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Representing Ecological Threats and Negotiating Green Built Environment

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Representing Ecological Threats and Negotiating Green Built Environment School of Media, Culture and Creative Arts Representing ecological threats and negotiating green built environment Thor Antony Kerr This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University May 2012 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in any university. Signature: ……………………………………. Date: ……………………………………. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... iii Abstract .................................................................................................................. iv Figures and Tables ................................................................................................. vi Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction: Ecological threats & built environments .................................. 1 1.1 Context and research questions................................................................... 1 1.2 Summary of findings .................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research methodology ................................................................................ 6 1.4 Organization of thesis and chapter outlines ................................................ 9 2 Literature review: Aesthetics of ecological threats ...................................... 20 2.1 Risk society and the postmodern urban condition .................................... 23 2.2 Representation of ecological threats ......................................................... 28 2.3 Green built environment, policy and the media ........................................ 33 2.4 Discourse and agency of affective investment ......................................... 38 2.5 Approaching the empirical case of North Port Quay ................................ 44 3 Place in time: Constructions before North Port Quay .................................. 47 3.1 Site entitlement: a short genealogy of space ............................................. 49 3.2 Imagined community of Fremantle........................................................... 51 3.3 Reproducing temples in Fremantle ........................................................... 58 3.4 Fremantle beaches for pleasure and borderland ....................................... 77 i 3.5 The launch and disappearance of North Port Quay .................................. 84 4 Textual analysis: North Port Quay / ecological threats ................................ 89 4.1 Archive, corpus and organization of North Port Quay texts..................... 89 4.2 Launch day for North Port Quay .............................................................. 97 4.3 North Port Quay and the state election ................................................... 108 4.4 Green wash and the ACCC ..................................................................... 168 4.5 North Port Quay in the Fremantle by-election........................................ 173 4.6 North Port Quay in the Fremantle mayoral election ............................... 204 5 Ecological threats in operation: North Port Quay ...................................... 222 5.1 North Port Quay represented ecological threats without solutions......... 223 5.2 Local immediate threats more evocative than distant future threats ...... 231 5.3 The mobilizing power of North Port Quay threatening ‘our beaches’ ... 237 5.4 Conservative response to radical push for North Port Quay .................. 247 6 Conclusion: Towards an ethics of ecological threat representation ........... 254 6.1 Imposing and resisting green zones of capital accumulation ................. 261 6.2 Separating analysis from action in liberal democracy ............................ 263 6.3 Recommendations for further research ................................................... 266 Works cited ......................................................................................................... 269 Appendices .......................................................................................................... 279 List of Appendices ........................................................................................... 279 ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Associate Professor Stephen Mickler, and co-supervisor, Professor Niall Lucy, for their critical feedback, advice and encouragement. I must also thank Dr Doug Russell for acting as Chair of the supervisory committee. Gratitude for engagement in many conversations around this research is due to my research colleagues in room 118 particularly Shaphan Cox, Dr Helen Fordham, Liam Lynch and Yaya Mori. It is similarly due to Professor Suvendrini Perera, Professor Roy Jones and other staff within Curtin University’s Faculty of Humanities. I gratefully acknowledge use of the article, Reproducing temples in Fremantle, authored by me for Issue 18, Volume 1, 2012, of the International Journal of Heritage Studies which has been reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com) with modifications in Section 3 of Chapter 3 of this thesis. This doctoral research was realized with the financial assistance of an Australian Postgraduate Award and a Curtin Research Scholarship. Finally, I must thank Yiyik, Martin, Pandu and Indi and for patiently and steadfastly supporting my work on this PhD project. iii Abstract Amid a prevalence of textual references about human-induced ecological threats in contemporary society, several studies have investigated the discursive production of such threats and their solutions by policy-making institutions. Yet, this focus on institutional discourse has suggested a less comprehensive analysis of how ecological threats are represented by engaged citizens attempting to influence environmental policy through truth-producing public conversation. Out of this context, this thesis was devised to investigate ecological threat representation in relation to social negotiation of meanings of green built environment. Specifically, it was designed to answer the question of how representation of ecological threats affects the meaning of green built environment and the practices through which this meaning is produced. Answering this question required a method of investigating the positioning, disruption, stabilization and mutual functionalization of ecological threats and proposed solutions in urban planning discourse. Theoretical insights from cultural studies, critical theory, psychoanalysis, geography and media studies were incorporated into a method of analysing various types of public and media texts about ecological threats and a proposed green built environment – North Port Quay, in Fremantle, Western Australia. The analysis found that an apparently universal global ecological threat, such as climate change, was read in heterogeneous ways; and these readings were particularly influenced by sensual experience of environmental objects. It also found that production of meaning of green built environment depended upon a subject reading solutions into an environmental narrative that mutually functionalized with any significant ecological threats read into the narrative. It found that spatially and temporally immediate threats were more meaningful and motivating than distant, future threats; and that people responded conservatively when they realized that a sensually experienced object of the environment faced immediate threat. These findings have implications for understanding the relations of imposing and resisting green zones of capital accumulation, and for understanding the separation of analysis from action in liberal democracy. The findings suggest a way out of ecological crisis through an ethics of ecological threat representation that acknowledges the operation iv of affective investment in practical reason. This thesis is expected to make an interdisciplinary contribution, encouraging dialogue between urban planning theory and cultural studies as well as between critical theory and studies on sustainability. It should also further understandings of the complex negotiations of both ecological threats and green built environments. v Figures and Tables List of Figures Figure 1: Rendering of North Port Quay 47 Figure 2: NPQ site marked ‘A’ in Fremantle municipal context 48 Figure 3: Fremantle & Perth metropolitan context 48 Figure 4: Map showing the Fremantle local government area in darker shading 52 Figure 5: A child walking eastwards through Sukuh Temple 60 Figure 6: View down High Street from above the mouth of the Whalers Tunnel 62 Figure 7: Westward view along High Street to the Whalers Tunnel and Round House 63 Figure 8: Bather’s Bay, through Whaler’s Tunnel up High Street to St John’s Church 64 Figure 9: Top of the facade of Fremantle R.S.L Club, High Street 66 Figure 10: Facade of the New Edition Bookstore, High Street 67 Figure 11: Mosaic on High Street adjacent to Kings Square 68 Figure 12: Satellite photograph of Kings Square on 15 February 2011 69 Figure 13: Aerial photograph of Kings Square taken in 1971 69 Figure 14: Fremantle War Memorial 71 Figure 15: Photograph of the old obelisk at today’s Monument Hill site 72 Figure 16: Signalling ‘WE SHALL FIGHT THEM
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