DOCSLIB.ORG

Transformation of the Roman Empire Z

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transformation of the Roman Empire Z Transformation of the Roman Empire z THE PROBLEMS OF "BARBARIANS" AND CAUSES FOR THE "FALL" z OVERVIEW: ▪ The Roman Empire collapsed as political entity in the 5th century, but the eastern part survived ▪ The Transformation of the Roman Empire is the 'Decline and Fall' of the Roman Empire z THE PROBLEMS OF BARBARIANS: 1. CELTS: ▪ Various population groups living in many parts of Europe, north of the Mediterranean region from the Late Bronze Age onward. ▪ Next phase of Celtic development was carried out by a group known as the La Tène culture. ▪ The migration of various Celtic tribes was to escape the wars, they were famously attacked in Gaul by Julius Caesar in 1st century BCE by the Germanic tribes. ▪ Many Celtic tribes spread eastwards. The Galatians, colonized areas of central Asia Minor which brought them into direct conflict with the Hellenistic kingdoms and Rome. z z Celts Cont. ▪ Celtic Armies first came to attention when the Gauls, led by their king Bran, attacked Rome in 390 BCE, again in 279 BCE when they looted Delphi on their way to Asia, and again in 225 BCE when they were continual mercenary allies of Carthage in the Punic Wars. ▪ They gained reputation with the Latin and Greek writers for being fierce warriors and skilled horsemen who also fielded chariots in battles (Julius Caesar faced the chariots when he invaded Gaul). ▪ Celtic warriors were known for their long hair and depicted in Greek art with long swords and their distinctive long shields (wooden panels covered in decorated hide). z THE PROBLEMS OF "BARBARIANS" 2. GERMANS: ▪ The Germanic tribes lived in Scandinavia and the land between the Elbe and Oder Rivers and pushed west, driving the Celts out. ▪ Also, the German tribes also pushed from the lower Elbe region to the upper Elbe region occupying what is now southern Germany. ▪ Most serious threats to the Roman Empire began with the eastern Germanic tribes, particularly the Goths. ▪ The Empire was weakened, and the Goths challenged the Romans for control over the mouth of the Danube River at the Black Sea. The Goths controlled the area north of the Black Sea and the Romans had conquered a territory north of the Danube (Dacia). This is the region of present day Romania. z Germans Cont. ▪ The attacks of the Goths began in 247 A.D. and in 251 A.D. Lured the Roman army under the command of the Emperor Decius into a region and defeated it. ▪ But then, the Romans under Claudius I were finally able to defeat the Goths in 269 A.D. and brought peace to the region. ▪ In 270 A.D. Emperor Aurelian withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe. ▪ In 324 A.D. Emperor Constantine brought a treaty with the Visigoths that made them confederates of the Empire meaning in return for annual subsidy, the Visigoths agreed to help defend the Empire. ▪ Dacia was again counted as part of the Empire but controlled and defended by the Visigoths. ▪ In 476 C.E. Romulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west, was overthrown by the Germanic leader Odoacer, who became the first Barbarian to rule in Rome. z THE PROBLEMS OF "BARBARIANS": 3. STEPPE PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY HUNS: ▪ A nomadic tribe prominent in the 4th and 5th century, they came from somewhere between the eastern edge of the Altai Mountains and the Caspian Sea. ▪ Their invasions of the regions around the empire encouraged the Great Migration from 376-476 CE. This disrupted the status quo of Roman society, and their various raids and insurrections weakened the empire. ▪ Between 395-398 CE, the Huns overran the Roman territories of Thrace and Syria, destroying cities and farmlands in their raids but showing no interest in settling in the regions and at the same time some Huns were serving in the Roman army. ▪ The Romans ended up paying off the Huns for peace rather than face them on the field. z Causes for the "Fall" 1. Germans ▪ In AD 375 the Huns defeated the Ostrogoths and Visigoths. In an attempt to escape from the Huns, the Germans crossed into Roman territory. ... The Romans were now forced to do a deal with the Goths who were given permission to live within the borders of the Roman Empire under their own rulers. ▪ Crossing the Volga River, they conquered the Ostrogoths in eastern Europe. Fearing that the Huns would attack them also, the Visigoths implored Roman authorities for sanctuary in the empire. ... By that time other German tribes--the Franks, Vandals, and Burgundians-- were moving into the empire. z Causes for the "Fall" 2. Military ▪ For most of this period, emperors were not chosen on the basis of their ability or honesty, but simply because they were born in the right family. For every great leader, such as Augustus, there was a tyrant like Caligula. For every Claudius there was a Nero; for every Vespasian, a Domitian. ▪ Rome struggled to get enough troops and resources to defend its frontiers from rebellions and attacks. ▪ As more and more funds were funneled into the military upkeep of the empire, technological advancement slowed and Rome’s civil infrastructure fell into disrepair z Causes for the "Fall" 3. No Fixed System of Imperial Succession ▪ The Roman Empire was a very vast region stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates River. ▪ Because of this, it was difficult to communicate and to govern, ineffective and inconsistent leadership only served to magnify the problem. ▪ The Roman Empire had no imperial system, meaning the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. ▪ z WORKS CITIED: ▪ HIST 210: The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-210/lecture-6 ▪ University of Oxford. (n.d.). The Fall of Rome (Online). Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/the-fall-of-rome-online ▪ Emperors. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/emperors.html ▪ Cartwright, M. (2016, June/July). Celts. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https://www.ancient.eu/celt/ ▪ The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire: The Invasion of the Western Roman Empire by Barbarian Tribes. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2018, from http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm ▪ Mark, J. J. (2018, April 25). Huns. Retrieved September 26, 2018, from https://www.ancient.eu/Huns/ ▪ Andrews, E. (2014, January 14). 8 Reasons Why Rome Fell. Retrieved September 26, 2018, from https://www.history.com/news/8-reasons-why-rome-fell.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Timgad) , Founded at the Sunrise of Trajan’S Birthday Amelia Carolina Sparavigna
    Archaeoastronomical analysis of the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad) , founded at the sunrise of Trajan’s Birthday Amelia Carolina Sparavigna To cite this version: Amelia Carolina Sparavigna. Archaeoastronomical analysis of the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad) , founded at the sunrise of Trajan’s Birthday. 2019. hal-02004922v2 HAL Id: hal-02004922 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02004922v2 Preprint submitted on 2 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Archaeoastronomical analysis of the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad) , founded at the sunrise of Trajan’s Birthday Amelia Carolina Sparavigna Politecnico di Torino Written 2 February 2019. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2555783 Revised 1 May 2019. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2656658 It was told that the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad in Algeria), founded in 100 AD, had been oriented to the sunrise on the day of Trajan’s birthday, given as September 18. This Gregorian date corresponds to September 17 of the Julian Calendar. Here we use software such as CalSKY and Stellarium to investigate the sunrise azimuth and compare it to the direction of the decumanus of the Roman town.
    [Show full text]
  • Domitian's Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome
    Rising from the Ashes: Domitian’s Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome Lea K. Cline In the August 1888 edition of the Notizie degli Scavi, profes- on a base of two steps; it is a long, solid rectangle, 6.25 m sors Guliermo Gatti and Rodolfo Lanciani announced the deep, 3.25 m wide, and 1.26 m high (lacking its crown). rediscovery of a Domitianic altar on the Quirinal hill during These dimensions make it the second largest public altar to the construction of the Casa Reale (Figures 1 and 2).1 This survive in the ancient capital. Built of travertine and revet- altar, found in situ on the southeast side of the Alta Semita ted in marble, this altar lacks sculptural decoration. Only its (an important northern thoroughfare) adjacent to the church inscription identifies it as an Ara Incendii Neroniani, an altar of San Andrea al Quirinale, was not unknown to scholars.2 erected in fulfillment of a vow made after the great fire of The site was discovered, but not excavated, in 1644 when Nero (A.D. 64).7 Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) and Gianlorenzo Bernini Archaeological evidence attests to two other altars, laid the foundations of San Andrea al Quirinale; at that time, bearing identical inscriptions, excavated in the sixteenth the inscription was removed to the Vatican, and then the and seventeenth centuries; the Ara Incendii Neroniani found altar was essentially forgotten.3 Lanciani’s notes from May on the Quirinal was the last of the three to be discovered.8 22, 1889, describe a fairly intact structure—a travertine block Little is known of the two other altars; one, presumably altar with remnants of a marble base molding on two sides.4 found on the Vatican plain, was reportedly used as building Although the altar’s inscription was not in situ, Lanciani refers material for the basilica of St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina
    The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina Abstract The Roman calendar was first developed as a lunar | 290 calendar, so it was difficult for the Romans to reconcile this with the natural solar year. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, creating a solar year of 365 days with leap years every four years. This article explains the process by which the Roman calendar evolved and argues that the reason February has 28 days is that Caesar did not want to interfere with religious festivals that occurred in February. Beginning as a lunar calendar, the Romans developed a lunisolar system that tried to reconcile lunar months with the solar year, with the unfortunate result that the calendar was often inaccurate by up to four months. Caesar fixed this by changing the lengths of most months, but made no change to February because of the tradition of intercalation, which the article explains, and because of festivals that were celebrated in February that were connected to the Roman New Year, which had originally been on March 1. Introduction The reason why February has 28 days in the modern calendar is that Caesar did not want to interfere with festivals that honored the dead, some of which were Past Imperfect 15 (2009) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487 connected to the position of the Roman New Year. In the earliest calendars of the Roman Republic, the year began on March 1, because the consuls, after whom the year was named, began their years in office on the Ides of March.
    [Show full text]
  • Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl Boise State University
    Boise State University ScholarWorks History Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of History 1-1-2007 Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl Boise State University Publication Information Odahl, Charles Matson. (2007). "Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy". Connections: European Studies Annual Review, 3, 89-113. This document was originally published in Connections: European Studies Annual Review by Rocky Mountain European Scholars Consortium. Copyright restrictions may apply. Coda: Recovering Constantine's European Legacy 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl, Boise State University1 rom his Christian conversion under the influence of cept of imperial theocracy was conveyed in contemporary art Frevelatory experiences outside Rome in A.D. 312 until (Illustration I). his burial as the thirteenth Apostle at Constantinople in Although Constantine had been raised as a tolerant 337, Constantine the Great, pagan polytheist and had the first Christian emperor propagated several Olympian of the Roman world, initiated divinities, particularly Jupiter, the role of and set the model Hercules, Mars, and Sol, as for Christian imperial theoc­ di vine patrons during the early racy. Through his relationship years of his reign as emperor
    [Show full text]
  • Order Sons and Daughters of Italy in America Italian Festival Directory 2021
    ORDER SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF ITALY IN AMERICA ITALIAN FESTIVAL DIRECTORY 2021 Compiled by: The Order Sons and Daughters of Italy in America 219 E Street N.E. Washington, DC 20002 Telephone: 202-547-2900 www.osia.org [email protected] THE ORDER SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF ITALY IN AMERICA 2021 ITALIAN FESTIVAL DIRECTORY This directory lists over 200 Italian festivals held in states around the country. The directory supplies each festival’s name, month, city, state and website. The directory was compiled by the Order Sons and Daughters of Italy in America (OSDIA). This directory is updated annually, but please be advised that there may be slight discrepancies due to availability of updated information provided The custom of honoring favorite saints with outdoor ceremonies was brought to America more than 100 years ago by the early Italian immigrants. The festivals vary in size and character. Some consist of only the saint’s statue, a band and a procession while others are colossal celebrations that last several days and include symphonic bands, entertainers, food stands, rides and fireworks. A familiar sight at most festivals is the saint’s statue covered with money or jewelry, later donated to the local church or saint’s society. The oldest festival is believed to be the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Hammonton, NJ. The biggest festival is the Feast of San Gennaro held every September in New York City, which attracts about one million people. Large festivals can also be found in West Virginia (Wheeling’s Upper Ohio Valley Italian Heritage Festival in July and Clarksburg’s Italian Heritage Festival in September) and in Wisconsin (Milwaukee’s Festa Italiana in July), among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Varro's Roman Seasons
    HAL, Submitted 30 November 2019 Varro's Roman Seasons A. C. Sparavigna1 1 Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy The four seasons of the Roman calendar, as described by Marcus Terentius Varro, are different from our seasons, in the sense that they start on days which differ from those that we are using today. In his Books on Agriculture, Varro shows that the Roman seasons started on the Cross Quarter-days instead than on the Quarter-days of the year as it happens today. Besides the classic subdivision in four parts, in the Books on Agriculture we can also find the year divided into eight parts, that is eight seasons having quite different lengths. In our discussion of Varro's seasons we will compare the days he mentions for the separation of seasons to the Cross Quarter- and Quarter-days that we find in Celtic calendars. Keywords: Chronology, Roman Chronology, Julian Calendar, Celtic festivals. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3559524 Marcus Terentius Varro (116 - 27 BC) was a Roman scholar and writer. In his political career, he became tribune of the people, quaestor and curule aedile. Supporting Pompey, Varro reached the office of praetor [1,2]. He was also one of the members of the commission that carried out the agrarian plan of Julius Caesar for the resettlement of Capua and Campania (59 BC) [2]. During the civil war, Varro commanded one of Pompey's armies in Spain. After the battle of Pharsalus, he reconciled with Julius Caesar, and Caesar appointed him to oversee the public library of Rome [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Portrait N Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Name B September BC
    Portrait Name Born Reigned Succession Died Became de January facto emperor as a Augustus September 23 63 16 27 BC – result of the 'first August 19, 14 AD CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVS BC, Nola, Italia August 19, settlement' between Natural causes. 14 AD himself and the Roman Senate. Son of Augustus's September March 16, 37 AD wife Livia by a November 16 42 18, 14 AD – Probably old age, Tiberius previous marriage; TIBERIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS BC, Rome March 16, 37 possibly adopted son AD assassinated ofAugustus. January 24, 41 AD Assassinated in a March 18, 37 Caligula August 31, 12 Son of Tiberius's conspiracy GAIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS AD – January AD,Antium, Italia nephew Germanicus. involving senators GERMANICVS 24, 41 AD and Praetorian Guards. Nephew of Tiberius, October 13, 54 AD brother January Probably poisoned August 1, 10 ofGermanicus and Claudius 25/26, 41 AD by his TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS CAESAR BC,Lugdunum, Gallia uncle of Caligula; – October 13, wife Agrippina the AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS Lugdunensis proclaimed emperor 54 AD Younger, in favour by the Praetorian of her son Nero. Guard. June 11, 68 AD Grandson October 13, Committed suicide Nero December 15, 37 of Germanicus, step- NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR 54 AD – June after being declared AD, Antiuum, Italia and adopted son AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS 11, 68 AD a public enemy by of Claudius. the Senate. Portrait Name Born Reigned Succession Died Seized power June 8, 68 after Nero's January 15, 69 AD Galba December 24 3 BC, AD – SERVIVS GALBA IMPERATOR suicide, with Murdered Near Terracina,Italia January CAESAR
    [Show full text]
  • First King of Rome Romulus Calendar 753 BC Martius (31 Days)
    First King of Rome Second King of Rome Julius Caesar Pope Gregory XIII God and Jesus Christ Romulus Calendar Numa Calendar Julian Calendar Gregorian Calendar New Jerusalem Calendar 753 BC 715 BC 45 BC 1582 AD (The Present) Martius (31 days) Martius (31 days) Ianuarius (31 days) January (31 days) New Year Day 0/0 Leap Day 0/1 Aprilus (30 days) Aprilus (29 days) Februarius (28/29 days) February (28/29 days) March (30 days) Maius (31 days) Martius (31 days) March (31 days) Maius (31 days) April (31 days) Iunius (29 days) Aprilus (30 days) April (30 days) Iunius (30 days) May (31 days) May (30 days) Quintilus (31 days) Maius(31 days) June (30 days) Quintilus (31 days) June (30 days) Sextilus (29 days) Iunius (30 days) July (31 days) Sextilus (30 days) July (31 days) September (29 days) Iulius (31 days) August (30 days) August (31 days) September (30 days) October (31 days) Augustus (31 days) September (30 days) September (30 days) October (31 days) November (29 days) September (30 days) October (31 days) October (31 days) November (30 days) November (30 days) December (29 days) October (31days) November (30 days) December (30 days) December (30 days) Ianuarius (29 days) November (30 days) December (31 days) January (31 days) Winter day period Februarius (28 days) December (31 days) February (30 days) Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: Notes: At some point between Year of Confusion in Martius (March) the Although the Gregorian On the New Jerusalem first month. New Year 715 BC and 45 BC the 46 BC had 445 days.
    [Show full text]
  • 0 Contents.Qxd
    Chronology Chart 1-6 Roman Calendar Explanation At the time of Christ, the Roman calendar and dating system were used throughout the Roman Empire. The calendar derived from the old lunar calendar of the Etruscans, which was designed to keep record of times for religious observances and festivals, and which retained as principal days of the month the kalends (first), nones (fifth or seventh), and ides (thirteenth or fifteenth), based originally on the phases of the moon. The months had been restructured by the Romans into a solar calendar of twelve months with several intercalary days at the end of February. March was the first Roman month, making September the seventh, October the eighth, etc. These names derive from the Latin words for seven (septem), eight (octo), and so on. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C., which version operated in New Testament times and still forms the basis of our own modern calendar today. Roman years were numbered ab urbe condita, “from the founding of the city.” The year we call 753 B.C. was the Roman year 1, the year that Rome is believed to have been established. References John F. Hall, “March Gods and the Etruscan New Year,” in By Study and Also By Faith (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1990), 1:643–58. A. K. Michels, The Calendar of the Roman Republic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967). Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Roman Calendar Kalendae First day of the month Named for Mars, Martius the god of the New Year Named for Aprilia, Aprilis Idus The fifteenth of March, a goddess of spring May, July, and October, but the thirteenth of all Named for Maia, other months.
    [Show full text]
  • Leadership Lessons from Trajan
    LEADERSHIP LESSONS FROM TRAJAN Trajan, also known as Caesar Divi Nervae Filius Nerva Traianus Optimus Augustus with the original name of Marcus Ulpius Traianus was the 13th Emperor of the Roman Empire from 98 to 117 AD. Trajan is best known for his conquests as a General which expanded the Roman Empire to reach its maximum extent up to the time of his death. His reign is also remembered for his philanthropy, public projects and enlarged social welfare which benefitted the public. Born September 18, 53 in Italica, in the province of Baetica now known as Spain, Trajan was the first Roman Emperor that was not born in Italy. Trajan grew up in a family with a strong military reputation. He was a provincial Governor, and became a commander of a legion in a war that Vespasian, a future Emperor was leading against the Jews. When Vespasian became Emperor, he gave Trajan a consulship, and later joined him with the patricians, known as Rome’s most noble group in the senatorial class. He became Governor of both Syria and Asia. At the age of 22, Trajan was classified as a military tribune under his father in Syria. This was where he, as a young officer gained an understanding of the command of men, and the challenges of desert warfare. After Emperor Nerva died, Trajan became his successor in 98 CE. Several leadership lessons can be taken from Trajan’s rule: Perseverance Trajan’s greatest success as a General is demonstrated through his major battles against the Dacians, in which he won three major conflicts.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Calendar
    History of the Calendar The premise of the earliest Roman calendar is the meshing of a thirty-day lunar cycle with an eight-day market week (the interval required for the processing of goat’s cheese). Four months of thirty days each was the soonest these two units can be integrated. 120 days also roughly corresponds with the gestation period of a pig. The first month of the Roman year was March, followed by April, May, and June. March is named after the god of war, Mars. April is derived from the word aper, a boar. May is probably related to an old word for a sow, and June is named after the queen of the gods, Juno. There is evidence to suggest that March and June were originally named Caprotinus and Fabarius, words also related to the raising of pigs. According to tradition, around 738 B.C. Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome, added six months to the calendar. He unimaginatively named them the fifth through tenth months. An additional day was added to March, May, July, and October to maintain the eight-day market week –304 days. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, added January (29 days) and February (28 days), and he took away one day each from the thirty-day months – 355 days. This calendar does not maintain the eight-day market week, but it does roughly coincide with twelve cycles of the moon, a lunar year. Initially intercalary days were added at the end of February to keep the calendar in line with the eight-day market week; later an intercalary month (Mercedonius) was added in alternate years to bring the lunar year into accord with the solar year and the changes in the seasons.
    [Show full text]