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AVIAN GUT FUNCTION in HEALTH and DISEASE Poultry Science Symposium Series Volumes 1–28

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AVIAN GUT FUNCTION in HEALTH and DISEASE Poultry Science Symposium Series Volumes 1–28 AVIAN GUT FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Poultry Science Symposium Series Volumes 1–28 1 Physiology of the Domestic Fowl* 2 Protein Utilization by Poultry* 3 Environmental Control in Poultry Production* 4 Egg Quality – a Study of the Hen’s Egg* 5 The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen’s Egg* 6 i. Factors Affecting Egg Grading* ii. Aspects of Poultry Behaviour* 7 Poultry Disease and World Economy 8 Egg Formation and Production 9 Energy Requirements of Poultry* 10 Economic Factors Affecting Egg Production* 11 Digestion in the Fowl* 12 Growth and Poultry Meat Production* 13 Avian Coccidiosis* 14 Food Intake Regulation in Poultry* 15 Meat Quality in Poultry and Game Birds 16 Avian Immunology 17 Reproductive Biology of Poultry 18 Poultry Genetics and Breeding 19 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research* 20 Egg Quality – Current Problems and Recent Advances* 21 Recent Advances in Turkey Science 22 Avian Incubation 23 Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders 24 Poultry Immunology* 25 Poultry Meat Science 26 Poultry Feedstuffs 27 Welfare of the Laying Hen 28 Avian Gut Function in Health and Disease *Out of print Volumes 1–24 were not published by CABI. Those still in print may be ordered from: Carfax Publishing Company PO Box 25, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3UE, UK Avian Gut Function in Health and Disease Poultry Science Symposium Series Volume Twenty-eight Edited by G.C. Perry Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA. ISBN-10: 1-84593-1807 ISBN-13: 978-1-84593-1803 Produced and Typeset in 10/12pt Souvenir Light by Columns Design Ltd, Reading Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles, Kings Lynn CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS ix PREFACE xiii PART I Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 History and Current Use of Feed Additives in the European 3 Union: Legislative and Practical Aspects R.A.H.M. ten Doeschate and H. Raine CHAPTER 2 Poultry Nutrition without Pronutrient Antibiotics 13 G.D. Rosen PART II Gastrointestinal structure and functional development 27 CHAPTER 3 Early Development of Small Intestinal Function 29 Z. Uni CHAPTER 4 Absorptive Function of the Small Intestine: Adaptations Meeting Demand 43 M.A. Mitchell and M. Moretó CHAPTER 5 Epithelial Structure and Function in the Hen Lower Intestine 65 G. Laverty, V.S. Elbrønd, S.S. Árnason and E. Skadhauge CHAPTER 6 Immunological Development of the Avian Gut 85 R.K. Beal, C. Powers, T.F. Davison and A.L. Smith v vi Contents PART III Gastrointestinal flora 105 CHAPTER 7 Molecular Approaches to the Analysis of Gastrointestinal Microbial Ecosystems 107 H.J. Flint, E.C.M. Leitch, S.H. Duncan, A.W. Walker, A.J. Patterson, M.T. Rincon, K.P. Scott and P. Louis CHAPTER 8 Microbes of the Chicken Gastrointestinal Tract 124 J. Apajalahti and A. Kettunen CHAPTER 9 Mechanisms of Pathogen Control in the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract 138 A.M. Donoghue, M.B. Farnell, K. Cole and D.J. Donoghue PART IV Nutritional effects 157 CHAPTER 10 Effect of Non-starch Polysaccharidases on Avian Gastrointestinal Function 159 M.R. Bedford CHAPTER 11 Effects of Amino Acid and Protein Supply on Nutrition and Health 171 M.T. Kidd and A. Corzo CHAPTER 12 The Role of Feed Processing on Gastrointestinal Function and Health in Poultry 183 B. Svihus CHAPTER 13 Wet Litter: its Causes and Prevention and the Role of Nutrition 195 S.R. Collett CHAPTER 14 Micronutrient Supply: Influence on Gut Health and Immunity 210 K.C. Klasing PART V Pathology 225 CHAPTER 15 Virally Induced Gastrointestinal Diseases of Chickens and Turkeys 227 J.S. Guy Contents vii CHAPTER 16 The Gastrointestinal Tract as a Port of Entry for Bacterial Infections in Poultry 244 J.P. Christensen, M.S. Chadfield, J.E. Olsen and M. Bisgaard CHAPTER 17 Parasite Genetics, Protection and Antigen Identification 259 D.P. Blake, M.W. Shirley and A.L. Smith PART VI Immunological and pathogen control 273 CHAPTER 18 Developments and Pitfalls of Feed Acidification in Controlling Gut Pathogens in Poultry, with Emphasis on Salmonella 275 F. van Immerseel, I. Gantois, L. Bohez, L. Timbermont, F. Boyen, I. Hautefort, J.C.D. Hinton, F. Pasmans, F. Haesebrouck and R. Ducatelle CHAPTER 19 Competitive Exclusion in Poultry Production 294 C. Schneitz CHAPTER 20 Campylobacters and their Bacteriophage in Poultry 311 P.L. Connerton and I.F. Connerton CHAPTER 21 Breeding for Disease Resistance 322 S.C. Bishop PART VII Monitoring and practical experience 339 CHAPTER 22 The EU Perspective on the Monitoring of Zoonoses and Zoonotic Agents 341 S. Idei CHAPTER 23 Gut Problems: the Field Experience and What it Means to the Poultry Farmer 350 S.A. Lister Poster abstracts 361 Index 409 This page intentionally left blank CONTRIBUTORS T. Acamovic, Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK; (address for communication) SAC, Ayr Campus, Ayr, KA6 5HW, UK; e-mail: Thomas.Acamovic@sac. ac.uk J. Apajalahti, Alimetrics Ltd, Höyläämötie 1, FIN-00380, Helsinki, Finland; e-mail: [email protected] S.S. Árnason, Department of Physiology, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland R.K. Beal, Division of Immunology and Immunopathology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK M.R. Bedford, Zymetrics, Chestnut House, Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 1QJ, UK; e-mail: [email protected] M. Bisgaard, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Stigbojlen 4, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C., Denmark S.C. Bishop, Roslin Institute, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, UK; tel: +44 (0)131 527 4200; fax 44 (0)131 440 0434 ; e-mail: stephen.bishop@ bbsrc.ac.uk D.P. Blake, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK; tel: 44 (0)1635 577293; fax: 44 (0)1635 57726; e-mail: [email protected] L. Bohez, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease, Research Centre on Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium F. Boyen, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease, Research Centre on Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium M.S. Chadfield, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbojlen 4, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C., Denmark J.P. Christensen, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbojlen 4, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; e-mail: [email protected] K. Cole, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA ix x Contributors S.R. Collett, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, 953 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602-4875, USA; e-mail: [email protected] I.F. Connerton, Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK; tel: +44 (0)115 9516119; fax: +44 (0)115 9516162; e-mail: [email protected] P.L. Connerton, Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK; tel: +44 (0)115 9516119; fax: +44 (0)115 9516162 R.G. Cooper, Department of Physiology, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant Drive, Harare, Zimbabwe A. Corzo, Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Box 9665, Mississippi 39762,USA; fax: 662 325 8292 T.F. Davison, Formerly Division of Immunology and Immunopathology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK; e-mail: [email protected] R.A.H.M. ten Doeschate, ABNA Ltd, ABNA House, Oundle Road, Peterborough, PE2 9PW, UK; e-mail: [email protected] A.M. Donoghue, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA D.J. Donoghue, Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA R. Ducatelle, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease, Research Centre on Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium S.H. Duncan, Microbial Ecology Group, Gut Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK V.S. Elbrønd, Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Science, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark M.B. Farnell, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA H.J. Flint, Microbial Ecology Group, Gut Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK; email: h.fl[email protected] I. Gantois, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease, Research Centre on Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium J.S. Guy, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA; fax: 919-513-6464; e-mail: [email protected] F. Haesebrouck, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Disease, Research Centre on Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonoses, Contributors xi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium I.
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