2013 ANNUAL REPORT
department of microtechnology & nanoscience - mc2 Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience 2014 Editor: CHRISTINA CAESAR Design & Production: CHRISTINA CAESAR Photo: JAN-OLOF YXELL Print: TRYCKSERVICE I ÄNGELHOLM AB Paper: Galerie Art Silk 300g (cover), Galerie Art Silk 150g (inlay) Copies: 1000 ex
ISSN 1652-0769 Technical Report MC2 – 272 Contact
DAG WINKLER head of department [email protected]
CHRISTINA CAESAR communications officer [email protected] Head of department dialogue Annual Report
2013
Head of department dialogue
For many people at the department it has been an intense year. During 2013, the department awarded 15 licentiate and 12 PhD degrees, 267 papers and reports were written, 152 of which can be found in web of science. This includes 3 Nature Journals and 9 Physical Review Letters, 13 Applied Physics Letters and strong publications record in IEEE Journals. About 25 industry contracts were signed (8 of which where NDA:s), and 2 industrial events were arranged, including a very successful alumni meeting.
Two Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) Projects and one KAW Academic Fellowship were granted to Peter Andrekson, Herbert Zirath and Janine Splettstöβer, respectively. A warm welcome to Janine who started at MC2 in December. A large number of EU contract were also granted in the environment around Johan Liu and Peter Enoksson.
Especially gratifying was the visit by the Royal Engineering Academy with many celebrities and among them the King of Sweden. Concurrently with this visit the Graphene Flagship was inaugurated and an exhibition was held demonstrating several impressive graphene applications already in the pipeline.
At this point, I would also like to thank Mikael Fogelström for his services, wits and engagement as Deputy Head of Department since 2007 and at the same time welcome his successor, Magnus Karlsson, who started November 1.
In conclusion, 2013 was a good year.
DAG WINKLER head of department Annual Report 2013
ABOUT MC2 INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1 Head of department dialogue 31 Industrial collaboration 3 This is MC2 OUR CENTRES 4 Research at MC2 32 Linneqs Centre 5 A beginner´s guide to Micro- and Nanotechnology 33 FORCE Centre 6 Organisation 34 GigaHertz Centre
THE YEAR 2013 EDUCATION 2 / 8 News 2013 36 Education 10 A year of graphene 40 Theses 12 Activities 14 Awards SCIENTIFIC REVIEW 41 Bibliometric data RESEARCH LABORATORIES 16 Applied Quantum Physics Laboratory FINANCIAL REVIEW 18 BioNano Systems Laboratory 42 Economic report 20 Microwave Electronics Laboratory 22 Nanofabrication Laboratory PERSONNEL 24 Photonics Laboratory 43 Distribution of personnel at MC2 26 Terahertz and Millimetre Wave Laboratory 45 Personnel 28 Quantum Device Physics Laboratory
PUBLICATIONS 46 Publications This is MC2 Annual Report
2013
The Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2
Graphene produced in the Nanofabrication Laboratory at MC2
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 31 Industrial collaboration
OUR CENTRES 32 Linneqs Centre 33 FORCE Centre 34 GigaHertz Centre
EDUCATION 3 / 36 Education 2013 40 Theses
The Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2 is a unique research department in the areas of micro and SCIENTIFIC REVIEW nanotechnology. Efforts to make MC2 an innovative, research-focused environment are paying off. Successes in research 41 Bibliometric data and meeting industrial needs have increased. Today, MC2 is a strong contributor to industrial growth and technical and social development.
FINANCIAL REVIEW The Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2 has gathered several research areas together with competent and talented researchers to form a unique environment. This cross-disciplinary strategy provides for interesting 42 Economic report collaborations and serves as a driving force for innovations and breakthroughs.
MC2 has strong research activities and is successful with regard to attracting research funding. We focus our research on PERSONNEL the areas of on future nano and quantum electronics, photonics, microwave electronics and bio- and nanosystems. MC2 houses a cleanroom for micro and nanofabrication with the latest equipment. Our work is often done in close collaboration 43 Distribution of personnel at MC2 with Swedish and international partners within academy, industry and society. 45 Personnel With a unique research competence we offer education at undergraduate level, postgraduate level and within three international master’s programmes. The greatest extent of our educational instruction takes place as an integral part of PUBLICATIONS masters and research school level programmes. 46 Publications Research at MC2 Annual Report
2013 Nano-scale Fabrication & electronics Characterisation The research in the BioNano Systems Laboratory is focused on carbon-based microsystem and nanosystem device fabrication and characterisation, interconnect and packaging for electronics, microsystem and biomedical applications. We also pursue biology-relevant physics theory modelling and fundamental and applied materials physics. The materials research includes developing a parameter-free and computationally efficient theoretical characterisation of sparse matter challenges like, e.g., the carbon-based systems, and experiment-theory collaborations to study functional organics.
The research in the Applied Quantum Physics Laboratory falls into three major categories: Future communication quantum information processing with superconducting circuits, transport phenomena & in graphene and molecular nanostructures, and remote sensing unconventional and topological superconductors. Our goals are the application of novel low systems dimensional materials, novel superconductors and their heterostructures, superconducting spintronics and quantum information processing Wireless communication and remote sensing play an with superconducting electronics. important role in modern society and almost everyone uses such systems daily. Typical examples are mobile phones, wireless internet connectivity, radio and TV broadcasting, and wireless networks at home or in public areas. Thanks to the rapid development in 4 / Bridging the THz gap semiconductor technology, such microwave systems 2013 can be produced in large quantity at a low cost per unit, making it affordable for most people all over Sandwiched between the world. The Microwave Electronics Laboratory focuses on application-driven research on high the visible light on the speed electronic components, circuits and systems short wavelength side for future communication and remote sensing applications from 1 GHz to 1 THz. and radio waves on the long wavelength extreme Small electronic The terahertz or sub-millimetre wave radiation devices has long been considered the last remaining Nanotechnology scientific gap in the electromagnetic spectrum. Modern society benefits from a high density of Consequently, this is a part of the electromagnetic The Nanofabrication Laboratory is a world- information that is carried and processed by spectrum (0.1-10 THz) where optical and class university clean room for research into electronic machines. The high density requires small microwave techniques meet. The Terahertz and and fabrication of micro and nanotechnology. parts. However, as electronic components become Millimetre Wave Laboratory fabricates novel The laboratory is run by the Department of smaller and smaller, the technology approaches devices and evaluates these in various circuit Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2 a limit where the classical electrodynamics is no demonstrators in our top-class microwave and at Chalmers, but is an open user facility for longer valid. Quantum mechanical effects, such as terahertz characterisation facilities. external as well as internal academic and electron tunnelling, start dominating the properties Our research finds applications in radio astronomy, industrial interests. The Nanofabrication of small electronic devices. atmospheric science, life science, radar sensors, Laboratory offers a broad platform of process The Quantum Device Physics Laboratory THz-imaging systems and future wireless tools for the development and testing of new investigates the possibility of using these quantum communication systems. ideas in micro and nanotechnology. mechanical effects when making practical devices.
The Photonics Laboratory conducts application-oriented research in optoelectronics and fibre optics, as well as more fundamental research on new photonic materials and nanophotonic device elements. Optical communication is a major area of research, with efforts in system and device technologies for applications Optoelectronics extending from long-haul transmission to short reach interconnects. & Efforts are also invested in the development of new photonic materials and device technologies for emission and detection at Fibre optics wavelengths spanning from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared. The materials oriented research involves the growth of nitrides, oxides, graphene, and bismuth-telluride. A beginner´s guide to Micro and Nanotechnology
Microtechnology is technology with features near one micrometre (one millionth of a metre, or 10−6 metres). The micro prefix comes from the Greek μικρός (mikrós), meaning “small”. Microtechnology takes massive amounts of information and condenses it in a very small area, such as a silicon wafer or the microchip used in computers and mobile phones, thereby constructing very compact technical devices. Nanotechnology — technology at one-billionth of a metre (10-9 metres) — is taking the application of science and technology at the micro level even further. It explores how to make devices even smaller than a microchip. The “nano” prefix is derived from the Greek νᾶνος, meaning “dwarf”. Nanotechnology is the creation of materials, devices and systems using individual atoms and molecules. At such a small scale, new physical, chemical, and biological properties become evident. Miniaturised circuits enable technology to operate on a dramatically smaller scale, work more efficiently, reduce cost and improve performance.
Source http://www.pathwaystotechnology.org/fields/fl_microtechnology.html http://swednanotech.com/om-nanoteknik/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology http://www.nano.gov/ Organisation Annual Report
2013
Excecutive group
Organisation chart of the MC2 department at Chalmers University of Technology
6 / 2013
PREFECT GROUP Cristina Andersson Ingrid Collin Mikael Fogelström Sheila Galt Magnus Karlsson Karin Kjell Peter Modh Dag Winkler
ADVISORY COUNCIL Dave H. A. Blank Maria Ekström Jeanette Träff DAG WINKLER MIKAEL FOGELSTRÖM MAGNUS KARLSSON Kjell Jeppson head of department deputy head of department deputy head of department Philip Krantz (until 2013-10-31) (from 2013-11-01) Peter Möller [email protected] head of applied quantum Elsebeth Schröder physics laboratory magnus.karlsson@ Sören Sjölander chalmers.se Dag Winkler mikael.fogelstrom@ chalmers.se Organisation Annual Report
2013
CRISTINA ANDERSSON CHRISTINA CAESAR INGRID COLLIN PER DELSING SHEILA GALT industrial relations communications officer head of administration and faculty representative head of undergraduate finances education cristina.andersson@ christina.caesar@ [email protected] chalmers.se chalmers.se [email protected] [email protected]
7 / 2013
JAN GRAHN JOHANNA HANNING KARIN KJELL ANDERS LARSSON JOHAN LIU deputy head of microwave phd student representative hr specialist* head of photonics head of bionano systems electronics laboratory laboratory laboratory johanna.hanning@ [email protected] [email protected] chalmers.se anders.larsson@ [email protected] * Emma Snelder, April – September chalmers.se Anna Öhrling-Elltorp, September – December
PETER MODH DEBORA PERLHEDEN JAN STAKE AVGUST YURGENS HERBERT ZIRATH head of infrastructure coordinator head of terahertz and head of quantum device head of microwave head of nanofabrication millimetre wave laboratory physics laboratory electronics laboratory laboratory debora.perlheden@ chalmers.se [email protected] avgust.yurgens@ herbert.zirath@ [email protected] chalmers.se chalmers.se Scientific progress Annual Report
2013
News
“This discovery opens the door to increased functionality and continues to push the boundaries when it comes to miniaturising electronics”
PROFESSOR JOHAN LIU
8 / 2013
Strong collaborations
The Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2 has during the course of 2013 collaborated with a broad spectrum of industrial partners, both national and international, from small to large companies and through a wide range of programmes, joint ventures and activities. Graphene provides efficient electronics Cooled integrated circuit cooling
amplifies with lowest A layer of graphene can reduce the working temperature in hotspots inside a processor by up to 25 percent – which can significantly extend the working noise so far life of computers and other electronics. An international group of researchers, headed by researchers at MC2, are the first in the world to show that graphene has a heat dissipating effect on silicon based electronics. The research has been undertaken in partnership with the Hong Kong University of Science Researchers at MC2 in collaboration with Low Noise Factory and Technology, Shanghai University and the Swedish company SHT Smart have demonstrated an integrated amplifier with the lowest High Tech AB. noise performance so far. The 0.5-13 GHz wide-band design exhibited a high gain over 38 dB across the band and an Z. Gao, Y. Zhang, Y. Fu, M.M.F. Yuen, J. Liu, Thermal chemical vapor ultra-low noise figure of 0.045 dB. The amplifier offers new deposition grown graphene heat spreader for thermal management of possibilities for detecting the faintest electromagnetic radiation, hot spots, Carbon (61) 342-348, 2013. for example from distant galaxies.
J. Schleeh, N. Wadefalk, P.-Å. Nilsson, J. P. Starski, J. Grahn, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 61(2) 871-877, 2013. Scientific progress Annual Report
2013
Terahertz sensor aiming for Jupiter´s moons
“The unique sensor is compact, light-weight, robust and operates at room temperature, a necessity for satellite missions requiring many years of operation” PROFESSOR JAN STAKE
A high performance terahertz receiver aiming for space missions such as ESA’s “Jupiter icy moons explorer” has been developed in a joint European effort, led by researchers at MC2 in collaboration with Omnisys Instruments.
The TeraComp project was funded by the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013). The project consisted of seven partners from academia, research institutes, industry and end users: 9 / • Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden 2013 • Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Germany • Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Germany • Technical University of Denmark, Denmark • Omnisys Instruments AB, Sweden Providing brain cells with the 3rd • Wasa Millimeter Wave AB, Sweden • Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany dimension to grow outside the body
Researchers at Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, in collaboration with MC2, have developed a unique Bioactive3D culture system for brain cells. The Bioactive3D system minimises cellular stress and preserves important cellular functions of Spin inside silicon devices astrocytes, the cells that control many functions of neuronal cells in the brain. This system gives new possibilities for studying cell- cell interactions and disease pathogenesis on cellular and molecular A strong interest in silicon based spintronic devices stems from levels. the expected long spin coherence length and its industrial importance. However, implementing spin functionalities in silicon, T.B. Puschmann, C. Zandén, Y. De Pablo, F. Kirchhoff, M. Pekna, and understanding the fundamental processes of spin transport J. Liu, M. Pekny, Bioactive 3D cell culture system minimizes and manipulation remain the main challenges. Researchers at cellular stress and maintains the in vivo-like morphological Chalmers demonstrated large spin polarisations in silicon at room complexity of astroglial cells., Glia 61(3) 432-440, 2013. temperature, 34% in n-type and 10% in p-type silicon, using a narrow Schottky and a thin SiO2 tunnel barrier in a direct tunneling regime. Furthermore, by increasing the width of the Schottky barrier in non-degenerate Si, they observed a drastic change in the spin injection and detection processes. These studies provide a deeper insight into the spin transport phenomenon, which should be considered for electrical spin injection into any semiconductor. A NEW BOOK FROM MC2 PUBLISHED
A. Dankert, R.S. Dulal, and S.P. Dash, Efficient Spin Injection into Silicon and the Role of the Schottky Barrier, Scientific Tuneable Film Bulk Acoustic Reports (Nature publishing) 3, 3196, 2013. Wave Resonators
Springer, ISBN 978-1-4471-4944-6 , Series: Engineering Materials and Processes, Gevorgian, Spartak, Tagantsev, Alexander, Vorobiev, Andrei K, 2013 Graphene Annual Report
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A year of graphene
1. Visits to the MC2 cleanroom Graphene researchers Avgust Yurgens and Jie Sun perform experiments in the MC2 cleanroom.
2. Graphene and the press In October, MC2 invited the press to visit the MC2 clean room and learn more about graphene.
3. The structure of graphene
4. Royal visit at MC2 King Carl XVI Gustaf honoured Chalmers and MC2 with a visit in October - and ended up with a tennis racket made of graphene. The king produced graphene in the cleanroom using the Nobel Award-winning tape method. “The king was methodical, careful and managed very well,” was the positive review from nano researcher Niclas Lindvall afterwards.
5. A Graphene Flagship The Graphene Flagship has set sail and Jari Kinaret, along with his co-workers, was celebrated by MC2 in February.
6. Preparation of graphene 11 The tape method of preparing graphene. / 2013 7. Making graphene is easy Nobel prize winner Konstantin Novoselov makes graphene by using graphite and Scotch tape. Activities at MC2 Annual Report
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Activities
1. Anneli Hulthén visits the MC2 cleanroom. Anneli Hulthén is guided through the cleanroom by Head of Department Dag Winkler.
2. The Science Festival in Gothenburg
3. MC2 Alumni meeting The first MC2 Alumni meeting was organised. Former colleagues, current faculty and PhD students had the possibility to meet and network.
4. MC2 relay race The MC2 relay race has been an annual social and sports activity since 2002 among the staff and students at MC2, which during the last few years has also included teams from Acreo and the MC2 masters programmes. In 2013, all employees/masters students at Gothenburg Physics Centre and Acreo were invited. Photo: Sumedh Mahashabde
5. Technology club A club for children at MC2, organised by Sheila Galt.
6. The winning team in the MC2 race 13 With an impressive 18 min 37 sec., the team “Tekniska Fysikerna” – Johan Scheers, Johan Fries, / Björn Johansson and Johan Rogestedt – won the MC2 relay race of 2013. 2013 Photo: Sumedh Mahashabde
7. MC2 day Manuel Knight held a lecture on high-performing culture. Photo: Manuel Knight
8. Wallenbergs Fysikpris 2013 MC2 hosted the final week of the Wallenbergs Fysikpris in March. The winners of this competition will compete with other high school students in the International Physics Olympiad. We are proud Annual Report
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Awards
1. Samuel Lara Avila awarded the Arne Sjögren prize For most innovative PhD thesis in the area of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Chalmers in 2012, for his thesis:“Magnetotransport characterization of epitaxial graphene on SiC”.
2. Winning video pitch in Venture Cup The students in wyberry Technologies brought home the victory in the Venture Cup video pitch competition 2013. Researcher Zhongxia He of the Microwave Electronics Laboratory at MC2 has developed a new wireless transceiver to enable the transfer of high data rates, up to 5-10 Gb per second.
3. Nano film awarded at the 2013 International Television and Film Awards The video “It’s a matter of size”, created by NanoConnect Scandinavia, has been awarded the Silver World Medal in the category Film and Video - Industrial Productions at the 2013 International Television & Film Awards. Cristina Andersson and Philip Krantz accepted the award. Photo: Ann Carrin, Stark Communications
4. Igor Zoric awarded Sigurds Stipend 2013
5. Anders Larsson awarded 15 During 2013, Anders Larsson of the Photonics Laboratory at MC2 was elected a member of the / IEEE Photonics Society Board of Governors. He was also elevated to Fellow of both OSA and 2013 IEEE.
6. Shwan Ciyako and Vito Di Fonzo win the student category of the Swedish Embedded Award 2013 The students are awarded for their masters thesis project at MC2 supervised by Peter Enoksson.
7. Huan Zhao awarded by the Hasselblad Foundation The Hasselblad Foundation announces financial support of SEK 1,000,000 to Huan Zhao at the Microwave Electronics Laboratory at MC2. Her research focuses on the exploration of new semiconductor materials/device structures for terahertz sources and detectors, and advanced fabrication techniques for terahertz monolithic integrated circuits.
8. David Gustafsson receives IEEE MTT Graduate Fellowship Award David Gustafsson, PhD student at the Microwave Electronic Laboratory at MC2 was selected as one of ten recipients of the 2013 IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S) Graduate Fellowship Award.
9. Riccardo Arpaia awarded for best presentation at the EUCAS 2013 Riccardo Arpaia, PhD student at the Quantum Device Physics Laboratory at MC2, was awarded by the European Society for Applied Superconductivity (ESAS) at the EUCAS conference 2013 in the category “Electronics” for his presentation.
10. Ninva Shamoun and Michael Andersson awarded the Microwave Road Scholarship The 2012 Microwave Road Scholarship, awarding the best master thesis within Antenna- and Microwave technology, has been awarded to Ninva Shamoun for her thesis “Wildfire Detection using RF-technology” and Michael Andersson for his thesis “Noise Characterisation of Graphene FETs”. Applied Quantum Physics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
MIKAEL FOGELSTRÖM head of applied quantum physics laboratory
mikael.fogelstrom@ chalmers.se
2013 16 / 2013 APPLIED QUANTUM PHYSICS LABORATORY
Applied Quantum Physics Laboratory is a theory division at the Linneqs Centre of Excellence and Chalmers Nanotechnology Centre that works on the fundamental problems of nano-scale electronics.
Excellent Research. Applied Quantum Physics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Size quantization in nanoribbons of graphene greatly affects the scattering properties of impurities in the material. Here we display a Fourier transformed picture of the local density of states in a nanoribbon with 20 propagating channels and a single well localised impurity. The dark spots correspond to scattering between transverse modes, which enables us to read off the dispersion relation in the ribbon.
This year we are happy to welcome Janine Splettstöβer Quantum theory for propagating microwaves to our lab. Her speciality is transport through interacting The effort to engineer a quantum computer with nano-systems. Janine’s line of research complements the superconducting electronics has created a quantum world research directions of the lab: quantum information of artificial atoms strongly interacting with microwave processing with superconducting circuits, transport photons. This is a novel field of quantum optics, realized 17 phenomena in graphene and molecular nanostructures, on a single chip, which in the future could enable e.g. / 2013 unconventional and topological superconductors. Our ultra sensitive microwave detection with applications in goals are applications of novel low-dimensional materials, medical imaging or radar, scalable low power quantum novel superconductors and their heterostructures, communication, open air secure microwave quantum superconducting spintronics and quantum information communication and key distribution. processing with superconducting electronics. Our most recent results in this field include theory work In the field of quantum information our interests are focused supporting experiments demonstrating a giant cross- on microwave quantum electrodynamics, physics of qubit Kerr mediated by a three-level atom. In a theoretical interaction with superconducting cavities, adaptation of proposal, we also show how to use this effect to perform quantum algorithms to superconducting qubit circuits. a quantum non-demolition measurement of propagating We strive to understand transport properties of various microwave photons. Our efforts in this area are strengthen kinds of nanostructures: graphene field effect transistors, by participating in a European STREP PROMISCE, and ferromagnetic heterostructures, junctions containing collaboration with the University of Queensland. spin active molecules and nanowires, junctions of unconventional superconductors. Graphene Our research on graphene focuses on high-frequency applications and on quantum metrology. We have studied 2013 was a very productive influence of impurity scattering in graphene nanostructures year and we co-authored a as well as the influence of substrate steps on the quantum total of 23 refereed letters and Hall effect. articles including one Nature Mesoscopic superconductivity In collaboration with researchers at Royal Holloway and nanotechnology, one Nano letters, Imperial College in London we have studied the long- seven Physical Review Letters, range spin triplet superconducting proximity effect in strong ferromagnets contacted to superconductors. The and one Euro Physics letters. focus has been on triplet supercurrents and an analysis
of Andreev spectroscopy data on CrO2 thin films on TiO2
and Al2O3. BioNano Systems Laboratory Annual Report
2013
We are currently running many EU, SSF, Wallenberg Foundation and National Science Foundation funded projects in nano-scale heat dissipation materials using carbon nanotubes and graphene, in device fabrication of supercapacitors, energy converters and MEMS-based gap waveguides.
JOHAN LIU head of bionano systems laboratory
2013 18 / 2013 BIONANO SYSTEMS LABORATORY
At the BioNano Systems Laboratory, research is focused on carbon-based device fabrication, characterisation, interconnection and packaging for electronics, microsystems and biomedical applications. We pursue electronics and biology-relevant physics theory modelling and fundamental as well as applied materials physics. The materials research includes developing a parameter-free and computationally efficient theoretical characterisation of sparse matter challenges like, e.g., the carbon-based systems and experiment theory collaborations to study functional organics.
Excellent Research. BioNano Systems Laboratory Annual Report
2013
A yeast cell in the ESEM chamber at 75% humidity in contact with the AFM sensor tip.
Electronics packaging and integration Modern density functional theory and carbon During the past year, we have been focusing on using engineering graphene as a heat spreader for power electronics and Throughout 2013, our materials theory and carbon hotspots as it is considered one of the largest bottlenecks engineering group has focused on formal many-body for future electronics development. We have successfully theory development and detailed analysis of the nature of demonstrated that the working temperature of electronics the van der Waals interaction, a combination that led us can be decreased by 25% up to 600W/cm2. This discovery to formulate a new higher accuracy van der Waal density opens the door to increased functionality and continues functional version, termed vdW-DF-cx (Physical Review B). to push the boundaries when it comes to miniaturising In collaboration with Prof. E. Schröder’s vdW-DF group, electronics. This work is published in Carbon. we furthermore presented a scheme for accelerated vdW- DF studies of, for example, large biomolecular systems 19 / Modern electronic systems generate a great deal of heat, (Physical Review B). The analysis proceeded with an 2013 above all due to the constantly increasing demand for example materials system, benzene and C60 on graphene more and more functionality. It is important to be able to (and BN) and identified the electron density regions remove the heat generated in an efficient way to maintain (upper two figure panels) from which one can generally the long life of the system. One rule of thumb is that a expect a strong binding (reflecting the range from van 10° Celsius increase in working temperature halves the der Waals coupling to weak-to-moderate chemisorption). working life of an electronics system. The analysis was highlighted on the Physical Review B kaleidoscope. In 2013 the liquid crystal research is focused on polar liquid crystals and their applications. We have published Our parameter-free vdW-DF-cx stands out for being a first an extensive invited review article on “Orthoconic truly general purpose theoretical tool for accurate materials Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals” in the journal Liquid theory, rests firmly on the electron gas tradition in its Crystals. design, and can thus offer a mechanism for transferability. Our testing, also for upcoming invited contributions, shows MEMS technology that vdW-DF-cx delivers both an accurate description of A transition from passive imaging to a new kind of active general intermolecular interactions and by matching or “Micronano Laboratory” is constituted by the direct exceeding the performance of traditional semi-local density imaging of structures in electron microscopes with the functionals for dense matter. simultaneous probing by means of Scanning Probe Microscopy. Enabled by MicroElectroMechanical Systems Theoretical and applied biology (MEMS) technology, it allows physical in situ probing, During 2013, the group established two new research manipulation, and excitation, while simultaneously imaging tracks. In collaboration with Aldo Jesorka from the and extracting information about structure and physical Chemistry and Biology Department, we developed models properties. This greatly increases the understanding of, for describing (i) nanotube pulling in the living cells and control over, fundamental nano-scale phenomena and and (ii) thermo-migration of lipid vesicles on surfaces. allows tailoring of innovative materials. The models have been used to understand and refine the experiments. Furthermore, the group has revived As an example we have developed and tested a its interest in information processing in living systems. measurement system that combines an Environmental A generic software simulator has been developed to Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and an Atomic analyse dynamics of memristor networks. The main goal Force Microscope (AFM) for the monitoring of the osmotic is to discover how to optimise computing capacity of such response of single yeast cells through force measurement networks in the context of time-series analysis (e.g. pattern (Published in Meas. Sci. Technol. 25 2014). This project recognition). In addition, we suggested a new way to treat has been performed in collaboration with Anna Jansson the problem of HIV latency. Our latest publication on the and Eva Olsson (Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers topic entitled “Fluctuations in Tat copy number when University of Technology), Alexandra Nafari (Nanofactory it counts the most: a possible mechanism to battle the Instruments AB), Kristina Hedfalk (Department of Chemistry HIV latency” in TBioMed journal, had more than 1000 and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg) and accesses to this article since publication. Krister Svensson (Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Karlstad University). Microwave Electronics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Wireless communication and remote sensing play an important role in modern society and almost everyone uses such systems every day. Typical examples are mobile phones, wireless internet connectivity, radio and TV broadcasting, and wireless networks at home or in public areas. Thanks to the rapid development in semiconductor technology, such microwave systems can be produced in large quantities at a low cost per unit, making it affordable for most people all over the world.
HERBERT ZIRATH JAN GRAHN head of microwave deputy head of microwave electronics laboratory electronics laboratory
[email protected] [email protected]
2013 20 / 2013 MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS LABORATORY
At the Microwave Electronics Laboratory (MEL), we focus on application driven research on high speed electronic components, circuits and systems for future communication and remote sensing applications. The research spans frequencies from below 1 GHz to 500 GHz. Our main research areas are wireless high speed digital communication, sensors such as radar systems and radiometers, and microwave heating. We demonstrate innovative microwave components and circuits in our own fabrication lab, the Nanofabrication Laboratory at MC2, or at external cooperation partners/foundries. We characterise our components and circuits in our measurement laboratory. A large part of our research is performed in collaboration with national and international universities, research institutes and companies where MEL is responsible for high speed electronics hardware research and development. In addition we contribute to an extensive educational programme including Master of Science and PhD level; approximately 20 PhD students are currently pursuing their studies towards a PhD-degree.
Excellent Research. Microwave Electronics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
A balanced Colpitts GaN HEMT oscillator designed in our in-house GaN HEMT process. To design good oscillators it is mandatory to have accurate models and simulation tools. A particular challenge in GaN HEMT technology is modelling of upconverted flicker noise, something which is not done accurately in commonly used commercial simulators.*
New transistor for millimetrewave power applications Factory, we demonstrated several cryogenic broadband up to 100 GHz MMIC ultra low-noise amplifiers, e.g. a 0.5-13 GHz design Our research on devices and integrated circuits based on with a minimum noise figure of 0.045 dB and gain of 38 wide bandgap semiconductors (WBG) targets the need dB across the frequency band. In conjunction with this, for power generation. We have developed fabrication and a press release was issued that was among the most characterisation methods to evaluate such electronics for down-loaded on RF Global Newsletter April 2013. Such application in mobile communication infrastructure and broadband MMICs are of high interest for large multipixel sensor application. This year we have demonstrated a arrays, e.g. the projected Square Kilometer Array. In our GaN-based transistor, with a maximum frequency close to finalised project with the European Space Agency (ESA), 21 300 GHz, which enables the design of circuits above 100 the implementation of our cryogenic low-noise InP HEMT / GHz. This transistor was fabricated in the Nanofabrication amplifiers for cooled X-band receivers in deep space 2013 Laboratory at Chalmers and has a minimum line width of network base stations enabled an increase in the return 50 nm. In addition, we have developed an MMIC-process of science data from space missions by 20% according to for Graphene FETs on SiC. The maximum frequency of information on ESA’s home page. oscillation is approximately 20 GHz. Together with IEMN researchers in Lille in the framework of a European FP7 FET project, we published the Millimetrewave/THz integrated circuits first THz InAs self-switching diode which consists of a We are using state-of-the-art MMIC-processes based two-dimensional geometry using a constriction at the on silicon and compound semiconductors for the design nanometre scale. The device was based on the InAs/ of multifunction integrated circuits. During 2013, we AlSb heterostructure. Detection in free space using an successfully demonstrated numerous wideband circuits, integrated antenna on chip was confirmed up to 600 GHz based on a 250 nm DHBT-MMIC process from Teledyne under zero-bias conditions at room temperature. Scientific, such as low noise amplifier, oscillator, mixer, variable gain amplifier, modulator, demodulator, DAC etc Energy efficient power amplifiers for next generation for the D-band and G-band (110-170 GHz, 220-320 GHz). mobile systems During 2014 we will characterise multifunction receiver Our research on power amplifiers is targeting the need and transmitter circuits based on designs made in 2013. for increased bandwidth and higher energy efficiency in A total power radiometer chip with integrated antenna is mobile communication transmitters. A major breakthrough one typical example of a recently designed multifunction in 2013 was therefore the demonstration of a new digitally MMIC. It can be used to remotely map the temperature controlled Doherty/outphasing transmitter architecture of objects from distance for applications such as security which allows the octave bandwidth limitations of existing imaging and atmospheric studies. The radiometer requires efficiency enhancement solutions to be circumvented. no local oscillator source and therefore is a low cost Many frequency bands allocated for mobile communication alternative to heterodyne type of radiometers can therefore be covered with the same transmitter without compromising the energy consumption. Our research Low bandgap devices and ultra-low-noise circuits is done in close collaboration with the Communication We are exploring the lowest-noise components and circuits Systems group at the department of Signals and Systems. operating at cryogenic temperature for amplification at microwave/millimetre wave frequencies. Major applications * S. Lai, D. Kuylenstierna, M. Hörberg, N. Rorsman, I. are found in space receivers and scientific instrumentation Angelov, K. Andersson, and H. Zirath, “Accurate Phase- such as radio telescopes, very sensitive quantum-physics Noise Prediction for a balanced Colpitts GaN HEMT measurements and even in quantum computers. MMIC Oscillator,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave We have developed a unique 130 nm InP HEMT MMIC Theory and Techniques, vol. 61. Pp. 3916-3926, 2013. process on 3 or 4 inch wafers optimised for very low noise figure at cryogenic temperatures 5-15 K. During 2013, we published journal papers on characterisation, modelling and Monte Carlo simulation of the low-noise cryogenic InP HEMT. Together with the spin-off company Low Noise Nanofabrication Laboratory Annual Report
2013
PETER MODH head of nanofabrication laboratory
2013 22 / 2013 NANOFABRICATION LABORATORY
The Nanofabrication Laboratory is a world-class university cleanroom for research into and fabrication of micro and nanotechnology. The laboratory is run by the Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience at Chalmers, but is an open user facility for external as well as internal academic and industrial interests. The Nanofabrication Laboratory offers a broad platform of process tools for the development and testing of new ideas in micro and nanotechnology.
Excellent Research. Nanofabrication Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Researchers in the Nanofabrication Laboratory
Two strategic focus areas in the cleanroom are within with the highest number of active users ever. The number quantum devices and microwave/photonic devices. Both of active users and the number of booked tool hours in the rely on our strength and strong heritage within nano-scale cleanroom was 222 and 63 104 respectively (209 and lithography. 65 253 in 2012).
The Microwave and Photonics Processing Line The Nanofabrication Laboratory together with the Ångström encompasses a complete set of process tools from Microstructure Laboratory at Uppsala University and the material growth to packaging where either access is limited Electrum Laboratory at KTH, form Myfab, the Swedish to microwave or photonic devices or where only approved Research Infrastructure for Micro and Nano Fabrication processes can be run. The Line supports complex (www.myfab.se). In 2013, Myfab held its third user fabrication of high-quality III-V components with fairly large meeting, this year in Uppsala at the Ångström Laboratory 23 / number of mask layers, such as transistors, varactors and with 180 registered participants. During the autumn, NFL 2013 lasers. In a similar way, the Quantum Device Line supports hosted the first workshop for a Nordic Nanotechnology fabrication of state-of-the-art quantum devices such as Expert Network where 18 lab staff from 11 cleanrooms single electron transistors and qubits. The nanofabrication in the Nordic countries met to share knowledge about laboratory has 196 process tools available for fabrication processing in, and service and maintenance of dry etch and characterisation at the micro/nano-scale. tools. During 2014, Myfab will start up more expert groups for other technologies. In 2012, we received a large grant from Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation for new equipment to the Summary of facts laboratory. During 2013, we have procured a laser writer that will be installed before summer and prepared the Cleanroom usage 2013 request for tenders for a stepper lithography system and • 222 users booked equipment an electron beam lithography system. • 63104 booked hours During the second half of 2013, we recruited three • 37 external customers new members to the lab group, one technician and two • 18 Swedish companies where 12 used researchers. This will result in a total increase of the lab own personnel in the cleanroom staff of one and a half person. • 5 foreign companies where 1 used own personnel in the cleanroom The Nanofabrication Laboratory staff of 23 people is • 8 Swedish universities or institutes where responsible for running and maintaining the physical 3 used own personnel in the cleanroom cleanroom, maintaining the process equipment, educating • 6 foreign universities or institutes where 3 and training the users in proper cleanroom behaviour and used own personnel in the cleanroom processing skills, supporting department research through process development and problem solving, and offering advanced process services to external customers. In 2013, we experienced another busy year in the cleanroom The Photonics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Photonics is the science and technology of light. One of the areas where photonics has a large impact is communication. Driven by the development of the internet, optical communication develops rapidly towards higher capacity and energy efficiency and is increasingly used at shorter distances, such as in data centres and high performance computers.
ANDERS LARSSON head of photonics laboratory
anders.larsson@ chalmers.se
24 2013 / 2013 PHOTONICS LABORATORY
At the Photonics Laboratory, we conduct application-oriented research in optoelectronics and fibre optics, as well as more fundamental research on new photonic materials and nanophotonic device elements. Optical communication is a major area of research, with efforts on system and device technologies for applications extending from long-haul transmission to short reach interconnects. Efforts are also invested in the development of new photonic materials and device technologies for emission and detection at wavelengths spanning from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared. The materials- oriented research involves the growth of nitrides, oxides, graphene, and bismuth-telluride.
Excellent Research. The Photonics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Numerical simulations of the reflection properties of a high- contrast grating with two different duty cycles.
In the area of communication we implement new over 1.3 km). In a collaborative effort with HP Labs, we modulation formats to achieve higher spectral efficiency continued the development of multi-wavelength VCSEL in optical communication channels, thereby increasing arrays for wavelength multiplexed optical interconnects. capacity. Ultra-low noise optical amplifiers are developed To further increase the single lane capacity of optical as they allow a further increase in spectral efficiency interconnects, we investigate multi-level modulation in long and medium reach channels. The more device- formats. Error-free transmission at data rates as high as oriented research deals with lasers satisfying requirements 60 Gbit/s was demonstrated using VCSELs driven with a for optical interconnects in terms of speed and power 4-level signal (4-PAM). consumption. The work is coordinated in the Fibre Optical Communications Research Centre (FORCE), which A new European project (MERLIN), involving 7 partners involves researchers from two departments: MC2 and the and aiming at developing very high capacity optical 25 / Department of Signals and Systems (S2). In 2013, we interconnects using multi-core optical fibres and 2013 were granted significant funding from the K.A. Wallenberg associated arrays of VCSELs and photodetectors, was Foundation to conduct research on energy-efficient fibre- launched at the end of the year. optic communication. This will be a cross-disciplinary effort involving three departments at Chalmers: MC2, S2 and Wide bandgap optoelectronics the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. Our research on optoelectronics in wide bandgap materials is focused on ultraviolet light emitting diodes for Long-haul optical transmission energy-efficient solid-state-lighting and VCSELs emitting In our work on high spectral efficiency optical in the blue-green for e.g. bio-medical applications. communication, we study advanced modulation performance experimentally using a circulating loop test- Using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) we have grown key bed, allowing us to analyse signal propagation over many building blocks for these light emitters, such as state-of- thousands of kilometres. the-art III-nitride layers, high quality ZnO layers, and highly reflective GaN/AlN distributed Bragg reflectors. High- In our research on phase-sensitive optical amplifiers contrast gratings are explored as mirrors and graphene is we seek to demonstrate improved performance in explored as a transparent intra-cavity contact material by optical transmission by utilising the unique feature of direct growth on p-GaN. A major optical loss mechanism such amplifiers; producing nearly no excess noise. We in III-nitride-based VCSELs was identified and improved demonstrated the first use of such amplifiers in real designs were proposed. We also studied the effects of transmission links and showed a clear improvement over thermal lensing in such VCSELs. existing solutions, not only in terms of noise performance but also in terms of resilience towards transmission fibre 2D materials and novel infrared photodetectors nonlinearity-induced impairments. By using a phase- 2D layered Bi2Te 3 thin films, of potential use for sensitive optical preamplifier, we further demonstrated the thermoelectrics and topological insulators, were grown by world’s most sensitive optical receiver (13 photons/bit at MBE on various substrates in the van der Waals epitaxy 10 Gbit/s and 10-3 bit-error rate), thus breaking a 16-year mode. A record electron mobility of 700 cm2/Vs at 300 K old record. was demonstrated.
Datacom lasers and optical interconnects Work on mid-infrared (MIR) detectors, fabricated by High speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers our industrial partner IRnova using InAs/GaSb type-II (VCSELs) for datacom systems have been developed. Our superlattice (T2SL) material grown by MBE at Chalmers, latest generation 850 nm VCSELs enabled transmission at led to the announcement of commercial T2SL MIR focal a record data rate of 57 Gbit/s while high speed VCSELs plane arrays by IRnova. with a reduced spectral width enabled transmission over record distances of multimode fibre (e.g. 25 Gbit/s Terahertz & Millimetre Wave Laboratory Annual Report
2013
At the Terahertz and Millimetre Wave Laboratory we conduct research on new materials, devices and circuits for applications in the microwave, millimetre wave and terahertz frequency region.
JAN STAKE head of terahertz and millimetre wave laboratory
2013 26 / 2013 TERAHERTZ AND MILLIMETRE WAVE LABORATORY
Sandwiched between the visible light on the short wavelength side and radio waves on the long wavelength extreme, the terahertz or sub-millimetre wave radiation has long been considered the last remaining scientific gap in the electromagnetic spectrum. Consequently, this is a part of the spectrum (0.1-10 THz) where optical and microwave techniques meet. We fabricate novel THz devices in our state-of- the-art Nanofabrication facility at MC2 and evaluate circuit demonstrators in our top-class microwave and terahertz characterisation facilities. Our research finds applications in radio astronomy, atmospheric science, life science, radar sensors, THz imaging systems, and future wireless communication systems.
Excellent Research. Terahertz & Millimetre Wave Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Photograph of two 220 GHz radar transceivers (inset), and a 3D radar image of the head and torso of a mannequin, acquired with the transceivers.
THz electronics frequency noise in graphene microwave transistors. A new The continuous interest in terahertz wave applications has project, part of the EU flagship, was initiated and opens generated a strong need for reliable, room temperature up great possibilities for exploring 2D material systems operational and compact THz electronics. As part of this further. quest, we have developed low noise mixer diodes, and varactor diodes and explored different ways towards Emerging microwave technologies 27 monolithic integration. The Chalmers Schottky process The main activities have been concentrated on the / 2013 has been successfully evaluated in receivers and development of intrinsically switchable and tuneable transmitters up to 664-GHz in collaboration with industrial Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators (FBARs) for microwave partners (Omnisys Instruments and Wasa Millimeter telecom and liquid biomedical sensor applications. The Wave). Sensitive and broadband room temperature electromechanical coupling coefficient of these resonators receivers are required for environmental monitoring e.g. of is above 12%, tuneability of the resonant is over 4.4%. our atmosphere, and in planetary missions. A PhD thesis A new concept of shear mode FBAR for liquid sensor is on modelling and characterisation of terahertz planar proposed and demonstrated using Bismuth Ferrite-Barium Schottky diodes was successfully defended in 2013, Titanate (BF-BT) films, where the unique properties of DC presenting new methods for analysing high frequency loss, field induced piezoelectric effect are utilised for exclusive self-heating effects and influence from parasitic elements shear laminar displacement of the liquid at the resonator in terahertz diodes. vertical side walls. The fabrication process for the In order to meet growing demands for better mixer composite resonators with arbitrary frequency switching sensitivity and bandwidth, we develop superconducting ratio was developed. mixer technology based on ultra thin film of MgB2 as part of an ERC project. These ultra low noise HEB mixers are THz radar key components in high spectral resolution far infrared Radars come in many shapes and forms, but what is astronomy. consistent for all types is that they are subjected to the same laws of physics which dictates the resolution that is Graphene electronics possible to achieve, given a certain frequency, bandwidth, Single layer graphene is a two-dimensional material that antenna size and distance to the target. Both the range exhibits unique properties for high frequency electronics. resolution and the cross-range resolution improve as the The large interest in graphene is due to very high intrinsic frequency and bandwidth increase, and this is the reason carrier mobility, ability to change its carrier density by the for us to develop THz radar for 3D imaging applications. field-effect and compatibility with many materials including We have developed 220 GHz radar transceiver frontends silicon. The overall aim of this project is to assess the and tested them in real radar applications. High signal- potential of graphene for use in microwave & terahertz to-noise 3D imaging with centimetre resolution was electronics. During 2013, we have evaluated CVD grown demonstrated. graphene for microwave applications and studied high Quantum Device Physics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Modern society benefits from a high density of information that is carried and processed by electronic machines. The high density means small parts. However, as electronic components become smaller and smaller, the technology approaches a limit when the classical electrodynamics is no longer valid. Quantum mechanical effects such as electron tunnelling start dominating the properties of small electronic devices.
AVGUST YURGENS head of quantum device physics laboratory
avgust.yurgens@ chalmers.se 2013 28 / 2013 QUANTUM DEVICE PHYSICS LABORATORY
The research of the Quantum Device Physics Laboratory, QDP, extends over a variety of different topics. QDP is therefore divided into three sub-groups called Experimental Mesoscopic Physics (EMP), Quantum Devices & Oxide Electronics (QuOx) and the Bolometer Group. The focus of the EMP group is quantum computation, molecular and single electronics, and spintronics. The focus of the QuOx group is high temperature superconductors, intrinsic Josephson junctions and ferroelectric materials. The focus of the Bolometer group is bolometer sensors. We also have a small atomic-level quantum theory group in our lab. Excellent Research. Quantum Device Physics Laboratory Annual Report
2013
Schematics of the spin injection in Si through the tunnelling barrier.
Spin inside silicon devices observed directly by optical microscopy. But by applying Spin functionalities in Si, and understanding the clever tricks to produce and analyse optical images, we fundamental processes of spin transport and were able to identify even a single 0.3 nm thick graphene manipulation remain the main challenges in spintronics. layer and nanometre-scale steps on silicon carbide. As We demonstrated large spin polarisations in Si at room an illustration of the power of the technique, we apply temperature, 34% in n-type and 10% in p-type Si, using it to fabricate graphene devices on specific parts of the a narrow Schottky and a thin SiO2 tunnel barrier in a substrate identified using optical microscopy. They show direct tunnelling regime. Furthermore, by increasing the that stepped terraces on SiC are not as detrimental as width of the Schottky barrier in the non-degenerate Si, multilayer graphene domains. Also, they show this on we observed a drastic change in the spin injection and monolayer areas where the positioned devices have detection processes. These spin transport phenomena characteristics that are truly given by the unique properties 29 / should be considered for electrical spin injection into any of graphene. 2013 semiconductor. T. Yager et al., Nano Letters, 13, 4217 (2013) A. Dankert, R.S. Dulal, and S.P. Dash, Scientific Reports
(Nature publ.) 3, 3196 (2013) Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−5 nanowire bridges sustaining the critical depairing current Giant cross–Kerr effect induced by an artificial atom We have investigated the zero-field critical supercurrent of
We investigated the effective interaction between YBa2Cu3O7−5 bridges patterned from 50 nm thick films as two microwave fields, mediated by a transmon-type a function of bridge width, ranging from 2 μm to 50 nm. superconducting artificial atom which is strongly coupled The critical current density monotonically increases for to a coplanar transmission line. The interaction between decreasing bridge width even for widths smaller than the the fields and atom produces an effective cross–Kerr Pearl length. This behaviour is accounted for by considering coupling. We demonstrate average cross–Kerr phase current crowding effects at the junction between the shifts of up to 20 degrees per photon with both coherent bridge and the wider electrodes. Comparison to numerical microwave fields at the single-photon level. Our results calculations of the current distributions in our bridge provide an important step toward quantum applications geometries of various widths yields a (local) critical current with propagating microwave photons. density at 4.2 K of 1.3×108 A/cm2, the Ginzburg-Landau depairing current density. The observation of up to 160 Io-Chun Hoi, et al., Physical Review Letters 111, 053601 Shapiro-like steps in the current voltage characteristics (2013) under microwave irradiation substantiates the pristine character of our nanobridges with cross sections as small Express tool for quality control of epitaxial graphene as 50×50 nm2. on silicon carbide We showed that graphene on SiC can be quality S. Nawaz et al., Physical Review Letters 110, 167004 controlled at the nano-scale using a simple inspection with (2013) an optical microscope. It was believed that graphene on SiC has too low a contrast, 1.3% per atomic layer, to be
Industrial relations Annual Report
2013
Great collaborations
The Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience - MC2 has during the course of 2013 collaborated with a broad spectrum of industrial partners, both national and international, from small to large companies and through a wide range of programmes, joint ventures and activities. This is highly in line with the long-term strategy identified by the Department where great value is given to industrial collaboration, and where research results are expected to be explored together with industrial partners and/or result in other commercial opportunities.
During 2013, MC2 was the host of optical interconnects with IBM wonderful and promising properties several events aiming to enhance (Yorktown Heights, NY, USA). of graphene combined with new the interaction with industrial In the field of space electronics, a research activities at Chalmers will partners. The first MC2 Alumni high performance terahertz receiver hopefully generate new and fruitful meeting was organised. Former aiming for space missions such as industry-academia collaborations. For colleagues and current faculty and ESA´s JUICE (Jupiter icy moons this matter, and in order to organise all PhD students had the opportunity explorer) was developed in a joint research activities around graphene to meet and network. The meeting European effort. The project was at Chalmers, a new centre focusing offered short presentations given by led by the Terahertz and Millimetre on the new super material graphene, representatives from Ericsson and Wave Laboratory at MC2. Within “The Graphene Centre at Chalmers”, Acreo and a poster session where the project, Omnisys Instruments, a was founded. An important goal of current PhD students presented Swedish company producer of high the centre is also to bring together their work. In order to increase the performance electronics for space small and medium-sized companies in contact between students and science applications, was the party Sweden with scientists at Chalmers. industry in the fields of microwave, responsible for the design of the mixer Through these possible collaborations photonics and space engineering, a and the integration of the final receiver. and technology and knowledge “Wireless evening” was organised The receiver is optimised for the transfer it is expected that completely where Ericsson, Transmode Systems frequency of 557 GHz, and is suited new applications will emerge and new and Kongsberg Norspace presented for remote sensing of atmospheres market opportunities will evolve. themselves and interacted with the and astronomical objects. 31 students. The department has continued / Another great example of industry- to attract industrial staff through 2013 Research-wise, here are some academia interaction is the industrial PhD student positions examples of successful collaboration verification/commercialisation fund and adjunct professor chairs. The between academia and industry: the of 200,000 SEK established by Department, hosting one of the more Photonics Laboratory completed a the former high-tech spinoff from advanced clean rooms in the world, two-year collaborative effort with TE MC2, Picosolve, (acquired by continued to offer industrial partners Connectivity (Järfälla, Sweden) for EXFO Inc., supplier of optical test contract research and services in technology transfer and development and measurement equipment), and the form of processing, testing and of 25-28 Gbit/s VCSEL products, targeting employees at Chalmers. In measurements of various kinds. Last fully funded by TE Connectivity. 2013, the prize was given to a project but not least, industrial collaborations The laboratory also continued its that addresses the current challenges have also resulted in many high quality successful collaborative efforts in neuromuscular rehabilitation with a joint publications and success stories with HP Labs (Palo Alto, CA, USA) novel technology for motion prediction comprising know-how and technology on VCSEL arrays for wavelength combined with augmented reality. transfer. multiplexed optical interconnects under an HP Labs Innovation New materials such as graphene have Research Award and initiated a also attracted great interest from both collaboration on very high speed industry and society in general. The
CRISTINA ANDERSSON industrial relations
cristina.andersson@ chalmers.se Centres at MC2 - Linneqs Annual Report
2013
Linneqs Linnaeus Centre on Engineered Quantum Systems www.chalmers.se/mc2/linneqs-en
PER DELSING centre drector [email protected]
Linneqs is a research centre with 10 years of support from the Swedish Research Council. It started on 1st July 2006 and has a budget of 10 MSEK per year. Normally quantum mechanics is used to describe microscopic objects like atoms and molecules, things which are given by nature and cannot easily be integrated or engineered. Exciting opportunities open up when we can now engineer quantum systems based on electronic circuits. The centre pursues research in four areas at the interface between quantum physics, computer science, and electronics.
Qubits A long-term goal is to develop quantum computers, which Enabling technologies are predicted to perform some computational tasks much To perform this type of research, we are forced to faster than ordinary computers. However, the building develop a quantum tool box, including new methods blocks, the qubits also have very interesting properties and technologies that are not available elsewhere. This which allows us to address fundamentally important type of research acts as a driving force for technology in questions in quantum mechanics such as entanglement, many areas such as nanofabrication and ultra-sensitive 32 / decoherence and quantum measurement. measurements. 2013 Quantum transport Principal investigators New nanotechnologies allow us to study processes in From December, Janine Splettstößer will be a new quantum devices for qubit applications and ultra-sensitive Principle Investigator within the Linneqs centre. Her detectors. In particular we study: single electron devices, area of expertise is in theory for mesoscopic physics and single molecular devices, and Josephson junctions, with quantum devices. Janine was also recently appointed the aim of designing and fabricating three terminal devices Wallenberg Fellow. and sensitive detectors.
Graphene research PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS Graphene is a unique material with fantastic properties. It Per Delsing (Director) is ultra-thin, extremely strong and has top class electrical Mikael Fogelström and thermal conductivities. We study the properties Göran Johansson (Coordinator) of graphene for metrology and other applications both Sergey Kubatkin experimentally and theoretically. Floriana Lombardi Eva Olsson Vitaly Shumeiko Janine Splettstößer August Yurgens Dag Winkler
2013 has been a very good research year for Linneqs The researchers within the Linneqs centre have together published 3 papers in Nature Journals, and 9 papers in Physical Review Letters. Among the highlights we find: measurements of record strong Cross-Kerr effect, where a single microwave photon can change the phase JANINE of another photon by more than 20 degrees SPLETTSTÖßER by interacting via a superconducting qubit. Another example is the theoretical work showing how special (non-classical) photon states can be generated in a Josephson junction. Centres at MC2 - FORCE Annual Report
2013
FORCE Fibre Optic Communications Research Centre www.chalmers.se/force
PETER ANDREKSON centre director [email protected]
FORCE was established at Chalmers in 2010 with the aim of coordinating existing activities and expanding with new ones, and to create stronger visibility of the outstanding research conducted.
The core of the centre is the Photonics Laboratory at In 2012, we were granted significant funding from the Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience the K.A. Wallenberg Foundation to conduct research - MC2 and the Communication Systems Group at the on energy-efficient fibre-optic communication, aimed Department of Signals and Systems. The collaboration at demonstrating solutions that consume much less bridges traditional discipline boundaries and includes the energy than today. This will be a cross-disciplinary effort chain from components to system and from experiments involving three different departments at Chalmers. In the to analysis. FORCE is open to everyone at Chalmers who context of optical interconnects (e.g. for data centres), we has an interest in contributing. demonstrated error free transmission at bit rates as high as 60 Gb/s using vertical cavity surface emitting lasers driven An example of a research theme is high spectral efficiency with digital 4-level signal (4-PAM). By using a phase- communication – techniques to squeeze more information sensitive optical preamplifier, we further demonstrated the 33 / into an optical fibre with limited optical bandwidth – that world’s most sensitive optical receiver (13 photons/bit at 2013 makes it possible to support the rapidly increasing need 10 Gb/s), breaking a 18-year old record. for capacity. Another theme is that of cost and energy- efficient solutions as optical communication is being used for shorter reaches and in consumer electronics. FORCE is involved with both short-term, industry oriented research and with long-term research of a fundamental nature. Fiber-optic systems are essential for communication and necessary to carry the internet traffic of today.
Measured constellation diagrams (16-QAM signal) with a traditional receiver (left, black) showing severe distortion (caused by nonlinearities in an optical transmission fiber) and with a phase-sensitive pre-amplified receiver (right, green) showing significant improvement. Centres at MC2 - GigaHertz Centre Annual Report
2013
1
2 3
34 / 2013
1. GHz Centre Day 2013 at the House of William Chalmers
2. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ilona Rolfes, member of GHz Centre International Advisory Board, presenting microwave research at Ruhr University Bochum on the GHz Centre Day 2013
3. GHz Centre Steering Board members debating on the GHz Centre Day 2013
GHz Centre scientific profile during 2013 Centres at MC2 - GigaHertz Centre Annual Report
2013
GigaHertz Centre www.chalmers.se/ghz
JAN GRAHN centre director [email protected]
The mission of GigaHertz Centre (GHz Centre) is to carry out leading collaborative research and innovation in selected high-frequency technologies and to speed up the implementation of results from Chalmers to an industrial exploitation phase.
GHz Centre responds to the microwave needs in several segments of the industry in Sweden and beyond: telecommunication, defence, space, component and chip manufacturing. Also, it is most helpful for start-ups and local high-tech businesses which take advantage in Chalmers competence in RF/microwave.
GHz Centre combines interdisciplinary knowledge and resources in a powerful way across the traditional borders at Chalmers and research institutes. During 2013, we involved researchers from four laboratories at Chalmers (MC2 and Department of Signals and Systems), and the SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden. In addition, microwave measurement facilities and the Nanofabrication Laboratory at MC2 were used for the research. All these activities are carried out together with leading industrial partners in the RF/microwave business.
What makes GHz Centre unique among centres at MC2 is a systematic approach to create industrial impact from our common research between Chalmers and company partners. We have documented inventions, patents, licensing, joint publications between industry and Chalmers, mobility between Chalmers and industry (including the hiring of Chalmers’ PhDs in companies), industrial demonstrators and products, and new, growing companies originating from the GHz Centre. Several success stories are shown highlighting concrete cases how research and innovation from GHz Centre is absorbed by industry thus leading to growth and new jobs for Sweden. Success stories from GHz Centre 35 / 2013 • Basic research on InP HEMT microwave transistors leads to growing spin-off company (Low Noise Factory) • Novel power-amplifier architecture based on wideband dynamic-load-modulation leads to patent and publication (Ericsson) • Results from class J power amplifier design leads to patent, licensing and publication (Ericsson, Mitsubishi) • Research on advanced high-efficiency RF power amplifiers of relevance for radio base stations (Ericsson) • Research on RF wideband GaN HEMT low-noise amplifiers of relevance for radio base stations (Ericsson) • GaN HEMT device and circuit research leads to new system radar demonstrators (Saab) • Development of the standard model for GaN HEMT in circuit design: The Chalmers –Angelov model
Three recent academic highlights published between Chalmers and industry in the framework of GHz Centre
S. Lai, D. Kuylenstierna, M. Hörberg, N. Rorsman, I. Angelov, K. Andersson, and H. Zirath, “Accurate Phase-Noise Prediction for a balanced Colpitts GaN HEMT MMIC Oscillator,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61. Pp. 3916-3926, 2013.
J. Schleeh, N. Wadefalk, P. Å. Nilsson, J. P. Starski, J. Grahn, “Cryogenic Broadband Ultra-Low Noise MMIC LNAs for Radio Astronomy Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,61(2), pp. 871-877, 2013.
C.M. Andersson, D. Gustafsson, K. Yamanaka, E. Kuwata, H. Otsuka, M. Nakayama, Y. Hirano, I. Angelov, C. Fager, and N. Rorsman, “Theory and Design of Class-J Power Amplifiers With Dynamic Load Modulation,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 60 (12), pp. 3778 – 3786, 2012.
CENTRE DIRECTOR COMPANY PARTNERS 2013 Jan Grahn, Chalmers, MC2 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden [email protected] Comheat Microwave AB Ericsson AB CHAIRMAN Infineon Technologies Austria AG Peter Olanders, Ericsson Low Noise Factory AB Mitsubishi Electric Corporation SPONSORS NXP Semiconductors BV Chalmers Omnisys Instruments AB Company partners Ruag Space AB Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) Saab AB in the VINN Excellence program 2007-2016 Sivers IMA AB United Monolithic Semiconductors Wasa Millimeter Wave AB Education Annual Report
2013
36 / 2013
Undergraduate education
MC2 provides students with a choice between three different masters programmes; the Wireless, photonics and space engineering programme, the Nanotechnology programme and the Embedded electronic system design programme. Many students get their first chance to work in an active research environment at MC2.
The masters programmes are all concluded with an individual half or whole year thesis project, where the student’s science and engineering skills are put to work, together with final training in the “softer” skills of written and verbal communication. We are proud to be a part of the educational programmes leading to high quality degrees, as recently evaluated by the Swedish Higher Education Authority.
MC2 participates in several programmes for student mobility, such as the Erasmus exchange programme and the Erasmus Mundus Master programme Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
World-class Education. Education Annual Report
2013
topics course where students get a chance to make Embedded Electronic an advanced pre-study of a field within the wide scope of the programme suitable for a final masters System Design project. During the year, the success of this training was This programme is a joint programme between manifested in particular by programme student David MC2 and the Department of Computer Science Juliusson presenting his highly ranked thesis project and Engineering. Embedded electronics at the International SpaceWire conference 2013, combine hardware and software components and by students Shwan Ciyako and Vito de Fonzo to add advanced functionalities to products who were awarded 50,000 SEK and the Swedish in the automotive, mobile communication and Embedded Award 2013. Their contribution was medical areas, just to mention a few. The masters named the “Venus Sensing and Controlling System programme is organised in a step-by-step fashion to for continuous and touch-free measurements and train students to become system designers capable control of bioreactors in biological processes”. Their of carrying out qualified industrial tasks within given system measures parameters like pH, temperature, technical and economic constraints or to undertake oxygen and carbon dioxide content in fluids, and can doctorate studies. be used for analysis of biological tissue and organs. Two other programme students, Mikael Hygren and Cornerstones of the programme are the first year Martin Dahl, were also among the nominees for the spring project and the second year masters thesis prize. Masters students Shwan Ciyako and Vito de project. In the spring project, students work in Fonzo awarded the Swedish Embedded Award groups to solve complex embedded system Another accomplishment related to the programme of 2013. problems under industrial types of constraints, was the launch of a new undergraduate course while in the masters thesis project they work on an in digital design by the Computer Science and individual basis to prove that they can deliver top Engineering department. This new course offers, class results according to the learning outcomes of among other things, the basics of hardware to provide a deeper knowledge of a choice of the programme. description languages (VHDL) for digital circuit area within nanotechnology. The conclusion of the design. Partly as a result of this course, student programme consists of a thesis based on a half 37 The programme is based on a modified CDIO recruitment to the programme increased by 40% / or full-year research carried out with some of the 2013 concept to make students proficient in the basic from 25 to 35 students, making the programme researchers in the area, either within Chalmers or area of conceiving, designing, implementing and the largest masters programme in electrical with industrial partners. verifying complex embedded electronic systems; an engineering. The programme has a visible connection to frontline area ranging from software for embedded electronic research and many course projects are embedded systems to basic transistor circuits and advanced in actual research projects. Nano research at packaging and thermal management. Courses Nanotechnology Chalmers has a strong infrastructure with advanced provided by MC2 focus on the hardware aspects of laboratories and cleanroom facilities, which support the programme. The programme provides students The Nanotechnology programme is a joint a broad spectrum of activities involving over 150 with the basic hardware and software theory, as programme between MC2 and the Department researchers. Our industrial collaboration is well well as skills in handling industrial state-of-the art of Chemical and Biological Engineering. Besides established and we have successfully launched electronic design automation (EDA) tools. equipping the students with a solid theoretical several spin-off companies. The connection to one background in the physics, chemistry and of Chalmers’ Areas of Advance, Nanoscience and Important skills for the engineer of today and technology of nano-scale systems, the programme Nanotechnology, further enables interdisciplinary tomorrow are the capabilities of being able also provides unique competencies, such as collaboration within Chalmers and reinforces to communicate their conclusions clearly and knowledge of the innovative possibilities of collaboration with academia, industry and society unambiguously as well as the knowledge and nanotechnology and ample hands-on experience throughout the world. rationale underpinning these conclusions, to in experimental techniques. The students work managers, peers and society in general. A training in the MC2 cleanroom environment (one of few Besides the cleanroom, our research environment programme has been set up to develop these cleanrooms worldwide to allow masters level includes a number of research groups, involved student skills, starting with students writing short student projects in the facilities) and other modern in research in a wide range of nanoscience log book comments about their progression relative laboratories for both manufacturing and analysis, areas, such as quantum information processing to the learning outcomes during a lab course. These already during the first year of studies. with superconducting circuits, quantum device log book comments then serve as the basis for the fabrication and characterisation, oxide electronics, final lab report. In the term paper project, students Science on the nano-scale is typically carried out bottom-up studies of DNA and photochromic get their first training in identifying the state-of-the either in a “bottom-up” approach, where functional molecules, atomic-scale materials computations art by writing a four page summary on a research nanostructures are formed through molecular and transport phenomena in nanostructures. field of their choice and presenting it orally to fellow interactions, or by nanostructuring in a “top-down” Further, the European Commission has chosen students. approach. The core curriculum consists of a handful Chalmers to coordinate the Graphene project, one of compulsory courses that create a solid basis for of EU’s first FET flagships. Training continues during the spring project with both approaches. The programme also includes weekly or biweekly presentations or summaries of several semi-compulsory courses, creating a the project status, and a final project report. During number of possible tracks within the programme, as the second year, the programme offers an advanced well as a number of courses that can be chosen Education Annual Report
2013
with wireless, photonics and space engineering. students have a Chalmers degree in either Electrical Wireless, Photonics and In November, first-year students visited Ruag Engineering or Engineering Physics and 50% are Space AB to learn more about the design and international students. After graduation, about 50% Space Engineering manufacturing of space-qualified equipment. go to industry and 50% become PhD students, Second-year students following the Optoelectronics some at Chalmers and some abroad. Of current course visited Finisar and TE Connectivity in Järfälla, PhD students at MC2, around 15 have graduated The Wireless, Photonics and Space Engineering the two largest optoelectronics fabs in Sweden. from the programme. programme is a joint programme together with the Department of Earth and Space Sciences. Every year we arrange a branch evening where In addition to the masters programme, a one- It combines engineering fields based on students meet people from the industry working year course package in Microwave and Space electromagnetic waves, such as wireless and with microwave circuits, photonics, and space Engineering is offered to Brazilian students within fibre-optical communication, radar, optical remote applications. This year representatives from the Brazilian government programme “Science sensing, etc. The programme is associated to Ericsson, Kongsberg NorseSpace, and Transmode Without Borders”. Two Brazilian students are the School of Electrical Engineering and is part presented their activities. Apart from masters currently following this course package, with very of the Chalmers Information and Communication students, bachelor students from Electrical good academic results. Technology (ICT) Area of Advance. Engineering and Engineering Physics also attended the event. Together with the Nanotechnology The Microwave Road Scholarship 2012 for The programme starts with five compulsory courses programme a Chalmers cleanroom tour for third- the two best masters theses in Microwave and to form a common foundation in wireless, photonics year bachelor students was arranged in April. Antenna Engineering was awarded to two students and space engineering, but also to improve the following the programme, Michael Andersson for integration between Swedish and international We participated in a project to increase the his thesis “Noise Characterisation of Graphene students. Through the semi-compulsory courses, number of international students at the 13 masters FETs, Investigation of noise in amplifier and mixer students can specialise in wireless, photonics or programmes falling within the Electrical, Computer, applications” and Ninva Shamoun for her thesis space engineering, or a combination thereof. and IT Engineering areas of education. “Wild-fire detection using RF-technology”. The PhD students from MC2 have participated in decision for the 2013 scholarship will be announced The programme focuses on applied science and recruitment trips to China, Turkey and Colombia in February 2014. engineering, where theory is combined with hands- organised by Chalmers Communication and on practice, labs and projects. The coursework 38 Marketing Office. Usually 50% of the admitted / also includes field-trips to companies working 2013
SHEILA GALT ELSEBETH SCHRÖDER FREDRIK WESTERLUND KJELL JEPPSON HANS HJELMGREN head of undergraduate director of masters deputy director of masters director of masters director of masters education programme programme programme programme nanotechnology nanotechnology embedded electronic wireless, photonics and [email protected] system design space engineering elsebeth.schroder@ fredrik.westerlund@ chalmers.se chalmers.se kjell.jeppson@ hans.hjelmgren@ chalmers.se chalmers.se Education Annual Report
2013
Graduate Education
The graduate school at the department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience has around 90 PhD students, each following an individual study plan aiming for a PhD degree after four years of active studies. The four years correspond to one year of course work and three years of research. In addition, the study time may be prolonged by up to one year due to departmental work not directly related to the research project, e.g., teaching or lab organisation. The course work consists of one quarter of “generic and transferable skills” common to all Chalmers PhD students, and three quarters of an elective set of courses tailored individually for each student.
Halfway through the PhD period (approximately 2.5 years), it is common to present the accomplished research in a Licentiate thesis and in a related seminar. The Licentiate degree is not compulsory, but valuable in providing a useful experience for the PhD thesis writing and defence. In 2013, the MC2 graduate school awarded 15 licentiate and 12 PhD degrees.
The graduate education is monitored by the MC2 director of studies, Per Lundgren, who conducts annual follow-up meetings with each PhD student, their examiner and supervisors. At the meeting, the student’s individual study plan is scrutinised and updated. A scientific quality assessment of every PhD thesis is performed by a thesis review committee, TRC, six months prior to the PhD defence. During 2013, the TRC consisted of Professors Vitaly Shumeiko, Shumin Wang and Magnus Karlsson.
The MC2 graduate school also comprises the Linneaus graduate school in “Quantum Engineering”, which is financed by the Swedish Research Council via the Linneqs centre of excellence.
39 / 2013 Excellent Eduaction.
MAGNUS KARLSSON deputy head of department
magnus.karlsson@ chalmers.se Education Annual Report
2013
Theses
DOCTORAL THESES Cryogenic Ultra-Low Noise InP High Electron Advanced Analog MMICs for mm-wave Mobility Transistors, Joel Schleeh Communication and Remote Sensing in 0.15 μm Modelling and Characterisation of Terahertz Planar mHEMT Technology, Marcus Gavell Schottky Diodes, Aik Yean Tang Applying Microwave Technology in Short Range Radio Communication and Sensing Systems --- Novel Tunnel Barriers for Spin Injection into Silicon Elements of AlGaN-Based Light Emitters, Theory and Design, Emil Nilsson and Graphene, André Dankert Martin Stattin Electron transport properties of graphene and Application of Metallic Nanoparticles and Vertically High Efficiency Microwave Amplifiers and SiC graphene field-effect devices studied experimentally, Aligned Carbon Nanofibers as Interconnect Materials Varactors Optimized for Dynamic Load Modulation, Youngwoo Nam for Electronics Packaging, Si Chen Christer Andersson Characterization of nano-scale materials for Approaching the depairing critical current in LICENTIATE THESES interconnect and thermal dissipation application in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x nanowires, electronics packaging, Xin Luo Shahid Nawaz Superconducting THz mixers based on MgB2 film, Stella Bevilacqua Quasi-Single Mode VCSELs for Longer-Reach Frequency Transfer Techniques and Applications in Optical Interconnects, Erik Haglund Fiber Optic Communication Systems, Fabrication of Integrated HBV Multipliers for THz Sven-Christian Ebenhag Generation, Aleksandra Malko Modeling and Estimation of Phase Noise in Oscillators with Colored Noise Sources, Fabrication and noise properties of high-Tc SQUIDs Gallium Nitride Low Noise Amplifiers for Highly Mohammad Reza Khanzadi with multilayer superconducting ux transformers, Linear and Robust Microwave Receivers, Maxim Chukharkin Olle Axelsson Towards Practical Implementation of Phase-Sensitive Ampli er Based Transmission Systems, Samuel L. I. Olsson 40 Quantum Optics with Propagating Microwaves in InP DHBT Amplifiers and Circuit Packaging at High / Superconducting Circuits, Io-Chun Hoi Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Frequencies, 2013 Klas Eriksson Parametrically pumped superconducting circuits, Multilevel modulation in short-range optical links, Philip Krantz Krzysztof Szczerba Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Electrical Interconnect, Di Jiang Electron Transport Studies in Epitaxial Graphene on Charge transport in InAs nanowire devices, SiC, Michael Winters Simon Abay Novel Terahertz Emitters and Detectors: InGaAs Slot Diodes and InAs Self-Switching Diodes, Andreas Westlund
Nanostructured multifunctional ferroelectric films for low cost mass production of microwave devices. Bibliometric data Annual Report
2013
Scientific review
Publications
Publications 2005-2013 from MC2
YEAR WEB OF SCIENCE CHALMERS PUBLICATION LIBRARY* CHALMERS PUBLICATION LIBRARY (article, review, letter) (articles) (conference proceedings, refereed)
2005 130 155 96
2006 117 137 146
2007 133 141 98
2008 97 107 102
2009 97 103 99
2010 121 130 119 41 2011 130 142 113 / 2013 2012 148 151 125
2013 152 168 99
* http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl
Field normalized citation score, Cf
Cf = citations per publication, compared to global averages for articles published at the same time and in the same subject. Cf > 1 thus means ‘better than the world average’. N = number of articles
Field normalized citation score
YEARS N Cf 95% Cf (stability interval)
2005-2007 380 1,14 0,92-1,39
2006-2008 347 1,11 0,88-1,38
2007-2009 327 1,12 0,88-1,40
2008-2010 315 1,16 0,94-1,43
2009-2011 348 1,26 1,03-1,52
2010-2012 406 1,26 1,06-1,45 Economic report Annual Report
2013
Financial review
Main external contributors (tsek)
MAIN EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTORS (TKR) 2011 2012 2013
The Swedish Research Council (VR) 49 481 54 399 57 423
The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) 22 987 28 563 20 778
European Union 19 152 27 167 31 681
Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW) 16 084 14 158 10 514
Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) 26 107 12 471 13 965
Main external contributors (tkr) 2011-2013
42 / 2013
TOTAL TURNOVER OF 249 MSEK Economic report Annual Report
2013
Personnel
Distribution of incomes to MC2 from different Distribution of personnel at MC2 sources
PERSONNEL AT MC2 2013 2012 2011
Adjunct Professors 4 5 4
Administrators 8 8 8
Amanuens 1 1 1
Assistant Professors 11 11 11
Associate Professors 12 12 14
PhD Students 71 72 75
Post Doc/ PhD 11 15 10
Professors 27 28 29
Project workers 5 8 8
Researchers 26 21 19
Technicians 21 22 22
43 / 2013
Distribution of incomes to MC2 from different Distribution of personnel at MC2 sources
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOMES TO MC2 2013 FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES (TKR)
Ministry of Education & Science / Education 5 383 (2,2%)
Ministry of Education & Science / Research 79 518 (31,9%)
Other state funding* 81 659 (32,8%)
Companies etc 10 026 (4,0%)
Chalmers Foundation 5 488 (2,2%)
Public foundations** 33 202 (13,3%)
European Union 31 681 (12,7%)
Miscellaneous 2 323 (0,9%)
* Swedish Research Council Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems
** The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation GigaHertz Centre Annual Report
2013
44 / 2013 We are MC2 Annual Report
2013
Personnel
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Wang Nan Hedsten Karin Stake Jan Dag Winkler Wendin Göran Hollertz Martin Tang Aik-Yean Zandén Carl Jedrasik Piotr Vorobiev Andrei ADMINISTRATION Zhang Yong Johansson Fredrik Vukusic Josip Andersson Cristina Kihlman Carl-Magnus Yhland Klas Andersson Jan MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS Lai Zonghe Zhao Huan Caesar Christina Andersson Christer Matikainen Kaija Carlsson Susannah Andersson Kristoffer Modh Peter QUANTUM DEVICES PHYSICS Collin Ingrid Andersson Thorvald Nilsson Bengt Abay Simon Fjellstedt Henric Angelov Iltcho Nilsson Emmy Adamyan Astghik Forssén Catharina Avgeris Konstantinos Persson Johan Andrén Daniel Kjell Karin Axelsson Olle Petersson Göran Aref Thomas Olausson Anders Bergsten Johan Pålsson Svante Arpaia Riccardo Perlheden Debora Carpenter Sona Reivall Göran Arzeo Marco Snelder Emma Eriksson Klas Sadeghi Mahdad Aurino Pier Paolo Tremblay Maria Fager Christian Sidenberg Lars-Åke Baghdadi Reza Träff Jeanette Ferndahl Mattias Södervall Ulf Bauch Thilo Öhrling-Elltorp Anna Furtula Vedran Charpentier Sophie Gavell Marcus PHOTONICS Chukharkin Maxim APPLIED QUANTUM PHYSICS Grahn Jan Adolph David Claeson Tord Bergvall Anders Gunnarsson Sten Andrekson Peter Danilov Andrey Fogelström Mikael Gustafsson David Bengtsson Jörgen Dankert André Frisk Kockum Anton Gustafsson Sebastian Carlsson, Stefan Dash Saroj Prasad Håkansson Mikael Habibpour Omid Corcoran Bill De Graaf Sebastian Johansson Göran Hallberg William Ebenhag Sven-Christian Delsing Per Kellett Ian Hansson Bertil Eliasson, Henrik Ekström Maria 45 Korniyenko Yevgeniy He Zhongxia Eriksson Tobias Gustafsson David / Leppäkangas Juha Hjelmgren Hans Fülöp, Attila Gustafsson Martin 2013 Lindkvist Joel Jos Hendrikus Galt Sheila Hoi IoChun Löfwander Tomas Karandikar Yogesh Gustavsson Johan Jacobsson Jan Persson Daniel Khanzadi M Reza Haglund, Emanuel Jalali Jafar Behdad Sathamoorthy Sankar Kozhuharov Rumen Haglund Erik Jönsson Lars Schulenborg, Jens Kuylenstierna Dan Haglund Åsa Kalaboukhov Alexey Shevtsov, Oleksii Lai Szhau Ive Tommy Kintas Seckin Shumeiko Vitaly Malmros Anna Kumpera Ales Krantz Philip Splettstoesser, Janine Moschetti Giuseppe Larsson Anders Kubatkin Sergey Tornberg, Lars Nilsson Per-Åke Lundström Carl Kuzmin Leonid Wenger Tobias Prasad Ankur Malik Rohit Lara Avila Samuel Wustmann Waltraut Rodilla Helena Olsson Samuel Lartsev Arseniy Rorsman Niklas Safaisini Rashid Li Menguye BIONANO SYSTEMS Sanchez Perez Cesar Sjödin Martin Lindvall Niclas Amin Muhammad Schleeh Joel Song Yuxin Lombardi Floriana Berland Kristian Silva Barrera Oliver Stattin Martin Mahashabde Sumedh Brox Bill Starski Piotr Szczerba Krzysztof Maruf Rubayet Chen Si Thanh Thi Ngoc Do Tingberg Tobias Mutta Venkata Kamalakar Enoksson Peter Thorsell Mattias Torres Company Victor Nam Youngwoo Frank Markus Vassilev Vessen Wang Shumin Nawaz Shahid Hyldgaard Per Vickes Hans-Olof Westbergh Petter Pehrson Staffan Jeppson Kjell Wadefalk Niklas Zakrisson Daniel Pierre Mathieu Jiang Di Wei Li Pourkabirian Arsalan Konkoli Zoran Westlund Andreas TERAHERTZ AND MILLIMETRE Schneiderman Justin Kuzmenko Volodymyr Winters Michael WAVE Schröder Elsebeth Köhler Elof Yan Yu Andersson Michael Simoen Michael Liu Johan Zhang Bing Bevilacqua Stella Skoblin Grigory Lundgren Per Zirath Herbert Bryllert Tomas Staudt Matthias Luo Xin Özen Mustafa Cherednichenko Serguei Sun Jie Mu Wei Dahlbäck Robin Svensson Ida-Maria Murugesan Murali NANOFABRICATION Drakinskiy Vladimir Tarasov Mikhail Mårtensson Gustaf Andersson Christer Gevorgian Spartak Xie Minshu Rahiminejad Sofia Andersson Johan Karl Hanning Johanna Yager Thomas Rudquist Per Alestig Göran Kollberg Erik Yurgens Avgust Sanz-Velasco Anke Frederiksen Henrik Malko Aleksandra Yurievna Herr Anna Staaf Henrik Hagberg Mats Novoselov Evgenii Sun Shuangxi Halonen John Rodilla Helena Scientific report Annual Report
2013
Publications
The list of publications (collected from Chalmers Publication Library (http://publications.lib. chalmers.se/cpl/). The references without journal references are master’s theses.
AGHDAM, P. & Zhao, H. (2013) Modeling of Sb- Andersson, C. (2013) High Efficiency Microwave Amplifiers temperature THz bolometers. Infrared, Millimeter, and heterostructure backward diode for millimeter- and and SiC Varactors Optimized for Dynamic Load Modulation. Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2013 38th International submillimeter-wave detection. Physica Status Solidi. C, : Chalmers University of Technology. Conference on Current topics in solid state physics 10, nr. 5, s. 777-781. DOI: 10.1002/pssc.201200621. Andersson, M., Knutson Wedel, M. & Andersson, K. Bevilacqua, S., Cherednichenko, S., Drakinskiy, V., Shibata, (2013) Dielectric loss determination of fine residual waste H., Tokura, Y. & Stake, J. (2013) Study of IF bandwidth of ANDERSSON, A. (2013) LNA Design for Radio Navigation electrical and electronic equipment for understanding of MgB2 phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers . IEEE Satellite System Receivers. Göteborg. heat development during microwave pyrolysis. Journal of Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 3, nr. 4, Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 103, s. 142-148. DOI: s. 409-415. DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2013.2252266. Abay, S. (2013) Charge transport in InAs nanowire devices. 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.01.022. : Chalmers University of Technology. Bevilacqua, S., Cherednichenko, S., Drakinskiy, V., Stake, Andersson, M., Vorobiev, A., Sun, J., Yurgens, A., Gevorgian, J., Shibata, H. & Tokura, Y. (2013) Submicrometer MgB2 Abay, S., Persson, D., Nilsson, H., Xu, H., Fogelström, M., S. & Stake, J. (2013) Microwave characterization of Ti/ hot electron bolometer mixers . The 24th International Shumeiko, V. & Delsing, P. (2013) Quantized Conductance Au-graphene contacts. Applied Physics Letters 103, nr. 17, Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology and Its Correlation to the Supercurrent in a Nanowire s. 173111. DOI: 10.1063/1.4826645. Connected to Superconductors. Nano Letters 13, nr. 8, s. Bevilacqua, S. (2013) Superconducting THz mixers based 3614-3617. DOI: 10.1021/nl4014265. Andersson, M., Vorobiev, A., Sun, J., Yurgens, A. & on MgB2 film. : Chalmers University of Technology. Stake, J. (2013) Towards Graphene Electrodes for High Abuwasib, M., Krantz, P. & Delsing, P. (2013) Fabrication of Performance Acoustic Resonators. WOCSDICE Beygi, L., Irukulapati, N., Agrell, E., Johannisson, P., large dimension aluminum air-bridges for superconducting Karlsson, M., Wymeersch, H., Serena, P. & Bononi, A. quantum circuits . Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology Angelov, I., Ferndahl, M., Gavell, M., Avolio, G. & Schreurs, (2013) On nonlinearly-induced noise in single-channel B 31, nr. 3, s. 031601. DOI: 10.1116/1.4798399. D. (2013) Experiment design for quick statistical FET optical links with digital backpropagation. Optics Express large signal model extraction. 81st ARFTG Microwave 21, nr. 22, s. 26376-26386. DOI: 10.1364/OE.21.026376 Afzelius, M., Sangouard, N., Johansson, G., Staudt, M. Measurement Conference: Metrology for High Speed . & Wilson, C. (2013) Proposal for a coherent quantum Circuits and Systems, ARFTG 2013 DOI: 10.1109/ memory for propagating microwave photons. New Journal ARFTG.2013.6579041. Black-Schaffer, A., Golubev, D., Bauch, T., Lombardi, of Physics 15. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/15/6/065008. F. & Fogelström, M. (2013) Model Evidence of a Arpaia, R., Nawaz, S., Lombardi, F. & Bauch, T. (2013) Superconducting State with a Full Energy Gap in Small Agrell, E. & Karlsson, M. (2013) WDM channel capacity Improved Nanopatterning for YBCO Nanowires Cuprate Islands. Physical Review Letters 110, nr. 19, s. and its dependence on multichannel adaptation models. Approaching the Depairing Current. Ieee Transactions 197001. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.197001. 2013 Optical Fiber Communication Conference and on Applied Superconductivity 23, nr. 3. DOI: 10.1109/ Exposition and the National Fiber Optic Engineers tasc.2013.2247454. Bland, X. (2013) Modeling of Power Amplifier Distortion in Conference, OFC/NFOEC [Invited] MIMO Transmitters. Göteborg. Aurino, P., Kalaboukhov, A., Tuzla, N., Olsson, E., Claeson, Ahmad, T., Ai, Y., Muralidharan, P., Irukulapati, N., T. & Winkler, D. (2013) Nano-patterning of the electron gas Boikov, Y., Serenkov, I., Sakharov, I., Claeson, T., Johannisson, P., Wymeersch, H., Agrell, E., Larsson-Edefors, at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface using low-energy ion beam Kalaboukhov, A. & Afrosimov, V. (2013) Structure and P. & Karlsson, M. (2013) Methodology for Power-Aware irradiation. Applied Physics Letters 102, nr. 20, s. 201610. magneto-transport parameters of partially relaxed and Coherent Receiver Design. Advanced Photonics Congress DOI: 10.1063/1.4807785 . coherently grown La0.67Ba0.33MnO3 films. Physics of (SPPCom) 2013 the Solid State 55, nr. 10, s. 2043-2050. DOI: 10.1134/ Ausanio, G., Iannotti, V., Amoruso, S., Bruzzese, R., Wang, S1063783413100065. Alavian Ghavanini, F., Jackman, H., Lundgren, P., Svensson, X., Aruta, C., Arzeo, M. & Lanotte, L. (2013) Influence of film K. & Enoksson, P. (2013) Direct measurement of bending thickness on topology and related magnetic interactions in Boikov, Y., Serenkov, I., Sakharov, V., Kalaboukhov, A., stiffness and estimation of Young’s modulus of vertically Fe nanoparticle films. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 15, Aurino, P., Winkler, D. & Claeson, T. (2013) Atomic aligned carbon nanofibers. Journal of Applied Physics 113, nr. 8. DOI: 10.1007/s11051-013-1798-8. rearrangements at the TiO2-terminated (001)SrTiO3 nr. 19. DOI: 10.1063/1.4803853. surface and growth of thin LaMnO3 films. Epl 102, nr. 5. Baker, A., Alexander-Webber, J., Altebaeumer, T., McMullan, DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/102/56003. Alexander-Webber, J., Baker, A., Janssen, T., Tzalenchuk, S., Janssen, T., Tzalenchuk, A., Lara-Avila, S., Kubatkin, S., A., Lara-Avila, S., Kubatkin, S., Yakimova, R., Piot, B., Yakimova, R., Lin, C., Li, L. & Nicholas, R. (2013) Energy Boikov, Y. & Claeson, T. (2013) Strain enhanced Maude, D., Nicholas, R. & Ge Me, P. (2013) Phase Space loss rates of hot Dirac fermions in epitaxial, exfoliated, and anisotropy of in-plane resistivity of YBa2Cu3O7-delta films. for the Breakdown of the Quantum Hall Effect in Epitaxial CVD graphene. Physical Review B. Condensed Matter Superconductor Science & Technology 26, nr. 11. DOI: Graphene. Physical Review Letters 111, nr. 9. DOI: and Materials Physics 87, nr. 4, s. art. no. 045414. DOI: 10.1088/0953-2048/26/11/115009. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.096601. 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.045414. Bryllert, T., Drakinskiy, V., Cooper, K. & Stake, J. (2013) Algaba Brazález, A., Pucci, E., Rahiminejad, S., Ferndahl, Bergvall, A. & Löfwander, T. (2013) Spectral footprints Integrated 200–240-GHz FMCW Radar Transceiver M. & Kildal, P. (2013) Evaluation of losses of the ridge gap of impurity scattering in graphene nanoribbons. Physical Module. IEEE transactions on microwave theory and waveguide at 100 GHz. IEEE International Symposium on Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics 87, nr. techniques 61, nr. 10, s. 3808-3815. DOI: 10.1109/ Antennas and Propagation, AP-S 2013, Orlando, USA, July 20. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.205431. TMTT.2013.2279359. 7-12, 2013 Berland, K. & Hyldgaard, P. (2013) Analysis of van der Burnett, J., Lindström, T., Wisby, I., de Graaf, S., Amirmazlaghani, M., Raissi, F., Habibpour, O., Vukusic, J. & Waals density functional components: Binding and Adamyan, A., Danilov, A., Kubatkin, S., Meeson, P. & Stake, J. (2013) Graphene-Si Schottky IR Detector. IEEE corrugation of benzene and C-60 on boron nitride and Tzalenchuk, A. (2013) PC2: Identifying noise processes Journal of Quantum Electronics 49, nr. 7, s. 589-594. DOI: graphene. Physical Review B 87, nr. 20. DOI: 10.1103/ in superconducting resonators. 2013 IEEE 14th 10.1109/JQE.2013.2261472. PhysRevB.87.205421. InternationalSuperconductive Electronics Conference, ISEC 2013 DOI: 10.1109/ISEC.2013.6604284. Andersson, C., Gustafsson, D., Cahuana, J., Hellberg, R. & Berland, K., Londero, E., Schröder, E. & Hyldgaard, P. Fager, C. (2013) A 1-3-GHz Digitally Controlled Dual-RF (2013) Harris-type van der Waals density functional CONTI, M. (2013) MEMS exural hinge and com- pliant Input Power-Amplifier Design Based on a Doherty- scheme. Physical Review B 88, nr. 4. DOI: 10.1103/ mechanism for electromechan- ical microgrippers. Outphasing Continuum Analysis. IEEE Transactions on PhysRevB.88.045431. Göteborg. Microwave Theory and Techniques 61, nr. 10, s. 3743- 3752. DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2013.2280562. Bevilacqua, S. & Cherednichenko, S. (2013) Fast room Cao, H., Lu, P., Cong, Z., Yu, Z., Cai, N., Zhang, X., Gao, Scientific report Annual Report
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