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Desegregating Monument Avenue: Arthur Ashe and the Manufacturing of a New Social Reality in Richmond, Virginia

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Desegregating Monument Avenue: Arthur Ashe and the Manufacturing of a New Social Reality in Richmond, Virginia W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2002 Desegregating Monument Avenue: Arthur Ashe and the Manufacturing of a New Social Reality in Richmond, Virginia Melinda Cameron Hapeman Rose College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, and the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Rose, Melinda Cameron Hapeman, "Desegregating Monument Avenue: Arthur Ashe and the Manufacturing of a New Social Reality in Richmond, Virginia" (2002). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626350. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-1q1x-8j44 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. D esegregating M o n u m e n t A v e n u e A r t h u r A s h e a n d t h e M anufacturing o f a N e w S o c ia l R eality in R ic h m o n d , V ir g in ia A T hesis P r ese n te d t o T h e F a c u l t y o f t h e D e pa r t m e n t o f A m e r ic a n St u d ie s T h e C o lleg e o f W illia m a n d M a r y in V ir g in ia In P a r t ia l F u lfil l m e n t O f t h e R equirements fo r t h e D eg r ee o f M a ster o f A rts By M e l in d a C a m e r o n H a p e m a n R o se 2002 A p p r o v a l S h eet T h is t h e sis is su bm it t e d in p a r t ia l fulfillment o f THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF M a ster of A rts M e l in d a C a m e r o n H a p e m a n R o se , A u t h o r A p p r o v e d ,M ay 2002 G rey G u n d a k e r , A d v iso r Ba r b a r a C a r s o n R ic h a r d L o w ^y D e d ic a t e d i n l o v in g m e m o r y t o m y m o t h e r , J a n e A n n e H . H a p e m a n , whose death ten years ago left an incredible void, but whose life today is an enormous inspiration. Her love of learning and her thirst for life are profound legacies, and I am grateful to have her as a model as I strive to engage fully in my own life. I am just now beginning to understand the depth and passion of her life, love, wisdom, and values, and I intend to continue discovering her as I work on me. T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s A cknowledgments v A b st r a c t v i Introduction : T h e sis a n d St ra teg y 3 M o n u m e n t A v e n u e a n d t h e N a t io n a l C ommemorative M o d e 9 "A C ity W it h in A C ity": Bla c k s a n d W h ite s in R ic h m o n d 18 How Arthur Ashe ended up on Monument Avenue 28 A n a l y s is : M e a n in g s a n d Implications 38 C o n c l u s io n 66 Ep il o g u e: Q u e s t io n s Yet t o A n sw e r 69 A ppe n d ix A: Im a g e s 70 Im a g e I: A r t h u r A sh e M o n u m e n t (D etail ) 70 Im a g e II: A r t h u r A sh e M o n u m e n t 71 Im a g e III: J. E. B. St u a r t M o n u m e n t 71 Im a g e IV: R obert E. Lee M o n u m e n t 72 Im a g e V: J efferso n D a v is M o n u m e n t 73 Im a g e VI: S t o n ew a l l Ja c k s o n M o n u m e n t 74 Im a g e VII: M a t t h e w Fo n t a in e M a u r y M o n u m e n t 75 Im a g e VIII: P o r t io n o f O r ig in a l C o r r id o r 76 Im a g e IX: A n n e x 76 A ppe n d ix B: S u r v ey R e su lts 77 W o r k s C o n s u l t e d 84 Bo o k s 84 Jo u r n a l s 85 N e w spa per s 86 Letters t o th e Ed it o r 91 T e l e v isio n S o u r c e s 91 W eb sites 92 List se r v e s 92 In t e r v ie w s 92 V it a 93 iv A cknowledgments The successful completion of this work involved the intellectual and emotional support of many. I wish to thank Professor Grey Gundaker, under whose guidance this study was conducted, for her patience and criticism throughout the process. I extend my thanks to Professor Rich Lowry for his direction and encouragement to develop this topic, which originated as a paper for his class, into a thesis. I wish also to express my gratitude to the entire faculty of the Department of American Studies at the College of William and Mary for their sensitivity to the prolonged timetable on which this work was completed. Thanks would not be complete without acknowledging my husband, Jonathan. The thoughtful and informed manner in which he introduced me to Virginia and to Richmond years ago is what first inspired me to study this topic. His eagerness to explore, discover, and discuss his hometown with me has been a profoundly important part of this paper's development. I am indebted to him for so many reasons, but especially for the way he cared for me in sickness and the way he's encouraged me in health. As I thank Jonathan for introducing me to Richmond, I must also thank his parents, Connie and Ernie, for welcoming me here and for embracing me, and Mary for adventuring from upstate New York into Southern lands and Southern ways with me. I am deeply indebted to my dad and Kathryn for their unwavering support of me in everything I endeavor to do. I thank my dad for his quiet encouragement and his special understanding of me that comes from a lifetime of knowing me. I thank Kathryn for her careful review of this work, and for sharing and advancing my deep fascination with this subject. I am deeply grateful to my mom, dad, and Kathryn for having raised me in the intellectual community of Skidmore College, and for having given me the opportunity to develop a passion for the liberal arts and for American Studies under the careful nurturing of Professors Greg Pfizer, Mary Lynn, Wilma Hall and Joanna Zangrando, to whom I am also indebted. Lastly (but certainly not least), I thank my parents, along with my sisters, brother-in-law, grandmothers, aunt, uncle, and cousins, for keeping me honest about my upstate New York roots, and for always welcoming me home. A b s t r a c t The purpose of the following study is to evaluate the racial dynamics of Richmond, Virginia, in the late 1990s through an analysis of the debate surrounding the placement of a statue of black tennis star Arthur Ashe on Monument Avenue, a street previously dedicated solely to commemorating Confederate heroes. The study draws upon the work of public historians and their discussions of monumentality to contextualize the history of Monument Avenue within larger commemorative patterns in the United States. It also draws upon Richmond history to understand how these larger national patterns of monument building manifested themselves on this specific landscape—the former capital of the Confederacy. Within this framework, the study analyzes primary documents — specifically newspaper accounts from the city's mainstream and African- American newspapers — as well as city council minutes and personal interviews to conclude that the Ashe controversy of 1996 reveals significant insight into the racial-political dynamics of Richmond.
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