Table of Contents Abbreviations 7 Acknowledgment 8 Executive Summary 9 Chapter1: Introduction 12 Chapter 2: Background 14 Chapter 3: Pakistan: The Land of Equalities 20 The Changing Status of Religious Minorities 23 Liaquat Ali Khan's Period and Religious Minorities 24 Creating New Constitution for Pakistan and Minorities 24 Ayub Khan's period and Minorities 25 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Period and Religious Minorities 26 Zia-ul-Haq's Period and Minorities 27 Restoration of Democratic Government and Minorities 28 Chapter 4: Rediscovering Jinnah's Inclusive Pakistan 31 Religious Minorities and Global Trends 31 Positive Developments since General Musharraf and Onwards 32 Political Participation 32 Minorities in Government 32 Education and/for Minorities 33 Celebrating Religious Festivals of Minorities 33 Recognizing the Role of Minorities in Nation Building 34 Judicial Activism and Minorities 34 Renovation of Worship Places 35 Speaking for Minorities 35 Safety of Religious Minorities 35 Economic
    [Show full text]
  • 1.Hindu Websites Sorted Alphabetically
    Hindu Websites sorted Alphabetically Sl. No. Website Address Description Broad catergory Reference Country 1 http://18shaktipeetasofdevi.blogspot.com/ 18 Shakti Peethas Goddess India 2 http://18shaktipeetasofdevi.blogspot.in/ 18 Shakti Peethas Goddess India 3 http://199.59.148.11/Gurudev_English Swami Ramakrishnanada Leader- Spiritual India 4 http://330milliongods.blogspot.in/ A Bouquet of Rose Flowers to My Lord India Lord Ganesh Ji 5 http://41.212.34.21/ The Hindu Council of Kenya (HCK) Organisation Kenya 6 http://63nayanar.blogspot.in/ 63 Nayanar Lord India 7 http://75.126.84.8/ayurveda/ Jiva Institute Ayurveda India 8 http://8000drumsoftheprophecy.org/ ISKCON Payers Bhajan Brazil 9 http://aalayam.co.nz/ Ayalam NZ Hindu Temple Society Organisation New Zealand 10 http://aalayamkanden.blogspot.com/2010/11/s Sri Lakshmi Kubera Temple, Temple India ri-lakshmi-kubera-temple.html Rathinamangalam 11 http://aalayamkanden.blogspot.in/ Journey of lesser known temples in Temples Database India India 12 http://aalayamkanden.blogspot.in/2010/10/bra Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Temple India hmapureeswarar-temple-tirupattur.html Tirupattur 13 http://accidentalhindu.blogspot.in/ Hinduism Information Information Trinidad & Tobago 14 http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/sanskrit/tutor.php Acharya Learn Sanskrit through self Sanskrit Education India study 15 http://acharyakishorekunal.blogspot.in/ Acharya Kishore Kunal, Bihar Information India Mahavir Mandir Trust (BMMT) 16 http://acm.org.sg/resource_docs/214_Ramayan An international Conference on Conference Singapore
    [Show full text]
  • Riskandritualfinal.Pdf
    Charsley, K. A. H. (2006). Risk and ritual: The protection of British Pakistani women in transnational marriage. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(7), 1169-1187. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830600821877 Peer reviewed version Link to published version (if available): 10.1080/13691830600821877 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the author accepted manuscript (AAM). The final published version (version of record) is available online via Taylor & Francis at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13691830600821877. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Risk and Ritual: the protection of British Pakistani women in transnational marriage Abstract With increasing numbers of Pakistani nationals entering Britain as the spouses of British Pakistanis, concern has been voiced over the risks faced by British Pakistani women entering into such marriages. This article takes the issue of risk as a central explanatory factor in examining the effects of transnationalism on Pakistani marriage ceremonies. The involvement of marriages in multiple legal systems, together with the individual circumstances of geographically divided kingroups, may lead to additions or adaptations to wedding practices. The focus on risk, however, illuminates a novel strategy employed by some British Pakistani families to reduce the risks to young women marrying Pakistani nationals: the delaying of the couple’s cohabitation until after the husband’s successful migration.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Marriage in Southern Asia: Context, Evidence and Policy Options for Action
    Child Marriage in Southern Asia: Context, Evidence and Policy Options for Action © Stephanie Sinclair/VII Child marriage is not only a violation of a girl’s rights; it also seriously compromises efforts to reduce gender- based violence, advance education, overcome poverty and improve health indicators for girls and women. S O UTH Child brides in Southern Asia are often forced into early sexual activity and therefore early childbearing. A Because their bodies are not yet fully developed, these young adolescents are at risk of suffering life- S I A threatening or debilitating conditions as a result of childbirth like obstetric fistula and hemorrhaging, or E even death. Countless child brides all over the region are in danger of such a fate: Girls between the ages RN of 15 and 19 are twice as likely to die of pregnancy and childbirth complications as women between ages of 20 and 24 according to UNICEF figures on child marriage in the region. Also, girls are more vulnerable to contracting life-threatening diseases as they are often given away in marriage to much older men who have an elevated chance of being HIV positive or having other sexually-transmitted infections because of prior sexual experience. When a girl is pulled from school and forced to marry young, her personal development is stunted. She is left with few – if any – negotiation skills and therefore has limited decision-making power in her new household. Often uneducated and unskilled, many child brides are completely dependent on their husbands and in-laws to survive. Girls are often not yet mature or skilled enough to properly perform household tasks or care for their husbands and children.
    [Show full text]